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id="toc-Tidlig_liv_og_utdanning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillært_hjelpeløshet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillært_hjelpeløshet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tillært hjelpeløshet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillært_hjelpeløshet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positiv_psykologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positiv_psykologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Positiv psykologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positiv_psykologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velvære" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velvære"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Velvære</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Velvære-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Velvære</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Velvære-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MAPP-programmet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MAPP-programmet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>MAPP-programmet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MAPP-programmet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personlig_liv" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personlig_liv"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personlig liv</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personlig_liv-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publikasjoner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publikasjoner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publikasjoner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publikasjoner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martin Seligman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 32 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارتن سيليغمان – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتن سيليغمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%85%D9%86" title="مارتین سلیقمن – søraserbajdsjansk" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین سلیقمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="søraserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%86" title="مارتین سلیگمن – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین سلیگمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%8B%B4_%EC%85%80%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%A8%BC" title="마틴 셀리그먼 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마틴 셀리그먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարտին Սելիգման – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Սելիգման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_E._P._Seligman" title="Martin E. P. Seligman – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin E. P. Seligman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מרטין סליגמן – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין סליגמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="മാർട്ടിൻ സെലിഗ്മാൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർട്ടിൻ സെലിഗ്മാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="マーティン・セリグマン – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・セリグマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Селигман, Мартин – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Селигман, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Seligman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Мартін Селігман – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Селігман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="马丁·赛里格曼 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马丁·赛里格曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q320927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Martin Seligman</th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_(1)cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/250px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/375px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg/500px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Comprehensive_Soldiers_Fitness_%281%29cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2"><span><a href="/wiki/12._august" title="12. august">12. aug.</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-hash-fb21c04b8ca0bcf2bc0598217a0cd0b0e3543842_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-fb21c04b8ca0bcf2bc0598217a0cd0b0e3543842-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hash-310a880b44074781c9735076f85b80300c13a8a6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-310a880b44074781c9735076f85b80300c13a8a6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="wb-edithandle" data-bridge-edit-flow="single-best-value"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320927?uselang=nb#P569" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (82 år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albany_(New_York)" title="Albany (New York)">Albany</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Psykolog" title="Psykolog">Psykolog</a>, bridgespiller, <a href="/wiki/Skribent_(beskjeftigelse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skribent (beskjeftigelse)">skribent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universitetsl%C3%A6rer" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitetslærer">universitetslærer</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320927?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li>President of the American Psychological Association (1998–1998) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320927?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utdannet ved</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Medlem av</th><td colspan="2">Society of Experimental Psychologists<br />University of Pennsylvania Department of Psychology<sup id="cite_ref-hash-6c42be70397eeb21b3c4712aa62d25882c0d8d1c_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-6c42be70397eeb21b3c4712aa62d25882c0d8d1c-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Utmerkelser</th><td colspan="2"> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <div class="sentrert">11 oppføringer</div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content">Guggenheim-stipendiet<sup id="cite_ref-hash-2ad6442d00fb684fa662cc09b2ea814df90c8c4d_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-2ad6442d00fb684fa662cc09b2ea814df90c8c4d-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Joseph Zubin Award (<span title="tidspunkt: 1997">1997</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-020a64621e4d0066a366eeb3e548507be616395c_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-020a64621e4d0066a366eeb3e548507be616395c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />William James Fellow Award (<span title="tidspunkt: 1991">1991</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-a0f7366ac1d786a17b97fc274a8a0cda423a7a5e_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-a0f7366ac1d786a17b97fc274a8a0cda423a7a5e-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />APA Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology (<span title="tidspunkt: 2006">2006</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-c37a1aa26303cc22284fd1b3ba58db62c9aa1cdd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-c37a1aa26303cc22284fd1b3ba58db62c9aa1cdd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Æresdoktor ved Universidad Complutense de Madrid (<span title="tidspunkt: 2004">2004</span>)<br />Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists<br />Fellow of the AAAS<br />James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award (<span title="tidspunkt: 1995">1995</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-be3ff4c6de9c06bee0d404abe64469d4e7313d73_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-be3ff4c6de9c06bee0d404abe64469d4e7313d73-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />APA Award for Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology (<span title="tidspunkt: 