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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses and types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clay</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clay-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clay subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Levigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clay_slip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clay_slip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Clay slip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clay_slip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Firing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vase_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vase_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vase painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vase_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_pottery_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_pottery_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Development of pottery painting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_of_pottery_painting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development of pottery painting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development_of_pottery_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protogeometric_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protogeometric_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Protogeometric styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protogeometric_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometric_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometric_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Geometric style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometric_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orientalizing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientalizing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Orientalizing style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientalizing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black-figure_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black-figure_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Black-figure technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black-figure_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red-figure_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red-figure_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Red-figure technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red-figure_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_ground_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_ground_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>White ground technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_ground_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relief_and_plastic_vases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_and_plastic_vases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Relief and plastic vases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_and_plastic_vases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hellenistic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Figurines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Figurines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Figurines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Figurines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_metalwork_and_other_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_metalwork_and_other_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship to metalwork and other materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_metalwork_and_other_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pottery of ancient Greece</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="فخار إغريقي قديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فخار إغريقي قديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Вазапіс Старажытнай Грэцыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вазапіс Старажытнай Грэцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Древногръцко грънчарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древногръцко грънчарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Авалхи Грецин ваза сăрлавĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Грецин ваза сăрлавĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A1_%C5%99eck%C3%A1_keramika" title="Starověká řecká keramika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověká řecká keramika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike_griechische_T%C3%B6pfer" title="Antike griechische Töpfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antike griechische Töpfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_keraamika" title="Vanakreeka keraamika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka keraamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αρχαία ελληνική κεραμική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία ελληνική κεραμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A1mica_griega" title="Cerámica griega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cerámica griega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramiko_de_antikva_Grekio" title="Ceramiko de antikva Grekio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ceramiko de antikva Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9ramique_grecque_antique" title="Céramique grecque antique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Céramique grecque antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olar%C3%ADa_da_Grecia_antiga" title="Olaría da Grecia antiga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Olaría da Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dko_slikarstvo" title="Starogrčko slikarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starogrčko slikarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembikar_Yunani_kuno" title="Tembikar Yunani kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembikar Yunani kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramica_greca" title="Ceramica greca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ceramica greca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קדרות יוון העתיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדרות יוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictilia_Graeca" title="Fictilia Graeca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fictilia Graeca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algriichescht_Aulegeschier" title="Algriichescht Aulegeschier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Algriichescht Aulegeschier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seramica_en_Elas_antica" title="Seramica en Elas antica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Seramica en Elas antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua 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data-title="Greske vaser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malarstwo_wazowe" title="Malarstwo wazowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Malarstwo wazowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cer%C3%A2mica_da_Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Cerâmica da Grécia Antiga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerâmica da Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/300px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/450px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Amphorae_stacking.jpg/600px-Amphorae_stacking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic <i><a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">Amphorae</a></i>, stacked the way they were probably transported in antiquity, display in the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png/220px-Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png/330px-Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png/440px-Hirschfeld_Workshop_Terracotta_Krater_ca_750-735_bce_by_alkalisoaps_on_flickr.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Hirschfeld Krater</i>, mid-8th century BC, from the late Geometric period, depicting <i><a href="/wiki/Ekphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekphora">ekphora</a></i>, the act of carrying a body to its grave. <i>National Archaeological Museum</i>, Athens. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y. (Accession Number: 14.130.14).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a>, due to its relative durability, comprises a large part of the archaeological record of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and since there is so much of it (over 100,000 painted vases are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_vasorum_antiquorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus vasorum antiquorum">Corpus vasorum antiquorum</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has exerted a disproportionately large influence on our understanding of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Society#Politics_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Society">Greek society</a>. The shards of pots discarded or buried in the 1st millennium BC are still the best guide available to understand the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks. There were several vessels produced locally for everyday and kitchen use, yet finer <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> from regions such as <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> was imported by other civilizations throughout <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Mediterranean">the Mediterranean</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans in Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p641_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p641-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a multitude of specific regional varieties, such as the <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian ancient Greek pottery</a>. </p><p>Throughout these places, <a href="/wiki/Typology_of_Greek_vase_shapes" title="Typology of Greek vase shapes">various types and shapes of vases</a> were used. Not all were purely utilitarian; large <a href="/wiki/Geometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric">Geometric</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphorae">amphorae</a> were used as grave markers, <a href="/wiki/Kraters" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraters">kraters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> served as tomb offerings and <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Amphorae" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaic Amphorae">Panathenaic Amphorae</a> seem to have been looked on partly as <i><a href="/wiki/Objet_d%27art" title="Objet d'art">objets d'art</a></i>, as were later terracotta figurines. Some were highly decorative and meant for elite consumption and domestic beautification as much as serving a storage or other function, such as the krater with its usual use in diluting wine. </p><p>Earlier Greek styles of pottery, called "Aegean" rather than "Ancient Greek",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> include <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a>, very sophisticated by its final stages, <a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art#Pottery" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, followed by the cultural disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Dark Age">Greek Dark Age</a>. As the culture recovered <a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean pottery</a> finally blended into the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">Protogeometric style</a>, which begins Ancient Greek pottery proper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_vase_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek vase painting">vase painting</a> saw increasing decoration. <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric art</a> in Greek pottery was contiguous with the late Dark Age and early <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>, which saw the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a>. The pottery produced in Archaic and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> included at first <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a>, yet other styles emerged such as <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure pottery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">white ground technique</a>. Styles such as <a href="/wiki/West_Slope_Ware" title="West Slope Ware">West Slope Ware</a> were characteristic of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, which saw vase painting's decline. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery_and_scholarship">Rediscovery and scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rediscovery and scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/220px-DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/330px-DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/440px-DSC00276_-_Processione_di_donne_-_570-550_a.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Disjecta membra</i></span> (a fragment of ancient Greek pottery)</figcaption></figure> <p>The interest in Greek art lagged behind the revival of classical scholarship during the Renaissance and was revived in the academic circle surrounding <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in the 1630s. Though modest collections of vases recovered from ancient tombs in Italy were made in the 15th and 16th centuries these were regarded as <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a>. It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenzo de Medici">Lorenzo de Medici</a> bought several <a href="/wiki/Attic_vases" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic vases">Attic vases</a> directly from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however the connection between them and the examples excavated in central <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> was not made until much later. