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<div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Florence</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Firenze" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Florence (disambiguation)">Florence (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Firenze (disambiguation)">Firenze (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> Florence (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈflɒrəns/</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FLORR-ənss</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Firenze <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[fiˈrɛntse]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7c\/It-Firenze.ogg\/It-Firenze.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Firenze.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/It-Firenze.ogg/It-Firenze.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:It-Firenze.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:It-Firenze.ogg">ⓘ</a>)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[a]</a> is the capital city of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italian</a> region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. It is also the most populated city in Tuscany, with 364,073 inhabitants in 2024, and 990,527 in its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan City of Florence">metropolitan area</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[4]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> Florence </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it"> Firenze (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comune">Comune</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Comune di Firenze</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"> <div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"> <div style="height:185px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg/278px-FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg/417px-FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg/556px-FirenzeDec092023_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> Florence from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazzale_Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazzale Michelangelo">Piazzale Michelangelo</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"> <div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg/101px-Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg/152px-Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg/202px-Palazzo_Pitti_nel_tardo_pomeriggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2319"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:69px;max-width:69px"> <div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz,_Florencia,_Italia,_2022-09-18,_DD_95.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bas%C3%ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-18%2C_DD_95.jpg/67px-Bas%C3%ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-18%2C_DD_95.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bas%25C3%25ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_95.jpg/101px-Bas%25C3%25ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_95.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bas%25C3%25ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_95.jpg/134px-Bas%25C3%25ADlica_de_la_Santa_Cruz%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4558" data-file-height="4558"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"> <div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Uffizi_Gallery,_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uffizi_Gallery%2C_Florence.jpg/101px-Uffizi_Gallery%2C_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uffizi_Gallery%252C_Florence.jpg/152px-Uffizi_Gallery%252C_Florence.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uffizi_Gallery%252C_Florence.jpg/202px-Uffizi_Gallery%252C_Florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="691"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"> <div style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Palacio_Viejo,_Florencia,_Italia,_2022-09-18,_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palacio_Viejo%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-18%2C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg/99px-Palacio_Viejo%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-18%2C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palacio_Viejo%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg/149px-Palacio_Viejo%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Palacio_Viejo%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg/198px-Palacio_Viejo%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-18%252C_DD_236-238_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3605" data-file-height="5408"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"> <div style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Catedral,_Florencia,_Italia,_2022-09-19,_DD_91.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Catedral%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-19%2C_DD_91.jpg/175px-Catedral%2C_Florencia%2C_Italia%2C_2022-09-19%2C_DD_91.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Catedral%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-19%252C_DD_91.jpg/263px-Catedral%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-19%252C_DD_91.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Catedral%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-19%252C_DD_91.jpg/350px-Catedral%252C_Florencia%252C_Italia%252C_2022-09-19%252C_DD_91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3875" data-file-height="3302"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"> <div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence,_Italy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/278px-Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%252C_Italy.jpg/417px-Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%252C_Italy.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%252C_Italy.jpg/556px-Panorama_of_the_Ponte_Vecchio_in_Florence%252C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14394" data-file-height="5000"></a> </div> <div class="text-align-center"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Florence.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Florence"><img alt="Flag of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/100px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/150px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Florence.svg/200px-Flag_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Florence">Flag</a> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:FlorenceCoA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Florence"><img alt="Coat of arms of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/77px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/116px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FlorenceCoA.svg/154px-FlorenceCoA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="600"></a> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> Coat of arms </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""> <div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;"> Location of Florence </div> <div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_706b125920878b9a1e64b50c5c38a9f53e24bb8e"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Florence&revid=1259074030&groups=_706b125920878b9a1e64b50c5c38a9f53e24bb8e" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB,https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Florence&revid=1259074030&groups=_706b125920878b9a1e64b50c5c38a9f53e24bb8e&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB 2x" alt="Map"></a> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div class="switcher-container"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:250px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:250px"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence is located in Italy"><img alt="Florence is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299"></a> <div class="od notheme" style="top:29.989%;left:39.486%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"> <img alt="Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </div> <div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"> <div> Florence </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"> Location of Florence in Tuscany </div>Show map of Italy </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:250px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:250px"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence is located in Tuscany"><img alt="Florence is located in Tuscany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/250px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/375px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg/500px-Italy_Tuscany_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="822"></a> <div class="od notheme" style="top:34.525%;left:57.04%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"> <img alt="Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"> </div> <div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"> <div> Florence </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"> Florence (Tuscany) </div>Show map of Tuscany </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DFlorence%26params%3D43_46_17_N_11_15_15_E_region:IT-52_type:city(383,000)">43°46′17″N 11°15′15″E / 43.77139°N 11.25417°E / 43.77139; 11.25417</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regions_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan city</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolitan City of Florence">Florence</a> (FI)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frazione?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">Baronta, Callai, Galluzzo, Cascine del Riccio, Croce di Via, La Lastra, Mantignano, Ugnano, Parigi, Piazza Calda, Pontignale, San Michele a Monteripaldi, Settignano</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sara_Funaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sara Funaro">Sara Funaro</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">PD</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area <div class="ib-settlement-fn"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1">[1]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">102.32 km2 (39.51 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation <div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population <div class="ib-settlement-fn">  (1 January 2022)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </div></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;">  • Total </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">367,150</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th> <td class="infobox-data">3,600/km2 (9,300/sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">English: Florentine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: fiorentino (m.), fiorentina (f.)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th> <td class="infobox-data adr"> <div class="postal-code"> 50121–50145 </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th> <td class="infobox-data">055</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> code</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/048/048017">048017 </a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_the_Baptist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th> <td class="infobox-data">24 June</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.comune.firenze.it">Official website</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Florence was a centre of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> European trade and finance and one of the wealthiest cities of that era.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[5]</a> It is considered by many academics<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[6]</a> to have been the birthplace of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, becoming a major artistic, cultural, commercial, political, economic and financial center.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[7]</a> During this time, Florence rose to a position of enormous influence in Italy, Europe, and beyond.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Its turbulent political history includes periods of rule by the powerful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Medici">Medici</a> family and numerous religious and republican revolutions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[9]</a> From 1865 to 1871 the city served as the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine dialect</a> forms the base of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">standard Italian</a> and it became the language of culture throughout Italy<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[10]</a> due to the prestige of the masterpieces by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Francesco Guicciardini</a>. The city attracts millions of tourists each year, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> declared the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Historic Centre of Florence</a> a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1982. The city is noted for its culture, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Renaissance art and architecture</a> and monuments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> The city also contains numerous museums and art galleries, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>, and still exerts an influence in the fields of art, culture and politics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Time-13">[12]</a> Due to Florence's artistic and architectural heritage, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> ranked it as one of the most beautiful cities in the world in 2010.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Florence plays an important role in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_fashion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Time-13">[12]</a> and is ranked in the top 15 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fashion_capital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a> of the world by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a>;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-languagemonitor-15">[14]</a> furthermore, it is a major national economic centre,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Time-13">[12]</a> as well as a tourist and industrial hub. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman_origins">2.1 Roman origins</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Middle_Ages">2.2 Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Second_millennium">2.3 Second millennium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">2.4 Middle Ages and Renaissance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rise_of_the_Medici">2.4.1 Rise of the Medici</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Savonarola,_Machiavelli,_and_the_Medici_popes">2.4.2 Savonarola, Machiavelli, and the Medici popes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#18th_and_19th_centuries">2.5 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#20th_century">2.6 20th century</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Climate">3.1 Climate</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demographics">4 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Industry,_commerce_and_services">5.1 Industry, commerce and services</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Tourism">5.2 Tourism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Food_and_wine_production">5.3 Food and wine production</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Government">6 Government</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">7 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art">7.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">7.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literature">7.3 Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Music">7.4 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cinema">7.5 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Video_games">7.6 Video games</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_media">7.7 Other media</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cuisine">7.8 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Research_activity">7.9 Research activity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Science_and_discovery">7.10 Science and discovery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fashion">7.11 Fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_evocations">7.12 Historical evocations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scoppio_del_Carro">7.12.1 Scoppio del Carro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Calcio_Storico">7.12.2 Calcio Storico</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Main_sights">8 Main sights</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Monuments,_museums_and_religious_buildings">8.1 Monuments, museums and religious buildings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore">8.2 Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Squares,_streets_and_parks">8.3 Squares, streets and parks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">9 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transportation">10 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cars">10.1 Cars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Buses">10.2 Buses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Trams">10.3 Trams</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Florence_public_transport_statistics">10.4 Florence public transport statistics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Airport">10.5 Airport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Railway_station">10.6 Railway station</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education">11 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notable_residents">12 Notable residents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#International_relations">13 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">13.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_partnerships">13.2 Other partnerships</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">14 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">15 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">16 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources">17 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">18 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Firenze comes from Florentiae, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> form of Florentia, in turn a name conveying good luck, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: florēre, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'to blossom'.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Florence">History of Florence</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For a chronological guide, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Timeline_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Timeline of Florence">Timeline of Florence</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; font-size: 80%;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> Timeline of Florence Historical affiliations </div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style="">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, 59–27 BC  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, 27 BC–AD 285  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, 285–476  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odoacer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odoacer">Kingdom of Odoacer</a>, 476–493  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>, 493–553  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, 553–568  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard Kingdom</a>, 570–773  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carolingian_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, 774–797  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Regnum Italiae</a>, 797–1001  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March of Tuscany">March of Tuscany</a>, 1002–1115 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg/46px-State_Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Florence.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, 1115–1532 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Florence">Duchy of Florence</a>, 1532–1569 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%28Medici_period%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, 1569–1801 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/23px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/35px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg/45px-Etrurian_Kingdom_and_War_Flag_with_Great_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a>, 1801–1807 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_French_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, 1807–1815 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany_%281840%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a>, 1815–1859 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tuscany_%281859%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Provinces of Central Italy">United Provinces of Central Italy</a>, 1859–1860 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, 1861–1943 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, 1943–1945 <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a>, 1946–present </blockquote> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg/220px-Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="518"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg/220px-Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg/330px-Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg/440px-Colored_woodcut_town_view_of_Florence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> View of Florence by Hartmann Schedel, published in 1493 </figcaption> </figure> Florence originated as a Roman city, and later, after a long period as a flourishing trading and banking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval commune">medieval commune</a>, it was the birthplace of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a>. It was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th to 16th centuries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> The language spoken in the city during the 14th century came to be accepted as the model for what would become the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>. Thanks especially to the works of the Tuscans <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a> the Florentine dialect, above all the local dialects, was adopted as the basis for a national literary language.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Starting from the late <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Florentine money—in the form of the gold <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florin_(Italian_coin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Florin (Italian coin)">florin</a>—financed the development of industry all over Europe, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lyon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Florentine bankers financed the English kings during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>. They similarly financed the papacy, including the construction of their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avignon_Papacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avignon Papacy">provisional capital of Avignon</a> and, after their return to Rome, the reconstruction and Renaissance embellishment of Rome. Florence was home to the Medici, one of European history's most important noble families. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> was considered a political and cultural mastermind of Italy in the late 15th century. Two members of the family were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">popes</a> in the early 16th century: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leo_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clement_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VII">Clement VII</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> married King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and, after his death in 1559, reigned as regent in France. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a> married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> and gave birth to the future King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a>. The Medici reigned as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Dukes_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Dukes of Tuscany">Grand Dukes of Tuscany</a>, starting with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> in 1569 and ending with the death of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici">Gian Gastone de' Medici</a> in 1737. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which was established in 1861, moved its capital from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turin">Turin</a> to Florence in 1865, although the capital was moved to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1871. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Roman_origins">Roman origins</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentia_(Roman_city)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentia (Roman city)">Florentia (Roman city)</a> </div> Florence was established by the Romans in 59 BC as a colony for veteran soldiers and was built in the style of an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military camp">army camp</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Situated along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_Cassia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Via Cassia">Via Cassia</a>, the main route between Rome and the north, and within the fertile valley of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arno">Arno</a>, the settlement quickly became an important commercial centre and in AD 285 became the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscia">Tuscia</a> region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/280px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="962"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 249px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/280px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="249" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/420px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg/560px-Totila_fa_dstruggere_la_citt%C3%A0_di_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goths">Goth</a> King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Totila?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Totila">Totila</a> razes the walls of Florence during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>: illumination from the Chigi manuscript of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Villani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Villani">Villani's Cronica</a>. </figcaption> </figure> In centuries to come, the city experienced turbulent alternate periods of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrogoths?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoth</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Byzantine_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> rule, during which the city was fought over, helping to cause the population to fall to as low as 1,000 people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Peace returned under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> rule in the 6th century and Florence was in turn conquered by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 774 becoming part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="March of Tuscany">March of Tuscany</a> centred on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. The population began to grow again and commerce prospered. