Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. - Academy of Achievement

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.achievement.org:80/achiever/francis-s-collins/","20181110180828","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1541873308"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"/> <meta name="application-name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"/> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,600,400italic,600italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <title>Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content=""I concluded at the age of 15 or 16 that I had no interest in biology, or medicine, or any of those aspects of science that dealt with this messy thing called life. It just wasn't organized, and I wanted to stick with the nice pristine sciences of chemistry and physics, where everything made sense." A few years later, this farm boy from Virginia's Shenandoah Valley discovered the emerging field of DNA research and changed his whole direction in life. Already a graduate student with a wife and child, Francis Collins followed his graduate studies in chemistry and enrolled in medical school, determined to learn if the new discoveries in molecular biology could uncover the causes of hereditary illnesses. Dr. Collins developed techniques to map and identify genes that cause human diseases including cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease. As Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, he led one of the largest undertakings in the history of science. By 2003, this effort had decoded the entire human genome, the first essential step to unlocking the mysteries of human heredity. In July 2009, President Obama selected Dr. Collins to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's primary agency for conducting and supporting medical research."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"I concluded at the age of 15 or 16 that I had no interest in biology, or medicine, or any of those aspects of science that dealt with this messy thing called life. It just wasn't organized, and I wanted to stick with the nice pristine sciences of chemistry and physics, where everything made sense."</p> <p class="inputText">A few years later, this farm boy from Virginia's Shenandoah Valley discovered the emerging field of DNA research and changed his whole direction in life. Already a graduate student with a wife and child, Francis Collins followed his graduate studies in chemistry and enrolled in medical school, determined to learn if the new discoveries in molecular biology could uncover the causes of hereditary illnesses.</p> <p class="inputText">Dr. Collins developed techniques to map and identify genes that cause human diseases including cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease. As Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, he led one of the largest undertakings in the history of science. By 2003, this effort had decoded the entire human genome, the first essential step to unlocking the mysteries of human heredity. In July 2009, President Obama selected Dr. Collins to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's primary agency for conducting and supporting medical research.</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-2-blue-2-Feature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"I concluded at the age of 15 or 16 that I had no interest in biology, or medicine, or any of those aspects of science that dealt with this messy thing called life. It just wasn't organized, and I wanted to stick with the nice pristine sciences of chemistry and physics, where everything made sense."</p> <p class="inputText">A few years later, this farm boy from Virginia's Shenandoah Valley discovered the emerging field of DNA research and changed his whole direction in life. Already a graduate student with a wife and child, Francis Collins followed his graduate studies in chemistry and enrolled in medical school, determined to learn if the new discoveries in molecular biology could uncover the causes of hereditary illnesses.</p> <p class="inputText">Dr. Collins developed techniques to map and identify genes that cause human diseases including cystic fibrosis and Huntington's disease. As Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, he led one of the largest undertakings in the history of science. By 2003, this effort had decoded the entire human genome, the first essential step to unlocking the mysteries of human heredity. In July 2009, President Obama selected Dr. Collins to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's primary agency for conducting and supporting medical research.</p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Francis S. 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ratio-container__text container"> <div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Director, National Institutes of Health</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-2208 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-scientist"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">What more powerful form of study of mankind could there be than to read our own instruction book?</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">Cracking the Code of Life</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> April 14, 1950 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_35824" style="width: 864px" class="wp-caption alignright"><noscript><img class="wp-image-35824 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-35824 size-full lazyload" alt="collins-farm-young" width="864" height="550" data-sizes="(max-width: 864px) 100vw, 864px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young.jpg 864w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young-380x242.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young-760x484.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Francis Collins, at age eight, on his family’s small farm in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. He was home-schooled by his mother until the sixth grade and went on to graduate from the University of Virginia with a Chemistry degree.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputText">Francis Collins grew up on a small farm in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley. His father, in addition to raising cows and sheep, taught at a nearby women’s college. His mother, a playwright, educated him at home until the sixth grade. When Collins graduated from high school at age 16, he was determined to become a chemist. At the time, he had no interest in biology, which he considered chaotic and unpredictable. At the University of Virginia, he continued to avoid biology, preferring to concentrate on chemistry and physics. After graduating with honors from the University of Virginia, he began working toward a doctorate in physical chemistry at Yale University. At Yale, he took a course in biochemistry, and first encountered DNA and RNA, the molecules that carry the code of life.</p> <p class="inputText">Fascinated by the emerging revolution in genetic science, Collins began to reconsider his career choice, and search for a way to apply his scientific education for the immediate benefit of his fellow human beings. While still completing his doctoral dissertation in physical chemistry, Collins enrolled in medical school at the University of North Carolina, and was introduced to the field of medical genetics. At last he had found the field that would allow him to combine his passion for research with his humanitarian convictions.</p> <figure id="attachment_24037" style="width: 1600px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24037 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24037 size-full lazyload" alt="1993: Geneticist Dr. Francis Collins at microscope and computer, mapping human genes, working in the National Institutes of Health lab. (Photo by Ted Thai/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)" width="1600" height="1211" data-sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2.jpg 1600w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2-380x288.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2-760x575.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1993: Dr. Francis Collins at microscope, mapping human genes, working in the National Institutes of Health lab.</figcaption></figure><p>After completing his residency in internal medicine in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, he returned to Yale for a fellowship in human genetics. He later joined the faculty of the University of Michigan and swiftly moved through the academic ranks. At Yale and Michigan, he developed methods to cross large strands of DNA to identify abnormal genes. This approach, which he called “positional cloning,” allows the identification of the genes responsible for many disorders.</p> <figure id="attachment_24023" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24023 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24023 size-full lazyload" alt="Lap-Chee Tsui, Francis Collins and Jack Riordan (left to right) celebrate their 1989 discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene with a patient. (Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation)" width="2280" height="1825" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460-380x304.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460-760x608.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Lap-Chee Tsui, Francis Collins and Jack Riordan celebrate their discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene with a patient.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputText">Together with Lap-Chee Tsui and Jack Riordan of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada, his research team identified the gene for cystic fibrosis in 1989. That was followed by his group’s identification of the neurofibromatosis gene in 1990, and in 1993, “after the longest and most frustrating search in the annals of molecular biology,” Dr. Collins and his fellow genetic researchers located the defective gene that causes Huntington’s disease. Huntington’s disease is an incurable hereditary brain disorder that results in the death of brain cells.</p> <figure id="attachment_40494" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-40494 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/wp-Collins-Francis.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-40494 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2224" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/wp-Collins-Francis.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/wp-Collins-Francis-380x371.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/wp-Collins-Francis-760x741.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/wp-Collins-Francis.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Francis Collins presents the Golden Plate Award to James E. Stowers, founder of American Century Investments and the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, during the 2001 Academy of Achievement Summit in San Antonio.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputText">Francis Collins has received numerous national and international awards for his research, and is a member of the Institute of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences. His own laboratory remains active, studying the molecular genetics of diseases including adult-onset diabetes and the premature aging disorder known as progeria.</p> <figure id="attachment_24004" style="width: 2000px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24004 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24004 size-full lazyload" alt="December 18, 2003: An article in NATURE magazine, "The International HapMap Project." The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases." width="2000" height="1503" data-sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219.jpg 2000w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219-380x286.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219-760x571.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2003: An article in <em>Nature</em>, “The International HapMap Project.” The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputText">Dr. Collins accepted an invitation in 1993 to succeed James Watson as director of the National Center for Human Genome Research at the National Institutes of Health. In this role, Collins oversaw a 15-year multibillion-dollar effort to locate and map every gene in human DNA by the year 2005. Many consider this the most important undertaking in the history of science. Collins kept the project ahead of schedule and under budget. In June 2000, the Center had achieved a first rough draft of the human genome. By April 2003, Dr. Collins could announce the completion of the entire human genome sequence. As we learn the precise function of every gene, new discoveries yield incalculable benefits in the fight against birth defects and hereditary disease.</p> <figure id="attachment_11574" style="width: 1975px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-11574 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-11574 size-full lazyload" alt="science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425" width="1975" height="1425" data-sizes="(max-width: 1975px) 100vw, 1975px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1.jpg 1975w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1-380x274.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1-760x548.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Awards Council member Dr. Francis Collins presents the Golden Plate Award to Sir John Sulston, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine for genetics research, at the 2004 International Achievement Summit in Chicago, Illinois.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputText">Francis Collins has written a number of books on science, medicine and religion, including the <em>New York Times</em> bestseller <em>The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</em>. In the book, Dr. Collins advocates theistic evolution. He raises arguments for the idea of God from biology, astrophysics, psychology and other disciplines. Dr. Collins cites many famous thinkers, most particularly, C.S. Lewis, as well as Saint Augustine, Stephen Hawking and Charles Darwin. In <em>The Language of God</em>, Dr. Collins recounts how he accepted Christ as his Savior in 1978 and has been a devout Christian ever since. “The God of the Bible is also the God of the genome,” Dr. Collins writes. “He can be worshipped in the cathedral and in the laboratory.” Francis Collins is also the founder of the BioLogos Foundation, a group that fosters discussions about the intersection of Christianity and science.</p> <figure id="attachment_24020" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24020 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24020 size-full lazyload" alt="Oct. 7, 2009: Dr. Francis Collins received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama at a White House ceremony. (Ryan K Morris/National Science & Technology Medals Foundation)" width="2280" height="1517" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi-760x506.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2009: Dr. Francis Collins receives the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama at the White House.</figcaption></figure><p>In 2007, Dr. Collins was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor. The award citation read, in part, “This monumental advance in scientific knowledge has begun to unlock some of the great mysteries of human life and has created the potential to develop treatments and cures for some of the most serious diseases. The United States honors Francis Collins for his efforts to decode human DNA and improve human health.” In August 2008, Dr. Collins stepped down, after 15 years as Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research. A little less than a year later, President Barack Obama chose him to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A part of the Department of Health and Human Services, NIH is the primary federal agency for conducting and supporting medical research. As director of NIH, Francis Collins is responsible for 27 separate institutes and research centers, providing leadership and financial support to researchers in every state and throughout the world.</p> <figure id="attachment_24006" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-24006 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-24006 lazyload" alt="Dr. Francis Collins and his wife, Diane Baker, at the 2007 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C." width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Dr. Francis Collins and his wife, Diane Baker, at the 2007 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure><p>The National Institutes of Health, based in Bethesda, Maryland, has an annual budget of more than $30 billion for medical research. The NIH supports a wide range of scientists, including 300,000 researchers at more than 2,500 universities across the globe. The NIH is the largest public funder of clinical trials in the United States, annually providing $3 billion. Clinical trials are the component of biomedical research most directly connected to changes in medical practice, ranging from the potential human application of innovative laboratory findings to the treatments and preventive interventions in clinical care. The NIH has launched a multifaceted effort to improve the quality and efficiency of clinical trials. In 2015 — under the leadership of Dr. Francis Collins — the NIH initiated a plan to study the DNA and medical histories of one million American volunteers. Dr. Collins said the Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Program, now named “All Of Us,” “has the potential to truly transform the practice of medicine” and predicted that understanding individual differences will allow doctors to better prevent and treat illness. This landmark initiative will help pinpoint links between environmental exposure, lifestyle, genetic variation and disease so that doctors can use all of this information, including individual genome sequences, to prescribe custom treatments for cancer, diabetes and heart disease.</p></body></html> <div class="clearfix"> <figure class="achiever__video-block"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/hyBA68k45XA?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis-Collins-Bio-Page.00_08_28_00.