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichte der Kunst des Alterthums</i></span> of 1764 first refuted the Etruscan origin of what we now know to be Greek pottery<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet <a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_(diplomat)" title="William Hamilton (diplomat)">Sir William Hamilton</a>'s two collections, one lost at sea the other now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, were still published as "Etruscan vases"; it would take until 1837 with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Magnus_von_Stackelberg_(archaeologist)" title="Otto Magnus von Stackelberg (archaeologist)">Stackelberg</a>'s <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gräber der Hellenen</i></span> to conclusively end the controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg/220px-Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg/330px-Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg/440px-Vase-BlackBasalt-Wedgwood-BMA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> "Black Basalt" Ware vase by <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1815 AD</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Much of the early study of Greek vases took the form of production of albums of the images they depict, however neither <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Hugues_D%27Hancarville" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-François Hugues D'Hancarville">D'Hancarville's</a> nor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein" title="Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein">Tischbein</a>'s folios record the shapes or attempt to supply a date and are therefore unreliable as an archaeological record. Serious attempts at scholarly study made steady progress over the 19th century starting with the founding of the Instituto di Corrispondenza in Rome in 1828 (later the German Archaeological Institute), followed by <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Gerhard" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduard Gerhard">Eduard Gerhard</a>'s pioneering study <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Auserlesene Griechische Vasenbilder</i></span> (1840 to 1858), the establishment of the journal <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Archaeologische Zeitung</i></span> in 1843 and the <i>Ecole d'Athens</i> 1846. It was Gerhard who first outlined the chronology we now use, namely: Orientalizing (Geometric, Archaic), Black Figure, Red Figure, Polychromatic (Hellenistic). </p><p>Finally it was <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jahn" title="Otto Jahn">Otto Jahn</a>'s 1854 catalogue <i>Vasensammlung</i> of the Pinakothek, Munich, that set the standard for the scientific description of Greek pottery, recording the shapes and inscriptions with a previously unseen fastidiousness. Jahn's study was the standard textbook on the history and chronology of Greek pottery for many years, yet in common with Gerhard he dated the introduction of the red figure technique to a century later than was in fact the case. This error was corrected when the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Society_of_Athens" title="Archaeological Society of Athens">Archaeological Society of Athens</a> undertook the excavation of the Acropolis in 1885 and discovered the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Perserschutt" title="Perserschutt">Persian debris</a>" of red figure pots destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> invaders in 480 BC. With a more soundly established chronology it was possible for <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Adolf Furtwängler">Adolf Furtwängler</a> and his students in the 1880s and 90s to date the strata of his archaeological digs by the nature of the pottery found within them, a method of <a href="/wiki/Seriation_(archaeology)" title="Seriation (archaeology)">seriation</a> <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> was later to apply to unpainted Egyptian pottery. </p><p>Where the 19th century was a period of Greek discovery and the laying out of first principles, the 20th century has been one of consolidation and intellectual industry. Efforts to record and publish the totality of public collections of vases began with the creation of the <i>Corpus vasorum antiquorum</i> under <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Pottier" title="Edmond Pottier">Edmond Pottier</a> and the Beazley archive of <a href="/wiki/John_Beazley" title="John Beazley">John Beazley</a>. </p><p>Beazley and others following him have also studied fragments of Greek pottery in institutional collections, and have attributed many painted pieces to individual artists. Scholars have called these fragments <i><a href="/wiki/Disjecta_membra" title="Disjecta membra">disjecta membra</a></i> (Latin for "scattered parts") and in a number of instances have been able to identify fragments now in different collections that belong to the same vase.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_and_types">Uses and types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg/300px-Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg/450px-Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg/600px-Attic_Volute_kraters-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the parts of a typical Athenian vase, in this case a volute krater</figcaption></figure> <p>The names we use for <a href="/wiki/Typology_of_Greek_vase_shapes" title="Typology of Greek vase shapes">Greek vase shapes</a> are often a matter of convention rather than historical fact. A few do illustrate their own use or are labeled with their original names, while others are the result of early archaeologists' attempt to reconcile the physical object with a known name from Greek literature—not always successfully. To understand the relationship between form and function, Greek pottery may be divided into four broad categories, given here with common types:<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p641_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p641-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>storage and transport vessels, including the <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pithos" title="Pithos">pithos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelike" title="Pelike">pelike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyxis_(vessel)" title="Pyxis (vessel)">pyxis</a>,</li> <li>mixing vessels, mainly for <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposia</a></i> or male drinking parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dinos" title="Dinos">dinos</a>,</li> <li>jugs and cups, several types of <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a> also just called cups, <a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patera" title="Patera">phiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">skyphos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oinochoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Oinochoe">oinochoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loutrophoros" title="Loutrophoros">loutrophoros</a>,</li> <li>vases for oils, perfumes and cosmetics, including the large <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a>, and the small <a href="/wiki/Aryballos" title="Aryballos">aryballos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabastron" title="Alabastron">alabastron</a>.</li></ul> <p>As well as these utilitarian functions, certain vase shapes were especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, others with athletics and the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all of their uses are known, but where there is uncertainty scholars make good proximate guesses of what use a piece would have served. Some have a purely ritual function, for example </p><p>Some vessels were designed as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funerary_vases" title="Ancient Greek funerary vases">grave markers</a>. Craters marked the places of males and amphorae marked those of females.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helped them to survive, and is why some will depict funeral processions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White ground</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekythoi">lekythoi</a> contained the oil used as funerary offerings and appear to have been made solely with that object in mind. Many examples have a concealed second cup inside them to give the impression of being full of oil, as such they would have served no other useful gain. </p><p>There was an international market for Greek pottery since the 8th century BC, which <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> dominated down to the end of the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p642-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An idea of the extent of this trade can be gleaned from plotting the find maps of these vases outside of Greece, though this could not account for gifts or immigration. Only the existence of a second hand market could account for the number of panathenaics found in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> tombs. <a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian wares</a> came to dominate the export trade in the Western Mediterranean as Athens declined in political importance during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clay">Clay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The few ways that clay pottery can be damaged is by being broken, being abraded or by coming in contact with fire.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of making a pot and firing it is fairly simple. The first thing a potter needs is <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. Attica's high-iron clay gave its pots an orange color.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1075_-_Keramikos_Museum,_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_12_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/210px-1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/315px-1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/420px-1075_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_5th_century_BC_psykter_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/making-greek-vases.html">Making Greek Vases</a>, produced by the <a href="/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum" title="J. Paul Getty Museum">J. Paul Getty Museum</a> hosted at <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a><sup id="cite_ref-smarth_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/exekias-attic-black-figure-amphora.html">Exekias, Attic black figure amphora with Ajax and Achilles playing a game</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/Odysseus-mixing-vessel.html">Mixing Vessel with Odysseus Escaping from the Cyclops' Cave</a> all hosted at Smarthistory<sup id="cite_ref-smarth_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smarth-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Levigation">Levigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Levigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> When clay is first dug out of the ground it is full of rocks and shells and other useless items that need to be removed. To do this the potter mixes the clay with water and lets all the impurities sink to the bottom. This is called levigation or <a href="/wiki/Elutriation" title="Elutriation">elutriation</a>. This process can be done many times. The more times this is done, the smoother clay becomes.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_pottery_products_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Making_pottery_products_1.jpg/220px-Making_pottery_products_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Making_pottery_products_1.jpg/330px-Making_pottery_products_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Making_pottery_products_1.jpg/440px-Making_pottery_products_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>Pottery being made on a wheel, by Dolon Prova</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wheel">Wheel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clay is then kneaded by the potter and placed on a <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">wheel</a>. Once the clay is on the wheel the potter can shape it into any of the many shapes shown below, or anything else he desires. Wheel-made pottery dates back to roughly 2500 BC. Before this, the coil method of building the walls of the pot was employed. Most Greek vases were wheel-made, though as with the <a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">Rhyton</a> mould-made pieces (so-called "plastic" pieces) are also found and decorative elements either hand-formed or by mould were added to thrown pots. More complex pieces were made in parts then assembled when it was leather hard by means of joining with a slip, where the potter returned to the wheel for the final shaping or turning. Sometimes, a young man helped turn the wheel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clay_slip">Clay slip</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clay slip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the pot was made, the potter painted it with an ultra fine grained clay slip; the paint was applied on the areas intended to become black after firing, according to the two different styles, i.e. the black figure and the red figure.