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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murtala_administration_(1975_–_February_1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Murtala administration (1975 – February 1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murtala_administration_(1975_–_February_1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obasanjo_administration_(February_1976_–_September_1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obasanjo_administration_(February_1976_–_September_1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Obasanjo administration (February 1976 – September 1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obasanjo_administration_(February_1976_–_September_1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shagari_administration_(October_1979_–_December_1983)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shagari_administration_(October_1979_–_December_1983)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Shagari administration (October 1979 – December 1983)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shagari_administration_(October_1979_–_December_1983)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buhari_administration_(December_1983_–_August_1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buhari_administration_(December_1983_–_August_1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Buhari administration (December 1983 – August 1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buhari_administration_(December_1983_–_August_1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Babangida_administration_(August_1985_–_August_1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babangida_administration_(August_1985_–_August_1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Babangida administration (August 1985 – August 1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babangida_administration_(August_1985_–_August_1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abacha_administration_(Nov_1993_–_June_1998)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abacha_administration_(Nov_1993_–_June_1998)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Abacha administration (Nov 1993 – June 1998)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abacha_administration_(Nov_1993_–_June_1998)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdusalami_administration_(June_1998_–_May_1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdusalami_administration_(June_1998_–_May_1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Abdusalami administration (June 1998 – May 1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdusalami_administration_(June_1998_–_May_1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obasanjo_administration_(May_1999_–_May_2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obasanjo_administration_(May_1999_–_May_2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Obasanjo administration (May 1999 – May 2007)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obasanjo_administration_(May_1999_–_May_2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua_administration_(May_2007_–_May_2010)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua_administration_(May_2007_–_May_2010)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Umaru Musa Yar'Adua administration (May 2007 – May 2010)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua_administration_(May_2007_–_May_2010)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goodluck_Jonathan_administration_(2010–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goodluck_Jonathan_administration_(2010–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Goodluck Jonathan administration (2010–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goodluck_Jonathan_administration_(2010–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammadu_Buhari_administration_(2015–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammadu_Buhari_administration_(2015–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Muhammadu Buhari administration (2015–2023)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammadu_Buhari_administration_(2015–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu_administration_(2023-present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu_administration_(2023-present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>Bola Ahmed Tinubu administration (2023-present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu_administration_(2023-present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_institutions_perceived_as_corrupt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_institutions_perceived_as_corrupt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Public institutions perceived as corrupt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_institutions_perceived_as_corrupt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godfatherism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godfatherism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Godfatherism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godfatherism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reading_Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reading Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/150px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/225px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/300px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Forms and concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_peddling" title="Influence peddling">Influence peddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_exposed_person" title="Politically exposed person">Politically exposed person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_defeat_theory" title="Pyrrhic defeat theory">Pyrrhic defeat theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-corporate_crime" title="State-corporate crime">State-corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throffer" title="Throffer">Throffer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Court" title="International Anti-Corruption Court">International Anti-Corruption Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccdd; style:bold; font-size:105%;"> Corruption by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Africa</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Angola" title="Corruption in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Botswana" title="Corruption in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Comoros" title="Corruption in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Eritrea" title="Corruption in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ethiopia" title="Corruption in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ghana" title="Corruption in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Corruption in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lesotho" title="Corruption in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liberia" title="Corruption in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malawi" title="Corruption in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritius" title="Corruption in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Morocco" title="Corruption in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Namibia" title="Corruption in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Niger" title="Corruption in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Senegal" title="Corruption in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Corruption in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Somalia" title="Corruption in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tanzania" title="Corruption in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tunisia" title="Corruption in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zambia" title="Corruption in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zimbabwe" title="Corruption in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Azerbaijan" title="Corruption in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bahrain" title="Corruption in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bhutan" title="Corruption in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brunei" title="Corruption in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cambodia" title="Corruption in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_East_Timor" title="Corruption in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Georgia" title="Corruption in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_India" title="Corruption in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Indonesia" title="Corruption in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Israel" title="Corruption in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Japan" title="Corruption in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Jordan" title="Corruption in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kuwait" title="Corruption in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Corruption in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lebanon" title="Corruption in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malaysia" title="Corruption in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Maldives" title="Corruption in Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nepal" title="Corruption in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Korea" title="Corruption in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Pakistan" title="Corruption in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Singapore" title="Corruption in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Korea" title="Corruption in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Corruption in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Syria" title="Corruption in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Taiwan" title="Corruption in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tajikistan" title="Corruption in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Thailand" title="Corruption in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkey" title="Corruption in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Turkmenistan" title="Corruption in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uzbekistan" title="Corruption in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Vietnam" title="Corruption in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Yemen" title="Corruption in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Europe</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Andorra" title="Corruption in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Austria" title="Corruption in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Belgium" title="Corruption in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Corruption in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bulgaria" title="Corruption in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Croatia" title="Corruption in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Corruption in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Denmark" title="Corruption in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Finland" title="Corruption in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_France" title="Corruption in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Greece" title="Corruption in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iceland" title="Corruption in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Corruption in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kosovo" title="Corruption in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Latvia" title="Corruption in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liechtenstein" title="Corruption in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lithuania" title="Corruption in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Luxembourg" title="Corruption in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malta" title="Corruption in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Moldova" title="Corruption in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Monaco" title="Corruption in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Montenegro" title="Corruption in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Netherlands" title="Corruption in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_North_Macedonia" title="Corruption in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Corruption in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Norway" title="Corruption in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Poland" title="Corruption in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Portugal" title="Corruption in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Romania" title="Corruption in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_San_Marino" title="Corruption in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Serbia" title="Corruption in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovakia" title="Corruption in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Slovenia" title="Corruption in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Spain" title="Corruption in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sweden" title="Corruption in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ukraine" title="Corruption in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> North America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Central America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Costa_Rica" title="Corruption in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cuba" title="Corruption in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_El_Salvador" title="Corruption in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Haiti" title="Corruption in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Honduras" title="Corruption in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> South America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Argentina" title="Corruption in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bolivia" title="Corruption in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chile" title="Corruption in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Colombia" title="Corruption in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ecuador" title="Corruption in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Paraguay" title="Corruption in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Peru" title="Corruption in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uruguay" title="Corruption in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Oceania</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Australia" title="Corruption in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Corruption in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Template talk:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_corruption_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political corruption sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a> is an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antisocial" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:antisocial">anti-social</a> attitude awarding improper privileges contrary to legal and moral norms and impairs the authorities' capacity to secure the welfare of all citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Corruption in Nigeria</b> is a constant phenomenon. In 2012, Nigeria was estimated to have lost over $400 billion to <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> since its <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nigerian politicians find themselves in a strong position of power and wealth due to their connections with the oil and gas industries in Nigeria. These gas industries are under the control of the state-owned company <a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a>. Oil and gas exports account for over 90% of all Nigerian export revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many politicians own or have shares in these industries, tax revenues from the energy sector are diminished and the benefits of Nigeria's energy wealth is not evenly distributed throughout the country with Lagos State benefitting disproportionately.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil and gas revenues, therefore, account for the vast majority of the federal budget and the salaries of government officials <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vote_rigging" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote rigging">Vote rigging</a> by political parties in elections is widespread, and corruption is endemic within government. Business arrangements and family loyalties dominate governmental appointments, paving the way for politicians, officials, and their business associates, who together make up the ruling elite to ensure that they all become wealthy through behind-the-scenes agreements and the awarding of profitable contracts to favored supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, many government employees received annual salaries over $1 million. Corruption runs through every level of the Nigerian government. From considerable contract fraud at the top, through petty bribery, money laundering schemes, embezzlement, and seizing salaries from fake workers, it is estimated that corruption within the state apparatus costs the country billions of dollars annually.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_cases">History and cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> are two major events believed to have led to the sustained increase in the incidence of corrupt practices in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has made efforts to minimize corruption through the enactment of laws and the enforcement of integrity systems, but with little success.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greed, ostentatious lifestyle, customs, and people’s attitudes are believed to have led to corruption. Another root cause is tribalism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinsmen</a> seeking favor from officials can impose strains on the ethical disposition of the official as these kinsmen see government officials as holding avenues for their survival and gain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Independence_and_the_First_Republic">Pre-Independence and the First Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-Independence and the First Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corruption, though prevalent, was kept at manageable levels during the <a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the cases of corruption during the period were sometimes clouded by political infighting. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe" title="Nnamdi Azikiwe">Azikiwe</a> was the first major political figure investigated for questionable practices.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944, a firm belonging to Azikiwe and family bought a bank in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. The bank was procured to strengthen local control of the financial industry. Albeit, a report about transactions carried out by the bank showed though Azikiwe had resigned as chairman of the bank, the current chairman was an agent of his.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report wrote that most of the paid-up capital of the <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="African Continental Bank">African Continental Bank</a> were from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/abs/banking-scandal-in-a-british-west-african-colony-the-politics-of-the-african-continental-bank-crisis1/704D543E8130C44AE4E7DAD7C31A8A6E">Eastern Regional Financial Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Western_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nigeria">western Nigeria</a>, politician <a href="/wiki/Adegoke_Adelabu" title="Adegoke Adelabu">Adegoke Adelabu</a> was investigated following charges of political corruption leveled against him by the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimmelmann_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimmelmann-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region,_Nigeria" title="Northern Region, Nigeria">Northern region</a>, against the backdrop of corruption allegations leveled against some native authority officials in <a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a>. The Northern Government enacted the Customary Presents order to forestall any further breach of regulations. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, it was the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2525/">British administration</a> that was accused of corrupt practices in the results of elections which enthroned a <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> political leadership in <a href="/wiki/Kano_(city)" title="Kano (city)">Kano</a>, reports later linking the British authorities to electoral irregularities were discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gowon_administration_(August_1966_–_July_1975)"><span id="Gowon_administration_.28August_1966_.E2.80.93_July_1975.29"></span>Gowon administration (August 1966 – July 1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gowon administration (August 1966 – July 1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corruption, for most of <a href="/wiki/Yakubu_Gowon" title="Yakubu Gowon">Yakubu Gowon</a>'s administration, was kept away from public view until 1975. However, informed officials voiced their concerns. Critics said Gowon's governors acted like lords overseeing their personal <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fiefdom</a>. He was viewed as timid and faced with corrupt elements in his government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, corruption was a <a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">scandal</a> surrounding the importation of cement that engulfed many officials of the defense ministry and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank of Nigeria</a>. Officials were later accused of falsifying ship manifestos and inflating the amount of cement to be purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Gowon administration, two individuals from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Belt" title="Middle Belt">middle belt</a> of the country were accused of corruption. The Nigerian government controlled the newspapers, so the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Nigeria)" title="Daily Times (Nigeria)">Daily Times</a> and the New Nigerian gave great publicity to denunciations of the administration of Gomwalk and Federal Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tarka" title="Joseph Tarka">Joseph Tarka</a> by the two critics. A situation that may signal a cause for exigent action on corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murtala_administration_(1975_–_February_1976)"><span id="Murtala_administration_.281975_.E2.80.93_February_1976.29"></span>Murtala administration (1975 – February 1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Murtala administration (1975 – February 1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, the administration of <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtala Mohammed">Murtala Mohammed</a> made reformist changes. After a <a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Nigeria" title="Military coups in Nigeria">military coup</a> brought it to power, the new government sacked a large number of prior government officials and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Servants" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Servants">civil servants</a>, many of whom had been criticized for the misuse of power they wielded under the largely uneducated military of Gowon.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obasanjo_administration_(February_1976_–_September_1979)"><span id="Obasanjo_administration_.28February_1976_.E2.80.93_September_1979.29"></span>Obasanjo administration (February 1976 – September 1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Obasanjo administration (February 1976 – September 1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first administration of <a href="/wiki/Olusegun_Obasanjo" title="Olusegun Obasanjo">Olusegun Obasanjo</a> was a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Murtala Mohammed">Murtala Mohammed</a> administration and was focused on completing the transition program to democracy, as well as implementing the national development plans.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major projects including building new refineries, pipelines, expanding the national shipping and airlines as well as hosting FESTAC was done during this administration. Several of these national projects were conduits to distribute favors and enrich connected politicians. The famous Afrobeat musician, <a href="/wiki/Fela_Kuti" title="Fela Kuti">Fela Kuti</a>, sang variously about major scandals involving the international telecommunication firm ITT led by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Moshood-Kashimawo-Olawale-Abiola">Chief MKO Abiola</a> in Nigeria, which the then head of state, Gen Olusegun Obasanjo, was associated with.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Feed_the_Nation" title="Operation Feed the Nation">Operation Feed the Nation</a> Program, and the associated land grab under the Land Use Decree implemented by the then head of state was used as conduits to reward cronies, and his now-famous Otta Farm Nigeria (OFN) was supposedly a project borne out of this scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shagari_administration_(October_1979_–_December_1983)"><span id="Shagari_administration_.28October_1979_.E2.80.93_December_1983.29"></span>Shagari administration (October 1979 – December 1983)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shagari administration (October 1979 – December 1983)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corruption was deemed pervasive during the administration of <a href="/wiki/Shehu_Shagari" title="Shehu Shagari">Shehu Shagari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few federal buildings mysteriously caught fire after investigators started to probe the finances of the officials working in the buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1985, investigations into the collapse of the defunct Johnson Mathey Bank of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> shed light on some of the abuses carried on during the second republic. The bank acted as a conduit to transfer hard currency for some party members in Nigeria. A few leading officials and politicians had amassed large amounts of money. They sought to transfer the money out of the country with the help of Asian importers by issuing import licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, a rice shortage led to accusations of corruption against the NPN government. Shortages and subsequent allegations were precipitated by <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>. After its election, the Nigerian government decided to protect local rice farmers from imported commodities. A licensing system was created to limit rice imports. However, accusations of favoritism and government-supported speculation were leveled against many officials.