CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '915117fad883892c',cH: 'iXvUvcA7XbdrTOqovEBaf_TpcGvmn275ALUd0UPIMcE-1740081739-1.2.1.1-oiDhj2e7bgluROlhOicFOsWIyweyrR7vFPMhEcDK4BDUC51daNQCLjZHhFp3YaB6',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=TAM%20model&__cf_chl_tk=Wpv7x22COr2MB5GY4NjNDefWJOt6OC51dpOJNAhBRt8-1740081739-1.0.1.1-zHRndOx5prnvunA9qyUTXrTlKVixi3gPtAxPTc9kDG8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740081739',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=TAM%20model&__cf_chl_f_tk=Wpv7x22COr2MB5GY4NjNDefWJOt6OC51dpOJNAhBRt8-1740081739-1.0.1.1-zHRndOx5prnvunA9qyUTXrTlKVixi3gPtAxPTc9kDG8",md: "WNgWPaCoI6nIFuF1lPD0WlTlkH6naZ2z0U8O_M14NC4-1740081739-1.2.1.1-6SQXywsQXUf87zNipbP4Hn4fl4Nd2q_GJEVtvARfwBggia7mtUETjzGzV3nvcJHgI8kmckHgaz2WJ5psFL.mizFVl.4Uxpw9ob2on0KhpCM1KwubJJ67S8j_gpqx0a_Z5.kRKFVlWTSbX4lo6Jq4cgzY6uBY2N2mZXoS12xUgfIjsSaRw_bOFSw_aE19pt4BhT.9APbpx7vspio5zuSjGuAmXHchoWKjLvi342FbMMZ55ccvhq2O00O8adkRG8LOun3.Gs1Em9OlI6Hkltthoo0kRXyLeKn0nXsf75BxiQzQ709W4.R4Kcnx6fNshLVceUAGKu_tAnx4i8S33MSrcGyRl.Eu9SI7vu18ro28N1ex24ICdfIEaWVOjT3rMnf29JL6peyPabXpTZQxFH8TERcRqEcjL0z.TZzsxrRW7BX0roBrgMFWk9reywjFWEA.DomJzI4ZchXOTy4TbZWe4lNHd.egey4Uh.JtYvGL1QxkqYzVACoqJlATJ4h02LdshVcpR62o_53Qwdjkke0TvgxCez4b.kQQJ_0ZUhUhitPOSxFntn5SIpef3NEYAxUSHKts7eg2jP7pH3yLAvV94cyBxMars1v5IfPT1M7oskmtBMMihXqZ8gcta0L3OpaPHmpstOx888t2M75mtU45LYckWdFmt1Pn3_ygt5W1ZH5egpaX86Zj5FwfSSiqoJjxA2Pj7jtabWjBqvAtKf_V5D3YS8R35KsmYTuGtgzeIaPQRkriE39oFWCxdAsZdvmxHSWaRlUolJ5bGuDxVMlfQtRQ6icU98hY9e2IX3Cd8Ame5PEOjYdyJj3f136Bf64FlUkBpUkeBnoUb8tQjfFEJPxakYvsz9eHNz9hQ555qb7MOYsKO9bwNJm4Lfv60c8SWZPCZChqL1Cu2_Z9ChPv7pkbIIDq2mkcLMa2u0yJ2B8zlJnf3yKsPOZf4aSoWyQu9hWRDWDDLfRLQ3hXkB0U7vXIF5zEgHlElSVYy2NAI5Gel5n3VaN31ZD3MfjzbLZrIiMscWM0hC2RNTXuhrD9C2WnXztW4Idh9DWXpgZAdfuHFxvN_mk.QiagKX.rpK8M00LNe7Aw5548u3AeMYVmT03MnrlC0nkbhM4ySKTYyEmnJtqo5NVE31zJRy1.pMeB_ICsf6Tezzjz1VZTELWX1cfv1vkvUKI2emDuAVqP1qfn1dBgJTSunVLxtgroVm1bYsdzHDnnrvXq52zniaull7Z202qCShvkYVSHJFERD4wl1C7n8RjB7O7H._ttq5eHj7evUAiJzyiTTFLozTsQr5wK0rhLUCEkadVQv0tK1S3bpcszR8m5Bcz8xOUr1WnhT0CcEQTxa4divYbsN2ySYaht70JvL0zuRRcO5CY4p0XhP_VUhLid722jUneyq3iRUp_Tot1ZoGB8lDyDGax1NYXIa4fALBrge7zd4AAgswablQc8Nmsy40y3FVBXqbXM9kUa56._cURX6wD5cSUVvDUdSFMwhZyA4Y5mSr0uO0nfFXw71HOfPrimnZoUV59OR9.8zR3fC_jTXEXcJz4G.c5z5nRUgtE_tfeTq35LPuR5H0Wgd7FWdKA4_ssD9vjnsbB9Tw_3g5jSu85yC6HmK4EglZnMt0r9BjQd98g7GhGRWv_0EkJQFUXsRi0CCfyiMk2WdmtGo.pcPYz_Y8vaCV6N6QeFOYm6r1S4W_iAl_FVkbZ7ErBL.pr04mXXP4VnxRfV8xNuxYMGg3iUy1NBFvYVXXyZm0gNw_FqaNNynDKhHUpOq0b.ZnFzTh6N6cRL5VBZU3E05w4SeQRalXdIBhpYY1gd3x_w1Vde7C8sUqzu4FhhL8NOCSyoPkpJPilVrPpSIDbvTFgYKIP1d3QgjTOm9dPNxtRAakzcPl8JRz.jfp4nHT67bakJQQkBDHFQ9udjDCUWN1pk5dkhQa6Q9Q",mdrd: "2BF5R8KseszbPZdku9ldMMrrc4PAtE8ZGSR0Cx5mdkc-1740081739-1.2.1.1-.IHVKSmebrtJ2h8QJUKipRLHpZVIHIDh4y9V.nw4gNC7b6KVG4sAUz06O2A.bmIslsR.3vp.QtPFkhuq_W2UxTUdmd6t.7ipDG.2ko3uz7IwO.nZDthT5d8ZlfnQCWf_UHEZWjN.piG_kfQHEEvQTmX_S_5U2_yKfgQWdTzlxJz0AXAXIuPX4TJfygZUyequi0ohGB9QX_mqpCZLpGgOMqYCG_SeBx1HaCGeclVFAPBRggs7Z4m7pHU4bskXUXkJmMHOKlvpij8F1ecMFLHHFrcW4cjfPg4zqaNvltjZZlslgCCGlVqN2N1KHQdZ_DfRqmTrCeFxGuzZhcy7Bq0TkBr91j5dXuL5ercMT0vYvAk2ICxOVtreBzd.y3lYSApVGFstDVOW2oFpVJWTvc10aI5IJS4WROr1fEu0d2HzjNufJJzStt0mEQMF6qPcpuEPVdcZ9636O4xFN4f0kDOPiFGz_As7uJwoJ44UqVPcLk7tgus5.3Nlr9f86rhAD6RfPH6diUTasBufAlVDdATf.fkP_lr0diqBGYkwuyXcsCGBqxy0wsEzSWHFUxDeFz3m6O7.1Lr4LuM6XxUyHFQ2jTq1ASZOrT3eVKkIhmSTbCCv7jUPKJ1uYIFhmDbfD8XbB2_pICfyDNV2e.dR6j9yrtV.ICUrFd72dT.q3DZ0Lr7mhHegA0uGSqNNd9Ql6fdv8ZPqR.g6XPv2lKJC.Hwy0nK4gexRPZb74N08KwawWhlEX29XLq8222qLNaRDjXZn9N.9BLnaPGdldzwfzgteDaV.zqYqPsJkmD.gaOMBm2SsRKX4pAPN2byGZt6drcamunUUJfwVrFFSYBMXJbAq2AxMzJcU8k5YdZn3aownNsr3feQR.UfZ3lufpYfvD_5pHjbOu2H7xCtHfeASteeo.FvP.NyOuwKKkx9DG.KT_Qzze3Lm_aNNz5nSYE1fsCmhR6hq0Yi9E1IaGd68cF1BXoUShbsnmMD881wtUZroIRBLtxfi5reV.x7vs4l4wJydJ4O9qY6Hv0v_ijVPMl5QXtgDMtXfe_2hssdQD0AOrgCfDHIaSe2Gg.yI0gZAq.NRXkSiGcWFbnOH7zTkw0e7mxAWQYV2kqCW59pgf9UFy6XJjlY3EvAfDyssBGr67Pm6REFe1lkLGa0D56ZBBUcoszww_qz5.9TEDa3juLyaJw92bJe7VnQBwgEphtfbEj.bQGy_7gM3a_rPy3ZDwnnYCoRTix1Bl09XEI9BCbz9C71aUWtjxOeYg_EKqxH5DVatB9T1Uv2dZcEhaIZeZp1h_Ze9s3mGaobl89yudmPT6CguLf4w9ksuUEoUOXeN7FGtZ6NBApbg.WRAPgggxTtQd9qmtC4TMZE6Z.5JK9Qcczxx6xDUpzEg4eVpn22uyA86xDSq4P7OMyj0hKnUKjrjUmGCxJwsXvGUXkrJGNJi7zYPCi0ekXidiM.1nbKEbv.ATgyf09AgWMShyitPEHy0CjREYjmFFhNKZUHFB68DlV6Ctx.qhKJxHr7mN6ZldVMeEJbIt_MDp4KlpfTnNa_G8Rp2UmcmAcLz1BiUPfzd4o14FuQ59oe4GqjZgQYf1PIwuE_Xpx3i0f2V4MVE.CF.qyEjHdG4uR_czmgcme0UhBryb2DXgnOsWVmKVVyoue9ied5qy4v1bBPS_mO5s.3JK04xNYLN9nJzZjbnpLBe0wvkcR1PgYgXu4F1ylrnpRXPUKc2AsK1MjWcs1P3FY8Rjlw3PBAmFDxh5DouEebVMwkG34kzTljqJ8qvwNd0qQtXgQ6_zFK7bK7cdBHpIYzBZE3RdBKrh3vgAjP0ZXi0hI.zTBHuSwbyKXdlSEWSpaTnbf0iVhHDgjsPEt2M8Wgcsn4N2GiAy0Wm.2kyGsO46Z8efZTdHF2r9x57g5cUSn1.80NdctqrFwBJf9WyU_MDiUuTK0E7n9oeD072KOO.GYdZzfvMiZXi873nVRIiZH7FSbPkHN6D8HxdFd8mMlUnfA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=915117fad883892c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=TAM%20model&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Wpv7x22COr2MB5GY4NjNDefWJOt6OC51dpOJNAhBRt8-1740081739-1.0.1.1-zHRndOx5prnvunA9qyUTXrTlKVixi3gPtAxPTc9kDG8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>