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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decommissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&params=34_15_45_N_81_19_45_W_region:US-SC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°15′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°19′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.26250°N 81.32917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.26250; -81.32917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Decommissioned experimental pressurized water reactor in South Carolina, US</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color:#FFFFE6;">Carolinas-Virginia Tube Reactor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parr_Nuclear_Station_(The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Parr_Nuclear_Station_%28The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor%29.png/300px-Parr_Nuclear_Station_%28The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Parr_Nuclear_Station_%28The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor%29.png/450px-Parr_Nuclear_Station_%28The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Parr_Nuclear_Station_%28The_Carolinas_Virginia_Tube_Reactor%29.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="462" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Parr Nuclear Plant as it appeared when it was operational during the 1960s.(This is a mirror image of the plant's layout)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="5" data-overlays="["_ca82734caf1bf3bf7c12aeb422db998ead4f88f6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&revid=1141153694&groups=_ca82734caf1bf3bf7c12aeb422db998ead4f88f6" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,5,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&revid=1141153694&groups=_ca82734caf1bf3bf7c12aeb422db998ead4f88f6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Fairfield County, South Carolina">Fairfield County</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Jenkinsville,_South_Carolina" title="Jenkinsville, South Carolina">Jenkinsville, South Carolina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&params=34_15_45_N_81_19_45_W_region:US-SC_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°15′45″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°19′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.26250°N 81.32917°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.26250; -81.32917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Decommissioned</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction began</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1960<sup id="cite_ref-pris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Project_commissioning" title="Project commissioning">Commission date</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 18, 1963<span class="noprint">; 60 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1963-12-18</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-pris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decommission date</th><td class="infobox-data">January 10, 1967<span class="noprint">; 57 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1967-01-10</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-pris_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data">Carolinas Virginia Nuclear Power Associates</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFFFE6;">Nuclear power station </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reactor type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pressurised_heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressurised heavy water reactor">PHWR</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFFFE6;">Power generation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th>Units decommissioned</th><td>1 x 17 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">MW<sub>e</sub></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#FFFFE6;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1044426" class="extiw" title="d:Q1044426">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carolinas–Virginia Tube Reactor</b> (CVTR), also known as <b>Parr Nuclear Station</b>, was an experimental pressurized tube <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power reactor">nuclear power reactor</a> at Parr, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fairfield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Fairfield County, South Carolina">Fairfield County</a>. It was built and operated by the Carolinas Virginia Nuclear Power Associates. CVTR was a small test reactor, capable of generating 17 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of electricity. It was officially commissioned in December 1963 and left service in January 1967. </p><p>Reactors using <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> as their moderator have a number of advantages due to their improved <a href="/wiki/Neutron_economy" title="Neutron economy">neutron economy</a>. This allows them to run on fuels that do not work in conventional <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactors</a>. CVTR, for instance, used slight <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enrichment</a>, between 1.5 and 2%, compared to 3 to 5% for conventional designs. This means fuel costs are lower, the tradeoff being higher <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital costs</a> due to the need to buy heavy water. </p><p>In conceptual terms, CVTR is very similar to the <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a> reactor design that was being pursued by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_of_Canada_Limited" title="Atomic Energy of Canada Limited">Atomic Energy of Canada Limited</a> around the same time. The two designs differ in some design details and that CANDU can run on <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a>. CVTR is otherwise similar in most respects, and about the same size and power as the 22 MWe <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Demonstration" title="Nuclear Power Demonstration">CANDU prototype</a> which entered service in 1962. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Light_water_designs">Light water designs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Light water designs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactors</a> resemble a <a href="/wiki/Coal_fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal fired power plant">coal fired power plant</a> in overall design, in that a boiler is used to produce steam which then drives a <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a> to produce electricity. The boiler is the only significant difference. In a coal plant, this normally consists of a system to burn the coal while water circulates through the boiler in a series of tubes. The water is held under pressure in order to increase its <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>, which makes the turbines more efficient. </p><p>In the case of a nuclear plant, the boiler is replaced with the reactor, which is more complex than a coal boiler for a number of reasons. For one, the water not only acts as the cooling fluid, but also as the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>, which means its control is vital to the operation of the system as a whole. Additionally, the water tends to pick up radioactivity from the reactor's operation, which leads to safety concerns and maintenance overhead. Finally, steam and