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buhari_administration_(December_1983_–_August_1985)"><span id="Buhari_administration_.28December_1983_.E2.80.93_August_1985.29"></span>Buhari administration (December 1983 – August 1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buhari administration (December 1983 – August 1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, a cross-section of politicians was convicted of corrupt practices under the government of General <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, but the administration itself was only involved in a few instances of lapsed ethical judgment. Some cite the suitcases scandal, which coincidentally involved then customs leader <a href="/wiki/Atiku_Abubakar" title="Atiku Abubakar">Atiku Abubakar</a>, who later became vice president in 1999 and was indicted for various acts of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The 53 suitcases saga arose in 1984 during the currency change exercise ordered by the Buhari junta when it ordered that every case arriving the country should be inspected irrespective of the status of the person behind such. The 53 suitcases were, however, ferried through the <a href="/wiki/Murtala_Muhammed_International_Airport" title="Murtala Muhammed International Airport">Murtala Muhammed Airport</a> without a customs check by soldiers allegedly at the behest of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Major_Mustapha_Jokolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Major Mustapha Jokolo (page does not exist)">Major Mustapha Jokolo</a>, the then aide-de-camp to Gen. Buhari. Atiku was at that time the Area Comptroller of Customs in charge of the Murtala Muhammed Airport."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babangida_administration_(August_1985_–_August_1993)"><span id="Babangida_administration_.28August_1985_.E2.80.93_August_1993.29"></span>Babangida administration (August 1985 – August 1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Babangida administration (August 1985 – August 1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The regime of General <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a>, or IBB, has been seen as the body that legalized corruption. His administration refused to give an account of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> windfall, estimated to be $12.4 billion. He rigged the only successful election in the history of Nigeria on June 12, 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lives in a very exquisite mansion in his home state of Niger.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a>'s tenure, corruption became a state policy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He routinely disbursed vehicles and cash gifts to people to earn loyalty, and the discipline of the military force eroded. The term "IBB Boys" emerged, meaning fronts for the head of state in the business realm, someone who will transact dirty deals from drug dealing with <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a> used various government privatization initiatives to reward friends and cronies,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which eventually gave rise to the current class of <a href="/wiki/Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche">nouveau riche</a> in Nigeria. From banking to oil and import licenses, IBB used these favors to raise cash for himself and his family and is regarded as one of the richest ex-rulers of Nigeria supposedly with significant investment in Globacom<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—one of the largest telecom operators in Nigeria, regarded as a front for his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abacha_administration_(Nov_1993_–_June_1998)"><span id="Abacha_administration_.28Nov_1993_.E2.80.93_June_1998.29"></span>Abacha administration (Nov 1993 – June 1998)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abacha administration (Nov 1993 – June 1998)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The death of the general <a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> revealed the global nature of graft. <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> investigations of bribes paid to government officials to ease the award of a gas plant construction in Nigeria revealed the level of official graft in the country. The investigations led to the freezing of accounts containing about $100 million <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, two years after his death, a <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> banking commission report indicted Swiss banks for failing to follow the compliance process when they allowed Abacha's family and friends access to his accounts and to deposit amounts totaling $600 million US dollars into them. The same year, a total of more than $1 billion US dollars was found in various accounts throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdusalami_administration_(June_1998_–_May_1999)"><span id="Abdusalami_administration_.28June_1998_.E2.80.93_May_1999.29"></span>Abdusalami administration (June 1998 – May 1999)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abdusalami administration (June 1998 – May 1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of <a href="/wiki/Abdulsalami_Abubakar" title="Abdulsalami Abubakar">Gen. Abdusalami</a> was short and focused on transiting the country quickly to democracy. Albeit, the suspicion remains that quite a huge amount of wealth was acquired by him and his inner circle in such a short period, as he lives in quite an exquisite mansion of his own adjacent IBB's that exceeds whatever he might have earned in legitimate income. Indeed, the major Halliburton scandal implicated his administration, and this might have financed his opulence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obasanjo_administration_(May_1999_–_May_2007)"><span id="Obasanjo_administration_.28May_1999_.E2.80.93_May_2007.29"></span>Obasanjo administration (May 1999 – May 2007)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Obasanjo administration (May 1999 – May 2007)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various corruption scandals broke out under Olusegun Obasanjo's presidency, including one of the international dimensions when his vice president was caught in cahoots with a US Congressman stashing cold hard cash (literally) in freezers. In addition to this, the KBR and Siemens bribery scandals broke out under his administration, which was investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> and led to international indictments indicating high-level corruption in his administration. According to reports,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "while Nigeria dithered, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> on January 18, 2012, announced that a Japanese construction firm, <a href="/wiki/Marubeni_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marubeni Corporation">Marubeni Corporation</a>, agreed to pay a $54.6 million criminal penalty for allegedly bribing officials of the Nigerian government to facilitate the award of the $6 billion <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">liquefied natural gas</a> contract in Bonny, Nigeria to a multinational consortium, TSKJ". They paid bribes to Nigerian government officials between 1995 and 2004, in violation of the.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obasanjo also had to sack his labour minister Hussaini Akwanga on allegations that he took bribes to approve a major government contract to French electronics group.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obasanjo also sacked and handed over the Inspector General of Police Mr Tafa Balogun to the EFCC on grounds of corruption to the tune of 5.7 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obasanjo was able to extend his anti corruption watch dog by arresting some of his ministers that were caught in bribery and corruption scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other acts of corruption tied to Olusegun Obasanjo included the Transcorp shares scandal that violated the code of conduct standards for public officers, and the presidential library donations at the eve of his exit from the power that pressured associates to donate.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obasanjo was also said to widely lobby for his failed campaign to alter the constitution to get a third term by actively bribing the legislators.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further deepening corruption at the highest levels. </p><p>Overall, energy development of non-renewables was “front and centre on the country's agenda during its 33 years of military rule, especially through restructuring and creating new energy enterprises and companies"(Osunmuyiwa 145). When Obasanjo took office in 1999, his government acquired not only a delicate state but an unsustainable economy heavily dependent on oil and imbalanced international trade deals. Additionally, the energy crisis, which was inherited, continued due to the limited energy sector, overall governmental inefficiency, and corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Umaru_Musa_Yar'Adua_administration_(May_2007_–_May_2010)"><span id="Umaru_Musa_Yar.27Adua_administration_.28May_2007_.E2.80.93_May_2010.29"></span>Umaru Musa Yar'Adua administration (May 2007 – May 2010)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Umaru Musa Yar'Adua administration (May 2007 – May 2010)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Yaradua's</a> ascent and time in office were short, although a fair number of corruption scandals from previous administrations came to light under his tenure and went uninvestigated due to lack of political will and poor health. Yaradua's various acts of political corruption using his attorney-general to frustrate ongoing local and international investigations of his powerful friends like Governors <a href="/wiki/James_Ibori" title="James Ibori">James Ibori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_Igbinedion" title="Lucky Igbinedion">Lucky Igbinnedion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Odili" title="Peter Odili">Peter Odili</a> which led to huge losses to their states.