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis-Collins-Bio-Page.00_08_28_00.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video__copy m-t-1"> <p>July 8, 2016: Dr. Francis Collins sings a duet with Mary Chapin Carpenter <span class="_Tgc">— </span>Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter and musician <span class="_Tgc">— </span>at an American Academy of Achievement dinner and performance at the Jefferson Hotel in Washington, D.C.</p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 1994 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.scientist">Scientist</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> April 14, 1950 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">“I concluded at the age of 15 or 16 that I had no interest in biology, or medicine, or any of those aspects of science that dealt with this messy thing called life. It just wasn’t organized, and I wanted to stick with the nice pristine sciences of chemistry and physics, where everything made sense.”</p> <p class="inputText">A few years later, this farm boy from Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley discovered the emerging field of DNA research and changed his whole direction in life. Already a graduate student with a wife and child, Francis Collins followed his graduate studies in chemistry and enrolled in medical school, determined to learn if the new discoveries in molecular biology could uncover the causes of hereditary illnesses.</p> <p class="inputText">Dr. Collins developed techniques to map and identify genes that cause human diseases including cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease. As Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, he led one of the largest undertakings in the history of science. By 2003, this effort had decoded the entire human genome, the first essential step to unlocking the mysteries of human heredity. In July 2009, President Obama selected Dr. Collins to serve as director of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government’s primary agency for conducting and supporting medical research.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/aiU0gqTnr5s?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.01_17_09_24.Still003-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.01_17_09_24.Still003-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">Cracking the Code of Life</h2> <div class="sans-2">Washington, D.C.</div> <div class="sans-2">July 8, 2016</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>(Dr. Francis Collins was interviewed twice by the Academy of Achievement — on May 23, 1998 at the Summit in Jackson Hole, Wyoming and on July 8, 2016 at the Academy headquarters in Washington, D.C. The following transcript draws on both interviews.)</strong></p> <p><strong>When you were working on the Human Genome Project, you said that you hoped it would be even more significant than landing on the moon or splitting the atom. How has it stacked up?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/1FR-R-FrBa4?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_08_29_15.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_08_29_15.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: I think that prediction was correct. It is turning out to be the most significant organized scientific enterprise that humankind has mounted, at least up until now, to read our own instruction book. Sure, going to the moon was a huge deal. I’m a big fan of space science. Splitting the atom, all kinds of consequences, some of them a little worrisome but still very important for understanding really fundamentals about how matter is put together. But the Human Genome Project was about us. It was about all of us. It was understanding how it is that our DNA instruction book is capable of taking a single cell, which we all once were, and producing this incredibly complex, amazing, mysterious organism called a human being and how that can go really well, or how sometimes things go wrong and illness occurs. Now we are not done with that adventure, but the Human Genome Project basically said we’re seriously crossing this bridge. We’re into a territory where we know that fundamental information about our own instruction book. We’re never going back, and we did it, and life has changed for science immeasurably and for medicine bit by bit. We are seeing increasing consequences of that knowledge, and it’s only going to grow more profound with every passing year.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24017" style="width: 1600px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24017 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24017 size-full lazyload" alt="1990s: Dr. Francis S. Collins" width="1600" height="1194" data-sizes="(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4.jpg 1600w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4-380x284.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4-760x567.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">1990s: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Center for Human Genome Research.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Will decoding the human genome have an impact in changing the lives of individual human beings?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/H2C9v7uJTvk?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_11_33_18.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_11_33_18.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Knowing the human genome has already been changing individual lives, maybe particularly in the case of cancer. Cancer is a disease of the genome. It happens because of misspellings in that instruction book, some of them inherited, many of them acquired in a particular cell during life, maybe because of some toxic exposure, like a cigarette smoker. Maybe just because it’s really hard to copy your DNA and get it right every time. But if you want to understand cancer in the individual, you wanna know what happened. What were the particular glitches that occurred in that instruction book, and how could you use that to design a treatment for that individual that would not be the one-size-fits-all chemotherapy, which has saved many lives but is also very toxic and has failed in far too many circumstances, and change that into a truly rational approach that’s based upon that individual’s specific situation. That’s where we are headed, and I can tell you lots of amazing stories of people for whom that has been life-saving and who are not just living with cancer. They’re cured.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24025" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24025 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24025 size-full lazyload" alt="2009: NIH Director Francis Collins and HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius shaking hands after he is sworn in with his wife, Diane Baker, looking on." width="2280" height="1440" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius-380x240.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius-760x480.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2009: Dr. Collins and HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius shaking hands after he is sworn in with wife, Diane Baker.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>What kind of cancer?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/kWHey6MSyB8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_15_53_13.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_15_53_13.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Lung cancer. Most people think of, “Oh, boy. If you had to have a cancer, don’t have that one,” and many people assume that’s mostly because of cigarettes, and a lot of it is, but there are lots of people who get lung cancer who have never smoked. Turns out, now that we have all of these genome sequences and genome tools, we’ve discovered that some fraction of them actually have a rearrangement of their DNA that brings together two genes that used to be a long way away and puts them together in a diabolical mix that produces a protein that makes cells grow when they should stop growing, and they keep on growing, and they spread, and that’s what cancer’s about. Knowing that led to the development of a targeted drug therapy with relatively few side effects, because you and I don’t have that abnormal protein. Only people with cancer do. The drug goes to that target, and it knocks it out, and there are people walking around today taking care of their grandkids or back at work who, a few years ago, you would have said, “There is no chance that person is gonna live more than a year.”</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24032" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24032 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24032 size-full lazyload" alt="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland." width="2280" height="3426" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300-506x760.jpg 506w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>You went from the Human Genome Project to being Director of NIH.  This is a huge organization — 5,000 doctors, 23,000 staff. How do you go about coordinating the efforts of so many people?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/ejwV3XGnt2A?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_28_56_04.Still016-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_28_56_04.Still016-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/preparation/">Preparation</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: One of the things I learned early on when I first came to NIH, asked to lead the Human Genome Project, was that you need to both have some kind of structure, so people aren’t just spinning off randomly in a direction that doesn’t add up to what you need to do, but other than that basic structure, you need to empower people.</p> <p>You need to give them the opportunity to utilize their skills and talents, and you need to be comfortable surrounding yourself at every opportunity by people who are smarter than you are. And you also need to be comfortable surrounding yourself by people who are comfortable telling you, “Hey, you’re on the wrong tact here. You’re about to make a dumb mistake. I don’t agree with the decision you’ve just made.” The worst thing you could do in this situation is to have people around you who are afraid to confront you about a mistake you’re gonna make.</p> <p>So I have lots of people around me who are not afraid at all, and it’s wonderful that way. So it’s a very open, honest interchange where people feel empowered to express their perspective, and when we get a team going, it lives on that basis, but everybody has to decide upfront that there’s a shared goal, and we will all fail unless all of us succeed, so we have to agree that we’re moving towards a common goal. And we can disagree, but ultimately we have to commit to that goal.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24001" style="width: 1294px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24001 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24001 size-full lazyload" alt="2009: From left, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and President Barack Obama tour the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at NIH." width="1294" height="924" data-sizes="(max-width: 1294px) 100vw, 1294px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi.jpg 1294w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi-380x271.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi-760x543.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2009: HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, Dr. Collins and President Obama tour the Clinical Research Center at NIH.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>You work with thousands of scientists at NIH. Is there something they have in common?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/P2dE6mpYMbA?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.01_49_51_11.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.01_49_51_11.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: I think most scientists got into science partly out of curiosity and because it’s such fun to actually spend your time trying to solve mysteries, and sometimes you can’t even believe you get paid to do this, but underneath that there’s an altruism. There’s a desire to help people. Even if you’re working in a very obscure basic arena, I have yet to meet a scientist who does not have somewhere down in there a whole set of motivations, a desire to make the world a better place, to add knowledge to the universe, and ultimately to have that knowledge translated into something that will make life just a little better for somebody. So that’s a wonderful shared motivation, and when you get to a circumstance where maybe people are disagreeing a little bit about exactly what needs to be done, you can call upon them to remember what this is all about. This is not about making money, because most people in the academic arena or in the NIH arena are not there for the cash. It’s about trying to make the world a better place. We can all agree to that.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24015" style="width: 1536px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24015 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24015 size-full lazyload" alt="September 30, 2009: President Barack Obama during a tour of an oncology laboratory at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. From left are: Dr. Francis Collins, Dr. Marston Linehan, President Obama, and Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius. (Photo by Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images)" width="1536" height="1024" data-sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook.jpg 1536w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">September 30, 2009: President Barack Obama during a tour of an oncology laboratory at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. From left are: Dr. Francis Collins, Dr. Marston Linehan, President Obama, and Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius. (Photo by Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>A lot of the public thinks of the scientist as a guy in a white coat doing tedious lab work. How do you improve that image in the public mind?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Well, it <em>is</em> a lot of tedious lab work!</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/3AIYJGjluJk?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_05_39_00.Still006-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_05_39_00.Still006-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/perseverance/">Perseverance</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Solving mysteries doesn’t just happen because you want to or because you designed this clever little experiment and it works the first time. I continue to run a research lab at NIH. I have ten people who work with me on diabetes and on aging, and as I could say has been true for my entire research career, about 95% of the experiments we do are total failures, and that’s because we’re out there on the leading edge of what’s possible, and most of the time it isn’t quite possible.</p> <p>And you have to kind of get used to that and even take it, after you’ve developed a little maturity about it, as a badge of reality-check that you really are asking a hard problem. If your experiments are working all the time, must not be a very interesting problem. So a lot of science is very hard work, and yes, there’s a lot of disappointment, and that was tough for me when I first moved into experimental science, and I sort of attached my own sense of personal worth to whether the experiment had worked or not, and since most of the time it didn’t, I was beginning to wonder, “What’s wrong with me?”</p> <p>And then I began to realize, “No, wait a minute. That’s just a sign that you’re doing something really hard and really important, and stick to it, and ultimately you might learn something.” And so when you have those moments — and they don’t come along all the time, where something does work and you get an insight into how life works or how disease happens that nobody else knew before, that is not a moment that you can possibly step away from without being affected, and that keeps you going, and that says, “Okay, I’m in it. I’m ready for the next one.”</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24018" style="width: 1125px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24018 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24018 size-full lazyload" alt="2014: "Jane and me hanging out on my Harley with a toy chimp—but we’re not going anywhere until they put on helmets!" (Diane Baker)" width="1125" height="1501" data-sizes="(max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1.jpg 1125w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1-285x380.jpg 285w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1-570x760.jpg 570w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2014: Dr. Francis Collins on his Harley with legendary primate researcher Dr. Jane Goodall. In 2013, the National Institutes of Health — through the initiative of Dr. Francis Collins — retired the last federally-owned chimpanzees from a life as research subjects. Collins and Goodall were first introduced to each other at an Academy dinner.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Could you describe one of those moments in your own career?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/WOb9OoQ6bqg?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_11_33_18.Still009-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_11_33_18.Still009-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/perseverance/">Perseverance</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Well, as an assistant professor back then, at the University of Michigan, trying to apply what we would now consider pretty rudimentary tools, but they were very high-tech at the time, to discover causes of human diseases, a big part of my passion was to find the cause of cystic fibrosis. I had met that disease as a doctor, but as a researcher, I wanted to understand it because, as a doctor, there wasn’t much to say other than, “People get this terrible problem in their lungs and their digestive system, and they die young, and we don’t know why, other than it seems to be genetic.”