liquid water have different moderating qualities, so most (but not all) light water designs keep the water below the boiling point and use a <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator" title="Steam generator">steam generator</a> to feed the turbines. </p><p>The major advantage to the light water design concept is that it is simple and similar to existing systems in many ways. It has one major disadvantage, however, which is that the water removes <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a> which lowers the reactor's overall <a href="/wiki/Neutron_economy" title="Neutron economy">neutron economy</a>. This is enough of an effect that there are not enough neutrons of the right energy to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Chain_reaction" title="Chain reaction">chain reaction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_uranium" title="Natural uranium">natural uranium</a> fuel. This requires such designs to use <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a> to offset this effect, which increases the price of fuel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heavy_water_concept">Heavy water concept</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heavy water concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Using natural uranium in a reactor would offer the advantage of lowered fuel costs and better availability as the supply is not dependent on the enrichment cycle. This also offers some protection against <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>. In order to do so, the reactor needs to use some other form of moderator that improves the neutron economy. Several such moderators have been suggested, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as in the UK <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a>, liquid metals including <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> as in various <a href="/wiki/Breeder_reactor" title="Breeder reactor">breeder reactors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>. </p><p>Of these, heavy water has the major advantage that it is simple to work with. The downside is that it is expensive and a limited resource. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">pressurized tube reactor</a> concept, where the pressurized section of the system contains only enough coolant to cool the reactor, the rest of the moderator is placed around it in an unpressurized vessel. In the case of a loss-of-coolant event, only the water in the pressurized system would be lost.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Design of the CVTR began around 1955. CVTR had a thermal output of about 65 MW<sub>th</sub> and a gross electrical output of 19 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-pris_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Atomic_Power_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Atomic Power Division">Westinghouse Atomic Power Division</a> was responsible for the design of the nuclear systems<sup id="cite_ref-lattice_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Stone_and_Webster_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone and Webster Engineering">Stone and Webster Engineering</a> designed the remainder of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reactor consisted of 36 vertical U-tube fuel channels in a moderator tank which was 10 feet in diameter and 16 feet tall. Each leg of the U-tube contained one fuel assembly made up of 19 <a href="/wiki/Fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel rod">fuel rods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lattice_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reactor used <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>; 12 of the tubes contained fuel enriched to 1.5% U-235 and 24 tubes contained fuel enriched to 2% U-235.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During power operation, heavy water was circulated by primary pumps through the U-tubes containing the fuel assemblies which heated the water. The heated water then flowed through an inverted U-tube <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(nuclear_power)" title="Steam generator (nuclear power)">steam generator</a> where the heat was transferred to the secondary side light water which turned to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>. The steam flowed to an oil-fired <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheater</a> which increased the <a href="/wiki/Steam_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam quality">steam quality</a> before the steam entered the <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> which spun the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a>. After passing through the steam generator, the primary loop water was pumped back to the reactor by the primary pumps to repeat the cycle. The primary loop heavy water was pressurized to ensure that the heavy water remained liquid and did not <a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">flash</a> to steam at any point in the loop.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U-shaped <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure_tube&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure tube (page does not exist)">pressure tubes</a> containing the fuel were thermally isolated from the hot fuel assembly by two circular thermal baffle tubes around the fuel assembly. This allowed the pressure tubes to operate at low temperatures, essentially that of the moderator tank which was maintained about 155 degrees F and close to atmospheric pressure. The moderator tank contained heavy water which moderated the fission process during operation of the reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CVTR <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> design was a new concept at the time; the general design later became the prevalent design for pressurized water reactor containments in the United States. Designed by Stone and Webster Engineering, the design was focused on not allowing any leakage of <a href="/wiki/Fission_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission products">radioactive gases or material</a> following an accident. The containment design featured a flat concrete foundation, cylindrical walls, and a hemispherical dome all constructed of <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>. The entire interior of the containment building was lined with an airtight layer of welded steel plates 1/2" or 1/4" thick, depending on location. From the basement floor to the interior surface of the top of the dome measured 114’-2”. The vertical walls were 2’-0” thick, the cylindrical structure had an interior diameter of 58’-0”, and the dome had a slightly larger interior radius of 29’-4”.