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attorney General of the Federation, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Aondoakaa" title="Michael Aondoakaa">Michael Aondakaa</a> was unable to obtain a conviction in Nigeria even as the UK and foreign courts successfully tried Nigeria's deeply corrupt governors from the Obasanjo era that helped Yaradua emerge as president. In addition, <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cables</a> revealed that the Supreme Court Justices were bribed to legitimize the corrupt elections that saw to his emergence as president through widespread rigging.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goodluck_Jonathan_administration_(2010–2015)"><span id="Goodluck_Jonathan_administration_.282010.E2.80.932015.29"></span>Goodluck Jonathan administration (2010–2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Goodluck Jonathan administration (2010–2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigeria corruption rating by TI improved from 143rd to the 136th position in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2013, Nigeria's then <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Sanusi_Lamido_Sanusi" title="Sanusi Lamido Sanusi">Sanusi Lamido Sanusi</a> informed President <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a> that the state oil company, <a href="/wiki/NNPC" class="mw-redirect" title="NNPC">NNPC</a>, had failed to remit US$20 billion in oil revenues owed to the state. Jonathan, however, dismissed the claim and replaced Sanusi for his mismanagement of the central bank's budget. A Senate committee also found Sanusi's account to be lacking in substance.<sup id="cite_ref-reu_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reu-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conclusion of the NNPC's account audit, it was announced in January 2015 that NNPC's non-remitted revenue is actually US$1.48 billion, which it needs to refund to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the release of both the PwC and Deloitte report by the government at the eve of its exit, it was however determined that truly close to $20 billion was indeed missing or misappropriated or spent without appropriation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these, the government of Goodluck Jonathan had several running scandals including the BMW purchase by his Aviation Minister, to the tune of 255 million naira<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and security contracts to militants in the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> extensive corruption and kickbacks in the Ministry of Petroleum, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/archive/scandal-nigerian-oil-block-opl-245-0/">Malabu Oil International scandal</a>, and several scandals involving the Petroleum Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the dying days of Goodluck Jonathan's administration, the Central Bank scandal of cash tripping of mutilated notes also broke out, where it was revealed that in a four-day period, 8 billion <a href="/wiki/Naira" class="mw-redirect" title="Naira">naira</a> was stolen directly by low-level workers in the CBN. This revelation excluded a crime that is suspected to have gone on for years and went undetected until revealed by a whistle-blower. The Central Bank claims the heist undermined its monetary policy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a> began an initiative to help combat corruption in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New allegations of corruption have begun to emerge since the departure of President Jonathan on May 29, 2015, including: </p> <ol><li>$2.2 billion illegally withdrawn from Excess Crude Oil Accounts,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which $1 billion supposedly approved by President Jonathan to fund his reelection campaign without the knowledge of the National Economic Council made up of state governors and the president and vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NEITI discovered $11.6 billion was missing from Nigeria LNG Company dividend payments.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>60 million barrels of oil valued at $13.7 billion was stolen under the watch of the national oil company, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, from 2009 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NEITI indicates losses due to crude swaps due to subsidy and domestic crude allocation from 2005 to 2012 indicated that $11.63 billion had been paid to the NNPC but that “there is no evidence of the money being remitted to the federation account”.</li> <li>Diversion of 60% of $1 billion foreign loans obtained from the Chinese by the Ministry of Finance <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Enormous scam in weapons and defence procurements, and misuse of 3 trillion naira defence budget since 2011 under the guise of fighting Boko Haram<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diversion of $2.2 million vaccination medicine fund, by Ministry of Health <sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diversion of Ebola fight fund up to 1.9 bn naira <sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NIMASA fraud under investigation by EFCC, inclusive of accusation of funding PDP and buying a small piece of land for 13 billion naira <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ministry of Finance led by <a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Okonjo Iweala</a> hurried payment of $2.2 million to health ministry contractor in disputed invoices <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NDDC scams and multifarious scams including 2.7 billion naira worth of contracts that do not conform to the Public Procurement Act<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Police Service Commission Scam investigated by ICPC that revealed misappropriation of over 150 million nairas related to election-related training. ICPC made refund recommendations, but many analysts indicated prosecution was more appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammadu_Buhari_administration_(2015–2023)"><span id="Muhammadu_Buhari_administration_.282015.E2.80.932023.29"></span>Muhammadu Buhari administration (2015–2023)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Muhammadu Buhari administration (2015–2023)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presidency of Muhammadu Buhari saw <a href="/wiki/Buhari%27s_anti-corruption_war" title="Buhari's anti-corruption war">major action against corruption in Nigeria</a>. In 2016, the Senate ad hoc committee on the “mounting humanitarian crisis in the North East” led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Shehu_Sani" title="Shehu Sani">Shehu Sani</a> indicted the then secretary to the Government of the Federation appointed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a>, Mr. <a href="/wiki/Babachi_Lawal" class="mw-redirect" title="Babachi Lawal">Babachir Lawal</a> in a N200 million contract scandal for the clearing of “invasive plant species” in <a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe State</a> by Rholavision Nigeria Limited; a company he owns.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 30, 2017, President Buhari sacked Lawal based on the report of a three-man panel led by Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Yemi_Osinbajo" title="Yemi Osinbajo">Yemi Osinbajo</a> that investigated him and one other.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Buhari was reportedly presented with evidence that his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Abba_Kyari" title="Abba Kyari">Abba Kyari</a>, took a N500 million bribe from MTN to help it slash the $5 billion dollar fine slammed against it for violation of Nigeria telecommunications regulations bothering on national security.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siteadmin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteadmin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MTN fired the staff involved in the bribery scandal.<sup id="cite_ref-siteadmin_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteadmin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Abba Kyari was left intact in his position as chief of staff to national outrage forcing Buhari to announce the probe of Kyari.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings of the investigation were never made public. </p><p>Abdulrasheed Maina was the head of the task force on pension reforms during the President <a href="/wiki/Goodluck_Jonathan" title="Goodluck Jonathan">Goodluck Jonathan</a>-led administration but fled Nigeria in 2015 after claims that he embezzled two billion naira ($5.6 million, 4.8 million euros).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that an Interpol arrest warrant was issued, he still managed to return to Nigeria, where he was said to have enjoyed protection from the Buhari government.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maina had been fired from his position by Goodluck Jonathan's administration and was put under investigation for corrupt practices but was reinstated and given double promotion by the Buhari administration.