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Second_millennium">Second millennium</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Second millennium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg/220px-Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg/220px-Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg/330px-Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg/440px-Firenze-sanminiato01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Basilica di <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Miniato_al_Monte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Miniato al Monte">San Miniato al Monte</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugh,_Margrave_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugh, Margrave of Tuscany">Margrave Hugo</a> chose Florence as his residency instead of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> around 1000 AD. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golden_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of Florentine art began around this time. In 1100, Florence was a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval commune">commune</a>", meaning a city-state. The city's primary resource was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arno">Arno river</a>, providing power and access for the industry (mainly textile industry), and access to the Mediterranean sea for international trade, helping the growth of an industrious merchant community. The Florentine merchant banking skills became recognised in Europe after they brought decisive financial innovation (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bills_of_exchange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of exchange">bills of exchange</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">double-entry bookkeeping system</a>) to medieval fairs. This period also saw the eclipse of Florence's formerly powerful rival <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The growing power of the merchant elite culminated in an anti-aristocratic uprising, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giano_della_Bella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giano della Bella">Giano della Bella</a>, resulting in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinances_of_Justice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordinances of Justice">Ordinances of Justice</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> which entrenched the power of the elite guilds until the end of the Republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance">Middle Ages and Renaissance</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Renaissance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Rise_of_the_Medici">Rise of the Medici</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Rise of the Medici" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(Uffizi).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="316" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2791"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 316px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="316" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> statue outside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a> </figcaption> </figure> At the height of demographic expansion around 1325, the urban population may have been as great as 120,000, and the rural population around the city was probably close to 300,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[24]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Death?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348 reduced it by over half,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[26]</a> about 25,000 are said to have been supported by the city's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wool">wool</a> industry: in 1345 Florence was the scene of an attempted strike by wool combers (ciompi), who in 1378 rose up in a brief revolt against oligarchic rule in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ciompi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciompi">Revolt of the Ciompi</a>. After their suppression, Florence came under the sway (1382–1434) of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Albizzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Albizzi">Albizzi</a> family, who became bitter rivals of the Medici. In the 15th century, Florence was among the largest cities in Europe, with a population of 60,000, and was considered rich and economically successful.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> was the first Medici family member to essentially control the city from behind the scenes. Although the city was technically a democracy of sorts, his power came from a vast <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patronage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patronage">patronage</a> network along with his alliance to the new immigrants, the gente nuova (new people). The fact that the Medici were bankers to the pope also contributed to their ascendancy. Cosimo was succeeded by his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piero_di_Cosimo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piero di Cosimo de' Medici">Piero</a>, who was, soon after, succeeded by Cosimo's grandson, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo</a> in 1469. Lorenzo was a great patron of the arts, commissioning works by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandro Botticelli">Botticelli</a>. Lorenzo was an accomplished poet and musician and brought composers and singers to Florence, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Agricola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Agricola">Alexander Agricola</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Ghiselin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Ghiselin">Johannes Ghiselin</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Isaac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Isaac">Heinrich Isaac</a>. By contemporary Florentines (and since), he was known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). Following Lorenzo de' Medici's death in 1492, he was succeeded by his son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piero_II_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piero II de' Medici">Piero II</a>. When the French king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> invaded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>, Piero II chose to resist his army. But when he realised the size of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Army">French army</a> at the gates of Pisa, he had to accept the humiliating conditions of the French king. These made the Florentines rebel, and they expelled Piero II. With his exile in 1494, the first period of Medici rule ended with the restoration of a republican government. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Savonarola,_Machiavelli,_and_the_Medici_popes">Savonarola, Machiavelli, and the Medici popes</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Savonarola, Machiavelli, and the Medici popes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg/220px-Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg/220px-Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg/330px-Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg/440px-Hanging_and_burning_of_Girolamo_Savonarola_in_Florence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> being hanged and burned in 1498. The brooding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> is at centre right. </figcaption> </figure> During this period, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dominican_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dominican Order">Dominican friar</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a> had become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">prior</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Marco, Florence">San Marco</a> monastery in 1490. He was famed for his penitential sermons, lambasting what he viewed as widespread immorality and attachment to material riches. He praised the exile of the Medici as the work of God, punishing them for their decadence. He seized the opportunity to carry through political reforms leading to a more democratic rule. But when Savonarola publicly accused <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> of corruption, he was banned from speaking in public. When he broke this ban, he was excommunicated. The Florentines, tired of his teachings, turned against him and arrested him. He was convicted as a heretic, hanged and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death_by_burning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death by burning">burned</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a> on 23 May 1498. His ashes were dispersed in the Arno river.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Another Florentine of this period was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, whose prescriptions for Florence's regeneration under strong leadership have often been seen as a legitimization of political expediency and even malpractice. Machiavelli was a political thinker, renowned for his political handbook <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Prince?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>, which is about ruling and exercising power. Commissioned by the Medici, Machiavelli also wrote the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_Histories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine Histories">Florentine Histories</a>, the history of the city. In 1512, the Medici retook control of Florence with the help of Spanish and Papal troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a> They were led by two cousins, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Leo_X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Leo X">Giovanni</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Clement VII">Giulio de' Medici</a>, both of whom would later become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope">Popes</a> of the Catholic Church, (Leo X and Clement VII, respectively). Both were generous patrons of the arts, commissioning works like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laurentian_Library?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laurentian Library">Laurentian Library</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medici_Chapel_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici Chapel (Michelangelo)">Medici Chapel</a> in Florence, to name just two.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Their reigns coincided with political upheaval in Italy, and thus in 1527, Florentines drove out the Medici for a second time and re-established a theocratic republic on 16 May 1527, (Jesus Christ was named King of Florence).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The Medici returned to power in Florence in 1530, with the armies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Charles_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Charles V">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> and the blessings of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> (Giulio de' Medici). Florence officially became a monarchy in 1531, when Emperor Charles and Pope Clement named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence">Alessandro de' Medici</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a>. The Medici's monarchy would last over two centuries. Alessandro's successor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a>, was named <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a> in 1569; in all Tuscany, only the Republic of Lucca (later a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Lucca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Lucca">Duchy</a>) and the Principality of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piombino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piombino">Piombino</a> were independent from Florence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg/220px-Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="2366"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg/220px-Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg/330px-Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg/440px-Wenceslaus_Werlin-Leopold_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor_and_his_family.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and his family. Leopold was, from 1765 to 1790, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_duke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand duke">Grand Duke</a> of Tuscany. </figcaption> </figure> The extinction of the Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis Stephen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">duke of Lorraine</a> and husband of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the Austrian crown. It became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secundogeniture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secundogeniture">secundogeniture</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Lorraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a> dynasty, who were deposed for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Bourbon-Parma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Bourbon-Parma">House of Bourbon-Parma</a> in 1801. From 1801 to 1807 Florence was the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> client state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a>. The Bourbon-Parma were deposed in December 1807 when Tuscany was annexed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_French_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First French Empire">France</a>. Florence was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prefectures_in_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prefectures in France">prefecture</a> of the French département of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno_(department)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arno (department)">Arno</a> from 1808 to the fall of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon</a> in 1814. The Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty was restored on the throne of Tuscany at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> but finally deposed in 1859. Tuscany became a region of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Florence replaced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turin">Turin</a> as Italy's capital in 1865 and, in an effort to modernise the city, the old market in the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and many medieval houses were pulled down and replaced by a more formal street plan with newer houses. The Piazza (first renamed Piazza <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Vittorio Emanuele II</a>, then <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza della Repubblica (Florence)">Piazza della Repubblica</a>, the present name) was significantly widened and a large triumphal arch was constructed at the west end. A museum recording the destruction stands nearby today. The country's second capital city was superseded by Rome six years later, after the withdrawal of the French troops allowed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capture_of_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capture of Rome">capture of Rome</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg/220px-SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1885"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg/220px-SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg/330px-SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg/440px-SanMiniatoAlMonte-Cimetiere.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Porte Sante cemetery, burial place of notable figures of Florentine history </figcaption> </figure> During <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II_in_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in Europe">World War II</a> the city experienced a year-long German occupation (1943–1944) being part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. Hitler declared it an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Open_city?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Open city">open city</a> on 3 July 1944 as troops of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Eighth_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eighth Army">British 8th Army</a> closed in.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Except for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[34]</a> in early August, the retreating Germans decided to demolish all the bridges along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arno">Arno</a> linking the district of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oltrarno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oltrarno">Oltrarno</a> to the rest of the city, making it difficult for troops of the 8th Army to cross. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/220px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="444"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/220px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/330px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg/440px-1-5MahrattaLightInfantryFlorence1944.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 1/5 Mahratta Light Infantry, Florence, 28 August 1944 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg/220px-242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2987" data-file-height="2085"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg/220px-242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg/330px-242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg/440px-242-EB-27-37A_-_DPLA_-_d6c519bc9686fa2f01f071692d65194d.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Florence <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skyline?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skyline">skyline</a> from June 1941 (by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eva_Braun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a>) </figcaption> </figure> Florence was liberated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2nd New Zealand Division">New Zealand</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(South_Africa)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Armoured Division (South Africa)">South African</a> and British troops on 4 August 1944 alongside partisans from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscan_Committee_of_National_Liberation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscan Committee of National Liberation">Tuscan Committee of National Liberation</a> (CTLN). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> soldiers who died driving the Germans from Tuscany are buried in cemeteries outside the city (Americans about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>nine kilometres or 5+1⁄2 miles south of the city, British and Commonwealth soldiers a few kilometres east of the centre on the right bank of the Arno). At the end of World War II in May 1945, the US Army's Information and Educational Branch was ordered to establish an overseas university campus for demobilised American service men and women in Florence. The first American university for service personnel was established in June 1945 at the School of Aeronautics. Some 7,500 soldier-students were to pass through the university during its four one-month sessions (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G._I._American_Universities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="G. I. American Universities">G. I. American Universities</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In November 1966, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1966_Flood_of_the_River_Arno_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Flood of the River Arno in Florence">Arno flooded</a> parts of the centre, damaging many art treasures. Around the city there are tiny placards on the walls noting where the flood waters reached at their highest point. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg/220px-Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg/220px-Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg/330px-Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg/440px-Florence_with_snow_cover_in_December_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Florence with snow cover in December 2009 </figcaption> </figure> Florence lies in a basin formed by the hills of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Medici_at_Careggi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Medici at Careggi">Careggi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiesole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiesole">Fiesole</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Settignano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Settignano">Settignano</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arcetri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arcetri">Arcetri</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poggio_Imperiale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poggio Imperiale">Poggio Imperiale</a> and Bellosguardo (Florence). The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno_river?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno river">Arno river</a>, three other minor rivers (Mugnone,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Ema and Greve) and some streams flow through it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Florence has a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (Cfa), tending to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean_climate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> (Csa).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a> It has hot summers with moderate or light rainfall and cool, damp winters. As Florence lacks a prevailing wind, summer temperatures are higher than along the coast. Rainfall in summer is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitation_types_(meteorology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation types (meteorology)">convectional</a>, while relief rainfall dominates in the winter. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Snow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Snow">Snow</a> is rare.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The highest officially recorded temperature was 42.6 °C (108.7 °F) on 26 July 1983 and the lowest was −23.2 °C (−9.8 °F) on 12 January 1985.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Florence (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Airport">Florence Airport</a>) (1991–2020)</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month</th> <th scope="col">Jan</th> <th scope="col">Feb</th> <th scope="col">Mar</th> <th scope="col">Apr</th> <th scope="col">May</th> <th scope="col">Jun</th> <th scope="col">Jul</th> <th scope="col">Aug</th> <th scope="col">Sep</th> <th scope="col">Oct</th> <th scope="col">Nov</th> <th scope="col">Dec</th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4 (74.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5 (83.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8 (92.8)</td> <td style="background: #FA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.8 (107.2)</td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.6 (108.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5 (103.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.4 (97.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4 (68.7)</td> <td style="background: #EF0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.6 (108.7)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7 (54.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0)</td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1 (84.4)</td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3)</td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5)</td> <td style="background: #FF8B18; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.2 (70.1)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9)</td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2)</td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3 (64.9)</td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6 (72.