</p> <p>So we chased after that cause. I spent five years with a lab that was incredibly flat-out devoted to this, and yet we went down so many blind alleys. We had so many frustrating experiences where our technology just wasn’t up to the task. There was no genome project, so most of what we needed to know, we had to invent from scratch, and it was tedious, and it was full of errors all the time, and disappointments rained down upon us for five years.</p> <p>And then the time came where on that fateful, rainy day in May 1989, we knew we had the answer, and it was almost hard to accept because when you’ve been burned a few times, you’re afraid to accept the answer as being correct, because maybe it will be wrong again by tomorrow, but this one was really compelling.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24024" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24024 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24024 size-full lazyload" alt="Jack Riordan, Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui (left to right) celebrate their 1989 discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene." width="2280" height="1811" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461-380x302.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461-760x604.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Jack Riordan, Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui celebrate their 1989 historic discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>What actually happened on that day?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/ev6ErA9MOjc?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_12_20_02.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_12_20_02.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: So my lab at Michigan had worked on this disease for three years and made a little progress, but we were really struggling, and there was another lab in Toronto who had worked on it for five years, and they made some progress, but they were struggling. And we decided to pool our labs together.</p> <p><span class="s1">Lap-Chee Tsui</span>, who was the director of the Toronto lab, and I met and said, “You know, we don’t…” — it’s an example of what we’re talking about. “It’s not that this is about some grand personal triumph. It’s trying to make the world a better place. We gotta figure out the answer to this. Let’s just put our labs together. Maybe we can go faster.” And we did, and for that flat-out two years we worked intensively with a team in both places, and it was May, and we were both at a meeting, in one of those scientific meetings that one needs to go to. It wasn’t particularly about cystic fibrosis, but our labs were working night and day because we thought we were onto something.</p> <p>We were staying in the dorms at Yale, because that’s where the meeting was, and my colleague had put a fax machine in his dorm room so that we could see the lab data from that day. Of course there was no e-mail, so it was all about fax. And after a very intense day at the meeting, we went back to his room, and here was all these fax sheets lying on the floor, and we picked them up, and there was a lot of data. And it wasn’t immediately clear what was there, but by the time you got to page seven or eight it was pretty clear that this one had to be right.</p> <p>I knew then that we had identified the gene, which when misspelled caused this disease, and it was a gene nobody could have predicted, and it was a gene that looked like it might be susceptible to some kind of therapeutic intervention, maybe gene therapy, maybe drug therapy, but we’d been in the dark, and now the light had turned on, and that had to be the most significant step forward that cystic fibrosis research had ever seen, and had to, ultimately, lead to cures for this disease.</p> <p>And here we are now, 27 years later, and those cures have happened for some of the people with the disease, not yet all of them, but — a long path from gene discovery to treatment, but we’re getting there.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p><strong>What about cancer? There’s speculation that we’re on the brink of a cure.</strong></p> <p>We are, but let’s be clear.  Cancer is hundreds of diseases, and the cures will come at a different pace for different individuals, depending on what their cancer has going on. Cancer is a remarkably individualized disorder. As soon as you start looking closely at the cancer cell you realize that almost every cancer is different from every other. So if you want to say, “Are we close to a cure?” — you have to say, “Okay, for which cancers, and for which people?”</p> <p>We’ve already seen dramatic cures of some people who had cancers that you would have thought were almost certainly gonna be fatal and in the near future. People even talk about Lazarus situations where people who are really at death’s door encounter an opportunity to be part of a clinical trial and have that remarkable response. But unfortunately that’s still not true for some cancers — it’s particularly difficult.</p> <figure id="attachment_6558" style="width: 1536px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-6558 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-6558 size-full lazyload" alt="wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236" width="1536" height="1024" data-sizes="(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236.jpg 1536w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Awards Council member Dr. Francis Collins with Dr. Richard Axel and Dr. Linda Buck, co-recipients of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, with Academy patron Michael R. Milken, at the 2005 Banquet of the Golden Plate in New York.</figcaption></figure><p>Brain tumors, pancreatic cancer. We still don’t do very well in those situations, but we have ideas. Some of them are to identify what’s going on in that cancer and develop a drug that approaches that problem in a very specific lock-and-key way, and we have great successes there, particularly with some kinds of leukemia and lung cancer, but some of it is getting the immune system to get activated to do what the immune system is designed to do, to recognize something that’s not right, what’s a foreign cell — and a cancer is a foreign cell, and do something about that.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Ten years from now, how will we be treating cancer differently?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/eAXjCONEg-k?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_05_39_00.Still006-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_05_39_00.Still006-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Ten years from now, anybody who develops cancer will have that cancer very intensively examined, complete DNA sequence, analysis of what genes are on or off, what proteins are being produced, and then a decision will be made of the increasingly long menu of targeted therapies that are both specific and not very toxic, what’s the right choice for that person to have the best possible outcome, and it will probably not be a single drug, because we know single drugs for other things, like HIV, can give you a response, but you want a cure.</p> <p>It’ll probably be a combination, and the success rate might also depend upon an immune therapy being part of that mix, and it should be very high. But more than that, ten years from now our screening for cancer will have changed dramatically. We will find cancers at a much earlier stage when they’re better treated, and many of us think that will happen again because of DNA studies.</p> <p>Turns out cancer cells are kind of clunky, and they actually spill their DNA into the blood circulation at a low level, and so all of the things we do now to survey for cancer using imaging and various protein markers may very well go by the boards, and it will be a DNA test that maybe we’ll each have once a year that looks for little hints of cancer cell DNA floating around that would be a sign you’d better find out what’s here, and then we’ll have it early enough to have a much better chance of treating that kind of — early detection is going to be transformed in the next ten years.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p><strong>Does that mean that fewer people will be suffering and dying of cancer?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: My absolute confidence is that we will reduce the mortality from cancer in the part of the world that has resources. My fervent hope and personal commitment is to be sure that that is not limited just to the countries that have those resources. So a big part of my own concern is that we figure out a way to make these kinds of interventions accessible, exportable, affordable, because I believe that every life matters, and if we celebrate accomplishments in the U.S. and a few other countries and see no advances in other parts of the world then we haven’t really done our job.</p> <figure id="attachment_24031" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-24031 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-24031 size-full lazyload" alt="January 30, 2015: President Barack Obama speaks with Francis Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health, following remarks highlighting investments to improve health and treat disease through precision medicine, in the East Room of the White House. (Pete Souza)" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">January 2015: President Barack Obama speaks with Dr. Francis Collins following remarks highlighting investments to improve health and treat disease through precision medicine, in the East Room of the White House. (Souza)</figcaption></figure><p><strong>What can you tell us about CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats), the genome editing technique?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: CRISPR has transformed the whole field of biology in a breathtakingly short period of time because of the potential it offers, which is being realized every day, of being able to edit genes, being able to make changes in the genomes of lots of organisms, including humans, and a precision that none of us would have imagined possible even five years ago.</p> <p>It’s this wonderful story about how studying the most obscure area of basic science, like why these particular microorganisms seem to have weird DNA sequences in their genomes and how that helps them fight off viruses that otherwise would attack them, I mean, who could possibly get interested in that? Well, people did, and in the process discovered this remarkable system of enzymes and RNAs that allow you, like a most precise kind of microsurgery, to go and find any place in a genome and cut it and repair it.</p> <p>And that is breathtaking. My lab, like other labs, is using CRISPR-Cas to do all kinds of experiments that might have taken us years, and now we can do them in weeks. Of course the big concern is will we take this too far, and I think we should be talking about that, but for the most part, CRISPR is just an amazing experimental advance to allow us to understand how life works.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_23997" style="width: 955px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-23997 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-23997 size-full lazyload" alt="2006: "The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief" is a bestselling book by Dr. Francis S. Collins in which he advocates theistic evolution." width="955" height="1461" data-sizes="(max-width: 955px) 100vw, 955px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god.jpg 955w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god-248x380.jpg 248w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god-497x760.jpg 497w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2006: <em>The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief</em> is a bestselling book by Dr. Francis S. Collins.</figcaption></figure><p><strong>Your work affects millions of people, and involves matters of life and death. Has this influenced your own thinking about the meaning of life?</strong></p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/u75Ri97WZZk?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_15_53_13.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_15_53_13.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Francis Collins: Hm. Life has so many different levels that one could talk about in terms of meaning. As a scientist, I can reduce it down to this whole set of molecules and genes and proteins and how you go from being one cell to being you and me. At a much different level, sitting at the bedside of a patient who’s struggling with a terrible disease, life is so precious. Life is something we all want to hang on to, if we possibly can, and medicine is supposed to achieve that and yet sometimes falls short.</p> <p>For me, as a person who also is a person of faith, life has other significance of a spiritual sort, but who we are as humans and what makes us able to interact with each other, to understand concepts like love that you can’t write an equation about, and even to have this hunger for a relationship with God, all of those things are part of what I think about it in a question like what is the meaning of life.</p> <p>But I’m saying it rather badly compared to what other great sages have said down through the centuries, and we need to pay attention to them and read their words as well. Science should never imagine that we’re the ones who are going to answer all the questions. We can answer some really important questions about how things work, about nature. We’re not so good at why. We’re pretty good at how. I think the why questions are pretty important too. Why am I here?</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_4340" style="width: 760px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-4340 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mere-christianity-e1459958901681.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-4340 size-full lazyload" alt="Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis" width="760" height="1145" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mere-christianity-e1459958901681.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Mere Christianity</em> by British novelist, literary critic and lay theologian C.S. Lewis. As he read the book, at the age of 27, Dr. Francis Collins’ assumptions about faith and God were shaken. Dr. Collins states that “the idea that you would arrive at faith because it made sense, because it was rational, because it was the most appropriate choice when presented with the data, that was a new concept.” After months of wrestling over the question of God, he finally broke down one day, hiking in the Cascade Mountains, admiring the grandeur of God’s creation, he said “Yes” to God. “I have never turned back,” Francis Collins said. “That was the most significant moment in my life.”</figcaption></figure></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/7z49xEfu7s4?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_08_29_15.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-1998-Upscale-1of3.00_08_29_15.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Something that C.S. Lewis writes beautifully about — C.S. Lewis had a big influence on me in this spiritual realm — this sort of sense of longing. A longing for a knowledge that is just outside of our reach, a knowledge for a spiritual connection that you know must be really important because you feel the need for it but you’re not quite sure what it is you’re longing for. A longing to know the answer to is there a God, and what is that God like, and does God care about me, and should I be spending more time thinking about that? I think longing is, in many ways, the thing that drives all of us in whatever we do, a longing for a scientist to make a discovery, to know something that wasn’t known before, just to get your experiment to work, and when that is satisfied, even temporarily — because it’s always temporary, yeah, that longing has led you somewhere that feels pretty good. But there’s a certain part of human longing that we all know will never be fully satisfied while we’re walking around on this planet, a longing for something more eternal, more out of reach, more numinous, as some would say. A sense that it’s there, that it’s just a little bit out of our grasp, is not something that we can get past.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_24009" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-24009 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-24009 lazyload" alt="July 5, 2016: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins performs with his band, ARRA – the Affordable Rock’n’Roll Act – for Visiting Fellows at the NIH." width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band.jpg 2280w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181110180828im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">July 2016: Collins performs with his band, ARRA – the Affordable Rock’n’Roll Act – for Visiting Fellows at the NIH.</figcaption></figure></body></html> </div>    <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>(The Academy of Achievement interviewed Dr. Francis Collins for the first time in 1998 at Jackson Hole, Wyoming and again in 2016. The following transcript includes exchanges from both of these conversations.)</strong></p> <p><strong>What can you tell us about your childhood?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I grew up in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, on a small farm with no plumbing. It was a fairly arduous existence during the winter, because we had stock that had to be taken care of. It all sounds very pastoral. It was hard work, but it was also educationally challenging in a good way, because my father was a Ph.D. in English, and my mother a very talented playwright. My mother decided that the county schools were not a place where a young person would learn to love learning. And so she kept my brother and me at home and taught us there until the sixth grade. And that was I think probably a very important part of my life’s experience, because I really did learn how to love acquiring new information.