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the decoration the vase painters used brushes of different thickness, pinpoint tools for incisions and probably single-hair tools for the relief lines.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg/220px-Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg/330px-Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg/440px-Clayreel_Still_Image_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Black Figure style: incision of the paint slip layer before firing with a pin tool</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of analytical studies have shown that the striking black gloss with a metallic sheen, so characteristic of Greek pottery, emerged from the colloidal fraction of an illitic clay with very low calcium oxide content. This clay slip was rich in iron oxides and hydroxides, differentiating from that used for the body of the vase in terms of the calcium content, the exact mineral composition and the particle size. The fine clay suspension used for the paint was either produced by using several deflocculating additives to clay (potash, urea, dregs of wine, bone ashes, seaweed ashes, etc.) or by collecting it in situ from illitic clay beds following rain periods. Recent studies have shown that some trace elements in the black glaze (i.e. Zn in particular) can be characteristic of the clay beds used in antiquity. In general, different teams of scholars suggest different approaches concerning the production of the clay slip used in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firing">Firing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Firing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg/220px-Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg/330px-Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg/440px-Plaque_Penteskouphia_MNB2858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>A potter's workshop. Side B from a Corinthian black-figure <i><a href="/wiki/Pinax" title="Pinax">pinax</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 575–550</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Greek pottery, unlike today's pottery, was only fired once, using a very sophisticated process.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black color effect was achieved by means of changing the amount of oxygen present during firing. This was done in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_firing" title="Three-phase firing">three-phase firing</a> involving alternating oxidizing –reducing conditions. First, the kiln was heated to around 920–950 °C, with all vents open bringing oxygen into the firing chamber and turning both pot and slip a reddish-brown (oxidising conditions) due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) in both the paint and the clay body. Then the vent was closed and green wood introduced, creating carbon monoxide which turns the red <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> to black <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>); at this stage the temperature decreases due to incomplete combustion. In a final reoxidizing phase (at about 800–850 °C) the kiln was opened and oxygen reintroduced causing the unslipped reserved clay to go back to orange-red while the slipped area on the vase that had been sintered/vitrified in the previous phase, could no longer be oxidized and remained black. </p><p>While the description of a single firing with three stages may seem economical and efficient, some scholars claim that it is equally possible that each of these stages was confined to separate firings <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the pottery is subjected to multiple firings, of different atmosphere. In any case, the faithful reproduction of the process involving extensive experimental work that led to the creation of a modern production unit in Athens since 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has shown that the ancient vases may have been subjected to multiple three-stage firings following repainting or as an attempt to correct color failures<sup id="cite_ref-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technique which is mostly known as the "iron reduction technique" was decoded with the contribution of scholars, ceramists and scientists from the mid 18th century onwards to the end of the 20th century, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Caylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Caylus">Comte de Caylus</a> (1752), Durand-Greville (1891), Binns and Fraser (1925), Schumann (1942), Winter (1959), Bimson (1956), Noble (1960, 1965), Hofmann (1962), Oberlies (1968), Pavicevic (1974), Aloupi (1993). More recent studies by Walton et al. (2009), Walton et al. (2014), Lühl et al. (2014) and Chaviara & Aloupi-Siotis (2016) by using advanced analytical techniques provide detailed information on the process and the raw materials used.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vase_painting">Vase painting <span class="anchor" id="Vase_painting_anchor"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vase painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_vase_painters" title="List of Greek vase painters">List of Greek vase painters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:261px;max-width:261px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/259px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg" decoding="async" width="259" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/389px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg/518px-Akhilleus_Aias_MGEt_16757.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(1)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/125px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/188px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg/250px-Niobid_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Amphora_with_Musical_Scene_-_Walters_482712_-_Side_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(2)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg/152px-Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg/228px-Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg/304px-Andokides_Painter_ARV_4_9_Herakles_reclining_with_Athena_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="4768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(3)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/232px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/348px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg/464px-Apollo_black_bird_AM_Delphi_8140.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">(4)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><b>From left to right</b>:<br />(1) <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">Black-figure</a> amphora by <a href="/wiki/Exekias" title="Exekias">Exekias</a>, Achilles and Ajax engaged in a game, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540–530</span> BC;<br />(2) <a href="/wiki/Red-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure">Red-figure</a> scene of women playing music by the <a href="/wiki/Niobid_Painter" title="Niobid Painter">Niobid Painter</a>;<br />(3) <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual vase">Bilingual amphora</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Andokides_Painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Andokides Painter">Andokides Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 520</span> BC (Munich);<br />(4) <a href="/wiki/Cylix_of_Apollo" title="Cylix of Apollo">Cylix of Apollo</a> and his raven on a <a href="/wiki/White_Ground_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ground Technique">white-ground bowl</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Pistoxenos_Painter" title="Pistoxenos Painter">Pistoxenos Painter</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The most familiar aspect of ancient Greek pottery is painted vessels of fine quality. These were not the everyday pottery used by most people but were sufficiently cheap to be accessible to a wide range of the population. </p><p>Few examples of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Painting" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek painting</a> have survived so modern scholars have to trace the development of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek art</a> partly through ancient Greek vase-painting, which survives in large quantities and is also, with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek literature</a>, the best guide we have to the customary life and mind of the ancient Greeks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_pottery_painting">Development of pottery painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development of pottery painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg/220px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg/440px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_27837871393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Greek Prehistory Gallery, National Museum of Archaeology, Athens, Greece</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg/220px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg/330px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg/440px-Ancient_Greece_Neolithic_Pottery_-_28171028800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="3451" /></a><figcaption>Bowl, Greek Prehistory Gallery, National Museum of Archaeology, Athens, Greece</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stone Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek pottery goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More elaborate painting on Greek pottery goes back to the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean pottery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, some later examples of which show the ambitious figurative painting that was to become highly developed and typical. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After many centuries dominated by styles of geometric decoration, becoming increasingly complex, figurative elements returned in force in the 8th century. From the late 7th century to about 300 BC evolving styles of figure-led painting were at their peak of production and quality and were widely exported. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Dark Age">Greek Dark Age</a>, spanning the 11th to 8th centuries BC, the prevalent early style was that of the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">protogeometric art</a>, predominantly using circular and wavy decorative patterns. This was succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by the style of pottery known as <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">geometric art</a>, which employed neat rows of geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a>, beginning in the 8th century BC and lasting until the late 5th century BC, saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a>, led largely by <a href="/wiki/History_of_Corinth" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Corinth">ancient Corinth</a>, where the previous stick-figures of the geometric pottery become fleshed out amid motifs that replaced the geometric patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p642-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical ceramic decor is dominated mostly by <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attic</a> vase painting. Attic production was the first to resume after the Greek Dark Age and influenced the rest of Greece, especially <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a> (in particular <a href="/wiki/Naxos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxos Island">Naxos</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> colonies in the east <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens – it is well attested that in Corinth, Boeotia, Argos, Crete and Cyclades, the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the Attic style. By the end of the Archaic period the styles of <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">black-figure pottery</a>, red-figure pottery and the white ground technique had become fully established and would continue in use during the era of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, from the early 5th to late 4th centuries BC. Corinth was eclipsed by Athenian trends since Athens was the progenitor of both the red-figure and white ground styles.