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tills_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tills-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reactor and facilities were located at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parr,_SC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parr, SC (page does not exist)">Parr, SC</a> just to the northeast of the existing <a href="/wiki/Parr_Reservoir" title="Parr Reservoir">Parr Reservoir</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric dam">hydroelectric dam</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Broad_River_(Carolinas)" title="Broad River (Carolinas)">Broad River</a> on a high bluff that overlooks the dam powerhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site for the CVTR was approved by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a>’s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Committee_on_Reactor_Safeguards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards (page does not exist)">Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards</a> in January 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Okrent_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okrent-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction started on January 1, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-pris_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CVRT was the first US heavy water power reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-lattice_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CVTR was operated by the Carolinas Virginia Nuclear Power Associates, which was a consortium of the following utilities: <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Power_%26_Light_Company" title="Carolina Power & Light Company">Carolina Power & Light Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Energy" title="Duke Energy">Duke Power Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCANA" title="SCANA">South Carolina Electric & Gas Company (SCE&G)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Resources">Virginia Electric and Power Company</a> </p><p>The reactor went <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical</a> for the first time on March 30, 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-lattice_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattice-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CVTR operated successfully from 1963 to 1967. It was shut down after the completion of the planned test program.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Staff</b>: </p> <pre> Harry Ferguson, General Manager (initial); Mayhue Bell (later) Walt Selkinghouse, Plant Superintendent Paul Barton, Operations Supervisor Shift Supervisors: James Wright; Pete Beament; Stan Nabow; J. Ed Smith Shift Nuclear Engineers: Sam McManus; Doug Simpson; Larry E. Smith; Joseph M."Mack" McGough Health Physicist: Lionel Lewis Construction Supervisor: Bill Thomas Engineering Supervisor: Shep Waggoner </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_facility_use">Test facility use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Test facility use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following decommissioning of the CVTR, the facility was used for conducting large scale tests to provide experimental information on the response of containment structures to severe events. In the late 1960s, three tests were conducted in which large volumes of steam from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-fired power plant">coal-fired power plant</a> was suddenly released into the CVTR Containment and the response of the plant measured. The results of these experiments were later used for the development and validation of computer model codes.<sup id="cite_ref-tills_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tills-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decommissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CVTR has been decommissioned and its license was withdrawn. No fuel remains on site.<sup id="cite_ref-iaea_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By fall of 2009, demolition was complete and the site was returned to <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_status" title="Greenfield status">greenfield status</a>. </p><p>The much larger and currently operational <a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station</a> was constructed in the 1970s, and began operating in 1984, approximately three miles north of the CVTR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolinas%E2%80%93Virginia_Tube_Reactor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pris_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pris_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pris_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1">. IAEA. 2013-04-13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=600">http://www.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=600</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IAEA&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2FPRIS%2FCountryStatistics%2FReactorDetails.aspx%3Fcurrent%3D600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolinas%E2%80%93Virginia+Tube+Reactor" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iaea-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070413144843/http://canteach.candu.org/library/D407_scr1.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canteach.candu.org/library/D407_scr1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanteach.candu.org%2Flibrary%2FD407_scr1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarolinas%E2%80%93Virginia+Tube+Reactor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span> Heavy Water Reactors: Status and Projected Development; Technical Reports Series No. 407. International Atomic Energy Agency; Vienna, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lattice-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lattice_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lattice_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lattice_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lattice_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://adamswebsearch2.nrc.gov/webSearch2/main.jsp?AccessionNumber=ML051680328">[1]</a> Crandall, J. L. et al. Lattice studies and critical experiments in D2O moderated systems. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Geneva. 1964. NRC ADAMS accession number ML051680328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okrent-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okrent_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://adamswebsearch2.nrc.gov/webSearch2/main.jsp?AccessionNumber=ML090630275">[2]</a> Okrent, David. On the History of the Evolution of Light Water Reactor Safety in the United States. NRC ADAMS accession number ML090630275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tills-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tills_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tills_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://adamswebsearch2.nrc.gov/webSearch2/main.jsp?AccessionNumber=ML080840322">[3]</a> Tills, Jack, et al. SAND2008-1224 An Assessment of MELCOR 1.8.6: Design Basis Accident Tests of the Carolinas Virginia Tube Reactor (CVTR) Containment (Including Selected Separate Effects Tests); Sandia National Laboratories, February 2008. 