</p> <p>I was fortunate to be raised by parents who believed in me and my three brothers, and who instilled in all four of us a love of learning new things and a confidence that if you really believed in something and threw yourself into it, you could make something happen. I didn’t go to school in any organized way until the sixth grade. My mother taught me at home. That sounds like what a lot of people do now, but it certainly was not what people did in the 1950s. But her way of approaching education was to wake up in the morning and say, “Okay, what’s interesting today?” Lesson plans? Not so much, but, “What’s interesting today? Oh, it’s history. Well, let’s really dive deeply into French history and see what happened in those particular centuries,” or “Let’s dive into mathematics,” or “Let’s figure out where do words come from, and what is their history about? Latin and Old French…”</p> <p>All of those things were a part of my training, and I loved it. It was a bit chaotic, but it was not in any way regimented. It was curiosity-driven, and I grew to love learning new things and expanding horizons at my mother’s knee, but then I had this other really wonderful experience of going to public school, starting in the sixth grade, and encountering a chemistry teacher in high school who got me excited about science and about the idea that science was really a detective story.</p> <p>And that if you had curiosity, which I had by then, and you had the right tools, you could ask questions about the universe, and you could even expect, maybe, to get some answers, and on a rare occasion get an answer that nobody else knew before. It was your moment of realization, of truth.</p> <p><strong>Were you older or younger than your brothers?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I have three brothers; I’m the youngest. My two oldest brothers were much older, they were almost in college by the time I was born. They seemed more like uncles. The brother closest to me was only two years older and I think it was much harder on him than it was on me to be growing up together. My mother taught both of us at the same time. It was a lot easier to do that than to have two different curricula for these two boys who were so close in age. As a result, he was always being threatened by this younger brat brother of his, who wanted to be just as advanced as he was in whatever we studied. I think that took a toll on him. It was great for me, I had a ball.</p> <p><strong>Do you think it affected you, being the youngest of that group?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I think it was a good position for me to be in. I’m not sure I thought so at the time. I knew my brother could beat me up if we got into a real tussle, because he was a little bigger. But once in a while I would score a few points. Other than that, I think it was really helpful to have a brother who’s a little bit older. I could watch the things that he had figured out and learn how to do them myself. All kids will copy somebody who’s a little older, and he was right there to copy.</p> <p><strong>What books were important to you when you were growing up?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I read everything that Frank Baum wrote, <em>The Wizard of Oz</em> and all the rest. I was very much into the Dr. Doolittle series, and a whole series of books about exploration that I read all the time. My mother took me to the library, that was a real important outing. We would pick a book and that was a big part of my life. On the farm in the wintertime, when you weren’t working outdoors, there wasn’t a lot to do, so reading was a big part of my childhood.</p> <p>There was no television, we didn’t have one. My parents thought it was an evil force, and I think they’re probably right. Without that kind of distraction, and books were my friends. I wouldn’t say I dug into the classics. I preferred <em>Winnie the Pooh</em> to reading Homer, but Dickens was important to me. Every evening my father would read after dinner. We’d sit around and he’d read a chapter from whatever book we were going through. We went through a lot of Dickens that way.</p> <p>I really learned to love the language and my father’s voice reading it. And the cohesiveness of this family sitting around the fire, a special time that nothing was allowed to interfere with. That was a very clever idea on my parents’ part, to teach this love of reading, and of language, and of togetherness, and how that can all work together.</p> <p>It was part of my learning experience not to have a television, so what did we do in the evening? After dinner, my dad would read oftentimes from Dickens. This was sort of part of our family gathering around the fireplace at the farm, would be reading some of the classics and maybe talking a little bit about them, but that experience of listening to words read by my own dad, who was a college professor, so he read rather well, and having the opportunity to enlarge your horizon not just by yourself but with your brothers sitting next to you and thinking about, “Whoa, what is that writer describing?”</p> <p>The other thing that was a big part of my life growing up was music. My dad was formally trained as a classic violinist, but having worked in West Virginia and then North Carolina, he knew about the folk tradition and became not just a violinist but a fiddler. Same instrument, different kind of music, and so all of us grew up in that environment with various musicians who would drop by and sometimes stay longer than expected because they ran out of money, and this was a wonderful part of my training because it was also the creative impulse that you don’t just memorize stuff, but you actually improvise together.</p> <p>Not only was my dad a musician. He was a college professor, and he taught drama, so his area of particular expertise was directing and producing theater, and my mother was a playwright, and so she wrote no less than a dozen plays, none of which got national attention, but they were very carefully and artfully constructed, and I was on the stage by the time I was five years old, maybe playing a bit part in a Shakespeare play.</p> <p><strong>Who did you play?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I was Mustardseed in <em>Midsummer Night’s Dream</em>. That was, I’m sure, a memorable moment for everyone involved! Certainly was for me! Because my parents started a summer theater in a grove of oak trees up above our farmhouse. That theater is about to engage in its 63rd consecutive season. It still goes on, puts on five shows every summer, outdoor theater in a grove of oak trees. The whole community has rallied around that. It’s marvelous. It’s incredibly well done.</p> <p><strong>How did you get interested in science?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Nobody in this environment had any particular involvement in science or medicine, that was not part of my upbringing, yet that’s what I’ve ended up doing. I started going to regular school in the sixth grade, when we moved in town to be with my grandmother, who’d had a stroke. My mother decided those schools were okay and it was safe to send her boys off to that one.</p> <p>You don’t learn to love science by memorizing stuff, and I fear that whatever our system is currently trying to do still depends too much on that. That it’s regurgitating facts and answering the multiple-choice questions, and it’s not about really increasing one’s curiosity and the way to try to answer questions that don’t have answers yet. I remember my first day in that chemistry class.</p> <p>It was a transformational moment, and I thought, “Well, what are they going to make us do? Probably memorize the periodic table, right?” No. Instead, each of us was given a black sealed box, and we were told, “There’s something inside this box, and you’re not allowed to open it, but you’re allowed to do a few experiments with things that we have here in our rather simple high school laboratory, but also to write down experiments that maybe we can’t do but you would like to do if you had access to the equipment.”</p> <p>And so we each spent an hour both doing a few experiments and thinking about what we would want to do. Is that not a perfect metaphor for what science is all about? It’s a black box, but if you’re really creative you can figure out what’s inside. I didn’t happen to get it right. I had a candle inside my box. I didn’t figure that out, but it was, like, this moment of revelation. “Wow. Why wouldn’t anybody want to spend time doing this in the real situation where you have a real question that needs a real answer?” Not this hypothetical black box, but I could see what the point was, and I was sold. And if we could do more of that in our educational efforts, we’d have a lot more scientists.</p> <p>She was very good at figuring out when a topic had caught my fancy and let me run with it. When it reached a point where it wasn’t so much fun anymore, we’d quickly shift to something else. Whether it was mathematics, or studying languages, or understanding the roots of various words, which was a big thing for her. There were no lesson plans, there was no sort of organized curriculum, but somehow it sort of worked out. I was really fortunate to have that experience.</p> <p><strong>How do you think it affected you, learning at home, instead of going to school with the other kids?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I think it affected me in a positive way, getting excited about learning. I had the best teacher/pupil ratio you can imagine. It probably affected me in a negative way socially, because I had no other kids to interact with, except my brother who was two years older than me. There were no other kids my age for two miles. I had to catch up, which was a little difficult when I was suddenly thrust into the social scene of the sixth grade. But one copes and compensates, and I don’t think I sustained any lasting damage.</p> <p><strong>Didn’t you resent it at the time that you couldn’t go to school with the other kids?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I did feel like I was missing out on things like sports, social activities and birthday parties. During the year, when everybody else was in school and seemed to be having a good time, I was not always so happy. There was a lot of hard work on the farm, not a lot of chance to get out and fool around. But during the summer, when the theater was happening, I thought I was the luckiest kid on earth, with this swirl of activity going on.</p> <p>When I got to public school I wasn’t at all clear what my interest was. I wanted to be a truck driver, I knew that much. That was the major goal in my life for several years.</p> <p><strong>You’ve said you were initially more interested in chemistry than biology. How did that come about?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: When I got to high school I had an experience like that of almost everybody I’ve talked to who’s become interested in science or mathematics. I had a teacher who took a real interest in my interest, who taught me chemistry in a way that emphasized the power of the human mind to get answers to questions, as opposed to memorizing things. I really liked that. With the scientific method you could discover things that weren’t known before. I liked mathematics, and chemistry, and physics. Those suited me quite well, because they were organized and had principles. You didn’t have to memorize stuff. I didn’t like memorizing stuff and I wasn’t very good at it.</p> <p>I also took biology in high school and I didn’t like it at all. It was focused on memorization. Learning the parts of the crayfish was a typical assignment. I didn’t think that was very interesting. I didn’t appreciate that biology also had principles and logic. I concluded at the age of 15 or 16 that I had no interest in biology, or medicine, or any of those aspects of science that dealt with this messy thing called life. It just wasn’t organized, and I wanted to stick with the nice pristine sciences of chemistry and physics, where everything made sense.</p> <p>I wish I had learned a little sooner that biology could be fun as well. Unfortunately, it was not taught that way to me in high school. The very well-intentioned biology teacher really was not at all attuned to the fact that learning involves more than pouring information into somebody’s head, that you ought to challenge them to actually think about it. There’s a wonderful quote from Yeats that I ascribe much significance to and try to adhere to when I get the chance to do teaching myself, which is that, “Education is not the filling of a pail, it’s the lighting of a fire.” Mr. House knew how to light my fire in chemistry and physics. The biology teacher was filling the pail, and the consequences were very different. I didn’t get much of a bang out of that.</p> <p><strong>You weren’t exactly one-dimensional as a kid. You had other interests, didn’t you?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I was lucky to grow up in a home that had so much music and theater. When I was four years old I took <em>The Wizard of Oz,</em> my favorite book, and turned it into a play, which was then produced by the Children’s Theater. I got to play the Cowardly Lion, that was the best part. I was very interested in music, so I played the piano, I played the guitar. I sang in the choir at the local church. I didn’t learn any theology, but I learned a lot of music. There were many things I was exposed to that I enjoyed, but none of them grabbed me the way science did, once I discovered it, to throw myself into with this kind of intensity.</p> <p>I went off to college at 16, which was a positive and a negative. I loved being in college, but I was making decisions about my future when I wasn’t all that mature. I stuck with this idea that I wasn’t interested in life science. I was only interested in physical science, and that’s all I did in college. I took every course in chemistry and physics and math that I could, and not a thing in biology.</p> <p>When I graduated, I did the natural thing, and went off to get a Ph.D. in physical chemistry. For the first year and a half I loved that, it was exciting and stimulating, but I had this uneasy feeling that I’d been a little narrow in my choices of what to pursue. I ended up taking a course in biochemistry, and talking to some of the other graduate students who were working in this thing that was breaking wide open, called recombinant DNA. I was totally captivated, in a way that I’d never been before.</p> <p>That was exhilarating, because it was so exciting, but it was also terribly distressing, because I was already a second year graduate student when I discovered I was going the wrong way. I was going to have to change and move in another direction. I think lots of people have that experience. The good news was, that’s probably a really good thing to go through in the long run. The question was, what should I do at that point? Should I stop what I was doing?</p> <p><strong>Why do you think that was a good thing to go through?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: When I look back on it now, I can see that all the things I learned in college and in graduate school in physical chemistry are enormously helpful to me as I approach this job now (1998) of being director of the Human Genome Project. That taught me scientific rigor. People who go into biology and medicine I think really are well served to dig deeply into the physical sciences, before they get totally focused on life science. The principles are so important. The insistence on a rigorous analysis of a situation, where you don’t settle for sloppy data if you don’t have to, is a really useful training, and I cherish that. Even what I did as a graduate student, which was quantum mechanics, is not something I think about anymore. The intellectual process of developing those skills I think was useful in preparing for something else.</p> <p>I certainly found out early on that the most exhilarating experiences, for me, were those that were part of a group, whether it was putting on a Shakespeare play together or whether it was being part of an orchestra and playing my own musical piece, or singing in a choir, which I got to do as well.</p> <p>I was generally feeling okay about being a soloist, but it wasn’t that special, but being part of something bigger than yourself, frankly, that’s the way science has very much now evolved. In my field, biomedical research, almost all of the really exciting science that’s going on is not done by individuals. It’s done by teams, teams with different expertise, kinda like an orchestra where you need the violins, but you also need the bassoon.</p> <p>We need that in science as well, and maybe, in part, because that was part of my early experience of joy and creativity, it feels very natural, where not everybody feels that way and some, I think, long for the good old days where science was done by a lonely scientist working late at night by themselves in a laboratory. There’s still some of that going on, and it’s good stuff, but to really make progress you bring people together.</p> <p><strong>Dr. Collins, you had a major change of direction early in your career. You had started a family and were getting a Ph.D. in chemistry when you changed courses and went to medical school. What was that like?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I was kind of in a crisis. Here I was, already had a kid who was a couple of years old, and I was facing the idea of starting over again, and what to do. And I was pretty shaken up about whether research was the right thing for me or not. So I considered many options, and stayed up many nights wondering which was right. And finally decided, even though it had not been a childhood dream at all, that medicine was a really interesting option for me. That it would allow me to learn about the life sciences and see if there was something there that really grabbed my fancy in the way of research. But if that didn’t happen, I knew I loved working with people. I knew I had this urge to try to do something for other human beings, an urge that I hadn’t been able to experience quite in the way I wanted to in the physical sciences. And if I just ended up being a doc out in the hills somewhere, that would be okay too.</p> <p>You can see how fragmentary this logic was. Yet somehow things worked out. I went to medical school at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, a wonderful place to find yourself.