<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p642-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protogeometric_styles">Protogeometric styles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protogeometric styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">Protogeometric art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg/220px-Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg/330px-Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg/440px-Amphora_protogeometric_BM_A1123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Protogeometric amphora, BM</figcaption></figure> <p>Vases of the <a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogeometric art">protogeometrical period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050–900</span> BC) represent the return of craft production after the collapse of the Mycenaean Palace culture and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Greek_dark_ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek dark ages">Greek dark ages</a>. It is one of the few modes of artistic expression besides jewelry in this period since the sculpture, monumental architecture and mural painting of this era are unknown to us. By 1050 BC life in the Greek peninsula seems to have become sufficiently settled to allow a marked improvement in the production of earthenware. The style is confined to the rendering of circles, triangles, wavy lines and arcs, but placed with evident consideration and notable dexterity, probably aided by <a href="/wiki/Compass_(drawing_tool)" title="Compass (drawing tool)">compasses</a> and multiple brushes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site of <a href="/wiki/Lefkandi" title="Lefkandi">Lefkandi</a> is one of our most important sources of ceramics from this period where a cache of grave goods has been found giving evidence of a distinctive Euboian protogeometric style which lasted into the early 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geometric_style">Geometric style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geometric style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeotian_vase_painting" title="Boeotian vase painting">Boeotian vase painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg/220px-Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg/330px-Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg/440px-Hydria_Boeotia_Louvre_A574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Boeotian Geometric Hydria lamp, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <p>Geometric art flourished in the 9th and 8th centuries BC. It was characterized by new motifs, breaking with the representation of the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> periods: meanders, triangles and other geometrical decoration (hence the name of the style) as distinct from the predominantly circular figures of the previous style. However, our chronology for this new art form comes from exported wares found in datable contexts overseas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dypilon_vase_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dypilon_vase_1.jpg/220px-Dypilon_vase_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dypilon_vase_1.jpg/330px-Dypilon_vase_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dypilon_vase_1.jpg/440px-Dypilon_vase_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_Amphora" title="Dipylon Amphora">Dipylon Amphora</a>, mid-8th century BC, with human figures for scale. The vase was used as a grave marker.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens" title="National Archaeological Museum, Athens">National Archaeological Museum</a>, Athens.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the early geometrical style (approximately 900–850 BC) one finds only abstract motifs, in what is called the "Black Dipylon" style, which is characterized by extensive use of black varnish, with the Middle Geometrical (approx. 850–770 BC), figurative decoration makes its appearance: they are initially identical bands of animals such as horses, stags, goats, geese, etc. which alternate with the geometrical bands. In parallel, the decoration becomes complicated and becomes increasingly ornate; the painter feels reluctant to leave empty spaces and fills them with <a href="/wiki/Meander_(art)" title="Meander (art)">meanders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>. This phase is named <a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(art)" title="Horror vacui (art)">horror vacui</a> (fear of the empty) and will not cease until the end of geometrical period. </p><p>In the middle of the century there begin to appear human figures, the best known representations of which are those of the vases found in <a href="/wiki/Kerameikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerameikon">Dipylon</a>, one of the cemeteries of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. The fragments of these large funerary vases show mainly processions of chariots or warriors or of the funerary scenes: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πρόθεσις</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">prothesis</i></span>; exposure and lamentation of dead) or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐκφορά</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">ekphora</i></span>; transport of the coffin to the cemetery). The bodies are represented in a geometrical way except for the calves, which are rather protuberant. In the case of soldiers, a shield in form of a <a href="/wiki/Diabolo" title="Diabolo">diabolo</a>, called "dipylon shield" because of its characteristic drawing, covers the central part of the body. The legs and the necks of the horses, the wheels of the chariots are represented one beside the other without perspective. The hand of this painter, so called in the absence of signature, is the <a href="/wiki/Dipylon_Master" title="Dipylon Master">Dipylon Master</a>, could be identified on several pieces, in particular monumental amphorae.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the period there appear representations of mythology, probably at the moment when <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> codifies the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> cycle in the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. Here however the interpretation constitutes a risk for the modern observer: a confrontation between two warriors can be a Homeric duel or simple combat; a failed boat can represent the shipwreck of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> or any hapless sailor. </p><p>Lastly, are the local schools that appear in Greece. Production of vases was largely the prerogative of Athens – it is well attested that as in the proto-geometrical period, in Corinth, Boeotia, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, the painters and potters were satisfied to follow the <a href="/wiki/Attic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Attic style">Attic style</a>. From about the 8th century BC on, they created their own styles, Argos specializing in the figurative scenes, Crete remaining attached to a more strict abstraction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orientalizing_style">Orientalizing style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Orientalizing style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg/220px-Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg/330px-Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg/440px-Skyphos_genius_animals_Louvre_MNB2038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Corinthian skyphos, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625</span> BC, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <p>The orientalizing style was the product of cultural ferment in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> and Eastern Mediterranean of the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Fostered by trade links with the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Asian_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the artifacts of the East influenced a highly stylized yet recognizable representational art. Ivories, pottery and metalwork from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hittite">Neo-Hittite</a> principalities of northern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> found their way to Greece, as did goods from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, yet there was little contact with the cultural centers of Egypt or <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. The new idiom developed initially in Corinth (as Proto-Corinthian) and later in Athens between 725 BC and 625 BC (as Proto-Attic).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg/220px-Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg/330px-Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg/440px-Olpe_sphinx_Louvre_Cp10475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Proto-Corinthian <i><a href="/wiki/Olpe_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olpe (container)">olpe</a></i> with registers of lions, bulls, ibex and <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinxes</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640–630</span> BC, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <p>It was characterized by an expanded vocabulary of motifs: <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Griffin" title="Griffin">griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, etc., as well as a repertory of non-mythological animals arranged in friezes across the belly of the vase. In these friezes, painters also began to apply lotuses or palmettes. Depictions of humans were relatively rare. Those that have been found are figures in silhouette with some incised detail, perhaps the origin of the incised silhouette figures of the black-figure period. There is sufficient detail on these figures to allow scholars to discern a number of different artists' hands. Geometrical features remained in the style called proto-Corinthian that embraced these Orientalizing experiments, yet which coexisted with a conservative sub-geometric style. </p><p>The ceramics of Corinth were exported all over Greece, and their technique arrived in Athens, prompting the development of a less markedly Eastern idiom there. During this time described as Proto-Attic, the orientalizing motifs appear but the features remain not very realistic. The painters show a preference for the typical scenes of the Geometrical Period, like processions of chariots. However, they adopt the principle of line drawing to replace the silhouette. In the middle of the 7th century BC, there appears the black and white style: black figures on a white zone, accompanied by polychromy to render the color of the flesh or clothing. Clay used in Athens was much more orange than that of Corinth, and so did not lend itself as easily to the representation of flesh. Attic Orientalising Painters include the <a href="/wiki/Analatos_Painter" title="Analatos Painter">Analatos Painter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mesogeia_Painter" title="Mesogeia Painter">Mesogeia Painter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polyphemos_Painter" title="Polyphemos Painter">Polyphemos Painter</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, and especially the islands of the Cyclades, are characterized by their attraction to the vases known as "plastic", i.e. those whose paunch or collar is moulded in the shape of head of an animal or a man. At <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a>, the most popular form of the plastic vase is the head of the griffin. The Melanesian amphoras, manufactured at <a href="/wiki/Paros" title="Paros">Paros</a>, exhibit little knowledge of Corinthian developments. They present a marked taste for the epic composition and a horror vacui, which is expressed in an abundance of swastikas and meanders. </p><p>Finally one can identify the last major style of the period, that of <a href="/wiki/Wild_Goat_Style" title="Wild Goat Style">Wild Goat Style</a>, allotted traditionally to Rhodes because of an important discovery within the necropolis of <a href="/wiki/Kameiros" class="mw-redirect" title="Kameiros">Kameiros</a>. In fact, it is widespread over all of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, with centers of production at <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a>. Two forms prevail <a href="/wiki/Oenochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenochoes">oenochoes</a>, which copied bronze models, and dishes, with or without feet. The decoration is organized in superimposed registers in which stylized animals, in particular of feral goats (from whence the name) pursue each other in friezes. Many decorative motifs (floral triangles, swastikas, etc.) fill the empty spaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black-figure_technique">Black-figure technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Black-figure technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure pottery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg/220px-Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg/330px-Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg/440px-Achilles_Penthesileia_BM_B209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Achilles and <a href="/wiki/Penthesileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthesileia">Penthesileia</a> by Exekias, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span> BC, BM. London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Black-figure is the most commonly imagined when one thinks about Greek pottery. It was a popular style in ancient Greece for many years. The black-figure period coincides approximately with the era designated by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a> as the middle to late <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in Greece">Archaic</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 620</span> to 480 BC. The technique of incising silhouetted figures with enlivening detail which we now call the black-figure method was a Corinthian invention of the 7th century<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and spread from there to other city states and regions including <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the east Greek islands<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Athens. </p><p>The Corinthian fabric, extensively studied by <a href="/wiki/Humfry_Payne" title="Humfry Payne">Humfry Payne</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Darrell Amyx,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be traced though the parallel treatment of animal and human figures. The animal motifs have greater prominence on the vase and show the greatest experimentation in the early phase of Corinthian black-figure. As Corinthian artists gained confidence in their rendering of the human figure the animal frieze declined in size relative to the human scene during the middle to late phase. By the mid-6th century BC, the quality of Corinthian ware had fallen away significantly to the extent that some Corinthian potters would disguise their pots with a red slip in imitation of superior Athenian ware. </p><p>At Athens researchers have found the earliest known examples of vase painters signing their work, the first being a <a href="/wiki/Dinos" title="Dinos">dinos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sophilos" title="Sophilos">Sophilos</a> (illus. below, BM, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 580</span>), this perhaps indicative of their increasing ambition as artists in producing the monumental work demanded as grave markers, as for example with <a href="/wiki/Kleitias" title="Kleitias">Kleitias</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Vase" title="François Vase">François Vase</a>. Many scholars consider the finest work in the style to belong <a href="/wiki/Exekias" title="Exekias">Exekias</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amasis_Painter" title="Amasis Painter">Amasis Painter</a>, who are noted for their feeling for composition and narrative. </p><p>Circa 520 BC the red-figure technique was developed and was gradually introduced in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingual pottery">bilingual vase</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Andokides_Painter" class="mw-redirect" title="Andokides Painter">Andokides Painter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oltos" title="Oltos">Oltos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psiax" title="Psiax">Psiax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red-figure quickly eclipsed black-figure, yet in the unique form of the Panathanaic Amphora, black-figure continued to be utilised well into the 4th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red-figure_technique">Red-figure technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Red-figure technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure pottery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/220px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/330px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg/440px-Reveller_courtesan_BM_E44.