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear power in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region I<br /><span class="nobold">(Northeast)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Valley_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Beaver Valley Nuclear Power Station">Beaver Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Cliffs_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant">Calvert Cliffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._FitzPatrick_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant">FitzPatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._Ginna_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="R. E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant">Ginna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Hope Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Hope Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_Generating_Station" title="Limerick Generating Station">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mile_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Nine Mile Point Nuclear Generating Station">Nine Mile Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_Bottom_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Peach Bottom Nuclear Generating Station">Peach Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Salem Nuclear Power Plant">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabrook_Station_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant">Seabrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_Steam_Electric_Station" title="Susquehanna Steam Electric Station">Susquehanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region II<br /><span class="nobold">(South)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Ferry_Nuclear_Plant" title="Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant">Browns Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Brunswick Nuclear Generating Station">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_Nuclear_Station" title="Catawba Nuclear Station">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Farley_Nuclear_Plant" title="Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearon_Harris_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_I._Hatch_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGuire_Nuclear_Station" title="McGuire Nuclear Station">McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="North Anna Nuclear Generating Station">North Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oconee_Nuclear_Station" title="Oconee Nuclear Station">Oconee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._B._Robinson_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="H. B. Robinson Nuclear Generating Station">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequoyah_Nuclear_Plant" title="Sequoyah Nuclear Plant">Sequoyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="St. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant">St. Lucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surry_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Surry Nuclear Power Plant">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogtle_Electric_Generating_Plant" title="Vogtle Electric Generating Plant">Vogtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts_Bar_Nuclear_Plant" title="Watts Bar Nuclear Plant">Watts Bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region III<br /><span class="nobold">(Midwest)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braidwood_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Braidwood Nuclear Generating Station">Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Byron Nuclear Generating Station">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Power_Station" title="Clinton Power Station">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Cook_Nuclear_Plant" title="Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis%E2%80%93Besse_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Davis–Besse Nuclear Power Station">Davis–Besse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Generating_Station" title="Dresden Generating Station">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaSalle_County_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="LaSalle County Nuclear Generating Station">LaSalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Nuclear_Generating_Plant" title="Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisades_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palisades Nuclear Generating Station">Palisades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Perry Nuclear Generating Station">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Beach_Nuclear_Plant" title="Point Beach Nuclear Plant">Point Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Island_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Prairie Island Nuclear Power Plant">Prairie Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station">Quad Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NRC Region IV<br /><span class="nobold">(West)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Nuclear_One" title="Arkansas Nuclear One">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callaway_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Callaway Nuclear Generating Station">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Generating_Station" title="Columbia Generating Station">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Peak_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant">Comanche Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Nuclear_Station" title="Cooper Nuclear Station">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diablo_Canyon_Power_Plant" title="Diablo Canyon Power Plant">Diablo Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Gulf_Nuclear_Station" title="Grand Gulf Nuclear Station">Grand Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Bend_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="River Bend Nuclear Generating Station">River Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="South Texas Nuclear Generating Station">South Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Waterford Nuclear Generating Station">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Generating_Station" title="Wolf Creek Generating Station">Wolf Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Converted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fort Saint Vrain Nuclear Power Plant">Fort Saint Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midland_Cogeneration_Venture" title="Midland Cogeneration Venture">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintigh_Generating_Station" title="Kintigh Generating Station">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Zimmer_Power_Station" title="William H. Zimmer Power Station">Zimmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">ANPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MH-1A" title="MH-1A">MH-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML-1" title="ML-1">ML-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">PM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">PM-3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-1" title="SL-1">SL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-1" title="SM-1">SM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">SM-1A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rock_Point_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Big Rock Point Nuclear Power Plant">Big Rock Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Nuclear_Plant" title="Crystal River Nuclear Plant">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CVTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Arnold_Energy_Center" title="Duane Arnold Energy Center">DAEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_I" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor I">EBR I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_II" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor II">EBR II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk_River_Station" title="Elk River Station">Elk River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_1" title="Fermi 1">Fermi 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Calhoun_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station">Fort Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fort