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maina was convicted after he was found guilty of money laundering.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the senate through its committee on public accounts, 85 government parastatals under the present government under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> are yet to submit their audit reports since the inception of this government.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag bearer of the corruption fight in Nigeria, the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Crimes_Commission" title="Economic and Financial Crimes Commission">Economic and Financial Crimes Commission</a> (EFCC) responded to the senate committee on public account's claim on the nonsubmission of her account report by the institution and 84 others. The EFCC denied the report issued by the committee claiming it was not true.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite criticism, the EFCC announced in May 2018, that 603 Nigerian figures had been convicted on corruption charges since Buhari took office in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-judgesandmilitary_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judgesandmilitary-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EFCC also announced that for the first time in Nigeria's history, judges and top military officers including retired service chiefs were being prosecuted for corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-judgesandmilitary_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-judgesandmilitary-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, the country's controversial ex-Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bello_Adoke" title="Mohammed Bello Adoke">Mohammed Adoke</a>, who was accused of being bribed to grant oil licenses to Shell, was extradited back to Nigeria from Dubai and was immediately arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2020, however, <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> still gave Nigeria a low ranking of 146 out of 180 countries surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, some politicians who worked hard for the reelection of President Mohammed Buhari had corruption cases hanging on their necks. One of them is <a href="/wiki/Abdullahi_Adamu" title="Abdullahi Adamu">Abdullahi Adamu</a>, who was the Governor of Nasarawa State (1999 - 2007), and now the Chairman of the political party of the President - <a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">All Progressive Congress</a> (APC). He was also a member of the National Advisory Committee for the Buhari 2019 Presidential Support Committee. His was charged with allegedly stealing N15bn from Nasarawa State when he was the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peoples_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" title="Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a>, the opposition party raised the issue of the corruption charge when Abdullahi Adamu was set to become the Chairman of APC. However, the Presidency replied and said he has 'repented'.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October 2020, however, <a href="/wiki/End_SARS" title="End SARS">End SARS</a> protestors alleged that <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Police Force">Nigerian police officers</a>, despite being employed by what has long been perceived as being the most corruption institution in Nigeria,<sup id="cite_ref-corruptionrank_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corruptionrank-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were no longer paid adequately and, despite calling out police brutality, called for an increase in police salaries as one of their five demands.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May, 2022, the Accountant General of Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Idris" title="Ahmed Idris">Ahmed Idris</a> was arrested for money laundering and diversion of public funds. His tenure had been extended by President Mohammed Buhari in 2019 despite the fact that he had clocked 60yrs which is the mandatory age for retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Accountant General is said to have committed the fraud through corruptly manipulating the Treasury Single Account (TSA), Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) and Integrated Payroll and Personnel information system (IPPIS) to steal billions of Naira. An official of a government agency, <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Mobilisation_Allocation_and_Fiscal_Commission" title="Revenue Mobilisation Allocation and Fiscal Commission">Revenue Mobilization, Allocation and Fiscal Commission</a> was named as one of the parties to the corruption case.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of President Mohammed Buhari has been perceived as one that failed in curbing corrupt practices in government.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu_administration_(2023-present)"><span id="Bola_Ahmed_Tinubu_administration_.282023-present.29"></span>Bola Ahmed Tinubu administration (2023-present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bola Ahmed Tinubu administration (2023-present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_institutions_perceived_as_corrupt">Public institutions perceived as corrupt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public institutions perceived as corrupt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following list contains the institutions perceived as the most corrupt. It is culled from the Nigeria Survey and Corruption Survey Study, Final Report (June 2003) Institute for Development Research, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadu_Bello_University" title="Ahmadu Bello University">Ahmadu Bello University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaria" title="Zaria">Zaria</a> (IDR, ABU Zaria)<sup id="cite_ref-corruptionrank_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corruptionrank-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Nigeria (as of 2003) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rating</th> <th>Institution </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Police">Nigerian Police</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Political Parties </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>National and State Assemblies </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Local and Municipal Governments </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Federal and State Executive Councils </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Traffic Police and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Road_Safety_Corps_(Nigeria)" title="Federal Road Safety Corps (Nigeria)">Federal Road Safety Corps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Power_Holding_Company_of_Nigeria" title="Power Holding Company of Nigeria">NEPA</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In February 2019, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Police Force">Nigerian Police Force</a> officers commonly gained extra money by extorting local residents of the sum of 50 Nigerian naira.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 30, 2019, three Nigeria Police Force Officers from Anambra State were arrested on charges of extorting three residents.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 9, 2020, two Nigeria Police Force officers from Lagos, Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) Adebayo Ojo and Sergeant Adeleke Mojisola were both arrested on charges of extorting a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, another Nigeria Police Force officer from Lagos, Inspector Taloju Martins, was arrested after being caught on camera extorting a motorist.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Transparency International's 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index, Nigeria scored 25 on a scale from 0 ("highly corrupt") to 100 ("very clean"). When ranked by score, Nigeria ranked 145th among the 180 countries in the Index, where the country ranked first is perceived to have the most honest public sector.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison with worldwide scores, the best score was 90 (ranked 1), the average score was 43, and the worst score was 11 (ranked 180).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For comparison with regional scores, the average score among sub-Saharan African countries <sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was 33. The highest score in sub-Saharan Africa was 71 and the lowest score was 11.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Godfatherism">Godfatherism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Godfatherism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nigeria, there is a very big gap between the rich and the poor. Due to this, there is space in politics for richer people to manipulate results and candidates. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> did an article in February 2019 detailing how much of an effect 'godfathers' can have on the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it was reported, "They are political sponsors, who use money and influence to win support for their preferred candidates." It is explained that these 'godfathers' groom a candidate that they trust can implement the policies they want".