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>Reveller and courtesan by Euphronios, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> BC, BM E 44</figcaption></figure> <p>The innovation of the red-figure technique was an Athenian invention of the late 6th century. It was quite the opposite of black-figure which had a red background. The ability to render detail by direct painting rather than incision offered new expressive possibilities to artists such as three-quarter profiles, greater anatomical detail and the representation of perspective. </p><p>The first generation of red-figure painters worked in both red- and black-figure as well as other methods including <a href="/wiki/Six%27s_technique" title="Six's technique">Six's technique</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Ground_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ground Technique">white-ground</a>; the latter was developed at the same time as red-figure. However, within twenty years, experimentation had given way to specialization as seen in the vases of the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Group" title="Pioneer Group">Pioneer Group</a>, whose figural work was exclusively in red-figure, though they retained the use of black-figure for some early floral ornamentation. The shared values and goals of The Pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Euphronios" title="Euphronios">Euphronios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euthymides" title="Euthymides">Euthymides</a> signal that they were something approaching a self-conscious movement, though they left behind no testament other than their own work. John Boardman said of the research on their work that "the reconstruction of their careers, common purpose, even rivalries, can be taken as an archaeological triumph".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg/220px-Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg/330px-Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg/440px-Sotades_Painter_-_Red-Figure_Rhyton_-_Walters_482050_-_Side_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1771" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>This <i><a href="/wiki/Rhyton" title="Rhyton">rhyton</a></i>—used for drinking wine—is shaped like a donkey's head on one side of its body and a ram's on the other. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span> BC. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next generation of late <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in Greece">Archaic</a> vase painters (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> to 480 BC) brought an increasing naturalism to the style as seen in the gradual change of the profile eye. This phase also sees the specialization of painters into pot and cup painters, with the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Painter" title="Berlin Painter">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kleophrades_Painter" title="Kleophrades Painter">Kleophrades Painters</a> notable in the former category and <a href="/wiki/Douris_(vase_painter)" title="Douris (vase painter)">Douris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onesimos_(vase_painter)" title="Onesimos (vase painter)">Onesimos</a> in the latter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg/220px-Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg/330px-Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg/440px-Hoplitodromia_Louvre_CA214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neck_amphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck amphora">Neck amphora</a> depicting an athlete running the <a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">hoplitodromos</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Painter" title="Berlin Painter">Berlin Painter</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480</span> BC, Louvre</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early to high classical era of <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Red-figure painting">red-figure painting</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 480–425</span> BC), a number of distinct schools had evolved. The Mannerists associated with the workshop of Myson and exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Painter" title="Pan Painter">Pan Painter</a> hold to the archaic features of stiff drapery and awkward poses and combine that with exaggerated gestures. By contrast, the school of the Berlin Painter in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Painter" title="Achilles Painter">Achilles Painter</a> and his peers (who may have been the Berlin Painter's pupils) favoured a naturalistic pose usually of a single figure against a solid black background or of restrained <a href="#White_ground_technique">white-ground lekythoi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygnotos_(vase_painter)" title="Polygnotos (vase painter)">Polygnotos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kleophon_Painter" title="Kleophon Painter">Kleophon Painter</a> can be included in the school of the <a href="/wiki/Niobid_Painter" title="Niobid Painter">Niobid Painter</a>, as their work indicates something of the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> sculptures both in theme (e.g., Polygnotos's centauromachy, Brussels, Musées Royaux A. & Hist., A 134) and in feeling for composition. </p><p>Toward the end of the century, the "Rich" style of Attic sculpture as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Nike Balustrade</a> is reflected in contemporary vase painting with an ever-greater attention to incidental detail, such as hair and jewellery. The <a href="/wiki/Meidias_Painter" title="Meidias Painter">Meidias Painter</a> is usually most closely identified with this style. </p><p>Vase production in Athens stopped around 330–320 BC possibly due to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s control of the city, and had been in slow decline over the 4th century along with the political fortunes of Athens itself. However, vase production continued in the 4th and 3rd centuries in the Greek colonies of southern Italy where five regional styles may be distinguished. These are the <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucanian">Lucanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestan</a>. Red-figure work flourished there with the distinctive addition of polychromatic painting and in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Panticapeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapeum">Panticapeum</a> the gilded work of the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerch Style">Kerch Style</a>. Several noteworthy artists' work comes down to us including the <a href="/wiki/Darius_Painter" title="Darius Painter">Darius Painter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Underworld_Painter" title="Underworld Painter">Underworld Painter</a>, both active in the late 4th century, whose crowded polychromatic scenes often essay a complexity of emotion not attempted by earlier painters. Their work represents a late mannerist phase to the achievement of Greek vase painting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_ground_technique">White ground technique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: White ground technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White ground technique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg/220px-Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg/330px-Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg/440px-Mainade_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Raging <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenad</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brygos_Painter" title="Brygos Painter">Brygos Painter</a> – she holds a <i><a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsos</a></i> in her right hand, her left is swinging a leopard through the air, and a snake is winding through the diadem in her hair – <i><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">tondo</a></i> of a <i><a href="/wiki/Kylix" title="Kylix">kylix</a></i>, 490–480 BC, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Antikensammlungen" title="Staatliche Antikensammlungen">Staatliche Antikensammlungen</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The white-ground technique was developed at the end of the 6th century BC. Unlike the better-known black-figure and red-figure techniques, its coloration was not achieved through the application and firing of <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slips</a> but through the use of paints and gilding on a surface of white clay. It allowed for a higher level of polychromy than the other techniques, although the vases end up less visually striking. The technique gained great importance during the 5th and 4th centuries, especially in the form of small <i><a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythoi</a></i> that became typical grave offerings. Important representatives include its inventor, the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_Painter" title="Achilles Painter">Achilles Painter</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Psiax" title="Psiax">Psiax</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pistoxenos_Painter" title="Pistoxenos Painter">Pistoxenos Painter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Thanatos_Painter" title="Thanatos Painter">Thanatos Painter</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg/220px-Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg/330px-Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg/440px-Satyr_kantharos_Met_27.122.9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="3544" /></a><figcaption>Janus-faced Attic red-figure plastic <i><a href="/wiki/Kantharos" title="Kantharos">kantharos</a></i> with heads of a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> and a woman, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relief_and_plastic_vases">Relief and plastic vases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Relief and plastic vases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relief and plastic vases became particularly popular in the 4th century BC and continued being manufactured in the Hellenistic period. They were inspired by the so-called "rich style" developed mainly in Attica after 420 BC. The main features were the multi-figured compositions with use of added colours (pink/reddish, blue, green, gold) and an emphasis on female mythological figures. Theatre and performing constituted yet one more source of inspiration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Delphi_Archaeological_Museum" title="Delphi Archaeological Museum">Delphi Archaeological Museum</a> has some particularly good examples of this style, including a vase with <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a>. The base is round, cylindrical, and its handle vertical, with bands, covered with black colour. The female figure (Aphrodite) is depicted seated, wearing an <a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">himation</a>. Next to her stands a male figure, naked and winged. Both figures wear wreaths made of leaves and their hair preserve traces of golden paint. The features of their faces are stylized. The vase has a white ground and maintains in several parts the traces of bluish, greenish and reddish paint. It dates to the 4th century BC. </p><p>In the same room is kept a small lekythos with a plastic decoration, depicting a winged dancer. The figure wears a Persian head cover and an oriental dress, indicating that already in that period oriental dancers, possibly slaves, had become quite fashionable. The figure is also covered with a white colour. The total height of the vase is 18 centimeters and it dates to the 