Saint Vrain Nuclear Power Plant">Fort Saint Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallam_Nuclear_Power_Facility" title="Hallam Nuclear Power Facility">Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Site" title="Hanford Site">Hanford Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Humboldt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Point_Energy_Center" title="Indian Point Energy Center">Indian Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaunee_Power_Station" title="Kewaunee Power Station">Kewaunee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Crosse_Boiling_Water_Reactor" title="La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor">La Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Millstone Nuclear Power Plant">Millstone Unit 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Creek_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station">Oyster Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Pathfinder Nuclear Generating Station">Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station">Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxton_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Saxton Nuclear Generating Station">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant">Shoreham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_Reactor_Experiment" title="Sodium Reactor Experiment">Sodium Reactor Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallecitos_Nuclear_Center" title="Vallecitos Nuclear Center">Vallecitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Zion Nuclear Power Station">Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_canceled_nuclear_reactors_in_the_United_States" title="List of canceled nuclear reactors in the United States">Cancelled</a><br /><span class="nobold">(incomplete list,<br />whole plants only)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allens_Creek_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Allens Creek Nuclear Power Plant">Allens Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Atlantic Nuclear Power Plant">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailly_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bailly Nuclear Power Plant">Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._Barton_Plant" title="Alan R. Barton Plant">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Bend_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bell Bend Nuclear Power Plant">Bell Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellefonte_Nuclear_Plant" title="Bellefonte Nuclear Plant">Bellefonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Fox_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Black Fox Nuclear Power Plant">Black Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hills_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Blue Hills Nuclear Power Plant">Blue Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodega_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bodega Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Bodega Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Free_Power_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon Free Power Project">CFPP, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Cherokee Nuclear Power Plant">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Breeder_Reactor_Project" title="Clinch River Breeder Reactor Project">Clinch River (Breeder Reactor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Point_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Douglas Point Nuclear Power Plant">Douglas Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Erie Nuclear Power Plant">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forked_River_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Forked River Nuclear Power Plant">Forked River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Galena Nuclear Power Plant">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Greene County Nuclear Power Plant">Greene County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Nuclear_Plant" title="Hartsville Nuclear Plant">Hartsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haven_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Haven Nuclear Power Plant">Haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_States_Lee_III_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="William States Lee III Nuclear Generating Station">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levy_County_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Levy County Nuclear Power Plant">Levy County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Marble Hill Nuclear Power Plant">Marble Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nuclear_Power_Program" title="Army Nuclear Power Program">MM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montague_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Montague Nuclear Power Plant">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Power_Systems" title="Offshore Power Systems">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sears_Isle_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sears Isle Nuclear Power Plant">Sears Isle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_River_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="South River Nuclear Power Plant">South River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaus Nuclear Power Plant">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_C._Summer_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Generating Station">Summer-2/3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundesert_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Sundesert Nuclear Power Plant">Sundesert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_Station" title="Victoria County Station">Victoria</a></li> <li>WPPSS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WNP-1_and_WNP-4" title="WNP-1 and WNP-4">1 and 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNP-3_and_WNP-5" title="WNP-3 and WNP-5">3 and 5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_Nuclear_Plant" title="Yellow Creek Nuclear Plant">Yellow Creek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_renaissance_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear renaissance in the United States">Future</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_River_Nuclear_Site" title="Clinch River Nuclear Site">Clinch River (Small Modular Reactor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Anna_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="North Anna Nuclear Generating Station">North Anna-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_Point_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Turkey Point Nuclear Generating Station">Turkey Point-6/7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Regions of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-nuclear movement in the United States">Anti-nuclear movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_history_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear history of the United States">Nuclear history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_accidents_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States">Nuclear reactor accidents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear safety in the United States">Nuclear safety in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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