<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Republic of the Congo, Swaziland, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_envelope_journalism" title="Brown envelope journalism">Brown envelope journalism</a>, Nigeria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innoson_Group_vs_GTBank_fraud_case" title="Innoson Group vs GTBank fraud case">Innoson Group vs GTBank fraud case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeached_Nigerian_state_governors" title="List of impeached Nigerian state governors">List of impeached Nigerian state governors</a></li></ul> <p><b>General:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption by country">Corruption by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Day" title="International Anti-Corruption Day">International Anti-Corruption Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27godfathers%27+who+pull+the+strings+in+Nigeria%27s+election&rft.date=2019-02-04&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mayeni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-47089372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgozi_Okonjo-Iweala2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (2012). <i>Reforming the Unreformable: Lessons from Nigeria</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262018142" title="Special:BookSources/9780262018142"><bdi>9780262018142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforming+the+Unreformable%3A+Lessons+from+Nigeria&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780262018142&rft.au=Ngozi+Okonjo-Iweala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-47089372">https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-47089372</a> (accessed 5 January 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reading_Lists">Reading Lists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reading Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2006" class="citation journal cs1">Albert, Isaac Olawale (2006-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajol.info/index.php/asr/article/view/23262">"Explaining 'godfatherism' in Nigerian politics"</a>. <i>African Sociological Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 79–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fasr.v9i2.23262">10.4314/asr.v9i2.23262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-4332">1027-4332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+%27godfatherism%27+in+Nigerian+politics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fasr.v9i2.23262&rft.issn=1027-4332&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Olawale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Fasr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F23262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Temidayo, O. F., & Okoye, V. J. (2020). PSYCHOLOGY OF POLITICS AND POLITICIANS IN NIGERIA: THE HUMAN AND SOCIAL GOVERNANCE CONSEQUENCES. <i>Global Journal of Politics and Law Research</i>, <i>8</i>(1), 1-13 <sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjayi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ajayi, Lasisi (June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1086296x15618478">"Critical Multimodal Literacy"</a>. <i>Journal of Literacy Research</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 216–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1086296x15618478">10.1177/1086296x15618478</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-296X">1086-296X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Literacy+Research&rft.atitle=Critical+Multimodal+Literacy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-244&rft.date=2015-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1086296x15618478&rft.issn=1086-296X&rft.aulast=Ajayi&rft.aufirst=Lasisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1086296x15618478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert2005" class="citation journal cs1">Albert, Isaac Olawale (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/afrisocirevi.9.2.79">"Explaining 'godfatherism' in Nigerian Politics"</a>. <i>African Sociological Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 79–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fasr.v9i2.23262">10.4314/asr.v9i2.23262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-4332">1027-4332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Explaining+%27godfatherism%27+in+Nigerian+Politics&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-105&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fasr.v9i2.23262&rft.issn=1027-4332&rft.aulast=Albert&rft.aufirst=Isaac+Olawale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fafrisocirevi.9.2.79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnwuzuruigbo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Onwuzuruigbo, Ifeanyi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/afrdevafrdev.38.1-2.25">"Recontextualisation of the Concept of Godfatherism: Reflections on Nigeria"</a>. <i>Africa Development</i>. <b>38</b> (1–2): 25–50<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Development&rft.atitle=Recontextualisation+of+the+Concept+of+Godfatherism%3A+Reflections+on+Nigeria&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=25-50&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Onwuzuruigbo&rft.aufirst=Ifeanyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fafrdevafrdev.38.1-2.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorruption+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702181507/http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria/show-all.aspx">Nigeria Corruption Profile</a> from the Business Anti-Corruption Portal</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Template:Human rights in Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Human rights in Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_violations_in_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights violations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towards women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towards LGBT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria">LGBT rights in Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Nigeria" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Nigeria">Recognition of same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towards others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternities_in_Nigeria" title="Confraternities in Nigeria">Confraternities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized crime in Nigeria">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nigeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nigeria_topics" title="Template talk:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nigeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nigeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria" title="History of Nigeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="KingdomsEmpires" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kingdoms</li><li>Empires</li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aro_Confederacy" title="Aro Confederacy">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornu_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornu Empire">Kanem-Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kano" title="Kingdom of Kano">Kano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daura_Emirate" title="Daura Emirate">Daura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Katsina" title="History of Katsina">Katsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazzau" title="Zazzau">Zazzau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadejia" title="Hadejia">Biram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano" title="Rano">Rano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_Emirate" title="Kebbi Emirate">Kebbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwararafa" title="Kwararafa">Kwararafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nigerian_history" title="Timeline of Nigerian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Nigeria">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_before_1500" title="History of Nigeria before 1500">before 1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nigeria_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Nigeria (1500–1800)">1500-1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Colonial Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nigerian_Republic" title="First Nigerian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Nigeria" title="Military dictatorship in Nigeria">Military dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nigerian_Republic" title="Second Nigerian Republic">Second Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nigerian_Republic" title="Third Nigerian Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Nigerian_Republic" title="Fourth Nigerian Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nigeria" title="Geography of Nigeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Plateau" title="Adamawa Plateau">Adamawa Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Borders of Nigeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_populated_places_in_Nigeria" title="List