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7)</td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.5 (59.9)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8)</td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2)</td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4)</td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0 (60.8)</td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1)</td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3)</td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0)</td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 (51.6)</td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 (43.5)</td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7)</td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.8 (49.6)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)</th> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−23.2 (−9.8)</td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.9 (14.2)</td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0 (17.6)</td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0)</td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5)</td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1)</td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4)</td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3)</td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5)</td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4 (29.5)</td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2)</td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6 (16.5)</td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−23.2 (−9.8)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Precipitation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)</th> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.1 (2.29)</td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8 (2.51)</td> <td style="background: #A3FFA3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.4 (2.42)</td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2 (2.65)</td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0 (2.48)</td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8 (1.76)</td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (0.97)</td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5 (1.44)</td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.8 (2.63)</td> <td style="background: #62FF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">105.1 (4.14)</td> <td style="background: #4DFF4D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">115.3 (4.54)</td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4 (3.20)</td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">788 (31.03)</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)</th> <td style="background: #A2A2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5</td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2</td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0</td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7</td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6</td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2</td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9</td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0</td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2</td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8</td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0</td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6</td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">84.7</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relative_humidity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%)</th> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.5</td> <td style="background: #0000FC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.3</td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.6</td> <td style="background: #0707FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.7</td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.9</td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.9</td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.6</td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.5</td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.4</td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5</td> <td style="background: #0000E0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.6</td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.1</td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.7</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a></th> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0</td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0</td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0</td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0</td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0</td> <td style="background: #F1F113; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0</td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0</td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0</td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0</td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0</td> <td style="background: #AAAAA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0</td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.0</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunshine_duration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a></th> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33</td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40</td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42</td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46</td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53</td> <td style="background: #FFFF5B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60</td> <td style="background: #FFFF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67</td> <td style="background: #FFFF6C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64</td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58</td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45</td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30</td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33</td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">48</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NOAA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NOAA-42">[41]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Servizio-43">[42]</a> Weather Atlas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-44">[43]</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Florence</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Month</th> <th>Jan</th> <th>Feb</th> <th>Mar</th> <th>Apr</th> <th>May</th> <th>Jun</th> <th>Jul</th> <th>Aug</th> <th>Sep</th> <th>Oct</th> <th>Nov</th> <th>Dec</th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours</th> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0</td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;">13.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;">15.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;">14.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0</td> <td style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;">11.0</td> <td style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;">10.0</td> <td style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;">9.0</td> <td style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.1</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Average <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ultraviolet_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ultraviolet index">Ultraviolet index</a></th> <td style="background:#289500;color:#000000;">1</td> <td style="background:#289500;color:#000000;">2</td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">4</td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">5</td> <td style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;">7</td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">8</td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">8</td> <td style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;">7</td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">5</td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;">3</td> <td style="background:#289500;color:#000000;">2</td> <td style="background:#289500;color:#000000;">1</td> <td style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">4.4</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[44]</a></th> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style> <table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"> <caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold"> Historical population </caption> <tbody> <tr style="font-size:95%"> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th> <th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1200</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1300</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">120,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+140.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−41.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1650</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">70,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1861</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">150,864</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+115.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">201,138</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+33.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">196,072</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">236,635</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">258,056</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">280,133</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">304,160</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">321,176</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">374,625</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">436,516</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">457,803</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+4.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">448,331</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">403,294</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−10.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">356,118</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">358,079</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">361,619</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">ISTAT</a> 2021</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> In 1200 the city was home to 50,000 people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google-46">[45]</a> By 1300 the population of the city proper was 120,000, with an additional 300,000 living in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contado?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contado">Contado</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google2-47">[46]</a> Between 1500 and 1650 the population was around 70,000.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google3-48">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-google4-49">[48]</a> As of 31 October 2010<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFlorence%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, the population of the city proper is 370,702, while <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> estimates that 696,767 people live in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zones">urban area</a> of Florence. The Metropolitan Area of Florence, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prato">Prato</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pistoia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a>, constituted in 2000 over an area of roughly 4,800 square kilometres (1,850 sq mi), is home to 1.5 million people. Within Florence proper, 46.8% of the population was male in 2007 and 53.2% were female. Minors (children aged 18 and less) totalled 14.10% of the population compared to pensioners, who numbered 25.95 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Florence resident is 49 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Florence grew by 3.22 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birth_rate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> of Florence is 7.66 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DFlorence%26action%3Dedit">[update]</a>, 87.46% of the population was Italian. An estimated 6,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Overseas_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> live in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>): 3.52%, East Asia (mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Han_Chinese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipino_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a>): 2.17%, the Americas: 1.41%, and North Africa (mostly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a>): 0.9%.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Much like the rest of Italy most of the people in Florence are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, with more than 90% of the population belonging to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Florence">Archdiocese of Florence</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CathHierFlorence-53">[52]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GCathFlorence-54">[53]</a> As of 2016, an estimated 30,000 people, or 8% of the population, identified as Muslim.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Foreign-born population (31.12.2019) <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Population</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania"> <noscript> <img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>8,461</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China"> <noscript> <img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/China?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="China">China</a></td> <td>6,409</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peru"> <noscript> <img alt="Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" data-alt="Peru" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>5,910</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania"> <noscript> <img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="Albania" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>5,108</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines"> <noscript> <img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="Philippines" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td>4,939</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka"> <noscript> <img alt="Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" data-alt="Sri Lanka" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td> <td>2,541</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morocco"> <noscript> <img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="Morocco" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></td> <td>1,942</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh"> <noscript> <img alt="Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" data-alt="Bangladesh" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangladesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>1,801</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine"> <noscript> <img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ukraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td> <td>1,418</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India"> <noscript> <img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/India?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="India">India</a></td> <td>1,175</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt"> <noscript> <img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" data-alt="Egypt" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td> <td>1,137</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senegal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senegal"> <noscript> <img alt="Senegal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" data-alt="Senegal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senegal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></td> <td>1,037</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil"> <noscript> <img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="Brazil" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brazil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>965</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Tourism is, by far, the most important of all industries and most of the Florentine economy relies on the money generated by international arrivals and students studying in the city.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> The value tourism to the city totalled some €2.5 billion in 2015 and the number of visitors had increased by 5.5% from the previous year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-theflorentine.net-56">[55]</a> In 2013, Florence was listed as the second best world city by Condé Nast Traveler.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Manufacturing and commerce remain highly important. Florence is Italy's 17th richest city in terms of average workers' earnings, with the figure being €23,265 (the overall city's income is €6,531,204,473), coming after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mantua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, yet surpassing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolzano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Industry,_commerce_and_services">Industry, commerce and services</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Industry, commerce and services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Florence is a major production and commercial centre in Italy, where the Florentine industrial complexes in the suburbs produce all sorts of goods, from furniture, rubber goods, chemicals, and food.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> Traditional and local products, such as antiques, handicrafts, glassware, leatherwork, art reproductions, jewellery, souvenirs, elaborate metal and iron-work, shoes, accessories and high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fashion_clothes&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fashion clothes (page does not exist)">fashion clothes</a> also occupy a fair sector of Florence's economy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> The city's income relies partially on services and commercial and cultural interests, such as annual fairs, theatrical and lyrical productions, art exhibitions, festivals and fashion shows, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a>. Heavy industry and machinery also take their part in providing an income. In Nuovo Pignone, numerous factories are still present, and small-to medium industrial businesses are dominant. The Florence-Prato-Pistoia industrial districts and areas were known as the 'Third Italy' in the 1990s, due to the exports of high-quality goods and automobile (especially the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vespa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vespa">Vespa</a>) and the prosperity and productivity of the Florentine entrepreneurs. Some of these industries even rivalled the traditional industrial districts in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilia%E2%80%93Romagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia–Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> due to high profits and productivity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> In the fourth quarter of 2015, manufacturing increased by 2.4% and exports increased by 7.2%. Leading sectors included mechanical engineering, fashion, pharmaceutics, food and wine. During 2015, permanent employment contracts increased by 48.8 percent, boosted by nationwide tax break.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-theflorentine.net-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg/220px-Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg/220px-Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg/330px-Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg/440px-Florencja_Il_Porcelino_RB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tourists flock to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porcellino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porcellino">Fontana del Porcellino</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Tourism is the most significant industry in central Florence. From April to October, tourists outnumber the local population. Tickets to the Uffizi and Accademia galleries are regularly sold out and large groups regularly fill the basilicas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_Novella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a>, both of which charge for entry. Tickets for The Uffizi and Accademia can be purchased online prior to visiting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 2010, readers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Travel_%2B_Leisure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Travel + Leisure">Travel + Leisure</a> magazine ranked the city as their third favourite tourist destination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-travelandleisure.com-60">[59]</a> In 2015, Condé Nast Travel readers voted Florence as the best city in Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Studies by Euromonitor International have concluded that cultural and history-oriented tourism is generating significantly increased spending throughout Europe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Florence is believed to have the greatest concentration of art (in proportion to its size) in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Thus, cultural tourism is particularly strong, with world-renowned museums such as the Uffizi selling over 1.93 million tickets in 2014.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The city's convention centre facilities were restructured during the 1990s and host exhibitions, conferences, meetings, social forums, concerts and other events. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence,_Italy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3503" data-file-height="2626"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-Restaurant_in_the_Piazza_del_Duomo%2C_Florence%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Tourists and restaurant in the Piazza del Duomo </figcaption> </figure> In 2016, Florence had 20,588 hotel rooms in 570 facilities. International visitors use 75% of the rooms; some 18% of those were from the U.S.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In 2014, the city had 8.5 million overnight stays.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[65]</a> A Euromonitor report indicates that in 2015 the city ranked as the world's 36th most visited in the world, with over 4.95 million arrivals for the year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Tourism brings revenue to Florence, but also creates certain problems. The Ponte Vecchio, The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercato_Centrale_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercato Centrale (Florence)">San Lorenzo Market</a> and Santa Maria Novella are plagued by pickpockets.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The province of Florence receives roughly 13 million visitors per year<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[68]</a> and in peak seasons, popular locations may become overcrowded as a result.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In 2015, Mayor Dario Nardella expressed concern over visitors who arrive on buses, stay only a few hours, spend little money but contribute significantly to overcrowding. "No museum visit, just a photo from the square, the bus back and then on to Venice ... We don't want tourists like that", he said.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Some tourists are less than respectful of the city's cultural heritage, according to Nardella. In June 2017, he instituted a programme of spraying church steps with water to prevent tourists from using such areas as picnic spots. While he values the benefits of tourism, he claims that there has been "an increase among those who sit down on church steps, eat their food and leave rubbish strewn on them", he explained.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[71]</a> To boost the sale of traditional foods, the mayor had introduced legislation (enacted in 2016) that requires restaurants to use typical Tuscan products and rejected McDonald's application to open a location in the Piazza del Duomo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In October 2021, Florence was shortlisted for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>'s 2022 European Capital of Smart Tourism award along with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bordeaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copenhagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ljubljana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valencia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Food_and_wine_production">Food and wine production</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Food and wine production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg/220px-Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg/220px-Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg/330px-Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg/440px-Fiaschi_of_basic_Chianti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiasco_(bottle)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiasco (bottle)">Fiaschi</a> of basic Chianti </figcaption> </figure> Food and wine have long been an important staple of the economy. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chianti_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chianti (region)">Chianti region</a> is just south of the city, and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sangiovese?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a> grapes figure prominently not only in its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chianti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chianti">Chianti Classico</a> wines but also in many of the more recently developed Supertuscan blends. Within 32 km (20 mi) to the west is the Carmignano area, also home to flavourful sangiovese-based reds. The celebrated Chianti Rufina district, geographically and historically separated from the main Chianti region, is also few kilometres east of Florence. More recently, the Bolgheri region (about 150 km or 93 mi southwest of Florence) has become celebrated for its "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Super_Tuscan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tuscan">Super Tuscan</a>" reds such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sassicaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassicaia">Sassicaia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ornellaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ornellaia">Ornellaia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OCW-bol-75">[74]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of mayors of Florence">List of mayors of Florence</a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The traditional boroughs of the whole comune of Florence"> <noscript> <img alt="The traditional boroughs of the whole comune of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png/120px-Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="297"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 83px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png/120px-Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png" data-alt="The traditional boroughs of the whole comune of Florence" data-width="120" data-height="83" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png/180px-Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png/240px-Quartieri_storici_Firenze.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The traditional boroughs of the whole comune of Florence </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florence%27s_districts.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The 5 administrative boroughs of the whole comune of Florence"> <noscript> <img alt="The 5 administrative boroughs of the whole comune of Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Florence%27s_districts.svg/120px-Florence%27s_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="296"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 98px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Florence%27s_districts.svg/120px-Florence%27s_districts.svg.png" data-alt="The 5 administrative boroughs of the whole comune of Florence" data-width="120" data-height="98" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Florence%27s_districts.svg/180px-Florence%27s_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Florence%27s_districts.svg/240px-Florence%27s_districts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The 5 administrative boroughs of the whole comune of Florence </div></li> </ul> The legislative body of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_communes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian communes">municipality</a> is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which is composed of 36 councillors elected every five years with a proportional system, at the same time as the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed of 7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assessor_(Italy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assessor (Italy)">assessors</a>, nominated and presided over by a directly elected <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of mayors of Florence">Mayor</a>. The current mayor of Florence is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sara_Funaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sara Funaro">Sara Funaro</a>. The municipality of Florence is subdivided into five administrative Boroughs (Quartieri). Each borough is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a President, elected at the same time as the city mayor. The urban organisation is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114). The boroughs have the power to advise the Mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition they are supplied with an autonomous funding in order to finance local activities. The boroughs are: <ul> <li>Q1 – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Centro storico</a> (Historic Centre); population: 67,170;</li> <li>Q2 – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campo_di_Marte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Campo di Marte">Campo di Marte</a>; population: 88,588;</li> <li>Q3 – Gavinana-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galluzzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galluzzo">Galluzzo</a>; population: 40,907;</li> <li>Q4 – Isolotto-<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnaia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnaia">Legnaia</a>; population: 66,636;</li> <li>Q5 – Rifredi; population: 103,761.