</p> <p>In that first few months as a medical student I remember a day just as clear as if it was yesterday, where a pediatrician came to talk to us, and he brought with him a couple of patients who had genetic diseases. And it was so powerful to see the consequences of a small change in this wonderful molecule called DNA. Just one letter out of place causing a disease like sickle cell anemia, which was one of the individuals that he brought, or galacticemia, a newborn baby that he brought to class. And that, maybe because it also appealed to the mathematical part of me that liked the precision of DNA and its coding capacity — it’s a digital molecule after all — made it so clear at that moment, that day, that’s what I want to do.</p> <p>It took a long time, so I’m sympathetic with young people who find themselves surrounded by others who seem to have zeroed in exactly on what they want to do, and yet they’re not so sure themselves whether they’ve found their dream. I encourage people to take their time. I found my dream a little early I think. It was a good dream, but there was a better dream for me that I had to develop, with some changes in the plan. I think that change has served me very well.</p> <p>I now think I’m the luckiest guy in science. I have a chance to stand at the helm of a project that I honestly believe is the most significant undertaking that we have mounted so far in an organized way in all of science. I believe that reading our blueprints, cataloguing our own instruction book, will be judged by history as more significant than even splitting the atom or going to the moon. This is an adventure into ourselves. To figure out, what are the instructions that allow us as human beings to carry out all of our biological attributes? I think all of history, and the history of biology and medicine, will be divided by this stunning achievement. Of what we knew before we knew the human genome sequence, and what we were able to do after that. And for me, this kid from the small farm in Virginia, to have a chance to oversee that is just an astounding thing. I could never have planned this, never have dreamed it. It just gradually came about.</p> <p><strong>What are the greatest satisfactions you derive from what you do?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Satisfaction comes in a variety of flavors. There is the satisfaction simply of seeing this instruction book take shape. Before this year (1998) is over, we will finish the complete instruction book of a multi-cellular organism, a roundworm; it’s part of the Genome Project. This is a very exciting milestone.</p> <p>All 100 million base pairs in the DNA sequence of this particular organism will be completely determined. That’s never happened before. I will feel a great sense of satisfaction when that comes together. I will feel it to a much greater extent when it’s the human genome sequence we’re talking about. Simply from the pure joy of having achieved that kind of milestone.</p> <p>But the joys are more extensive for me as a physician seeing those discoveries utilized in a medical setting. When I talk to a family who have been torn apart by concerns about a genetic disease, and because of this new molecular insight that we have, we can explain to them precisely what’s going on. Sometimes we can tell people who assume they’re going to die of this terrible disease, that they’re not even at risk, because they didn’t inherit it. That’s very gratifying.</p> <p>This is an early stage in the application of genetics to medicine, but there are already circumstances where you can tell somebody that they’re not going to die young of cancer or Huntington’s disease. More often than not, it turns out they’re in the same boat as everybody else and they have a long life ahead of them. That’s an experience, to convey that kind of information to someone and change their life.</p> <p><strong>It must be satisfying, to know that your work could have this impact on the lives of millions of people.</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Yes, but there’s one thing I worry about in these discussions about achievement. Young people might assume that unless your life has a huge and lasting impact on millions of people, that you haven’t quite succeeded, you haven’t measured up. I fell into that trap a few times and it’s very dangerous to take that view.</p> <p>I went to West Africa to work in a small mission hospital for a month. I went there in the midst of all sorts of other scientific endeavors. It was a bad time to leave, but I really wanted to do this. I went there with this image that I was going to make a profound difference in that situation. After a couple of weeks, I was really depressed. Here was a circumstance where all the patients I was trying to take care of had diseases that didn’t have to be. They were the consequence of poor public health, of contaminated water, of inadequate nutrition. I knew I could pull some of these people back from death, but I knew they’d go right back out to that situation. My dreams of myself as the healer for this large population were lying in pieces on the floor.</p> <p>One morning I walked in to see a young farmer who we had treated the day before for tuberculosis, and he looked at me and he said, “You know, I get the feeling that you’re wondering why you’re here.” He said, “You came here for one reason. You came here for me, and that ought to be enough.” And that sticks in my mind — more than any moment I think I have experienced in my life — as truth. We should have our grand dreams, we should pursue them, that’s what being human is all about, that’s part of the nobility of our enterprise. But we should never forget that what really matters is what you do one-on-one with a single human being. Where you reach out and you try to help them make their life a little better.  And if that’s all you do, your whole life is to do that occasionally, then you have succeeded.</p> <p>If you don’t do that, you may have wonderful grand dreams and maybe even succeeded at some of them, but I think you will end up being disappointed, frustrated and unfulfilled.</p> <p><strong>When we finish documenting the human genome, what’s it going to do for us?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I believe that the goal of medicine, one of the noblest undertakings of human beings, is to alleviate suffering. So much suffering comes from disease. We’ve eliminated some terrible diseases like small pox and polio. We have treated childhood cancer, so that most of those kids, who used to die, now survive and live a normal life. We have made major advances with heart disease, and other kinds of cancer, but far too often we find ourselves trying to treat the symptoms of a disease we don’t understand.</p> <p>The goal of the Human Genome Project is to open a new window and allow us to see the molecular level. What is the cause of diabetes? What is the cause of hypertension, of heart disease, of schizophrenia, of the common cancers? We can use that information to try to prevent the disease before it even starts. That’s the dream, that’s what gets me up in the morning. It’s a wonderful intellectual achievement to imagine we’re going to have this instruction booklet out in front of us, but the real point of it is to use that information to alleviate suffering and allow people to live long and healthy lives. I think that’s one of the most important things we can do as human beings, and this is a tool to get us there.</p> <p><strong>Do you ever consider the possibility of failing, of not getting that information?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I worry a lot about how this information will be derived, and how it will be used. How difficult will it be? I was fortunate to be involved in the study of cystic fibrosis. It’s the most common potentially fatal genetic disease in Caucasians. One in 2,500 babies is born with this disease.</p> <p>Thirty years ago, the average survival was about age four, it’s now age 30. We’ve come a long distance with better medical care, better antibiotics, better ways to deal with the malnutrition that is part of this disease. Yet this is still a totally unacceptable outcome, where people in their 20s gradually go downhill and die a terrible death, not being able to breathe because their lungs are the most affected organ.</p> <p>After 10 years of effort, in 1989 we cloned the gene for cystic fibrosis, bringing to an end an era of complete mystery about. With the gene in hand, it’s possible to design therapies that aren’t just shots in the dark, but are targeted specifically at what’s wrong. Those can be gene therapies. There have now been several different attempts to treat cystic fibrosis by gene therapy. They may be drug therapies, where you develop a new idea about a drug because you really understand the problem. On the one hand, I’m very excited about this, because we have seen clinical trials of both gene and drug therapies for cystic fibrosis that never would have happened. On the other hand, we haven’t cured the disease yet.</p> <p>The fear of failure is a time-limited fear. Over time, this information will make it possible for us to cure cystic fibrosis. We’re going to figure this out. But will we do it during the lifetime of individuals who are already suffering the consequences of this disease, or will it take us another 10 or 15 or 20 years? I don’t know.</p> <p>There’s another kind of failure with genetics which worries me a lot. This is powerful information. We will have the ability five to 10 years from now to look at anybody’s DNA and say, “That person’s at risk for these four diseases.” That ought to be a good thing, because if you know what your specific risks are, you can change your lifestyle, your medical surveillance, and you’re more likely to stay healthy. That’s individualized preventive medicine, something we ought to be very excited about. But if you lose your health insurance or your job because somebody else found that information, then the public won’t want anything to do with this, and justifiably so. We are not in a situation yet to be reassuring about this.</p> <p>I spend a huge amount of my time on the ethical, legal and social consequences of this revolution in genetics, much more than I ever thought I would. We have to roll up our sleeves and put every bit as much energy into resolving those issues as we are putting into the scientific advances, maybe even more. Otherwise, this whole promising revolution could end up with a lot of casualties that shouldn’t have to occur. That would be truly tragic.</p> <p>It’s unusual to have a scientific revolution of this sort, where we are trying to anticipate those consequences. That didn’t happen with splitting the atom. From the outset, the Genome Project has set aside a percentage of the budget to pursue these issues. We now fund the largest research enterprise in bioethics in the history of the planet. I’m optimistic that that’s the right thing to do, but it’s an experiment. We don’t know whether all of that scholarship and all of these recommendations will result in action. It requires enthusiasm of people who control legislative initiatives and decision making. So you get from science to politics in a hurry.</p> <p>What the public is most worried about is that their genetic information might be given out without their permission, and that it might be used to deny them a job or health insurance. It’s so clear that that’s something we need to address. Getting it done has been a slower process. It’s one thing to know something scientifically, it’s another thing to get something done. At the moment I can tell you that in there is much enthusiasm for fixing this problem in both parties and both Houses of the United States Congress. The President of the United States himself said, this is a high priority in a big ceremony at the White House last summer. Nine months have gone by and it hasn’t happened. That’s frustrating, to see something so clearly. To see the opportunity to protect people, before we have a crisis, before hundreds, thousands, millions of people have been damaged. Why can’t we just do that?</p> <p>There are no compelling arguments against it, although the insurance industry, as you might guess, would just as soon not have anybody tell them what to do. They’re not being asked to cover people they’re not already covering. This is not destabilizing to their economics. We ought to be able to do that. So I spend a huge amount of my time trying to make that argument. Yet other factors, completely outside of my control, derail the process, and that’s frustrating.</p> <p><strong>Can you foresee the possibility of a conflict between your own values and the results of your work?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I wonder about the future use of genetic information, particularly when we talk about enhancing traits. I feel passionately that if we learn how to use genetics to cure terrible diseases, that’s a wonderful thing. But if we move away from that and talk about changing human characteristics to improve ourselves, that makes me very uneasy. Who is to decide what is an improvement?</p> <p>How far are we as a society willing to go with the use of genetics to change ourselves? I’m fairly conservative on this point. I may find myself in disagreement with my own colleagues, or even with the midrange views of society.</p> <p>I think another obligation I have is not to imagine that my opinion on those matters is particularly weighty. I can weigh in when it comes to the scientific facts. When it comes to the uses to which genetics should be put, I don’t think scientists like myself have any unique abilities to decide what’s moral and ethical. We need everybody’s input on that. And in that regard, I think I have to be careful not to use my own circumstance as the scientific leader of this project to imagine that I’m also in some special ethical position where my opinion must be the right one. That I think is something to constantly keep in front of me.</p> <p><strong>Any way you look at it, you have an enormous responsibility. How do you deal with that?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I surround myself with brilliant people who are wise and whose advice I can lean on at every possible moment. The Genome Project is a wonderful team effort. It’s not my project, this is a project that involves close to 1,000 scientists at institutions all over the world. The United States is taking a larger role than any other country, but many other countries are participating.</p> <p>In the U.S. we have a large number of genome centers. We have experts in almost every area. I have advisors who are willing to give up their time and energy to making sure we get there responsibly. It is a heavy load of responsibility, but I can share that load with people who are every bit as committed to the future of this endeavor as I am. If I had to do this by myself it would be very difficult to sleep at night.</p> <p><strong>What is the fallout on your personal life, on the way you live, and your family?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I am unapologetic about the fact that I’m very intense about the things that I care about. I’ve been that way since I was three years old, I’m told. That’s the way I’m wired. At the same time, relationships matter a lot to me. I have two fabulous daughters, both adults. One is a physician, one’s a social worker. I think I have the best father/daughter relationships with them of anybody I know. They are just terrific kids.</p> <p>I was married for 23 years. That marriage came to an end, sadly, for a whole host of reasons. I’m happy to say that after a few years of getting over that, I’m getting married in one month. That reflects my optimism about maintaining a happy, healthy relationship and being intense about work issues. It’s very important to me not to become so one-dimensional that work takes over everything else.</p> <p>Another thing that’s very important to me is my faith, and that surprises people. They assume that scientists in general would find it difficult to have coexisting within them a belief in a personal god. And yet to me that is the unifying principle of who I am. And it’s not a faith which was sort of acquired as a child and which I’ve just not been able to grow out of, which is the other thing people tend to assume. I acquired that faith at age 27, and through a series of basically logical explorations into whether or not a belief in God is something that makes sense. If it didn’t make sense, I would not be able to do it. And I can assure you that after looking at those issues, for me I find absolutely no conflict between being a scientist who absolutely insists on, “Show me the data, before I will accept your conclusions,” and being a person who has a strong belief in a personal god. They are areas of human existence which overlap in some ways, but they look at the world in different fashions. And for me as a scientist, to be able to blend those things together so that a new discovery takes on some sort of eternal significance is really gratifying. And it’s something that I would never want to give up.</p> <p><strong>Is intensity the key to what you’ve been able to achieve, or is there more to it?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I think you have to really care about what you’re doing, because anything worth doing is going to be challenging and it’s going to have a high risk of failure. I have failed more times in my life than I could tell you about. Hunting for disease genes is a very failure-prone process and that’s mostly what I’ve done in my scientific career — for cystic fibrosis, for Huntington’s disease. We’re right now hunting for the genes for adult onset diabetes, which is the hardest thing I’ve ever done and I don’t know if it’s going to work. I have a sign on my wall which is a quote from Winston Churchill, which says, “Success is nothing more than going from failure to failure with undiminished enthusiasm.”</p> <p><strong>I think that says a lot. You’ve got to expect this, especially in science.</strong></p> <p>I don’t know any scientists who have a success rate of their experiments greater than about one in ten. Ninety percent, total flops, learn nothing, something was dreadfully wrong, just wasted time. Of the ten percent that actually succeed, maybe ten percent of those actually contribute in some way to new knowledge, and the rest just sort of confirmed something that was already known. So if one is going to do this — and don’t get me wrong, it’s the most exhilarating thing in the world to do if you decide that this is your calling — than one has to expect failure. If you’re doing experiments that work all the time, you’re not working on anything very interesting. You’re not really at the cutting edge, you’re just sort of replicating things that were already known.</p> <p><strong>That’s a hard thing to get used to at first.