of populated places in Nigeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nigeria" title="Climate change in Nigeria">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nigeria" title="List of ecoregions in Nigeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Environmental issues in the Niger Delta">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Islands of Nigeria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos_Plateau" title="Jos Plateau">Jos Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Mountains of Nigeria">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Nigeria" title="List of national parks of Nigeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Rivers of Nigeria">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Benue" class="mw-redirect" title="River Benue">Benue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nigeria" title="Wildlife of Nigeria">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife conservation in Nigeria">Wildlife conservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Nigeria" title="Subdivisions of Nigeria">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria" title="Lists of villages in Nigeria">Villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nigeria" title="Constitution of Nigeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nigeria" title="Elections in Nigeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministries_of_Nigeria" title="Federal Ministries of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nigeria" title="Foreign relations of Nigeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nigeria" title="Human rights in Nigeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nigeria">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nigeria" title="Human trafficking in Nigeria">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Law enforcement in Nigeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Nigeria">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nigeria" title="List of political parties in Nigeria">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress" title="All Progressives Congress">APC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nigeria" title="President of Nigeria">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Nigeria">Vice-President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nigeria" title="Supreme Court of Nigeria">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nigeria" title="Agriculture in Nigeria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Drain_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Drain in Nigeria">Brain Drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nigeria" title="Central Bank of Nigeria">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nigeria" title="Energy in Nigeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Nigeria" title="Mining industry of Nigeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">Naira <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum in Nigeria">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nigeria" title="Tourism in Nigeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nigeria" title="Transport in Nigeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Society of Nigeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Nigeria" title="Censorship in Nigeria">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria#Baby_factories" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Baby factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nigeria" title="Capital punishment in Nigeria">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nigeria" title="Child labour in Nigeria">Child labour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Girl_child_labour_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Girl child labour in Nigeria">Girl child labour</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Child marriage in Nigeria">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse_in_Nigeria" title="Child sexual abuse in Nigeria">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Nigeria" title="Crime in Nigeria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nigeria" title="Education in Nigeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nigeria">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Actualization_of_the_Sovereign_State_of_Biafra" title="Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra">MASSOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Survival_of_the_Ogoni_People" title="Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People">MOSOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria" title="Female genital mutilation in Nigeria">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nigeria" title="Health in Nigeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Nigeria" title="Prostitution in Nigeria">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_Nigeria" title="List of protests in Nigeria">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of Nigeria">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Nigeria" title="Social class in Nigeria">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nigeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nigeria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Nigeria" title="Youth in Nigeria">Youth</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Conflicts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div class="hlist"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Conflicts in Nigeria">Conflicts</a></li></ul></div> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist insurgency in Nigeria">Islamist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria" title="Culture of Nigeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria,_We_Hail_Thee" title="Nigeria, We Hail Thee">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Nigeria" title="Cinema of Nigeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria" title="Coat of arms of Nigeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nigeria" title="Flag of Nigeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerians" title="List of Nigerians">List of Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nigeria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria" title="Music of Nigeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nigeria" title="Public holidays in Nigeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nigeria" title="Outline of Nigeria">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nigeria-related_articles" title="Index of Nigeria-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nigeria" title="Category:Nigeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Corruption in Africa</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Angola" title="Corruption in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Botswana" title="Corruption in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Burundi" title="Corruption in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cameroon" title="Corruption in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Chad" title="Corruption in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Comoros" title="Corruption in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Corruption in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Eritrea" title="Corruption in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ethiopia" title="Corruption in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Ghana" title="Corruption in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea" title="Corruption in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Corruption in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Kenya" title="Corruption in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Lesotho" title="Corruption in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Liberia" title="Corruption in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Malawi" title="Corruption in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mauritius" title="Corruption in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Morocco" title="Corruption in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Namibia" title="Corruption in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Niger" title="Corruption in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Senegal" title="Corruption in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Corruption in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Somalia" title="Corruption in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Sudan" title="Corruption in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tanzania" title="Corruption in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tunisia" title="Corruption in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Uganda" title="Corruption in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zambia" title="Corruption in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Zimbabwe" title="Corruption in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corruption_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corruption in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org/index.php">"PREORC Open Journals"</a>. <i>journals.ezenwaohaetorc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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