</li> </ul> All of the five boroughs are governed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>. The former Italian Prime Minister (2014–2016), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matteo_Renzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matteo Renzi">Matteo Renzi</a>, served as mayor from 2009 to 2014. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_painting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine painting">Florentine painting</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_Renaissance_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine Renaissance art">Florentine Renaissance art</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian Renaissance sculpture</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guilds_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guilds of Florence">Guilds of Florence</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:El_nacimiento_de_Venus,_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg/220px-El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1560"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg/220px-El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg/330px-El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg/440px-El_nacimiento_de_Venus%2C_por_Sandro_Botticelli.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Botticelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Botticelli">Botticelli</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Birth_of_Venus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Birth of Venus">Birth of Venus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> </figcaption> </figure> Florence was the birthplace of High Renaissance art, which lasted from about 1500 to 1527. Renaissance art put a larger emphasis on naturalism and human emotion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-76">[75]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a> was often formulaic and symbolic; the surviving works are mostly religious, their subjects were chosen by clerics. By contrast, Renaissance art became more rational, mathematical, individualistic,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-76">[75]</a> and was produced by known artists such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, who started to sign their works. Religion was important, but with this new age came the humanization<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-77">[76]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:22-78">[77]</a> of religious figures in art, such as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden">Expulsion from the Garden of Eden</a> and Raphael's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madonna_della_Seggiola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madonna della Seggiola">Madonna della Seggiola</a>; people of this age began to understand themselves as human beings, which reflected in art.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:22-78">[77]</a> The Renaissance marked the rebirth of classical values in art and society as people studied the ancient masters of the Greco-Roman world;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-77">[76]</a> art became focused on realism as opposed to idealism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:22-78">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg/220px-Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg/220px-Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg/330px-Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg/440px-Sculptures_in_the_Loggia_dei_Lanzi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sculptures in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG/170px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="3323"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG/170px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG/255px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG/340px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_JBU05.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a> </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cimabue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, the fathers of Italian painting, lived in Florence, as did <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_Pisano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a>, renewers of architecture and sculpture; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> and Masaccio, forefathers of the Renaissance, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Della_Robbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Della Robbia">Della Robbia</a> family, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippo_Lippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fra_Angelico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paolo_Uccello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> and the universal genius of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and Michelangelo.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Their works, together with those of many other generations of artists, are gathered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museums_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museums of Florence">the city's many museums</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galleria_Palatina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleria Palatina">Galleria Palatina</a> with the paintings of the "Golden Ages",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bargello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bargello">Bargello</a> with the sculptures of the Renaissance, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_San_Marco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Nazionale di San Marco">museum of San Marco</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fra_Angelico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>'s works, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medici_Chapels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-82">[81]</a> the museum of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orsanmichele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casa_Buonarroti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casa Buonarroti">Casa Buonarroti</a> with sculptures by Michelangelo, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Bardini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Bardini">Museo Bardini</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Horne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Horne">Museo Horne</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Stibbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Stibbert">Museo Stibbert</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Corsini,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Corsini, Florence">Palazzo Corsini</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galleria_d%27Arte_Moderna,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Florence">Galleria d'Arte Moderna</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tesoro_dei_Granduchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesoro dei Granduchi">Tesoro dei Granduchi</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opificio_delle_Pietre_Dure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo dell'Opificio delle Pietre Dure">Museo dell'Opificio delle Pietre Dure</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Several monuments are located in Florence: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Baptistery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Baptistery">Baptistery</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mosaic_ceiling_of_the_Florence_Baptistery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mosaic ceiling of the Florence Baptistery">its mosaics</a>; the cathedral with its sculptures, the medieval churches with bands of frescoes; public as well as private palaces – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>, the Palazzo Pitti, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Davanzati">Palazzo Davanzati</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casa_Martelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Martelli">Casa Martelli</a>; monasteries, cloisters, refectories; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Charterhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Charterhouse">Certosa</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Archaeological Museum, Florence">Museo Archeologico Nazionale</a> documents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The city is so rich in art that some visitors experience <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stendhal_syndrome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stendhal syndrome">Stendhal syndrome</a> as they encounter its art for the first time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ncjqkw-85">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Uffizi_Hallway.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uffizi_Hallway.jpg/220px-Uffizi_Hallway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uffizi_Hallway.jpg/220px-Uffizi_Hallway.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uffizi_Hallway.jpg/330px-Uffizi_Hallway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Uffizi_Hallway.jpg/440px-Uffizi_Hallway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a> is the 10th most visited art museum in the world. </figcaption> </figure> Florentine architects such as Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1466) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> (1404–1472) were among the fathers of Renaissance architecture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The cathedral, topped by Brunelleschi's dome, dominates the Florentine skyline. The Florentines decided to start building it late in the 13th century, without a design for the dome. The project proposed by Brunelleschi in the 14th century was the largest ever built at the time, and the first major dome built in Europe since the two great domes of Roman times – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hagia_Sophia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The dome of Santa Maria del Fiore remains the largest brick construction of its kind in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[87]</a> In front of it is the medieval Baptistery. The two buildings incorporate in their decoration the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. In recent years, most of the important works of art from the two buildings – and from the nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a>, have been removed and replaced by copies. The originals are now housed in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, just to the east of the cathedral. Florence has a large number of art-filled churches, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Miniato_al_Monte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Miniato al Monte">San Miniato al Monte</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Trinita">Santa Trinita</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">Santa Maria del Carmine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santo Spirito, Florence">Santo Spirito</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santissima Annunziata, Florence">Santissima Annunziata</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ognissanti,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ognissanti, Florence">Ognissanti</a> and numerous others.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria,_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg/170px-Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg/170px-Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg/255px-Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg/340px-Firenze_Palazzo_della_Signoria%2C_better_known_as_the_Palazzo_Vecchio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> </figcaption> </figure> Artists associated with Florence range from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cimabue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanni_di_Banco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanni di Banco">Nanni di Banco</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paolo_Uccello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>; through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Della_Robbia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Della Robbia">della Robbia</a> family; through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fra_Angelico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, and on to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>. Others include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_del_Sarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea del Sarto">Andrea del Sarto</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippo_Lippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernardo_Buontalenti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernardo Buontalenti">Bernardo Buontalenti</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orcagna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orcagna">Orcagna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_del_Pollaiuolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio del Pollaiuolo">Antonio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piero_del_Pollaiuolo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piero del Pollaiuolo">Piero del Pollaiuolo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippino_Lippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronzino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronzino">Bronzino</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Desiderio_da_Settignano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Desiderio da Settignano">Desiderio da Settignano</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelozzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_Rosselli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo Rosselli">Cosimo Rosselli</a>, the Sangallos, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pontormo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>. Artists from other regions who worked in Florence include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrea_Pisano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giambologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Il_Sodoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Il Sodoma">Il Sodoma</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_(Florence).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/220px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3310"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/220px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/330px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg/440px-Dome_of_Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%28Florence%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Brunelleschi's dome </figcaption> </figure> Picture galleries in Florence include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uffizi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>. Two superb collections of sculpture are in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bargello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bargello">Bargello</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a>. They are filled with the creations of Donatello, Verrocchio, Desiderio da Settignano, Michelangelo and others. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a> has Michelangelo's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a>, which was created between 1501 and 1504 and is perhaps the best-known work of art anywhere, plus the unfinished statues of slaves Michelangelo created for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">tomb of Pope Julius II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Other sights include the medieval city hall, the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Archaeological Museum, Florence">National Archeological Museum</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Galileo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Galileo">Museo Galileo</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Davanzati">Palazzo Davanzati</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Stibbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Stibbert">Museo Stibbert</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_San_Marco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Nazionale di San Marco">Museo Nazionale di San Marco</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medici_Chapels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>, the Museo dell'Opera di Santa Croce, the Museum of the Cloister of Santa Maria Novella, the Zoological Museum ("<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Specola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Specola">La Specola</a>"), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Bardini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Bardini">Museo Bardini</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_Horne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo Horne">Museo Horne</a>. There is also a collection of works by the modern sculptor, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marino_Marini_(sculptor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marino Marini (sculptor)">Marino Marini</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marino_Marini_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marino Marini Museum">a museum named after him</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a> is the site of special exhibitions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine dialect</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscan_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan language">Tuscan language</a> </div> Florentine (fiorentino), spoken by inhabitants of Florence and its environs, is a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscan_Language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuscan Language">Tuscan dialect</a> and the immediate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-language">parent language</a> to modern Italian. Although its vocabulary and pronunciation are largely identical to standard Italian, differences do exist. The Vocabolario del fiorentino contemporaneo (Dictionary of Modern Florentine) reveals <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexicon_(linguistics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon (linguistics)">lexical</a> distinctions from all walks of life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered the use of the vernacular<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays.com-93">[92]</a> instead of the Latin used for most literary works at the time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Decamaron_intro.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Decamaron_intro.jpg/220px-Decamaron_intro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="562"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Decamaron_intro.jpg/220px-Decamaron_intro.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Decamaron_intro.jpg/330px-Decamaron_intro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Decamaron_intro.jpg/440px-Decamaron_intro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The introduction of the Decameron (1350–1353) by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> </figcaption> </figure> Despite Latin being the main language of the courts and the Church in the Middle Ages, writers such as Dante Alighieri<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays.com-93">[92]</a> and many others used their own language, the Florentine vernacular descended from Latin, in composing their greatest works. The oldest literary pieces written in Florentine go as far back as the 13th century. Florence's literature fully blossomed in the 14th century, when not only Dante with his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Comedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> (1306–1321) and Petrarch, but also poets such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guido_Cavalcanti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guido Cavalcanti">Guido Cavalcanti</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lapo_Gianni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lapo Gianni">Lapo Gianni</a> composed their most important works.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays.com-93">[92]</a> Dante's masterpiece is the Divine Comedy, which mainly deals with the poet himself taking an allegoric and moral tour of Hell, Purgatory and finally Heaven, during which he meets numerous mythological or real characters of his age or before. He is first guided by the Roman poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, whose non-Christian beliefs damned him to Hell. Later on he is joined by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Divine_Comedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Divine Comedy">Beatrice</a>, who guides him through Heaven.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays.com-93">[92]</a> In the 14th century, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrarch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays-94">[93]</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays-94">[93]</a> led the literary scene in Florence after Dante's death in 1321. Petrarch was an all-rounder writer, author and poet, but was particularly known for his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Il_Canzoniere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Il Canzoniere">Canzoniere</a>, or the Book of Songs, where he conveyed his unremitting love for Laura.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays-94">[93]</a> His style of writing has since become known as Petrarchism.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays-94">[93]</a> Boccaccio was better known for his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Decameron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Decameron">Decameron</a>, a slightly grim story of Florence during the 1350s bubonic plague, known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Death?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, when some people fled the ravaged city to an isolated country mansion, and spent their time there recounting stories and novellas taken from the medieval and contemporary tradition. All of this is written in a series of 100 distinct novellas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-florenceholidays-94">[93]</a> In the 16th century, during the Renaissance, Florence was the home town of political writer and philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli, whose ideas on how rulers should govern the land, detailed in The Prince, spread across European courts and enjoyed enduring popularity for centuries. These principles became known as Machiavellianism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of Florence">Music of Florence</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Music_of_Tuscany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Music of Tuscany">Music of Tuscany</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Teatro_della_Pergola,_Firenze_1.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG/220px-Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG/220px-Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG/330px-Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG/440px-Teatro_della_Pergola%2C_Firenze_1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Teatro della Pergola </figcaption> </figure> Florence became a musical centre during the Middle Ages and music and the performing arts remain an important part of its culture. The growth of Northern Italian Cities in the 1500s likely contributed to its increased prominence. During the Renaissance, there were four kinds of musical patronage in the city with respect to both sacred and secular music: state, corporate, church, and private. It was here that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_Camerata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine Camerata">Florentine Camerata</a> convened in the mid-16th century and experimented with setting tales of Greek mythology to music and staging the result—in other words, the first operas, setting the wheels in motion not just for the further development of the operatic form, but for later developments of separate "classical" forms such as the symphony and concerto. After the year 1600, Italian trends prevailed across Europe, by 1750 it was the primary musical language. The genre of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madrigal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madrigal">Madrigal</a>, born in Italy, gained popularity in Britain and elsewhere. Several Italian cities were "larger on the musical map than their real-size for power suggested. Florence, was once such city which experienced a fantastic period in the early seventeenth Century of musico-theatrical innovation, including the beginning and flourishing of opera.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hanning,_Barbara_Russano_2010._pg._182-95">[94]</a> Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacopo_Peri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacopo Peri">Jacopo Peri</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dafne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dafne">Dafne</a> an opera in the style of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monody?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monody">monody</a>, was premiered. Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe. Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time. At the beginning of the 17th century, two practices for writing music were devised, one the first practice or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prima_pratica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima pratica">Stile Antico</a>/Prima Prattica the other the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stile_Moderno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stile Moderno">Stile Moderno</a>/Seconda Prattica. The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The piano was invented in Florence in 1709 by Bartolomeo Cristofori. Composers and musicians who have lived in Florence include Piero Strozzi (1550 – after 1608), Giulio Caccini (1551–1618) and Mike Francis (1961–2009). Giulio Caccini's book Le Nuove Musiche was significant in performance practice technique instruction at the time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Hanning,_Barbara_Russano_2010._pg._182-95">[94]</a> The book specified a new term, in use by the 1630s, called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monody?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monody">monody</a> which indicated the combination of voice and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basso_continuo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basso continuo">basso continuo</a> and connoted a practice of stating text in a free, lyrical, yet speech-like manner. This would occur while an instrument, usually a keyboard type such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harpsichord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, played and held chords while the singer sang/spoke the monodic line.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cinema" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Florence has been a setting for numerous works of fiction and movies, including the novels and associated films, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Light_in_the_Piazza_(novel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Light in the Piazza (novel)">Light in the Piazza</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Couldn%27t_Say_No?