</strong></p> <p>Boy, I can remember when I first got into science, in genetics in a serious way, I felt the clock was ticking and I just had to do something meaningful. And I had to prove myself in short order, or everybody would figure out that I was really clueless and I had no talent, and was not going to pan out. And the first few months everything I tried failed. And I would go home at night just feeling so depressed and so discouraged and wondering, “Should I just quit?” I still remember that sort of intense feeling of failure. Not to say that I’ve gotten any better at this, I still fail at the same rate, but I think I’ve learned that that just comes with the territory. And it’s okay to fail at the experiment. It doesn’t mean you’ve failed as a human being. One has to learn that.</p> <p>I’ve also been lucky in this regard: I’m trained as a physician as well as a scientist. Mixing these two things together is wonderful: clinical interactions with real patients, and then going back to the lab and doing an experiment. When I go see a patient, even if I have nothing to offer that person, even if they have a disease that I have no therapy for, and all I can do is hold their hand and talk to them about what’s coming, and if necessary cry with them — and one needs to do that sometimes — I know when I walk away from that interaction I will feel like something important happened there. It might be wrenching, it might be heartbreaking, sometimes it might be exhilarating, but it was meaningful, it mattered. I can count on that, that never fails. The lab isn’t like that.</p> <p>In the lab, you could go for three or four weeks, sometimes longer, without having the sense that you did anything worthwhile. But when you have that occasional flash — it doesn’t come very often — that occasional flash where you see something, you know something that nobody else ever knew before, that makes it all worthwhile. That’s that sort of moment of inspiration, that recognition of some new phenomenon that only God is aware of until that moment. That keeps you going. That gets you through all those months of failed experiments and flawed hypotheses, and keeps you wanting to go on to the next step.</p> <p><strong>What are the biggest frustrations, the biggest disappointments you have to deal with?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: One area that’s a constant frustration is the way we, in this country and in many others, undervalue what we’re capable of doing in research. We believe that we ought to have the best health care in the world. In some ways we do, and in some ways we don’t, because of the inequities in our health care system. But we’re not willing to invest in research over the long term.</p> <p>Scientists who have good ideas bring them to the National Institutes of Health, where I work. They put forward their proposals, they’re evaluated by peers and experts. Roughly one-quarter of them that are approved and judged meritorious actually get funded; the rest are turned away, because we can’t afford to pay for them.</p> <p>We spend about one-and-a-half percent of our health care budget on research. No company would dream of only plowing back one-and-a-half percent of their business into research. Yet we seem comfortable doing that with something as important as health care. That’s frustrating. There’s so many things that we could do.</p> <p><strong>What does it take to do this work? When a young man or a woman comes to you and says, “I want to do this,” what do you tell them?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I believe that genetics and genomics and molecular biology are the sciences that are going to drive the 21st century. Anybody who has a heart for scientific investigation is going to find themselves in a glorious way. There’s room here for all kinds of interests, and all sorts of disciplines are needed.</p> <p>We need computer scientists to interpret all this data. We need engineers to speed up the process of deriving that information. We need chemists and physicists, people who understand optics, and we need biologists, lots of them. We need people who are concerned about physiology. How do you take all of this genetic information and actually build a liver or a heart and make it work? We need people who care about law and the genetic interface with the law, whether it’s in forensics, or in discrimination or privacy. We need ethicists. We need theologians. I think there is far too little dialogue between the church and the scientific community when it comes to genetics.</p> <p><strong>What personality traits are required to be successful at this kind of work?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I think genetics, like most science, requires persistence. Experiments don’t work all the time. Putting in an hour here and there will not make progress you need to make. Experiments have a nasty habit of going on beyond five o’clock.</p> <p>It requires, genetics in particular, an interest in sort of the mathematical side of science, because it is a very mathematical part of biology. The way the DNA works, it’s just a simple four-letter alphabet, it’s like a digital code. And some degree of feeling comfortable with that is a good thing, although one need not be an expert in calculus. I don’t think I’ve used calculus since I became a geneticist, but it’s good to have some good familiarity and friendliness with the concepts of probability, for instance.</p> <p>It requires keeping your mind broad. A narrow geneticist doesn’t make the kind of observations that ought to be possible. Genetics is a tool, but it has to be applied to an interesting biological problem. The geneticists I know who are the most successful are the ones who also are willing to read voraciously about cell biology, about physiology, about biochemistry. Not that they need to be experts on that, but they can’t be scared of those fields. Take an observation that’s occurred in one of those fields and apply it to what you know. That’s often the way the revelations come through.</p> <p>Outside of that, I don’t think one needs special attributes. You don’t have to be an Einstein to be a very successful genetic scientist. It’s almost easy now. The technology of genetics has come so fast that there’s a long list of interesting problems nobody’s had time to get to yet. If you’re interested in the problem, the tools are there. You have a high likelihood of discovering something really exciting.</p> <p><strong>What’s the next challenge you look forward to?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: When you have a chance to oversee a project of such significance, it’s hard to imagine what to do next. The time will come when my role in this comes to a close and it will be time for somebody else to do it. Something else will come along that really appeals to me. I don’t know how to plan for that. I’m having too good a time to worry about it. I never dreamed I’d be doing this, and whatever I do next will probably be something I haven’t dreamed of either.</p> <p>I learned early on that targeting your own future too precisely is really a mistake. There may be a few people who go through their whole life following precisely the path that they imagined for themselves at age 15, but I can’t think of any. One does much better I think to expect to change it, to see it as an opportunity to do something you wouldn’t have thought of. That’s how you stay fresh. That’s how you stay interested. That’s how you stay inspired. It’s a wonderful privilege we have in this country.</p> <p><strong>What challenges do you see for America in the 21st century?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: It’s hard for me to look more than 5 or 10 years into the future. When I think about what I knew 20 years ago, I would not have been able to predict what’s going on now. I think we need to live up to our responsibility as the leaders of the free world. I think we need to look at the ways that we are treating our own people and root out some of the inequities that we turn our heads always from. Inequities that relate to prejudice. We are always figuring out ways to think that somebody else is lesser and we are greater.</p> <p>As a geneticist, I look forward to the time when we can say — because we’ll have all the data — that race doesn’t really exist. It may be a social construct, it may be a cultural construct, but it sure ain’t a scientific construct. And I think we already know that in some generalities, but we’ll know that in detail pretty soon. And that will be good, because I think that is a chronic sore on our culture that we are unwilling to cope with. And for the 21st century, if we could focus on that as our highest priority, that would be wonderful.</p> <p>There are many other inequities, for me as a physician. A situation where we allow 40 million people to go without any form of health care is appalling. We, of all the countries in the civilized world, have the least sense of equity in the way we distribute those resources. It’s an embarrassment, yet we go on year after year accepting this, and crowing about how wonderful our medical system is. It is if you’ve got money, but it sure isn’t if you don’t. That does not reflect well on us as a country that prizes justice. I don’t think access to health care is a privilege, I think it’s a right. We have not offered those rights to everybody equitably.</p> <p>As the leader of the free world, with such wonderful resources, we ought to invest more in the way of research. I’m not just talking about the kind of research I do. We need to encourage research of all sorts. The things that are going on in space and physics and chemistry and engineering are all exciting. We never know how they’re going to fit together. We should attach more value to that. We’re not fighting any wars right now. We don’t have any great enemies. If there was ever a time in history that we ought to put more value in planning for the future, this is it.</p> <p><strong>Was there someone in your career who was instrumental in giving you the start that you needed? Who saw you and believed in you?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: As a senior in college I had a mentor who had just arrived from Yale as an assistant professor. He oversaw my senior research project, and spent countless hours helping me understand issues that related to theoretical calculations in quantum mechanics, something I was very interested in. He made me believe in myself, that I had the ability not just to copy somebody else’s ideas, but to come up with one of my own occasionally. That was very important.</p> <p>After I went to medical school and got into molecular biology, made this transition into research and genetics, I was fortunate to work in the laboratory of the most brilliant man I’ve ever met. He has 10 new ideas an hour. He’s also somebody who doesn’t communicate very well. He’s on another plane. In the first month I was there I don’t think I understood a word he said. He was speaking English, but it made no sense to me. I was really lucky to have a chance to watch his mind work and to see how he could take really disparate observations and come up with an idea.</p> <p>That was inspiring, opening up your mind, getting rid of the limitations of the direct approach. When somebody said, “That’s not an experiment that you can do,” questioning it. “Why not? Just because nobody ever did it before?” He really taught me that.</p> <p><strong>When you become a grandfather, and sit down to read something to your grandchildren, what do you think it might be?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Probably <em>Winnie the Pooh</em> or <em>The Wizard of Oz</em>, hearkening back to my own youth, and wanting to recreate that for a grandchild.</p> <p><strong>Are there books that have been important to you as an adult?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: There are several. Perhaps the books that have changed my life most profoundly are a couple of books written by the Oxford scholar, C.S. Lewis. Not about science, actually, about faith. When I was 27, I was a medical intern, I was a pretty obnoxious atheist at that point. I began to realize that while in other parts of my life I didn’t make decisions without accumulating data and then looking at it, I hadn’t really done that when it came to this very important decision about, “Do you believe in God, or not?”</p> <p>Because I had no real grounding for that, I discovered in college that I couldn’t debate those who said faith was just a superstitious carry-over from the past and we’ve gone beyond that. I assumed that must be right, and I promoted that same view. And at 27, particularly as a medical intern, watching so many tumultuous things happening around me — young people dying for terrible reasons that shouldn’t have come to pass — you can’t avoid noticing some pretty scary questions that don’t seem to have answers. So I decided I’d better resolve this.</p> <p>Somebody pointed me towards C.S. Lewis’s little book called <em>Mere Christianity,</em> which took all of my arguments that I thought were so airtight about the fact that faith is just irrational, and proved them totally full of holes. And in fact, turned them around the other way, and convinced me that the choice to believe is actually the most rational conclusion when you look at the evidence around you. That was a shocking sort of revelation, and one that I fought bitterly for about a year and then finally decided to accept. And that’s a book I go back to regularly, to dig through there for the truths that you find there, which are not truths that Lewis would claim he discovered for the first time, but he certainly expresses them in a very powerful way to somebody who is not willing to accept faith on an emotional basis, and I wasn’t.</p> <p><strong>What do you know now about achievement that you didn’t know when you were younger?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Achieving requires you to find that place where you get electrified by what you’re involved in. I am sure there are people who achieve considerable things in areas that they never really loved, but they were sort of asked to do. We in America are very fortunate, because we have those choices. Not everybody does, yet people achieve anyway.</p> <p>To make the most of your resources, it helps to be really captivated by what you’re involved in. When I was growing up I did not know what that would be like. There were a lot of things I enjoyed doing, but I wasn’t sure I would find something that really made me feel at home, the way I do now. I think that’s fairly typical.</p> <p>There’s a great fear you can have when you’re growing up that this will never happen to you, that you’ll go through your whole life feeling lost, that you haven’t been able to discover your niche, or maybe there just isn’t one for you. Yet eventually it happens. That’s a critical part of the achievement equation.</p> <p>To be determined, if necessary, to stay up until one o’clock in the morning doing an experiment over and over again, until you get some kind of meaningful result. As a kid, I hadn’t experienced the dedication and the hard work that’s part of getting somewhere in something you care about.</p> <p>As a kid you’re kind of focused on yourself. What I also have learned is that any real achievement comes from working with other people, or standing on their shoulders. I’ve had that experience. In everything I’ve done that turned out well, I had lots of partners who were both my colleagues and my friends. The experience of doing this together made it much more meaningful than it ever would have been in some isolated way. There may be a few people who achieve great things all by themselves, but not too many. I wouldn’t even want to be one of them, I like doing this in a fashion where I have lots of other folks to share with.</p> <p><strong>What do you think are the most important documents of this century?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Since I’m a scientist, I will tell you that the most important document in my field of this century is a one-page paper published on April 25, 1953 in the journal <em>Nature,</em> authored by James Watson and Francis Crick, describing the structure of DNA and the double helix that makes up this thread of life. Everything changed when that was laid out, because the elegance of that structure immediately explained a whole long list of the critical features of how life exists.</p> <p>I think that will stand the test of time as the most important document of the century in science. I’d like to believe the most important document of the early part of the next century will be an electronic one, which is the reference sequence of the human genome, our instruction book, our blueprint. It’s a pretty big document. If you print it all out and make a hard copy of it, you’d better have a lot of storage space. When you consider the significance of that, it would be difficult to match.</p> <p><strong>What does the American Dream mean to you?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: It means the opportunity to follow the area that inspires you. The opportunity to learn about something, regardless of your family background, or your degree of resources, to be able to pursue interesting areas that just appeal to you. Not to be obstructed in that path by unfair rules that say, “That’s not an appropriate thing for you to do.”</p> <p>To a significant extent, that dream is true, but we could do better. It’s easy for me to say it’s true; I came from a family that valued learning. I was exposed to wonderful opportunities almost from the day I was born. I’ve never had a serious illness to get in the way of what I wanted to do. I had a family that was stable. My parents are about to celebrate their 66th wedding anniversary. Those are wonderful blessings and not everybody has that kind of experience. That’s the dream, I think, to keep those opportunities available.</p> <p><strong>What do your parents think of what you have become?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: My parents are wonderfully open-minded, excited people about every area of life’s mysteries. They have a son who turned out to be interested in science and medicine, which is different from their other three sons. They think it’s terrific. They’ve always been 100 percent supportive of that. They read everything they can get their hands on about genetics. Whenever I call them or come to visit, they want to have a conversation about it. “What was this latest report about that breast cancer gene? What’s happening today with gene therapy for cystic fibrosis?” They’re big fans. I think that reflects the enormous breadth of their interest as human beings, which is something they taught me early on. So many people are satisfied with a narrow view of the world, because it’s a little more comfortable that way. They taught me that you miss out on a lot that way.