4th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_period">Hellenistic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hellenistic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1185_-_Keramikos_Museum,_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_12_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/220px-1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/330px-1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg/440px-1185_-_Keramikos_Museum%2C_Athens_-_West_Slope_kantharos_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_12_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/West_Slope_Ware" title="West Slope Ware">West Slope Ware</a> <i>kantharos</i>, 330–300 BC, <a href="/wiki/Kerameikos_Archaeological_Museum" title="Kerameikos Archaeological Museum">Kerameikos Archaeological Museum</a>, Athens</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic period</a>, ushered in by the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, saw the virtual disappearance of black and red-figure pottery yet also the emergence of new styles such as West Slope Ware in the east, the <a href="/wiki/Centuripe_ware" title="Centuripe ware">Centuripe ware</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gnathia_vases" title="Gnathia vases">Gnathia vases</a> to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of mainland Greece other regional Greek traditions developed, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> with the various styles in South Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">Apulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucanian_vase_painting" title="Lucanian vase painting">Lucanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paestan_vase_painting" title="Paestan vase painting">Paestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanian_vase_painting" title="Campanian vase painting">Campanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vase_painting" title="Sicilian vase painting">Sicilian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oakley_2012_p642-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg/220px-Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg/330px-Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg/440px-Eos_Memnon_Louvre_G115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>The so-called "Memnon pieta", <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> Attic <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">red-figure</a> cup, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 490</span>–480 BC, from <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a>. Inscriptions on the left: (ΕΕΝΕΜΕΚΝΕRINE (meaning unclear), HERMOΓΕΝΕS KALOS ("Hermogenes kalos" – "Hermogenes is beautiful"). Inscriptions on the right: HEOS ("<a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a>"), ΔΟRIS EΓRAΦSEN ("Doris Egraphsen" – <i><a href="/wiki/Douris_(vase_painter)" title="Douris (vase painter)">Do(u)ris</a> painted it</i>). Inscription on the right: MEMNON ("<a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnon</a>"), KALIAΔES EΠOIESEN ("Kaliades epoiesen" – <i>Kaliades made it</i>). <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>, G 155.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inscriptions on Greek pottery are of two kinds; the incised (the earliest of which are contemporary with the beginnings of the Greek alphabet in the 8th century BC), and the painted, which only begin to appear a century later. Both forms are relatively common on painted vases until the Hellenistic period when the practice of inscribing pots seems to die out. They are by far most frequently found on Attic pottery. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg/220px-Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg/330px-Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Sophilos_me_grafsen_inscription_Lebes_BM_1971.11-1.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Signature (written retrograde) SOΦΙLOS MEΓΡΑΦSEN ("Sophilos megraphsen" – <i>Sophilos drew me</i>), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span> BC, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, GR 1971.11–1.1</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of sub-classes of inscription can be distinguished. Potters and painters occasionally signed their works with <i>epoiesen</i> and <i>egraphsen</i> respectively. Trademarks are found from the start of the 6th century on Corinthian pieces; these may have belonged to an exporting merchant rather than the pottery workfield and this remains a matter of conjecture. Patrons' names are also sometimes recorded, as are the names of characters and objects depicted. At times we may find a snatch of dialogue to accompany a scene, as in 'Dysniketos's horse has won', announces a herald on a Panathenaic amphora (BM, B 144). More puzzling, however, are the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalos_inscription" title="Kalos inscription">kalos</a></i> and <i>kalee</i> inscriptions, which might have formed part of courtship ritual in Athenian high society, yet are found on a wide variety of vases not necessarily associated with a social setting. Finally there are <a href="/wiki/Abecedarium" title="Abecedarium">abecedaria</a> and nonsense inscriptions, though these are largely confined to black-figure pots.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Figurines">Figurines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Figurines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a> were another important type of pottery, initially mostly religious, but increasingly representing purely decorative subjects. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurines</a>, in fact made elsewhere as well, are one of the most important types. Earlier figurines were usually <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a> at temples. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_metalwork_and_other_materials">Relationship to metalwork and other materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relationship to metalwork and other materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several clay vases owed their inspiration to metalwork forms in bronze, silver and sometimes gold. These were increasingly used by the elite when dining, but were not placed in graves, where they would have been robbed, and were often treated as a store of value to be traded as bullion when needed. Very few metal vessels have survived as at some point they were melted down and the metal reused. </p><p>In recent decades many scholars have questioned the conventional relationship between the two materials, seeing much more production of painted vases than was formerly thought as made to be placed in graves, as a cheaper substitute for metalware in both Greece and Etruria. The painting itself may also copy that on metal vessels more closely than was thought.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Derveni_Krater" title="Derveni Krater">Derveni Krater</a>, from near <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, is a large bronze <a href="/wiki/Krater#Volute_krater" title="Krater">volute krater</a> from about 320 BC, weighing 40 kilograms, and finely decorated with a 32-centimetre-tall frieze of figures in relief representing <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a> and her procession of <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">maenads</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Alabastron" title="Alabastron">alabastron</a>'s name derives from <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, from which it was originally made.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glass was also used, mostly for fancy small perfume bottles, though some <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_glass" title="Hellenistic glass">Hellenistic glass</a> rivalled metalwork in quality and probably price. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerameikos_Archaeological_Museum" title="Kerameikos Archaeological Museum">Kerameikos Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_crafts" title="Ancient Greek crafts">Ancient Greek crafts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cvaonline.org/cva/default.htm">"The Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum ('Corpus of Ancient Vases') is the oldest research project of the Union Académique Internationale"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_vasorum_antiquorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus vasorum antiquorum">Corpus vasorum antiquorum</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_Acad%C3%A9mique_Internationale" title="Union Académique Internationale">Union Académique Internationale</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corpus+vasorum+antiquorum&rft.atitle=The+Corpus+Vasorum+Antiquorum+%28%27Corpus+of+Ancient+Vases%27%29+is+the+oldest+research+project+of+the+Union+Acad%C3%A9mique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cvaonline.org%2Fcva%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oakley_2012_p641-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p641_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p641_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Oakley (2012). "Greek Art and Architecture, Classical: Classical Greek Pottery," in Neil Asher Silberman et al. (eds), <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Vol 1: Ache-Hoho</i>, 2nd Edition, 641–644. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5">978-0-19-973578-5</a>, p. 641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A letter of 1491 to Lorenzo from <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Poliziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Poliziano">Angelo Poliziano</a> made an offer of 3 vases as an addition to an implied existing collection</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the first conjecture belongs to A.S Mazochius, <i>In regii herculanensis musaei tabulas hercleenes commentarii</i>, 1754–8, however Winckelmann had access to greater resources including the first plates of the Hamilton collection. See D. von Bothmer, <i>Greek vase-painting</i> in <i>Paper on the Amasis Painter and his World</i>, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thanks to the ability of scholars to compare Greek finds with Italian ones following the Greek War of Independence, however the textual analysis in g. Kramer, <i>Uber den Styl und die Herunft der bemalten griechischen Thongefasse</i> 1837 and Otto Jahn's catalogue of the Vulci finds contributed to the changing consensus. See Cook, <i>Greek Painted Pottery</i>, 1997, p. 283</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron J. Paul, Fragments of Antiquity: Drawing Upon Greek Vases, Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin, Vol. V, No. 2 (Spring 1997), pp. 4, 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, 12–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/shapes/default.htm">"Shapes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Beazley_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Beazley Archive">Beazley Archive</a></i>. Oxford: Classical Art Research Centre. 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beazley+Archive&rft.atitle=Shapes&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beazley.ox.ac.uk%2Ftools%2Fpottery%2Fshapes%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, Susan, <i>An Introduction To Greek Art</i>, 1986, Duckworth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801419942" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801419942">978-0801419942</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4880.html">"Dipylon vases"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dipylon+vases&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brown.edu%2FDepartments%2FJoukowsky_Institute%2Fcourses%2Fgreekpast%2F4880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2016" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Natalie (30 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarexchange.furman.edu/art231/1/">"1. Grave Markers of the Ancient Elite"</a>. <i>Art 230: Ancient Art Digital Exhibit</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+230%3A+Ancient+Art+Digital+Exhibit&rft.atitle=1.+Grave+Markers+of+the+Ancient+Elite&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarexchange.furman.edu%2Fart231%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oakley_2012_p642-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oakley_2012_p642_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Oakley (2012). "Greek Art and Architecture, Classical: Classical Greek Pottery," in Neil Asher Silberman et al. (eds), <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Vol 1: Ache-Hoho</i>, 2nd Edition, 641–644. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5">978-0-19-973578-5</a>, p. 642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Bothmer1962" class="citation journal cs1">Von Bothmer, Dietrich (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3258463">"Painted Greek Vases"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3258463">10.2307/3258463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3258463">3258463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Painted+Greek+Vases&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3258463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3258463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Von+Bothmer&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3258463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Greek_Pottery/">"Greek Pottery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022065208/http://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Pottery/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Pottery&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FGreek_Pottery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smarth-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smarth_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/making-greek-vases.html">"Making Greek Vases"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103024255/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/making-greek-vases.