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Girl Who Couldn't Say No">The Girl Who Couldn't Say No</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calmi_Cuori_Appassionati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calmi Cuori Appassionati">Calmi Cuori Appassionati</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannibal_(2001_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannibal (2001 film)">Hannibal</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Room_with_a_View_(1986_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A Room with a View (1986 film)">A Room with a View</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tea_with_Mussolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tea with Mussolini">Tea with Mussolini</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgin_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgin Territory">Virgin Territory</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inferno_(2016_film)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inferno (2016 film)">Inferno</a>. The city is home to renowned Italian actors and actresses, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roberto_Benigni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roberto Benigni">Roberto Benigni</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_Pieraccioni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo Pieraccioni">Leonardo Pieraccioni</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vittoria_Puccini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vittoria Puccini">Vittoria Puccini</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Video games" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Florence has appeared as a location in video games such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassin's Creed II">Assassin's Creed II</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a> also appears as a playable nation in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paradox_Interactive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paradox Interactive">Paradox Interactive's</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_strategy_wargame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand strategy wargame">grand strategy</a> game <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Universalis_IV?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa Universalis IV">Europa Universalis IV</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_media">Other media</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> 16th century Florence is the setting of the Japanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anime">anime</a> series <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arte_(manga)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arte (manga)">Arte</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg/220px-Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="678"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg/220px-Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg/330px-Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg/440px-Bistecca_alla_fiorentina-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Florentine steak in Florence </figcaption> </figure> Florentine food grows out of a tradition of peasant fare rather than rarefied high cuisine. The majority of dishes are based on meat. The whole animal was traditionally eaten; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tripe">tripe</a> (trippa) and stomach (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lampredotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lampredotto">lampredotto</a>) were once regularly on the menu at restaurants and still are sold at the food carts stationed throughout the city. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antipasto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antipasto">Antipasti</a> include crostini toscani, sliced bread rounds topped with a chicken liver-based <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pâté">pâté</a>, and sliced meats (mainly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prosciutto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prosciutto">prosciutto</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salame">salame</a>, often served with melon when in season). The typically saltless Tuscan bread, obtained with natural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Levain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Levain">levain</a> frequently features in Florentine courses, especially in its soups, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ribollita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ribollita">ribollita</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pappa_al_pomodoro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pappa al pomodoro">pappa al pomodoro</a>, or in the salad of bread and fresh vegetables called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panzanella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panzanella">panzanella</a> that is served in summer. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bistecca_alla_fiorentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bistecca alla fiorentina">bistecca alla fiorentina</a> is a large (the customary size should weigh around 1.2 to 1.5 kg or 2 lb 10 oz to 3 lb 5 oz) – the "date" steak – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T-bone_steak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="T-bone steak">T-bone steak</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chianina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chianina">Chianina</a> beef cooked over hot charcoal and served very rare with its more recently derived version, the tagliata, sliced rare beef served on a bed of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eruca_sativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruca sativa">arugula</a>, often with slices of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parmigiano-Reggiano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parmigiano-Reggiano">Parmesan cheese</a> on top. Most of these courses are generally served with local <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olive_oil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, also a prime product enjoying a worldwide reputation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Among the desserts, schiacciata alla fiorentina, a white flatbread cake, is one of the most popular; it is a very soft cake, prepared with extremely simple ingredients, typical of Florentine cuisine, and is especially eaten at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Research_activity">Research activity</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Research activity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg/220px-UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg/220px-UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg/330px-UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg/440px-UNICEF_Innocenti_Research_Centre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ospedale_degli_Innocenti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ospedale degli Innocenti">UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre</a> </figcaption> </figure> Research institutes and university departments are located within the Florence area and within two campuses at Polo di Novoli and Polo Scientifico di Sesto Fiorentino<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[99]</a> as well as in the Research Area of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consiglio_Nazionale_delle_Ricerche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche">Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Science_and_discovery">Science and discovery</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Science and discovery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG/220px-Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG/220px-Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG/330px-Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG/440px-Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze_-_paleontology.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A display of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proboscidean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Proboscidean">proboscideans</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Museo_di_Storia_Naturale_di_Firenze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze">Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze</a>, or the Natural History Museum of Florence </figcaption> </figure> Florence has been an important scientific centre for centuries, notably during the Renaissance with scientists such as Leonardo da Vinci. Florentines were one of the driving forces behind the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Age_of_Discovery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. Florentine bankers financed Henry the Navigator and the Portuguese explorers who pioneered the route around Africa to India and the Far East. It was a map drawn by the Florentine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paolo_dal_Pozzo_Toscanelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli">Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli</a>, a student of Brunelleschi, that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christopher_Columbus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> used to sell his "enterprise" to the Spanish monarchs, and which he used on his first voyage. Mercator's "Projection" is a refined version of Toscanelli's, taking the Americas into account. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_Galilei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> and other scientists pioneered the study of optics, ballistics, astronomy, anatomy, and other scientific disciplines. Pico della Mirandola, Leonardo Bruni, Machiavelli, and many others laid the groundwork for modern scientific understanding. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Fashion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_fashion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fashion_designers_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion designers of Florence">Fashion designers of Florence</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polimoda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polimoda">Polimoda</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG/220px-Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG/220px-Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG/330px-Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG/440px-Via_de_Tornabuoni_07.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Luxury boutiques along Florence's prestigious Via de' Tornabuoni </figcaption> </figure> By the year 1300 Florence had become a centre of textile production in Europe. Many of the rich families in Renaissance Florence were major purchasers of locally produced fine clothing, and the specialists of fashion in the economy and culture of Florence during that period is often underestimated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Florence is regarded by some as the birthplace and earliest centre of the modern (post World War Two) fashion industry in Italy. The Florentine "soirées" of the early 1950s organised by Giovanni Battista Giorgini were events where several Italian designers participated in group shows and first garnered international attention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Florence has served as the home of the Italian fashion company <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo_Italia_S.p.A.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore Ferragamo Italia S.p.A.">Salvatore Ferragamo</a> since 1928. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roberto Cavalli">Roberto Cavalli</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilio_Pucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilio Pucci">Emilio Pucci</a> are also headquartered in Florence. Other major players in the fashion industry such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prada">Prada</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chanel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chanel">Chanel</a> have large offices and stores in Florence or its outskirts. Florence's main upscale shopping street is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a>, where major luxury fashion houses and jewellery labels, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armani">Armani</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bulgari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, have boutiques. Via del Parione and Via Roma are other streets that are also well known for their high-end fashion stores.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historical_evocations">Historical evocations</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical evocations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Scoppio_del_Carro">Scoppio del Carro</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Scoppio del Carro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scoppio_del_carro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scoppio del carro">Scoppio del Carro</a> ("Explosion of the Cart") is a celebration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Crusade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. During the day of Easter, a cart, which the Florentines call the Brindellone and which is led by four white oxen, is taken to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_del_Duomo,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza del Duomo, Florence">Piazza del Duomo</a> between the Baptistery of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_the_Baptist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (Battistero di San Giovanni) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (Santa Maria del Fiore). The cart is connected by a rope to the interior of the church. Near the cart there is a model of a dove, which, according to legend, is a symbol of good luck for the city: at the end of the Easter mass, the dove emerges from the nave of the Duomo and ignites the fireworks on the cart. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Calcio_Storico">Calcio Storico</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Calcio Storico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg/220px-Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg/220px-Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg/330px-Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg/440px-Calcio_Storico_Corteo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Calcio Storico </figcaption> </figure> Calcio Storico Fiorentino ("Historic Florentine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">Football</a>"), sometimes called Calcio in costume, is a traditional sport, regarded as a forerunner of soccer, though the actual gameplay most closely resembles rugby. The event originates from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, when the most important Florentine nobles amused themselves playing while wearing bright costumes. The most important match was played on 17 February 1530, during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(1529%E2%80%931530)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siege of Florence (1529–1530)">siege of Florence</a>. That day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papal_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papal States">Papal troops</a> besieged the city while the Florentines, with contempt of the enemies, decided to play the game notwithstanding the situation. The game is played in the Piazza di <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Santa Croce</a>. A temporary arena is constructed, with bleachers and a sand-covered playing field. A series of matches are held between four teams representing each quartiere (quarter) of Florence during late June and early July.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-105">[104]</a> There are four teams: Azzurri (light blue), Bianchi (white), Rossi (red) and Verdi (green). The Azzurri are from the quarter of Santa Croce, Bianchi from the quarter of Santo Spirito, Verdi are from San Giovanni and Rossi from Santa Maria Novella. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Main sights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Florence">Architecture of Florence</a> </div> Florence is known as the "cradle of the Renaissance" (la culla del Rinascimento) for its monuments, churches, and buildings. The best-known site of Florence is the domed cathedral of the city, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Santa Maria del Fiore</a>, known as The Duomo, whose dome was built by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>. The nearby <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giotto's Campanile">Campanile</a> (partly designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto</a>) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptistery_of_Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptistery of Florence Cathedral">Baptistery</a> buildings are also highlights. The dome, 600 years after its completion, is still the largest dome built in brick and mortar in the world.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-106">[105]</a> In 1982, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic Centre of Florence">historic centre of Florence</a> (Italian: centro storico di Firenze) was declared a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Heritage_Site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a> The centre of the city is contained in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defensive_wall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defensive wall">medieval walls</a> that were built in the 14th century to defend the city. At the heart of the city, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a>, is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fountain_of_Neptune,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fountain of Neptune, Florence">Fountain of Neptune</a> (1563–1565), which is a masterpiece of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marble_sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marble sculpture">marble sculpture</a> at the terminus of a still functioning Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueduct</a>. The layout and structure of Florence in many ways harkens back to the Roman era, where it was designed as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garrison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garrison">garrison</a> settlement.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> Nevertheless, the majority of the city was built during the Renaissance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> Despite the strong presence of Renaissance architecture within the city, traces of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medieval_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medieval architecture">medieval</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroque_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern architecture">modern architecture</a> can be found. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> as well as the Duomo, or the city's Cathedral, are the two buildings which dominate Florence's skyline.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-britannica.com-12">[11]</a> The river (Arno), which cuts through the old part of the city, is as much a character in Florentine history as many of the people who lived there. Historically, the locals have had a love-hate relationship with the Arno – which alternated between nourishing the city with commerce, and destroying it by flood. One of the bridges in particular stands out – the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a> ('Old Bridge'), whose most striking feature is the multitude of shops built upon its edges, held up by stilts. The bridge also carries <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasari_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasari Corridor">Vasari's elevated corridor</a> linking the Uffizi to the Medici residence (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a>). Although the original bridge was constructed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, the current bridge was rebuilt in the 14th century. It is the only bridge in the city to have survived World War II intact. It is the first example in the western world of a bridge built using segmental <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arch">arches</a>, that is, arches less than a semicircle, to reduce both span-to-rise ratio and the numbers of pillars to allow lesser encumbrance in the riverbed (being in this much more successful than the Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcon%C3%A9tar_Bridge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alconétar Bridge">Alconétar Bridge</a>). The church of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a> contains the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medici_Chapels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapels</a>, a complex of burial chapels of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Medici">Medici family</a>—the most powerful family in Florence from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The Uffizi Gallery, one of the finest art museums in the world, was founded on a large bequest from the last member of the Medici family. It is located at the corner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a>, a site important for being the centre of Florence's civil life and government for centuries. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo della Signoria">Palazzo della Signoria</a> facing it is still home of the municipal government. Many significant episodes in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of art">history of art</a> and political changes were staged here, such as: <ul> <li>In 1301, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> was sent into exile from here (commemorated by a plaque on one of the walls of the Uffizi).</li> <li>On 26 April 1478, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacopo_de%27_Pazzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacopo de' Pazzi">Jacopo de' Pazzi</a> and his retainers tried to raise the city against the Medici after the plot known as La congiura dei Pazzi (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pazzi_conspiracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pazzi conspiracy">The Pazzi conspiracy</a>), murdering <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuliano_de%27_Medici_(1453%E2%80%931478)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano de' Medici (1453–1478)">Giuliano di Piero de' Medici</a> and wounding his brother Lorenzo. All the members of the plot who could be apprehended were seized by the Florentines and hanged from the windows of the palace.</li> <li>In 1497, it was the location of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonfire_of_the_vanities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonfire of the vanities">Bonfire of the vanities</a> instigated by the Dominican friar and preacher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>.</li> <li>On 23 May 1498, the same Savonarola and two followers were hanged and burnt at the stake. (A round plate in the ground marks the spot where he was hanged)</li> <li>In 1504, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David (Michelangelo)">Michelangelo's David</a> (now replaced by a replica, since the original was moved in 1873 to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a>) was installed in front of the Palazzo della Signoria (also known as Palazzo Vecchio).</li> </ul> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a> in Piazza della Signoria is the location of a number of statues by other sculptors such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giambologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bartolomeo_Ammannati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bartolomeo Ammannati">Bartolomeo Ammannati</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, although some have been replaced with copies to preserve the originals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Pitiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Pitiana">Villa Pitiana</a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore"> <noscript> <img alt="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg/200px-Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2399"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg/200px-Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg" data-alt="Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore" data-width="200" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg/300px-Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg/400px-Florence_Duomo_from_Michelangelo_hill.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Cattedrale di <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Vecchio"> <noscript> <img alt="Palazzo Vecchio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="3245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg/200px-Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg" data-alt="Palazzo Vecchio" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg/300px-Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg/400px-Palazzo_Vecchio_by_nigth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze,_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="1835 City Map of Florence, still largely in the confines of its medieval city centre"> <noscript> <img alt="1835 City Map of Florence, still largely in the confines of its medieval city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg/200px-1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg/200px-1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg" data-alt="1835 City Map of Florence, still largely in the confines of its medieval city centre" data-width="200" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg/300px-1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg/400px-1835_S.D.U.K._City_Map_or_Plan_of_Florence_or_Firenze%2C_Italy_-_Geographicus_-_Florence-SDUK-1835.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1835 City Map of Florence, still largely in the confines of its medieval city centre </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponte Vecchio, which spans the Arno river"> <noscript> <img alt="Ponte Vecchio, which spans the Arno river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg/200px-Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1224"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg/200px-Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg" data-alt="Ponte Vecchio, which spans the Arno river" data-width="200" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg/300px-Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg/400px-Ponte_Vecchio_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Vecchio">Ponte Vecchio</a>, which spans the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arno_river?