</p> <p><strong>When you were growing up, did you ever imagine you would achieve the kind of success you have?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: I had no idea growing up that I would ever, in a million years, have this kind of an opportunity. I wasn’t really that interested in biology or medicine until I was already a graduate student in quantum mechanics. If anybody thinks that these kinds of personal and career trajectories happen because of careful planning, then I’m a problem for you because none of that would have been the case.</p> <p>Doors opened. Other doors closed. I was curious. I was interested in trying to be sure that whatever time I have here on this planet, I wanna spend it on something that I think really matters, so things just sort of happened in a way that I would not have been able to predict, and certainly that kid growing up on that farm with no plumbing, imagining his future — I mean, heck, I wanted to be a truck driver. And maybe someday I will!</p> <p><strong>Today you’re running the largest biomedical research program in the world. Thousands of scientists, maybe with their own agendas and egos. What’s the secret in bringing people together at that level?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Science is competitive, and we want it to be. Competition drives people to work hard, to not sort of take their time coming up with an answer if they could do it more quickly, but you wanna steer that in a way that’s productive and not that it is destructive, and that is part of the challenge of running large team efforts. I have been very fortunate to have the chance to lead some of these large teams, the Human Genome Project, 2,400 scientists in six countries, and some very competitive folks and some pretty significant egos all needing to work together because the shared goal was so important.</p> <p>And we had moments where things got a little bumpy, and I had to take people to the woodshed and say, “You know, you can’t behave that way because we’re all part of this now, and you can’t just have it your own way because you’re used to it.”</p> <p>The woodshed talk is, “Hey, things are a little rough right now. I can tell you’re not totally happy with the way things are going. Can we just talk about what the overall goal was and how this current conflict fits into that and might be resolved? And let’s remind ourselves about why we’re all doing this.”</p> <p>Get the big picture, and then you start to drill down, and then you get into the specifics, and basically have a conversation about how none of us can succeed unless all of us succeed. And it‘s not going to work to have any kind of attitude about, “Well, I’m only going to win if that person loses.” No, we’re on the same team now. We all have to win. Those aren’t always easy conversations. They don’t always work the first time, but over time it seems to have been pretty successful.</p> <p>Right now we’re just starting this precision medicine initiative where we’re asking a million Americans to sign up to take part in an unprecedented program where they will make available their electronic health records, a blood sample for genome analysis, a whole host of other questions they’re going to answer.</p> <p>They’re going to walk around with wearable sensors that keep track of their environmental exposures, their body’s performance. Enormous trust required in that, but an enormous research team that needs to work on this together.</p> <p>With that kind of dataset — it’s about big data these days, and this is big data. A million people with all of that information, and some of them with chronic illness, and some of them still healthy, although maybe they won’t be forever, but we’re going to track them and see what are all the predictors that you can start to count on in terms of maintaining health, and what are the ways that you can manage chronic illness like diabetes or heart disease or asthma that work and which ones don’t, and how does that differ between individuals? Because this is part of the effort to switch us from one-size-fits-all to individualized approaches.</p> <p><strong>What’s your daily work routine?</strong></p> <p>Francis Collins: Oh. I’m up at 5:00, sometimes 4:30. A little sort of private time of prayer and meditation three times a week. Then 45 minutes of pretty vigorous exercise, weight training. I have a trainer who comes to the house and just absolutely destroys me! And then a lot of time trying to sort of plan the day, take care of all the things that didn’t get done the day before, and then — no day is like any other.</p> <p>There’s incredibly interesting, complicated meetings. There’s down on Capitol Hill talking to members of Congress. There’s talking to advocates for disease who want to know, “Why aren’t you doing more for our condition?” There’s travel. There’s worrying about the global situation and not just the U.S. situation. Nothing is the same from day to day, but it’s all fascinating, and I feel incredibly privileged to be able to play that role.</p> <p><strong>This has been an extraordinary conversation. Thank you very much.</strong></p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D. Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>50 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_1075.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis S. Collins discusses the revolution in genetics at the Summit. " data-image-copyright="wordpress_1075" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_1075-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_1075-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="NIH Director Francis Collins in a panel discussion with NIAID's Anthony Fauci." data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - NIH Director Francis Collins in a panel discussion with NIAID's Anthony Fauci.">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0238_wordpress.jpg" data-image-caption="NIH Director Francis Collins in a panel discussion with NIAID's Anthony Fauci. " data-image-copyright="Reynolds_0238_wordpress" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0238_wordpress-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0238_wordpress-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5079365079365" title="Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mere-christianity-e1459958901681.jpg" data-image-caption=""Mere Christianity" by C.S. Lewis" data-image-copyright="Mere Christianity by C.S. Lewis" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mere-christianity-252x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/mere-christianity-504x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.72105263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1.jpg" data-image-caption="Awards Council member Dr. Francis Collins presents the Golden Plate Award to Sir John Sulston, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Medicine for genetics research, at the 2004 International Achievement Summit in Chicago, Illinois. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1-380x274.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2015/12/science_goldenPlateAwardees-banner-1975x1425-1-760x548.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71447368421053" title="NIH Director and Council Member Dr. Francis Collins presents the Academy’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Robert Lefkowitz, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the International Achievement Summit in San Francisco." data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - NIH Director and Council Member Dr. Francis Collins presents the Academy’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Robert Lefkowitz, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the International Achievement Summit in San Francisco.">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/127-1.jpg" data-image-caption="NIH Director and Council Member Dr. Francis Collins presents the Academy’s Golden Plate Award to Dr. Robert Lefkowitz, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, at the 2014 International Achievement Summit in San Francisco." data-image-copyright="127" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/127-1-380x271.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2015/12/127-1-760x543.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="Dr. Francis Collins closes the 2014 Summit with an inspiring singalong." data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - Dr. Francis Collins closes the 2014 Summit with an inspiring singalong.">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/900.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins closes the 2014 Summit in San Francisco with an inspiring singalong." data-image-copyright="900" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/900-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2015/12/900-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236.jpg" data-image-caption="Awards Council member Dr. Francis Collins with Dr. Richard Axel and Dr. Linda Buck, co-recipients of the Nobel Prize in Medicine, with Academy patron Michael R. Milken, at the 2005 Banquet of the Golden Plate in New York." data-image-copyright="wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_scientists_Academy2005_1236-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75131578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/bd74f4bafa18abcb579b35f36af0ee51.jpg" data-image-caption="1990s: Dr. Francis Collins" data-image-copyright="bd74f4bafa18abcb579b35f36af0ee51" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/bd74f4bafa18abcb579b35f36af0ee51-380x286.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/bd74f4bafa18abcb579b35f36af0ee51-760x571.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5291750503018" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god.jpg" data-image-caption="2006: "The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief" is a bestselling book by Dr. Francis S. Collins in which he advocates theistic evolution." data-image-copyright="language-of-god" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god-248x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/language-of-god-497x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/obama-pmi-meeting-oval-office.jpg" data-image-caption="October 3, 2014: President Barack Obama holds a precision medicine meeting in the Oval Office. Seated, from left, are: Eric Lander, Co-Chair, President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology; Jo Handelsman, Associate Director for Science, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Margaret Hamburg, FDA Commissioner; Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett; John Podesta, Counselor to the President; Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Mathews Burwell; Shaun Donovan, Director, Office of Management and Budget; Francis Collins, Director, National Institutes of Health; and Dr. John Holdren, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)" data-image-copyright="obama-pmi-meeting-oval-office" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/obama-pmi-meeting-oval-office-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/obama-pmi-meeting-oval-office-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos2_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="September 23, 2009: NIH Director Francis Collins performs live on Capitol Hill with Aerosmith's Joe Perry as part of the “Rock Stars of Science" campaign, a program of the Geoffrey Beene Foundation. Joining them onstage is NIH grantee Rudy Tanzi, Ph.D. of Harvard." data-image-copyright="rsos2_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos2_hi-380x285.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos2_hi-760x570.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos1_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="September 23, 2009: NIH Director Francis Collins performs live on Capitol Hill with Aerosmith's Joe Perry as part of the “Rock Stars of Science" campaign, a program of the Geoffrey Beene Foundation. Joining them onstage is NIH grantee Rudy Tanzi, Ph.D. of Harvard." data-image-copyright="rsos1_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos1_hi-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/rsos1_hi-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: From left, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and President Barack Obama tour the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at NIH." data-image-copyright="potus_arra_visit_2_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi-380x271.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_2_hi-760x543.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.71447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_1_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: President Barack Obama (right) gets an update on NIH activities from NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins (third from left). Also on hand are (from left) Bill Corr, Deputy HHS Secretary; HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and Dr. John Holdren, the president's science advisor." data-image-copyright="potus_arra_visit_1_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_1_hi-380x271.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_1_hi-760x543.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67236842105263" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxresdefault.jpg" data-image-caption="2016: Dr. Francis Collins in his office at NIH." data-image-copyright="2016: Dr. Francis Collins in his office at NIH." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxresdefault-380x256.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/maxresdefault-760x511.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75131578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219.jpg" data-image-caption="December 18, 2003: An article in NATURE magazine, "The International HapMap Project." The International HapMap Project produced a genome-wide database of human genetic variation for use in genetic association studies of common diseases." data-image-copyright="la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219-380x286.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/la-fi-mh-scientific-study-of-americas-children-20141219-760x571.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Academy_Browne_081.jpg" data-image-caption="2011: Washington, Virginia: Dr. Steven Rosenberg and Dr. Francis Collins." data-image-copyright="2011, Washington, Virginia: Dr. Steve Rosenberg and Dr. Francis Collins." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Academy_Browne_081-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Academy_Browne_081-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins and his wife, Diane Baker, at the 2007 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C." data-image-copyright="academy_0982" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0982-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0978.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins and his wife, Diane Baker, at the 2007 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C." data-image-copyright="academy_0978" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0978-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0978-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0977.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins and his wife, Diane Baker, with Dr. Steven Rosenberg and his wife, Alice, at the 2007 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C." data-image-copyright="academy_0977" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0977-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/academy_0977-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band.jpg" data-image-caption="July 5, 2016: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins performs with his band, ARRA – the Affordable Rock’n’Roll Act – for Visiting Fellows at the NIH." data-image-copyright="20160705-arra-band" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160705-arra-band-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160524-anthem.jpg" data-image-caption="May 24, 2016: Dr. Francis Collins receives an ovation after singing the national anthem at the start of the New York Mets against Washington Nationals game at Nationals Park in Washington, D.C. (Patrick Smith/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="New York Mets v Washington Nationals" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160524-anthem-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160524-anthem-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.77631578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20140307-dala-lama-1.jpg" data-image-caption="March 7, 2014: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and His Holiness the Dalai Lama speak on “The Role of Science in Human Flourishing” during the annual J. Edward Rall Cultural Lecture at the NIH." data-image-copyright="20140307-dala-lama-1" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20140307-dala-lama-1-380x295.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20140307-dala-lama-1-760x590.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit1592.jpg" data-image-caption="At the 2008 International Achievement Summit in Hawaii: Dr. Svante Pääbo, Dr. Francis Collins, with his wife, Diane Baker, and Dr. Linda Vigilant." data-image-copyright="2008konasummit1592" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit1592-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit1592-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit0534.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins, Diane Baker, Alice Rosenberg and Gert Clark at the 2008 International Achievement Summit in Hawaii. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="2008konasummit0534" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit0534-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/2008konasummit0534-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3333333333333" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/960x0.jpg" data-image-caption="January 30, 2015: National Institutes of Health Director Francis S. Collins stands as he is recognized by President Barack Obama while speaking on investments in "precision medicine" in the East Room of the White House in Washington, D.C. (MANDEL NGAN/AFP/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="960x0" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/960x0-285x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/960x0-570x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook.jpg" data-image-caption="September 30, 2009: President Barack Obama during a tour of an oncology laboratory at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. From left are: Dr. Francis Collins, Dr. Marston Linehan, President Obama, and Secretary of Health and Human Services Kathleen Sebelius. (Photo by Brooks Kraft LLC/Corbis via Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="US President Barack Obama (R) speaks wit" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/o-FRANCIS-COLLINS-AND-OBAMA-facebook-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65526315789474" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-NIH-Director_LR.jpg" data-image-caption="2014: National Institutes of Health Director Dr. Francis S. Collins speaks about his work on the Human Genome Project at Health Datapalooza. His leadership is now being applied to a national cohort for precision medicine." data-image-copyright="collins-francis-nih-director_lr" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-NIH-Director_LR-380x249.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis-NIH-Director_LR-760x498.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.74605263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4.jpg" data-image-caption="1990s: Dr. Francis S. Collins" data-image-copyright="1990s: Dr. Francis S. Collins" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4-380x284.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins4-760x567.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3333333333333" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1.jpg" data-image-caption="2014: "Jane and me hanging out on my Harley with a toy chimp—but we’re not going anywhere until they put on helmets!" (Diane Baker)" data-image-copyright="jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1-285x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jane-goodall-and-fc-on-harley1-570x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.048275862069" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins" data-image-copyright="francis_collins" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins-363x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins-725x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="Oct. 7, 2009: Dr. Francis Collins received the National Medal of Science from President Barack Obama at a White House ceremony. (Ryan K Morris/National Science & Technology Medals Foundation)" data-image-copyright="collins_nmos_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_nmos_hi-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/burwell_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="January 2015: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and HHS Secretary Sylvia Burwell host a town hall at the NIH, tour the facilities, and meet with members of the NIH team. Secretary Burwell calls the NIH “an anchor of our mission at the Department of Health and Human Services: ensuring that every American has the opportunity to access the building blocks of a healthy and productive life.”" data-image-copyright="burwell_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/burwell_hi-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/burwell_hi-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.63157894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: NIH Director Francis Collins and HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius shaking hands after he is sworn in with his wife, Diane Baker, looking on." data-image-copyright="collins_sebelius" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius-380x240.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_Sebelius-760x480.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.79473684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461.jpg" data-image-caption="Jack Riordan, Francis Collins and Lap-Chee Tsui (left to right) celebrate their 1989 discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene." data-image-copyright="collins-francis461" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461-380x302.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis461-760x604.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460.jpg" data-image-caption="Lap-Chee Tsui, Francis Collins and Jack Riordan (left to right) celebrate their 1989 discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene with a patient. (Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation)" data-image-copyright="collins-francis460" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins-Francis460-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.77894736842105" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis-Collins-bike070.jpg" data-image-caption="1993: Geneticist Dr. Francis Collins in biker's black, poised on his Honda Nighthawk 750, taking a break from his gene-mapping genetic research lab work." data-image-copyright="francis-collins-bike070" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis-Collins-bike070-380x296.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis-Collins-bike070-760x592.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/gupta_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="2015: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and CNN Senior Medical Correspondent Sanjay Gupta speak about the intersection of science and the media during the NIH’s Annual J. Edward Rall Cultural Lecture." data-image-copyright="gupta_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/gupta_hi-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/gupta_hi-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jarrett_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="2015: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and Senior Advisor to the President Valerie Jarrett host an NIH fireside chat in the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at the NIH." data-image-copyright="jarrett_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jarrett_hi-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/jarrett_hi-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3996316758748" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_4_hi.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: President Barack Obama thanks NIH employees for their ARRA-related efforts. On stage with him in the Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center at the NIH are HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins." data-image-copyright="potus_arra_visit_4_hi" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_4_hi-272x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/potus_arra_visit_4_hi-543x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3620071684588" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_4_300.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland." data-image-copyright="collins_portrait_4_300" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_4_300-279x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_4_300-558x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama.jpg" data-image-caption="January 30, 2015: President Barack Obama speaks with Francis Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health, following remarks highlighting investments to improve health and treat disease through precision medicine, in the East Room of the White House. (Pete Souza)" data-image-copyright="collins-obama" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-obama-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.501976284585" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland." data-image-copyright="collins_portrait_5_300" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_portrait_5_300-506x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.501976284585" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_lab_portrait_2_300.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland." data-image-copyright="collins_lab_portrait_2_300" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_lab_portrait_2_300-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Collins_lab_portrait_2_300-506x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2624584717608" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins_official_portrait.jpg" data-image-caption="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of NIH." data-image-copyright="2009: Dr. Francis S. Collins, Director of NIH." data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins_official_portrait-301x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Francis_Collins_official_portrait-602x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-of-121_collins.jpg" data-image-caption="2004: Dr. Francis S. Collins" data-image-copyright="2004: Dr. Francis S. Collins" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-of-121_collins-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Copy-of-121_collins-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.91973684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160418-bill-gates.jpg" data-image-caption="April 18, 2016: NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and Bill Gates meet to discuss global health research and partnership opportunities." data-image-copyright="20160418-bill-gates" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160418-bill-gates-380x349.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/20160418-bill-gates-760x699.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.75657894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2.jpg" data-image-caption="1993: Geneticist Dr. Francis Collins at microscope and computer, mapping human genes, working in the National Institutes of Health lab. (Photo by Ted Thai/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="128747-050-a8d771c2" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2-380x288.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/128747-050-A8D771C2-760x575.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-001a.jpg" data-image-caption="Dr. Francis Collins" data-image-copyright="collins-001a" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-001a-380x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-001a.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.63684210526316" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young.jpg" data-image-caption="" data-image-copyright="collins-farm-young" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young-380x242.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/10/collins-farm-young-760x484.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared 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Berger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-timothy-berners-lee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/yogi-berra/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Yogi Berra</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeffrey P. Bezos</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/benazir-bhutto/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benazir Bhutto</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/simone-biles/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Simone Biles</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/keith-l-black/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Keith L. Black, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elizabeth-blackburn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Elizabeth Blackburn, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-boies-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Boies</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-e-borlaug/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman E. Borlaug, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/benjamin-c-bradlee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benjamin C. Bradlee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sergey-brin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sergey Brin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carter-j-brown/"><span class="achiever-list-name">J. Carter Brown</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linda-buck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linda Buck, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-burnett/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Burnett</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-h-w-bush/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George H. W. Bush</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/susan-butcher/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Susan Butcher</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-cameron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Cameron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/benjamin-s-carson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benjamin S. Carson, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Carter</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Cash</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-j-clinton/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William J. Clinton</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/denton-a-cooley/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Denton A. Cooley, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/francis-ford-coppola/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis Ford Coppola</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-dalio/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Dalio</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/olivia-de-havilland/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Olivia de Havilland</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/michael-dell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael S. Dell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-dennis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Dennis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joan-didion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joan Didion</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-herbert-donald-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Herbert Donald, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-doubilet/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Doubilet</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rita-dove/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rita Dove</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sylvia Earle, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mohamed ElBaradei</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hilary-swank/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hilary Swank</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/amy-tan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Amy Tan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dame-kiri-te-kanawa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Kiri Te Kanawa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/twyla-tharp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Twyla Tharp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wayne-thiebaud/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wayne Thiebaud</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lt-michael-e-thornton-usn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Michael E. Thornton, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Charles H. Townes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-trimble/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Trimble</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ted-turner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert Edward (Ted) Turner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/desmond-tutu/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Archbishop Desmond Tutu</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-updike/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Updike</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/gore-vidal/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gore Vidal</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/antonio-villaraigosa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Antonio Villaraigosa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lech-walesa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lech Walesa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/herschel-walker/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Herschel Walker</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-d-watson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James D. Watson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-weil-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew Weil, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leslie-h-wexner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leslie H. Wexner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/elie-wiesel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Elie Wiesel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-o-wilson-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward O. Wilson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oprah-winfrey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oprah Winfrey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tom-wolfe/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tom Wolfe</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-wooden/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Wooden</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bob-woodward/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bob Woodward</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shinya-yamanaka-m-d-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shinya Yamanaka, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-chuck-yeager/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Chuck Yeager, USAF</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181110180828/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/andrew-young/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Andrew J. 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