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Greek+Vases&rft.pub=Smarthistory+at+Khan+Academy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmarthistory.khanacademy.org%2Fmaking-greek-vases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camws.org/meeting/2010/program/abstracts/04B1.Hasaki.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019062436/https://camws.org/meeting/2010/program/abstracts/04B1.Hasaki.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamws.org%2Fmeeting%2F2010%2Fprogram%2Fabstracts%2F04B1.Hasaki.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rasa.net/writings/pots.html">"ancient Greek pottery"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021095050/http://www.rasa.net/writings/pots.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ancient+Greek+pottery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasa.net%2Fwritings%2Fpots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed presentation of the painting process see Penthesilea bowl | Greek vase painting in practice | The red figure technique, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBB6qArnVDw">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBB6qArnVDw</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Artal-Isbrand, Paula, and Philip Klausmeyer. "Evaluation of the relief line and the contour line on Greek red-figure vases using reflectance transformation imaging and three-dimensional laser scanning confocal microscopy." <i>Studies in Conservation</i> 58.4 (2013): 338–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aloupi-Siotis,_Ε._2008._pp._113_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aloupi-Siotis, Ε., 2008. Recovery and Revival of Attic Vase-Decoration Techniques. Special Techniques. In: Lapatin, K. (Ed.), <i>Papers on Special Techniques in Athenian Vases</i>. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, pp. 113–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonTrentelmanCianchettaMaish2014" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, M.; Trentelman, K.; Cianchetta, I.; Maish, J.; Saunders, D.; Foran, B.; Mehta, A. (2014). "Zn in Athenian Black Gloss Ceramic Slips: A Trace Element Marker for Fabrication Technology". <i>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</i>. <b>98</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">430–</span>436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjace.13337">10.1111/jace.13337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Ceramic+Society&rft.atitle=Zn+in+Athenian+Black+Gloss+Ceramic+Slips%3A+A+Trace+Element+Marker+for+Fabrication+Technology&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E436&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjace.13337&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Trentelman%2C+K.&rft.au=Cianchetta%2C+I.&rft.au=Maish%2C+J.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+D.&rft.au=Foran%2C+B.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaviaraAloupi-Siotis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chaviara, A.; Aloupi-Siotis, E. (2016). "The story of a soil that became a glaze: Chemical and microscopic fingerprints on the Attic vases". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">510–</span>518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.08.016">10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.08.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=The+story+of+a+soil+that+became+a+glaze%3A+Chemical+and+microscopic+fingerprints+on+the+Attic+vases&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.08.016&rft.aulast=Chaviara&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Aloupi-Siotis%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Attic Vases : precious earth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.atticvases.gr/attika-aggeia/1280x720_web.swf">http://www.atticvases.gr/attika-aggeia/1280x720_web.swf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonTrentelmanCummingsPoretti2013" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, M.; Trentelman, K.; Cummings, M.; Poretti, G.; Maish, J.; Saunders, D.; Foran, B.; Brodie, M.; Mehta, A. (2013). "Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red-Figure Pottery". <i>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</i>. <b>96</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">2031–</span>2035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjace.12395">10.1111/jace.12395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Ceramic+Society&rft.atitle=Material+Evidence+for+Multiple+Firings+of+Ancient+Athenian+Red-Figure+Pottery&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2031-%3C%2Fspan%3E2035&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjace.12395&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Trentelman%2C+K.&rft.au=Cummings%2C+M.&rft.au=Poretti%2C+G.&rft.au=Maish%2C+J.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+D.&rft.au=Foran%2C+B.&rft.au=Brodie%2C+M.&rft.au=Mehta%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The lost art of black glaze ware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ILGcewvm0k">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ILGcewvm0k</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an extended review on the studies of Attic black slip and research published by several authors see R.E. Jones 1985, Tite M.S., M. Bimson and I. Freestone, "An examination of the high Gloss Surface Finishes on Greek Attic and roman Samian Ware", Archaeometry 24.2(1982):117–126, Maniatis, Y., Aloupi E., Stalios A.D., 1993. "New Evidence for the Nature of the Attic Black Gloss". <i>Archaeometry</i> 35(1), 23–34, Aloupi-Siotis E., "Recovery and Revival of Attic Vase-Decoration Techniques: What can they offer Archaeological Research?", in "Papers on Special Techniques in Athenian Vases" 2008: 113–128, Walton, M., Trentelman, K., Cummings, M., Poretti, G., Maish, J., Saunders, D., Foran, B., Brodie, M., Mehta, A. (2013), "Material Evidence for Multiple Firings of Ancient Athenian Red-Figure Pottery". Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 96: 2031–2035., and Walton, M. S., Doehne, E., Trentelman, K., Chiari, G., Maish, J. and Buxbaum, A. (2009), "Characterization of coral red slips on Green Attic pottery". <i>Archaeometry</i>, 51: 383–396, Lühl L, Hesse B, Mantouvalou I, Wilke M, Mahlkow S, Aloupi-Siotis E, Kanngiesser B., 2014. "Confocal XANES and the Attic black glaze: the three-stage firing process through modern reproduction". Anal Chem. Jul 15;86(14), 6924–6930, Chaviara, A. & Aloupi-Siotis, E., 2016. "The story of a soil that became a glaze: Chemical and microscopic fingerprints on the Attic vases". <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>: Reports, 7, 510–518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Oakley (2012). "Greek Art and Architecture, Classical: Classical Greek Pottery," in Neil Asher Silberman et al. (eds), <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Vol 1: Ache-Hoho</i>, 2nd Edition, 641–644. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5">978-0-19-973578-5</a>, p. 641-642.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The diffusion of protogeometric pottery is a complex subject best summarized by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Desborough" title="Vincent Desborough">V. Desborough</a>, <i>Protogeometric Pottery</i>, 1952. The picture is further complicated with the presence of a lingering sub-Mycenaean style in some Greek centres during this period, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesborough1964" class="citation book cs1">Desborough (1964). <i>The Last Mycenaeans and their Successors: An Archaeological Survey, c. 1200 – c. 1000 B.C</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mycenaeans+and+their+Successors%3A+An+Archaeological+Survey%2C+c.+1200+%E2%80%93+c.+1000+B.C.&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Desborough&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapadopoulosVedderSchreiber1998" class="citation journal cs1">Papadopoulos, John K.; Vedder, James F.; Schreiber, Toby (1998). "Drawing Circles: Experimental Archaeology and the Pivoted Multiple Brush". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>. <b>102</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">507–</span>529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F506399">10.2307/506399</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/506399">506399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191409965">191409965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Drawing+Circles%3A+Experimental+Archaeology+and+the+Pivoted+Multiple+Brush&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E529&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191409965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F506399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F506399&rft.aulast=Papadopoulos&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Vedder%2C+James+F.&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2001" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Anthony M. (2001). <i>The Dark Age of Greece</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93635-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93635-7"><bdi>0-415-93635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Age+of+Greece&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-93635-7&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Anthony+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span> See also Popham, Sackett, <i>Excavations at Lefkandi, Euboea</i> 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wood_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodford, Susan. (1982) <i>The Art of Greece and Rome</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, p. 40. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521298733" title="Special:BookSources/0521298733">0521298733</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relationship between the iconography of grave markers and social change is essayed in James Whitley <i>Style and Society in Dark Age Greece</i>, 1991. See also Gudrun Ahlberg, Gudrun Ahlberg-Cornell, <i>Prothesis and Ekphora in Greek Geometric Art</i>, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffusion of the style is detailed in John Nicolas Coldstream, <i>Greek Geometric Pottery: A Survey of Ten Local Styles and Their Chronology</i>, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manuel_Cook" title="Robert Manuel Cook">Robert Manuel Cook</a>, <i>Greek Painted Pottery</i>, Routledge, 1997, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The terminus ante quem of the late Corinthian black-figure style was established by M. T. Campbell <i>A Well of the Black-figured Period at Corinth</i>, Hesperia, vii (1938), pp. 557–611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. M. Stibbe <i>Lakonische Vasenmaler des sechsten Jahrhunderts v.chr.</i>, 2 vols, 1972. M. Pipili <i>Laconian Iconography of the Sixth Century BC</i>, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Kilinski II <i>Boiotian Black Figure Vase Painting of the Archaic Period</i>, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Boardman <i>Pottery from Eretria</i>, Annu. Brit. Sch. Athens, xlvii, 1952, pp. 1–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. M. Cook and P. Dupont <i>East Greek Pottery</i>, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. G. G. Payne <i>Necrocorinthia: A Study of Corinthian Art in the Archaic Period</i>, 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. A. Amyx, <i>Corinthian Vase-painting of the Archaic Period</i>, 3 vols, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, the earliest red-figure vase was not a bilingual, see Beth Cohen, <i>The Colors of Clay</i>, p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Boardman: Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Archaic Period, 1975, p29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John H. Oakley (2012). "Greek Art and Architecture, Classical: Classical Greek Pottery," in Neil Asher Silberman et al. (eds), <i>The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Vol 1: Ache-Hoho</i>, 2nd Edition, 641–644. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5">978-0-19-973578-5</a>, p. 642-643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry R. Immerwahr 2008, "Aspects of Literacy in the Athenian Ceramicus". <i>Kadmos</i>, <b>46</b>(1–2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preface to <i>Ancient Greek Pottery</i> (Ashmolean Handbooks) by Michael Vickers (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparkes1991">Sparkes 1991</a>, p. 70</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparkes1991" class="citation book cs1">Sparkes, Brian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntlRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Greek Pottery: An Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2936-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-2936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Pottery%3A+An+Introduction&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2936-3&rft.aulast=Sparkes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntlRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APottery+of+ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Pottery of ancient Greece</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pottery+of+ancient+Greece&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pottery+of+ancient+Greece">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Pottery+of+ancient+Greece&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aulsebrook, S. (2018) <i>Rethinking Standardization: the Social Meanings of Mycenaean Metal Cups</i>. Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 25 January 2018, doi: 10.1111/ojoa.12134.</li> <li>Beazley, John. <i>Attic Red-Figure Vase Painters</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1942.</li> <li>--. <i>The Development of Attic Black-Figure</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.</li> <li>--. <i>Attic Black-Figure Vase Painters</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.</li> <li>--. <i>Paralipomena</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.</li> <li>Boardman, John. <i>Athenian Black Figure Vases</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.</li> <li>--. <i>Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Archaic Period: A Handbook</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975.</li> <li>--. <i>Athenian Red Figure Vases: The Classical Period: A Handbook</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1989.</li> <li>--. <i>Early Greek Vase Painting: 11th–6th Centuries BC: A Handbook</i>. London: Thames and Hudson, 1998.</li> <li>Bundrick, Sheramy D. <i>Music and Image In Classical Athens</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</li> <li>Cohen, Beth. <i>The Colors of Clay: Special Techniques In Athenian Vases</i>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2006.</li> <li>Coldstream, J. N. <i>Geometric Greece: 900–700 BC</i>. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2003.</li> <li>Herford, Mary Antonie Beatrice. <i>A Handbook of Greek Vase Painting</i>. Sparks, NV: Falcon Hill Press, 1995.</li> <li>Mitchell, Alexandre G. <i>Greek Vase-Painting and the Origins of Visual Humour</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Noble, Joseph Veach. <i>The Techniques of Painted Attic Pottery</i>. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1965.</li> <li>Oakley, John Howard. <i>The Greek Vase: Art of the Storyteller</i>. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2013.</li> <li>Pollitt, J. J. <i>The Cambridge History of Painting In the Classical World</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li> <li>Robertson, Martin. <i>The Art of Vase-Painting In Classical Athens</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.</li> <li>Steiner, Ann. <i>Reading Greek Vases</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Trendall, A. D. <i>Red Figure Vases of South Italy and Sicily: A Handbook</i>. London: Thames & Hudson, 1989.</li> <li>Vickers, Michael J. <i>Ancient Greek Pottery</i>. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum, 1999.</li> <li>Von Bothmer, Dietrich. <i>Greek Vase Painting</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1987.</li> <li>Winter, Adam. <i>Die Antike Glanztonkeramik: Praktische Versuche</i>. Mainz am Rhein: P. von Zabern, 1978.</li> <li>Yatromanolakis, Dimitrios. <i>An Archaeology of Representations: Ancient Greek Vase-Painting and Contemporary Methodologies</i>. Athens: Institut du Livre, A. Kardamitsa, 2009.</li> <li>--. <i>Epigraphy of Art: Ancient Greek Vase-Inscriptions and Vase-Paintings</i>. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2016.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pottery_of_ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_pottery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/76659">The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide</a>, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art containing information on the pottery of ancient Greece (pages 315–322)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/BeazleyAdmin/Script2/Pottery.htm">Beazley Archive of Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130709145803/https://sites.google.com/site/journeythrougharthistory/ancient-greek-art">Journey through art history: Ancient Greek Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jFYLAAAAIAAJ&dq=douris+vase&pg=PA649">S. Bleecker-Luce, A Brief History of the Study of Greek Vase Painting, American Philosophical Society 1918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reading.ac.uk/ure/tour/greek/paint.php">The evolution of Greek vase painting.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ure_Museum_of_Greek_Archaeology" title="Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology">Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pottery_of_ancient_Greece111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_vases" title="Template:Greek vases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_vases" title="Template talk:Greek vases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_vases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek vases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pottery_of_ancient_Greece111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pottery of ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aegean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minoan_pottery" title="Minoan pottery">Minoan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamares_ware" title="Kamares ware">Kamares ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasiliki_ware" title="Vasiliki ware">Vasiliki ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Mycenaean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frying_pans" title="Frying pans">Frying pans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient Greece proper</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_vase_painting" title="Bilingual vase painting">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-glazed_Ware" title="Black-glazed Ware">Black-glazed Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucchero" title="Bucchero">Bucchero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slope_Ware" title="West Slope Ware">West Slope Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_artists#Potters" title="List of Greek artists">Potters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_(potter)" title="Amasis (potter)">Amasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotimos" title="Ergotimos">Ergotimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphronios" title="Euphronios">Euphronios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymides" title="Euthymides">Euthymides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryton" title="Gryton">Gryton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypereides_(potter)" title="Hypereides (potter)">Hypereides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikosthenes" title="Nikosthenes">Nikosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphaios" title="Pamphaios">Pamphaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophilos" title="Sophilos">Sophilos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Little_Masters55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Little_Masters_(Greek_vase_painting)" title="Little Masters (Greek vase painting)">Little Masters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergoteles_(potter)" title="Ergoteles (potter)">Ergoteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermogenes_(potter)" title="Hermogenes (potter)">Hermogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynos" title="Phrynos">Phrynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokles" title="Sokles">Sokles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tleson" title="Tleson">Tleson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_vasorum_antiquorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus vasorum antiquorum">Corpus vasorum antiquorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjecta_membra" title="Disjecta membra">Disjecta membra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_glass" title="Hellenistic glass">Hellenistic glass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexicon_Iconographicum_Mythologiae_Classicae" title="Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae">LIMC</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_vase" title="Name vase">Name vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Terracotta figurines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_firing" title="Three-phase firing">Three-phase firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typology_of_Greek_vase_shapes" title="Typology of Greek vase shapes">Vase types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_vase_painting134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_vase_painting" title="Template:Greek vase painting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_vase_painting" title="Template talk:Greek vase painting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_vase_painting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek vase painting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_vase_painting134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient Greek vase painting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_firing" title="Three-phase firing">Three-phase firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_vase_painting" title="Bilingual vase painting">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_ground_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="White ground technique">White-ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-glazed_Ware" title="Black-glazed Ware">Black-glazed Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slope_Ware" title="West Slope Ware">West Slope Ware</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six%27s_technique" title="Six's technique">Six's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stylistic periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stylistic regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argive_vase_painting" title="Argive vase painting">Argive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkidian_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalkidian pottery">Chalkidian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chalkidian_vase_painting" title="Pseudo-Chalkidian vase painting">Pseudo-Chalkidian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_vase_painting" title="Cycladic vase painting">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_vase_painting" title="Euboean vase painting">Euboean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconian_vase_painting" title="Laconian vase painting">Laconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_vase_painting" title="Thessalian vase painting">Thessalian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Greek_vase_painting" title="East Greek vase painting">East Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_vase_painting" title="Ionic vase painting">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klazomenian_vase_painting" title="Klazomenian vase painting">Klazomenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodian_vase_painting" title="Rhodian vase painting">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samian_vase_painting" title="Samian vase painting">Samian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Goat_Style" title="Wild Goat Style">Wild Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeretan_hydria" title="Caeretan hydria">Caeretan hydria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Italian_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="South Italian ancient Greek pottery">South Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucanian_vase_painting" title="Lucanian vase painting">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestan_vase_painting" title="Paestan vase painting">Paestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanian_vase_painting" title="Campanian vase painting">Campanian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">Apulian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canosa_vases" title="Canosa vases">Canosa vases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathia_vases" title="Gnathia vases">Gnathia vases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_vase_painting" title="Sicilian vase painting">Sicilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuripe_ware" title="Centuripe ware">Centuripe ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boeotian_vase_painting" title="Boeotian vase painting">Boeotian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabiria_Group" title="Kabiria Group">Kabiria Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_vase_painting" title="Etruscan vase painting">Etruscan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Group" title="Pontic Group">Pontic Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Painters <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_vase_painters" title="List of Greek vase painters">List of Greek vase painters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beazley" title="John Beazley">John Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Furtwangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolf Furtwangler">Adolf Furtwangler</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_vasorum_antiquorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus vasorum antiquorum">Corpus vasorum antiquorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greek_Bird_Bowl" title="East Greek Bird Bowl">East Greek Bird Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadra_vase" title="Hadra vase">Hadra vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_inscription" title="Kalos inscription">Kalos inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_vase" title="Name vase">Name vase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks183"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_deities" title="List of Greek deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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