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno river">Arno river</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence at night from Piazzale Michelangelo"> <noscript> <img alt="Florence at night from Piazzale Michelangelo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg/200px-Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5291" data-file-height="2749"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg/200px-Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg" data-alt="Florence at night from Piazzale Michelangelo" data-width="200" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg/300px-Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg/400px-Cityscape_of_Florence_in_the_Night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Florence at night from Piazzale Michelangelo </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo Pitti"> <noscript> <img alt="Palazzo Pitti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg/150px-Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3917" data-file-height="5222"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg/150px-Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg" data-alt="Palazzo Pitti" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg/225px-Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg/300px-Palazzo_Pitti_Florence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponte Santa Trinita with the Oltrarno district"> <noscript> <img alt="Ponte Santa Trinita with the Oltrarno district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg/200px-Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg/200px-Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg" data-alt="Ponte Santa Trinita with the Oltrarno district" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg/300px-Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg/400px-Vechio_Ponte_Santa_Trinita_with_the_Oltrarno_district.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Santa Trinita">Ponte Santa Trinita</a> with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oltrarno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oltrarno">Oltrarno</a> district </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The city of Florence as seen from the hill of Fiesole"> <noscript> <img alt="The city of Florence as seen from the hill of Fiesole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG/200px-Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG/200px-Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG" data-alt="The city of Florence as seen from the hill of Fiesole" data-width="200" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG/300px-Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG/400px-Florence_vue_depuis_Fiesole.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The city of Florence as seen from the hill of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiesole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiesole">Fiesole</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill"> <noscript> <img alt="Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/200px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11662" data-file-height="8744"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/200px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg" data-alt="Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/300px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg/400px-Florence_Cathedral_seen_from_Piazzale_Michelangelo_night_dllu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Florence Duomo as seen from Michelangelo hill </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Monuments,_museums_and_religious_buildings">Monuments, museums and religious buildings</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Monuments, museums and religious buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of churches in Florence">List of churches in Florence</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theatres in Florence">Theatres in Florence</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Firenze,_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_(2020).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5192" data-file-height="3928"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Firenze%2C_piazza_san_giovanni_e_piazza_del_duomo_durante_il_lockdown_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Baptistry, cathedral and campanile </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Galeri.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Galeri.jpg/250px-Galeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="2748"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Galeri.jpg/250px-Galeri.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Galeri.jpg/375px-Galeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Galeri.jpg/500px-Galeri.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Piazzale degli Uffizi </figcaption> </figure> Florence contains several palaces and buildings from various eras. The Palazzo Vecchio is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_and_town_halls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="City and town halls">town hall</a> of Florence and also an art museum. This large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanesque_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battlement">crenellated</a> fortress-palace overlooks the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a> with its copy of Michelangelo's David statue as well as the gallery of statues in the adjacent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loggia_dei_Lanzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loggia dei Lanzi">Loggia dei Lanzi</a>. Originally called the Palazzo della Signoria, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Signoria_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Signoria of Florence">Signoria of Florence</a>, the ruling body of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, it was also given several other names: Palazzo del Popolo, Palazzo dei Priori, and Palazzo Ducale, in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history. The building acquired its current name when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Palazzo Pitti. It is linked to the Uffizi and the Palazzo Pitti through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corridoio_Vasariano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Corridoio Vasariano">Corridoio Vasariano</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici Riccardi</a>, designed by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelozzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelozzo">Michelozzo di Bartolomeo</a> for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo il Vecchio</a>, of the Medici family, is another major edifice, and was built between 1445 and 1460. It was well known for its stone masonry that includes rustication and ashlar. Today it is the head office of the Metropolitan City of Florence and hosts museums and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_Riccardiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca Riccardiana">Riccardiana Library</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Strozzi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Strozzi">Palazzo Strozzi</a>, an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone, was inspired by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Medici_Riccardi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Medici Riccardi">Palazzo Medici</a>, but with more harmonious proportions. Today the palace is used for international expositions like the annual antique show (founded as the Biennale dell'Antiquariato in 1959), fashion shows and other cultural and artistic events. Here also is the seat of the Istituto Nazionale del Rinascimento and the noted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabinetto_Vieusseux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabinetto Vieusseux">Gabinetto Vieusseux</a>, with the library and reading room. There are several other notable places, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Rucellai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Rucellai">Palazzo Rucellai</a>, designed by Leon Battista Alberti between 1446 and 1451 and executed, at least in part, by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernardo_Rossellino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernardo Rossellino">Bernardo Rossellino</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Davanzati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Davanzati">Palazzo Davanzati</a>, which houses the museum of the Old Florentine House; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_delle_Assicurazioni_Generali_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali (Florence)">Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali</a>, designed in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> style in 1871; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Spini_Feroni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Spini Feroni">Palazzo Spini Feroni</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza Santa Trinita">Piazza Santa Trinita</a>, a historic 13th-century private palace, owned since the 1920s by shoe-designer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvatore Ferragamo">Salvatore Ferragamo</a>; as well as various others, including the Palazzo Borghese, the Palazzo di Bianca Cappello, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Antinori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Antinori">Palazzo Antinori</a>, and the Royal building of Santa Maria Novella.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="1839"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Pitti_Gartenfassade_Florenz.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boboli_Gardens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a>' side </figcaption> </figure> Florence contains numerous museums and art galleries where some of the world's most important works of art are held. The city is one of the best preserved Renaissance centres of art and architecture in the world and has a high concentration of art, architecture and culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-travelguide.affordabletours.com-109">[108]</a> In the ranking list of the 15 most visited Italian art museums, ⅔ are represented by Florentine museums.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-110">[109]</a> The Uffizi is one of these, having a very large collection of international and Florentine art. The gallery is articulated in many halls, catalogued by schools and chronological order. Engendered by the Medici family's artistic collections through the centuries, it houses works of art by various painters and artists. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vasari_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vasari Corridor">Vasari Corridor</a> is another gallery, built connecting the Palazzo Vecchio with the Pitti Palace passing by the Uffizi and over the Ponte Vecchio. The Galleria dell'Accademia houses a Michelangelo collection, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a>. It has a collection of Russian icons and works by various artists and painters. Other museums and galleries include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bargello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bargello">Bargello</a>, which concentrates on sculpture works by artists including Donatello, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giambologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>; the Palazzo Pitti, containing part of the Medici family's former private collection. In addition to the Medici collection, the palace's galleries contain many Renaissance works, including several by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titian">Titian</a>, large collections of costumes, ceremonial carriages, silver, porcelain and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery_of_Modern_Art" title="Palazzo Pitti">gallery of modern art</a> dating from the 18th century. Adjoining the palace are the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boboli_Gardens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boboli Gardens">Boboli Gardens</a>, elaborately landscaped and with numerous sculptures. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2704"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/220px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/330px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg/440px-Fa%C3%A7ade_cath%C3%A9drale_Florence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The façade of the Cathedral </figcaption> </figure> There are several different churches and religious buildings in Florence. The cathedral is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Santa Maria del Fiore</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Baptistry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">San Giovanni Baptistery</a> located in front of the cathedral, is decorated by numerous artists, notably by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> with the Gates of Paradise. Other churches in Florence include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_Novella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Maria Novella">Basilica of Santa Maria Novella</a>, located in Santa Maria Novella square (near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station</a>) which contains works by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paolo_Uccello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippino_Lippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Basilica of Santa Croce</a>, the principal Franciscan church in the city, which is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres (2,600 feet) southeast of the Duomo, and is the burial place of some of the most illustrious Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Rossini, thus it is known also as the Temple of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie); the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">Basilica of San Lorenzo</a>, which is one of the largest churches in the city, situated at the centre of Florence's main market district, and the burial place of all the principal members of the Medici family from Cosimo il Vecchio to Cosimo III; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santo_Spirito,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santo Spirito, Florence">Santo Spirito</a>, in the Oltrarno quarter, facing the square with the same name; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orsanmichele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a>, whose building was constructed on the site of the kitchen garden of the monastery of San Michele, now demolished; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santissima_Annunziata,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santissima Annunziata, Florence">Santissima Annunziata</a>, a Roman Catholic basilica and the mother church of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servite_Order?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Servite Order">Servite order</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ognissanti,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ognissanti, Florence">Ognissanti</a>, which was founded by the lay order of the Umiliati, and is among the first examples of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroque_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a> built in the city; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">Santa Maria del Carmine</a>, in the Oltrarno district of Florence, which is the location of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brancacci_Chapel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brancacci Chapel">Brancacci Chapel</a>, housing outstanding Renaissance frescoes by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masolino_da_Panicale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masolino da Panicale">Masolino da Panicale</a>, later finished by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippino_Lippi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippino Lippi">Filippino Lippi</a>; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medici_Chapel_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici Chapel (Michelangelo)">Medici Chapel</a> with statues by Michelangelo, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Lorenzo,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence">San Lorenzo</a>; as well as several others, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Trinita">Santa Trinita</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Marco,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Marco, Florence">San Marco</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Felicita,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Felicita, Florence">Santa Felicita</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badia_Fiorentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badia Fiorentina">Badia Fiorentina</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Gaetano,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Gaetano, Florence">San Gaetano</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Miniato_al_Monte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Miniato al Monte">San Miniato al Monte</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Charterhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Charterhouse">Florence Charterhouse</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Carmine,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence">Santa Maria del Carmine</a>. The city additionally contains the Orthodox Russian church of Nativity, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue of Florence</a>, built in the 19th century. Florence contains various theatres and cinemas. The Odeon Cinema of the Palazzo dello Strozzino is one of the oldest cinemas in the city. Established from 1920 to 1922<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[110]</a> in a wing of the Palazzo dello Strozzino, it used to be called the Cinema Teatro Savoia (Savoy Cinema-Theatre), yet was later called Odeon. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teatro_della_Pergola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teatro della Pergola">Teatro della Pergola</a>, located in the centre of the city on the eponymous street, is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opera_house?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opera house">opera house</a> built in the 17th century. Another theatre is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Comunale Florence">Teatro Comunale</a> (or Teatro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino), originally built as the open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, which was inaugurated on 17 May 1862 with a production of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucia_di_Lammermoor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucia di Lammermoor">Lucia di Lammermoor</a> and which seated 6,000 people. There are several other theatres, such as the Saloncino Castinelli, the Teatro Puccini, the Teatro Verdi, the Teatro Goldoni and the Teatro Niccolini. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore">Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, formally the Cattedrale di Santa Maria del Fiore, is the cathedral of Florence, Italy. It was begun in 1296 in the Gothic style to a design of Arnolfo di Cambio and was structurally completed by 1436, with the dome designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Squares,_streets_and_parks">Squares, streets and parks</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Squares, streets and parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Squares_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Squares of Florence">Squares of Florence</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gilli_(Florence)_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg/220px-Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1913"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg/220px-Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg/330px-Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg/440px-Gilli_%28Florence%29_Piazza_della_Repubblica.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza della Repubblica (Florence)">Piazza della Repubblica</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg/220px-Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9684" data-file-height="2005"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg/220px-Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg/330px-Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg/440px-Firenze_panorama_from_the_Giardino_Bardini.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Panorama composite, overview of Firenze, taken from the Giardino Bardini viewpoint </figcaption> </figure> Aside from such monuments, Florence contains numerous major squares (piazze) and streets. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Repubblica_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza della Repubblica (Florence)">Piazza della Repubblica</a> is a square in the city centre, location of the cultural cafés and bourgeois palaces. Among the square's cafés (like Caffè Gilli, Paszkowski or the Hard Rock Cafè), the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Giubbe_Rosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caffè Giubbe Rosse">Giubbe Rosse</a> café has long been a meeting place for artists and writers, notably those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futurism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Croce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza Santa Croce">Piazza Santa Croce</a> is another; dominated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence">Basilica of Santa Croce</a>, it is a rectangular square in the centre of the city where the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calcio_Fiorentino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcio Fiorentino">Calcio Fiorentino</a> is played every year. Furthermore, there is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza Santa Trinita">Piazza Santa Trinita</a>, a square near the Arno that mark the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a> street. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Replica_of_David,_Piazza_della_Signoria,_Florence.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg/220px-Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg/220px-Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg/330px-Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg/440px-Replica_of_David%2C_Piazza_della_Signoria%2C_Florence.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Replica of David and other statues, Piazza della Signoria </figcaption> </figure> Other squares include the Piazza San Marco, the Piazza Santa Maria Novella, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_Beccaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza Beccaria">Piazza Beccaria</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Libert%C3%A0_(Florence)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Piazza della Libertà (Florence)">Piazza della Libertà</a>. The centre additionally contains several streets. Such include the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_Camillo_Cavour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Via Camillo Cavour">Via Camillo Cavour</a>, one of the main roads of the northern area of the historic centre; the Via Ghibellina, one of central Florence's longest streets; the Via dei Calzaiuoli, one of the most central streets of the historic centre which links Piazza del Duomo to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a>, winding parallel to via Roma and Piazza della Repubblica; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Via_de%27_Tornabuoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Via de' Tornabuoni">Via de' Tornabuoni</a>, a luxurious street in the city centre that goes from Antinori square to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponte_Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponte Santa Trinita">ponte Santa Trinita</a>, across <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Trinita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piazza Santa Trinita">Piazza Santa Trinita</a>, characterised by the presence of fashion boutiques; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viali_di_Circonvallazione?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viali di Circonvallazione">Viali di Circonvallazione</a>, 6-lane <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boulevard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> surrounding the northern part of the historic centre; as well as others, such as Via Roma, Via degli Speziali, Via de' Cerretani, and the Viale dei Colli. Florence also contains various parks and gardens. Such include the Boboli Gardens, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parco_delle_Cascine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parco delle Cascine">Parco delle Cascine</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giardino_Bardini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardino Bardini">Giardino Bardini</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orto_Botanico_di_Firenze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orto Botanico di Firenze">Giardino dei Semplici</a>, amongst others. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Soccer_in_Florence,_Italy,_2007.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Soccer_in_Florence%2C_Italy%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadio_Artemio_Franchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stadio Artemio Franchi">Stadio Artemio Franchi</a> </figcaption> </figure> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">association football</a>, Florence is represented by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ACF Fiorentina">ACF Fiorentina</a>, which plays in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serie_A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serie A">Serie A</a>, the top league of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Football_in_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Football in Italy">Italian league system</a>. ACF Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships, in 1956 and 1969, and 6 Italian cups,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[111]</a> since their formation in 1926. They play their games at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadio_Artemio_Franchi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stadio Artemio Franchi">Stadio Artemio Franchi</a>, which holds 47,282. The women's team, ACF Fiorentina Femminile, have won the women's association football Italian Championship of the 2016–17 season. The city is home of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centro_Tecnico_Federale_di_Coverciano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano">Centro Tecnico Federale di Coverciano</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coverciano,_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coverciano, Florence">Coverciano, Florence</a>, the main training ground of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy_national_football_team?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy national football team">Italian national team</a>, and the technical department of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian Football Federation">Italian Football Federation</a>. Florence was one of the host cities for cycling's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013_UCI_Road_World_Championships?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013 UCI Road World Championships">2013 UCI Road World Championships</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The city has also hosted stages of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a>, most recently in 2017. Since 2017 Florence is also represented in Eccellenza, the top tier of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rugby_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> league system in Italy, by I Medicei, which is a club established in 2015 by the merging of the senior squads of I Cavalieri (of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prato">Prato</a>) and Firenze Rugby 1931. I Medicei won the Serie A Championship in 2016–17 and were promoted to Eccellenza for the 2017–18 season. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/RN_Florentia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="RN Florentia">Rari Nantes Florentia</a> is a successful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_polo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water polo">water polo</a> club based in Florence; both its male and female squads have won several Italian championships and the female squad has also European titles in their palmarès. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cars">Cars</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The centre of Florence is closed to through-traffic, although buses, taxis and residents with appropriate permits are allowed in. This area is commonly referred to as the ZTL (Zona Traffico Limitato), which is divided into several subsections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Residents of one section, therefore, will only be able to drive in their district and perhaps some surrounding ones. Cars without permits are allowed to enter after 7.30 pm, or before 7.30 am. The rules shift during the tourist-filled summers, putting more restrictions on where one can get in and out.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Buses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> ATAF&Li-nea was the bus company who run the principal public transit network in the city; it was one the companies of the consortium <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ONE_Scarl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ONE Scarl">ONE Scarl</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-117">[116]</a> to accomplish the contract stipulated with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regione_Toscana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regione Toscana">Regione Toscana</a> for the public transport in the 2018–2019 period. Individual tickets, or a pass called Carta Agile with multiple rides, are purchased in advance and must be validated once on board. These tickets may be used on ATAF&Li-nea buses, Tramvia and second-class local trains only within city railway stations. The bus fleet consisted of 446 urban, 5 suburban, 20 intercity and 15 tourism buses. Intercity bus transit is run by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferrovie_dello_Stato_Italiane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane">SITA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/COPIT?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="COPIT">COPIT</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CAP_Autolinee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CAP Autolinee">CAP Autolinee</a> companies. The transit companies also accommodate travellers from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerigo Vespucci Airport">Amerigo Vespucci Airport</a>, which is 5 km (3 mi) west of the city centre, and which has scheduled services run by major European carriers. Since 1 November 2021, the public local transport is operated by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autolinee_Toscane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autolinee Toscane">Autolinee Toscane</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Trams">Trams</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Trams" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trams_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trams in Florence">Trams in Florence</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg/220px-Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg/220px-Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg/330px-Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg/440px-Tramvia_firenze_sirio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of town tramway systems in Italy">Tramway</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sirio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirio">Sirio</a> in Florence </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg/220px-Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1009"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg/220px-Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg/330px-Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg/440px-Firenze_-_mappa_rete_tranviaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Route map of the tramway </figcaption> </figure> In an effort to reduce air pollution and car traffic in the city, a multi-line tram network called Tramvia is under construction. The first line began operation on 14 February 2010 and connects Florence's primary intercity railway station (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Santa Maria Novella</a>) with the southwestern suburb of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandicci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scandicci">Scandicci</a>. This line is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">7.4 km (4+5⁄8 mi) long and has 14 stops. The construction of a second line began on 5 November 2011, construction was stopped due to contractors' difficulties and restarted in 2014 with the new line opening on 11 February 2019. This second line connects Florence's airport with the city centre. A third line (from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Santa Maria Novella</a> to the Careggi area, where the most important hospitals of Florence are located) is also under construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[120]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Florence_public_transport_statistics">Florence public transport statistics</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Florence public transport statistics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Florence, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 59 min. 13% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 22% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km (2.5 mi), while 3% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Airport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2055"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg/220px-Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg/330px-Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg/440px-Aeroporto_di_Firenze_-_main_building_seen_from_restaurant_at_the_1st_floor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Airport">Florence Airport</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Airport">Florence Airport</a>, Peretola, is one of two main international airports in the Tuscany region. The other international airport in the Tuscany region is the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_Galilei_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Galilei Airport">Galileo Galilei International Airport</a> in Pisa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Railway_station">Railway station</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Railway station" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style> <table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Parts of this article (those related to the status of high-speed rail to Florence) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2023) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station</a> is the main national and international railway station in Florence and is used by 59 million people every year.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[122]</a> The building, designed by Giovanni Michelucci, was built in the Italian Rationalism style and it is one of the major rationalist buildings in Italy. It is located in Piazza della Stazione, near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortezza_da_Basso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortezza da Basso">Fortezza da Basso</a>, a masterpiece of the military Renaissance architecture, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viali_di_Circonvallazione?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viali di Circonvallazione">Viali di Circonvallazione</a>, and in front of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Maria_Novella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Santa Maria Novella">Basilica of Santa Maria Novella</a>'s apse from which it takes its name. As well as numerous high speed trains to major Italian cities Florence is served by international overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna operated by Austrian railways ÖBB. Train tickets must be validated before boarding. The main bus station is next to Santa Maria Novella <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway station</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trenitalia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a> runs trains between the railway stations within the city, and to other destinations around Italy and Europe. The central railway station, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Santa_Maria_Novella_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station">Santa Maria Novella</a>, is about 500 m (1,600 ft) northwest of the Piazza del Duomo. There are two other important stations: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Campo_di_Marte_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Campo di Marte railway station">Campo di Marte</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firenze_Rifredi_railway_station?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firenze Rifredi railway station">Rifredi</a>. Most bundled routes are Firenze–Pisa, Firenze–Viareggio and Firenze–Arezzo (along the main line to Rome). Other local railways connect Florence with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borgo_San_Lorenzo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borgo San Lorenzo">Borgo San Lorenzo</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mugello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mugello">Mugello</a> area (Faentina railway) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siena">Siena</a>. A new <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/High-speed_rail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> station is under construction and is contracted to be operational by 2015.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[123]</a> It is planned to be connected to Vespucci airport, Santa Maria Novella railway station, and to the city centre by the second line of Tramvia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[124]</a> The architectural firms <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foster_and_Partners?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foster and Partners">Foster + Partners</a> and Lancietti Passaleva Giordo and Associates designed this new rail station.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-126">[125]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rettorato_firenze,_aula_magna_02.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG/220px-Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG/220px-Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG/330px-Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG/440px-Rettorato_firenze%2C_aula_magna_02.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rectorate's auditorium of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a> </figcaption> </figure> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a> was first founded in 1321, and was recognized by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> in 1349. In 2019, over 50,000 students were enrolled at the university. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_University_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a> has been based in the suburb of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiesole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiesole">Fiesole</a> since 1976. Several American universities host a campus in Florence, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York University">New York University</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marist_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marist College">Marist College</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pepperdine_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pepperdine University">Pepperdine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanford_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida_State_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florida State University">Florida State</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kent_State_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kent State University">Kent State</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Madison_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Madison University">James Madison</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Center for Italian Renaissance Studies is based in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_I_Tatti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa I Tatti">Villa I Tatti</a>. The center for arts and humanities advanced research has been located on the border of Florence, Fiesole and Settignano since 1961. Over 8,000 American students are enrolled for study in Florence, although mostly while studying in US based degree programs.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The private school, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Centro_Machiavelli&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Centro Machiavelli (page does not exist)">Centro Machiavelli</a> [<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25041860%23sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q25041860">d</a>] which teaches Italian language and culture to foreigners, is located in Piazza Santo Spirito in Florence. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notable residents" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:People_from_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:People from Florence">Category:People from Florence</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Dante.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Dante.jpg/170px-Portrait_de_Dante.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1519"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 258px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Dante.jpg/170px-Portrait_de_Dante.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="258" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Dante.jpg/255px-Portrait_de_Dante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Portrait_de_Dante.jpg/340px-Portrait_de_Dante.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg/170px-Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="687"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg/170px-Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg/255px-Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg/340px-Lorenzo_de_Medici.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Amerigo_Vespucci_(with_turban)_-_cropped.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg/170px-Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="557"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg/170px-Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg/255px-Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg/340px-Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli%27s_portrait_headcrop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonia_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonia of Florence">Antonia of Florence</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint">saint</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnes_of_Montepulciano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnes of Montepulciano">Agnes of Montepulciano</a>, saint</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Acton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Acton">Harold Acton</a>, author and aesthete</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Argyropoulos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Argyropoulos">John Argyropoulos</a>, scholar</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leone Battista Alberti</a>, polymath</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dante_Alighieri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> (1265–1321), poet</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cesare_Bomboni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cesare Bomboni">Cesare Bomboni</a>, architect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a> (1445–1510), painter</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Egisto_Bracci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Egisto Bracci">Egisto Bracci</a> (1830–1909), architect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aureliano_Brandolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aureliano Brandolini">Aureliano Brandolini</a>, agronomist and development cooperation scholar</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Browning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a>, 19th-century English poets</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> (1377–1446), architect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> Buonarroti, sculptor, painter, author of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">ceiling of the Sistine Chapel</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francesco_Casagrande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francesco Casagrande">Francesco Casagrande</a> (born 1970), cyclist</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roberto Cavalli">Roberto Cavalli</a> (1940–2024), fashion designer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carlo_Collodi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a> (1826–1890), writer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enrico_Coveri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enrico Coveri">Enrico Coveri</a>, fashion designer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donatello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> (1386–1466), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a> (1929–2006), journalist and author</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvatore Ferragamo">Salvatore Ferragamo</a>, fashion designer and shoemaker</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mike_Francis_(musician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Francis (musician)">Mike Francis</a> (born Francesco Puccioni, 1961–2009), singer and composer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silpa_Bhirasri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silpa Bhirasri">Silpa Bhirasri</a> (born Corrado Feroci, 1892–1962), sculptor, credited as the principal figure of modern art in Thailand<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-su-128">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frescobaldi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi family</a>, notable bankers and wine producers</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galileo_Galilei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, Italian physicist, astronomer, and philosopher</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giotto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> (1267–1337), early 14th-century painter, sculptor and architect</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a> (1378–1455), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpture">sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guccio_Gucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guccio Gucci">Guccio Gucci</a> (1881–1953), founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gucci">Gucci</a> label</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pauline_von_H%C3%BCgel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pauline von Hügel">Pauline von Hügel</a> (1858–1901), baroness, writer, philanthropist</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bruno_Innocenti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bruno Innocenti">Bruno Innocenti</a> (1906–1986), sculptor</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Lowell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> (1469–1527), poet, philosopher and political thinker, author of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Prince?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discourses on Livy">The Discourses</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masaccio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rose_McGowan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rose McGowan">Rose McGowan</a>, Florence-born actress</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Medici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Medici">Medici</a> family</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Mei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Mei">Girolamo Mei</a> (1519–1594), historian and humanist</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Meucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> (1808–1889), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invention of the telephone">inventor of the telephone</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pirrho_Musefili?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pirrho Musefili">Pirrho Musefili</a>, Florentine <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryptographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographer">cryptographer</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cryptanalyst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptanalyst">cryptanalyst</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence_Nightingale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> (1820–1910), pioneer of modern nursing, and statistician</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Oldoini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Oldoini">Virginia Oldoini</a> (1837–1899), Countess of Castiglione, early photographic artist, secret agent and courtesan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valerio_Profondavalle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valerio Profondavalle">Valerio Profondavalle</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> painter</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giulio_Racah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giulio Racah">Giulio Racah</a> (1909–1965), Italian-Israeli mathematician and physicist; Acting President of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raphael?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anna_Sarfatti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anna Sarfatti">Anna Sarfatti</a> (born 1950), children's author</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a>, reformist</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adriana_Seroni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adriana Seroni">Adriana Seroni</a> (1922–1984), politician</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a> (1925–1994), politician</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Squarcialupi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Squarcialupi">Antonio Squarcialupi</a> (1416–1480), organist and composer</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a>, film director. Lived in the city during his exile<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a>, Italian physicist</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anna_Tonelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anna Tonelli">Anna Tonelli</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1763–1846), Florence born portrait painter in the late 17th century and early 18th century<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-130">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maria_Giustina_Turcotti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maria Giustina Turcotti">Maria Giustina Turcotti</a> (c. 1700 – after 1763), opera singer<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-131">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a>, painter, architect, and historian</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> (1454–1512), explorer and cartographer, namesake of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coriolano_Vighi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coriolano Vighi">Coriolano Vighi</a>, (1846–1905), landscape painter</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polymath?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polymath">polymath</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisa del Giocondo">Lisa del Giocondo</a> (1479–1542), model of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mona_Lisa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giorgio_Antonucci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giorgio Antonucci">Giorgio Antonucci</a>, physician, psychoanalyst and an international reference on the questioning of the basis of psychiatry</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a> </div> Florence is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sister_city?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GL-132">[131]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bethlehem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>, Palestine</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budapest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edinburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fez,_Morocco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez, Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isfahan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kassel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyiv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuwait_City?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a>, Kuwait</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nanjing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazareth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philadelphia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puebla_(city)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, Brazil</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sydney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valladolid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Spain</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Other_partnerships">Other partnerships</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other partnerships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Florence has friendly relations with:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GL-132">[131]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arequipa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arequipa">Arequipa</a>, Peru</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cannes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, France</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gifu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gifu">Gifu</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeonju?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_Municipality?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malmö Municipality">Malmö Municipality</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ningbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>, China</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porto-Vecchio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porto-Vecchio">Porto-Vecchio</a>, France</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tallinn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Cities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chancellor_of_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chancellor of Florence">Chancellor of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cronaca_fiorentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronaca fiorentina">Cronaca fiorentina</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/European_University_Institute?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">List of historic states of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of squares in Florence">List of squares in Florence</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Florence">Category:Buildings and structures in Florence</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> Obsolete <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuscan_dialect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> form: Fiorenza <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[fjoˈrɛntsa]</a>, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Florentia.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v18_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224">"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"</a>. 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Geochemical Journal. 39 (6): 531–545. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeocJ..39..531D">2005GeocJ..39..531D</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi%3D10.1.1.605.4368">10.1.1.605.4368</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2343%252Fgeochemj.39.531">10.2343/geochemj.39.531</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129636310">129636310</a>. 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Retrieved 22 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+Abroad+in+Florence+Italy+%E2%80%93+Florentine+artisan+courses+for+school+groups&rft.pub=Florenceart.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflorenceart.net%2Fstudyabroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029013500/http://www.italy24.ilsole24ore.com/art/arts-and-leisure/2015-08-18/museums-by-the-numbers-184743.php?uuid%3DAC5dGMj">"Florence's Uffizi leading the pack in terms of visitors' numbers, after the Colosseum and Pompeii"</a>. Florence’s Uffizi leading the pack in terms of visitors' numbers, after the Colosseum and Pompeii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.italy24.ilsole24ore.com/art/arts-and-leisure/2015-08-18/museums-by-the-numbers-184743.php?uuid%3DAC5dGMj">the original</a> on 29 October 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.winepros.com.au/jsp/cda/reference/oxford_entry.jsp?entry_id%3D369">the original</a> on 8 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bolgheri&rft.au=Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winepros.com.au%2Fjsp%2Fcda%2Freference%2Foxford_entry.jsp%3Fentry_id%3D369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:02-76">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_76-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKagan2013" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Donald (2013). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gestramvia.it/home.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arriva+La+Tramvia+%28in+Italian%29&rft.pub=GEST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gestramvia.it%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202152941/http://www.comune.firenze.it/opencms/export/sites/retecivica/amm/piani_e_progetti/Tramvia.html">"Tramvia – Il Sistema Tramviario Fiorentino"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.comune.firenze.it/opencms/export/sites/retecivica/amm/piani_e_progetti/Tramvia.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tramvia+%E2%80%93+Il+Sistema+Tramviario+Fiorentino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.firenze.it%2Fopencms%2Fexport%2Fsites%2Fretecivica%2Famm%2Fpiani_e_progetti%2FTramvia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988">, Tramvia page of Florence's city government web site (in Italian).</li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trams_in_Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trams in Florence">Trams in Florence</a>, Wikipedia article "Florence tramway"</li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Italy_Firenze-2022">"Firenze Public Transportation Statistics"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.journal.su.ac.th/index.php/suij/article/viewFile/40/40">the original</a> on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Note+%3A+Professor+Silpa+Bhirasri%27s+Life+and+Works&rft.pub=journal.su.ac.th&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal.su.ac.th%2Findex.php%2Fsuij%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F40%2F40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_129-0">^</a> Bilancio demografico anno 2013, dati <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://demo.istat.it/">ISTAT</a></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-130"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffares2019" class="citation book cs1">Jeffares, Neil (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/TONELLI.pdf">Dictionary of Pastellists Before 1800</a> (PDF) (online ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120435/http://www.pastellists.com/Articles/TONELLI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Pastellists+Before+1800&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Jeffares&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastellists.com%2FArticles%2FTONELLI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Libby_and_Carlo_Vitali2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dennis Libby and Carlo Vitali (2002). "Turcotti, Maria Giustina". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford Music Online. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxford_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fgmo%252F9781561592630.article.O002685">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002685</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-263-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-263-3"><bdi>1-56159-263-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turcotti%2C+Maria+Giustina&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.series=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O002685&rft.isbn=1-56159-263-3&rft.au=Dennis+Libby+and+Carlo+Vitali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-GL-132">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GL_132-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GL_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.comune.fi.it/pagina/firenze-internazionale/gemellaggi-e-patti-di-amicizia">"Gemellaggi e patti di amicizia"</a> (in Italian). Florence. Retrieved 21 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemellaggi+e+patti+di+amicizia&rft.pub=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.fi.it%2Fpagina%2Ffirenze-internazionale%2Fgemellaggi-e-patti-di-amicizia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li>Niccolò Machiavelli. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florentine_Histories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florentine Histories">Florentine Histories</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrucker1983" class="citation book cs1">Brucker, Gene A. (1983). Renaissance Florence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Florence&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brucker&rft.aufirst=Gene+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrucker1971" class="citation book cs1">Brucker, Gene A. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/societyofrenaiss00bruc">The Society of Renaissance Florence: A Documentary Study</a>. New York, Harper & Row. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131607-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131607-5"><bdi>0-06-131607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Renaissance+Florence%3A+A+Documentary+Study&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-06-131607-5&rft.aulast=Brucker&rft.aufirst=Gene+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocietyofrenaiss00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin2008" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlin, Russell (22 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsdekGAAACAAJ">Travellers Florence & Tuscany, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide</a>. Thomas Cook Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-844-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84157-844-6"><bdi>978-1-84157-844-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travellers+Florence+%26+Tuscany%2C+3rd%3A+Guides+to+Destinations+Worldwide&rft.pub=Thomas+Cook+Publishing&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft.isbn=978-1-84157-844-6&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsdekGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Chaney, Edward (2003), A Traveller's Companion to Florence.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldthwaite1982" class="citation book cs1">Goldthwaite, Richard A. (1982). The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+of+Renaissance+Florence%3A+An+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Goldthwaite&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1999). The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Medici%3A+Its+Rise+and+Fall&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, R.W.B. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/cityofflorencehi00lewi">The City of Florence: Historical Vistas and Personal Sightings</a>. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-12404-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-12404-3"><bdi>0-374-12404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Florence%3A+Historical+Vistas+and+Personal+Sightings&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-374-12404-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=R.W.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcityofflorencehi00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajemy2006" class="citation book cs1">Najemy, John (2006). A History of Florence 1200–1575.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Florence+1200%E2%80%931575&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Najemy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchevill1936" class="citation book cs1">Schevill, Ferdinand (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/historyofflorenc0000sche">History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance</a>. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Florence%3A+From+the+Founding+of+the+City+Through+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harcourt%2C+Brace+and+Co&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Schevill&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofflorenc0000sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrexler1991" class="citation book cs1">Trexler, Richard C. (1991). Public Life in Renaissance Florence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Life+in+Renaissance+Florence&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Trexler&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ferdinand Schevill, History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance (Frederick Ungar, 1936) is the standard overall history of Florence.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciacca2012" class="citation book cs1">Sciacca, Christine (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920044914/http://shop.getty.edu/products/florence-at-the-dawn-of-the-renaissance-978-1606061268">Florence at the Dawn of the Renaissance: Painting and Illumination, 1300–1500</a>. Getty Publications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-126-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-126-8"><bdi>978-1-60606-126-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://shop.getty.edu/products/florence-at-the-dawn-of-the-renaissance-978-1606061268">the original</a> on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florence+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Renaissance%3A+Painting+and+Illumination%2C+1300%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-126-8&rft.aulast=Sciacca&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.getty.edu%2Fproducts%2Fflorence-at-the-dawn-of-the-renaissance-978-1606061268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlorence" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Florence&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 06:01 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258D%258D%25E1%2588%258E%25E1%2588%25A8%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%2588%25B5" title="ፍሎረንስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍሎረንስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentia" title="Florentia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Florentia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فلورنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلورنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2596%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BD" title="Ֆլորանս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆլորանս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fllorence" title="Fllorence – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fllorence" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%25C3%25A9nsia" title="Florénsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Florénsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensiya" title="Florensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Florensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورانس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلورانس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%25C3%25A9nz%25C3%25A9" title="Firénzé – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Firénzé" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B8" title="ফ্লোরেন্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্লোরেন্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Фларэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фларэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D1%258F%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Флярэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Флярэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A7%25E0%25BE%25A5%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%259F%25E0%25BD%25B2%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%25B4%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A1%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཧྥུ་ལོ་རོན་ཟིའུ་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥུ་ལོ་རོན་ཟིའུ་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenca" title="Firenca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Firenca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%25C3%25A8ncia" title="Florència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Florència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Флоренци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Флоренци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencie" title="Florencie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Florencie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiurenza" title="Fiurenza – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fiurenza" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fflorens" title="Fflorens – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fflorens" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CE%25BB%25CF%2589%25CF%2581%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Φλωρεντία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φλωρεντία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiur%25C3%25A4nza" title="Fiuränza – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fiuränza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BE%25D1%2588" title="Флоренция ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Флоренция ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenco" title="Florenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Florenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentzia" title="Florentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Florentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورانس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلورانس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firense" title="Firense – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Firense" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%25C3%25A2ns" title="Florâns – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Florâns" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%25C3%25B3rans" title="Flórans – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Flórans" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2594%25BC%25EB%25A0%258C%25EC%25B2%25B4" title="피렌체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피렌체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2596%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Ֆլորենցիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆլորենցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A4%25BC%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ़्लोरेन्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्लोरेन्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenc" title="Florenc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Florenc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenca" title="Firenca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Firenca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentia" title="Florentia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Florentia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Флоренци – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Флоренци" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%25C3%25B3rens" title="Flórens – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flórens" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%25D7%2594" title="פירנצה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירנצה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%25C9%259Bns%25C9%25A9" title="Florɛnsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Florɛnsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plorensya" title="Plorensya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Plorensya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ფლორენცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფლორენცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florens" title="Florens – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Florens" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir%25C3%25ABnza" title="Firënza – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Firënza" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentia" title="Florentia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Florentia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencija" title="Florencija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Florencija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firense" title="Firense – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Firense" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenz" title="Firenz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Firenz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ्लोरेन्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्लोरेन्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="Фиренца – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фиренца" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AB%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%25BB%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D" title="ഫ്ലോറൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്ലോറൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ्लोरेन्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्लोरेन्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ფლორენცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფლორენცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7" title="فلورنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلورنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورانس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلورانس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586" title="Флоренц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Флоренц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2596%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BC%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B7" title="ဖလော်ရင့်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖလော်ရင့်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_(stad)" title="Florence (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Florence (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ्लोरेन्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्लोरेन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ्लोरेन्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्लोरेन्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2584%25E3%2582%25A7" title="フィレンツェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィレンツェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciorenza" title="Sciorenza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sciorenza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Флоренци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Флоренци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleurenche" title="Fleurenche – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fleurenche" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floren%25C3%25A7a" title="Florença – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Florença" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9" title="Флоренций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Флоренций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensiya" title="Florensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Florensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25B8" title="ਫਲੋਰੈਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਲੋਰੈਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورنس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلورنس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenza" title="Florenza – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Florenza" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورانس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلورانس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florinche" title="Florinche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Florinche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firense" title="Firense – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Firense" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencja" title="Florencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Florencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floren%25C3%25A7a" title="Florença – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Florença" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenciya" title="Florenciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Florenciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentsiya" title="Florentsiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Florentsiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floren%25C8%259Ba" title="Florența – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Florența" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenza" title="Firenza – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Firenza" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo-lu-lun-se" title="Fo-lu-lun-se – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Fo-lu-lun-se" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="फ्लोरेंस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्लोरेंस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firentze" title="Firentze – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Firentze" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenz" title="Florenz – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Florenz" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firencia" title="Firencia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Firencia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenzi" title="Firenzi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Firenzi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence" title="Florence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Florence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firence" title="Firence – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Firence" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258E%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلۆرێنس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فلۆرێنس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0" title="Фиренца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фиренца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenca" title="Firenca – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Firenca" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florens" title="Florens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Florens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia" title="Florencia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Florencia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AF%2581" title="புளோரன்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளோரன்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flurinsa" title="Flurinsa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Flurinsa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Флоренция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Флоренция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%258B%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ฟลอเรนซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟลอเรนซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floransa" title="Floransa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Floransa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%25CC%25B1ra%25CC%25B1ntse" title="Fi̱ra̱ntse – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ra̱ntse" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Флоренція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Флоренція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3" title="فلورنس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلورنس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flor%25C3%25A9nsa" title="Florénsa – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Florénsa" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firense" title="Firense – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Firense" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencii" title="Florencii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Florencii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BF%25A1%25E5%2586%25B7%25E7%25BF%25A0" title="翡冷翠 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="翡冷翠" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Firenze" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensya" title="Florensya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Florensya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E7%25BD%2597%25E4%25BC%25A6%25E8%2590%25A8" title="佛罗伦萨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="佛罗伦萨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2599%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A0%25D7%25A6%25D7%25A2" title="פירענצע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פירענצע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%25BF%25A1%25E5%2586%25B7%25E7%25BF%25A0" title="翡冷翠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="翡冷翠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floransa" title="Floransa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Floransa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florenc%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Florencėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Florencėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25BD%259B%25E7%25BD%2597%25E4%25BC%25A6%25E8%2590%25A8" title="佛罗伦萨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="佛罗伦萨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensij%25C9%2599" title="Florensijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Florensijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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