2017">2017</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-90afcebfbe3425a940eb897ad02ce74c7325c596_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-90afcebfbe3425a940eb897ad02ce74c7325c596-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology (<span title="tidspunkt: 1976">1976</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-94be5146de1acf8298979525f0fbe6f1a0fa7b57_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-94be5146de1acf8298979525f0fbe6f1a0fa7b57-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Arthur W. Staats Lecture for Unifying Psychology (<span title="tidspunkt: 2000">2000</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-hash-9ca1f195246173956d0fd7349d68a34dd5fef410_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hash-9ca1f195246173956d0fd7349d68a34dd5fef410-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr class="overskrift" valign="top"><td colspan="4">Signatur</td></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Martin Seligmans signatur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/250px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/375px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg/500px-Signature_of_Martin_Seligman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Seligman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman på Commons</a></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Martin Seligman</b> (født <a href="/wiki/12._august" title="12. august">12. august</a> <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>) er en <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">amerikansk</a> <a href="/wiki/Psykolog" title="Psykolog">psykolog</a> og professor i psykologi ved <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. Han er kjent for sine teorier om «tillært hjelpeløshet», og grunnlegger av den <a href="/wiki/Positiv_psykologi" title="Positiv psykologi">positive psykologien</a>. Han har forsket på <a href="/wiki/Depresjon" title="Depresjon">depresjon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lykke" title="Lykke">lykke</a> og <a href="/wiki/Livskvalitet" title="Livskvalitet">livskvalitet</a>, og har utviklet en teori om at <a href="/wiki/Optimisme" title="Optimisme">optimisme</a> er en lært ferdighet.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidlig_liv_og_utdanning">Tidlig liv og utdanning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tidlig liv og utdanning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tidlig liv og utdanning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman ble født i <a href="/wiki/Albany_(New_York)" title="Albany (New York)">Albany</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> i en jødisk familie. Han er utdannet fra en offentlig skole og ved The Albany Academy. Han fikk en <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor">bachelorgrad</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi">filosofi</a> ved <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> i 1994. Han takket ja til et tilbud om å studere psykologi ved <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, og tok <a href="/wiki/Doktorgrad" title="Doktorgrad">doktorgrad</a> i psykologi der i 1967. 2. juni 1989 mottok Seligman et æresdoktorat ved fakultetet for samfunnsvitenskap ved Uppsala University i Sverige.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tillært_hjelpeløshet"><span id="Till.C3.A6rt_hjelpel.C3.B8shet"></span>Tillært hjelpeløshet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tillært hjelpeløshet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tillært hjelpeløshet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligmans grunnlegende teorier om «tillært hjelpeløshet» startet ved University of Pennsylvania i 1967 som en del av hans interesse for <a href="/wiki/Depresjon" title="Depresjon">depresjon</a>. Seligman og kollegaene fant ut at den eksperimentelle kondisjoneringsprotokollen de hadde brukt på hunder førte til en atferd som ikke var forventet. Hundene responderte ikke på muligheen til å flykte fra en ubehagelig situasjon under de eksperimentelle forholdene.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seligman utviklet denne teorien videre og fant deretter ut at tillært hjelpeløshet er en psykologisk tilstand hvor et menneske eller et dyr er opplært til å handle eller oppføre seg hjelpeløst i en spesiell situasjon, vanligvis etter å ha mislykkes i å unngå en skadelig omstendighet, til tross for at individet faktisk kan ha styrke til å endre på situasjonen. Seligman fant en likhet til dette med sterkt deprimerte, og hevdet at klinisk <a href="/wiki/Depresjon" title="Depresjon">depresjon</a> og andre psykiske sykdommer delvis kan skyldes et fravær av kontroll over en situasjon.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I de seneste år<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Foregående påstand må presiseres tidsmessig">når?</span></a></i>]</sup> har han sammen med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyn_Yvonne_Abramson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyn Yvonne Abramson (ikke skrevet ennå)">Abramson</a> omformulert teorien om «tillært hjelpeløshet» til å omhandle en <a href="/wiki/Attribusjon" title="Attribusjon">attribusjonsstil</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unng%C3%A5_unnvikende_uttrykk" title="Wikipedia:Unngå unnvikende uttrykk"><span title="Det foregående er vagt eller uklart og trenger klargjøring">klargjør</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positiv_psykologi">Positiv psykologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Positiv psykologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Positiv psykologi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman jobbet med Christopher Peerson for å utarbeide det de beskriver som en <a href="/wiki/Positiv_psykologi" title="Positiv psykologi">positiv</a> motvekt til <a href="/wiki/DSM" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM">DSM</a>. Mens DSM-manualen fokuserer på hva som er galt, fokuserer <i><a href="/wiki/Character_Strenghts_and_Virtues" title="Character Strenghts and Virtues">Character Strenghts and Virtues</a></i> (CSV, 2004) på det som er riktig. I forskningen studerte de kulturer gjennom flere årtusener for å komme frem til en oversiktlig liste over dyder som er verdsatt høyt fra det gamle Kina og India, gjennom Hellas og Roma, og til moderne vestlig kulturer. Listen inkluderer seks karakterstyrker<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visdom" title="Visdom">visdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kunnskap" title="Kunnskap">kunnskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot" class="mw-disambig" title="Mot">mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanisme" title="Humanisme">humanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettferdighet" title="Rettferdighet">rettferdighet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperament" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperament">temperament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_(filosofi)" title="Transcendent (filosofi)">transcendens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Velvære"><span id="Velv.C3.A6re"></span>Velvære</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Velvære" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Velvære"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trivsel I boken <i>Flourish</i> (2011) skrev Seligman om «velvære-teorien», der han redegjorde for hvordan han måler velvære. Hvert enkelt velferdselement må ha tre egenskaper for å kunne bli regne som et element: </p> <ol><li>Den bidrar til trivsel.</li> <li>Mange gjør det for sin egen skyld, og ikke bare for å få noen av de andre elementene.</li> <li>Den er definert med mål uavhengig av de andre elementene.</li></ol> <p>Seligman kom frem til at det er fem elementer som omhandler «velvære»: </p> <ul><li>Positiv følelse – vurderes subjektivt</li> <li>Engasjement – som en positiv følelse, måles med subjektive midler</li> <li>Relasjoner – tilstedeværelse av venner, familie, intimitet og sosialisering</li> <li>Betydningsfull – å tilhøre noe større enn seg selv</li> <li>Prestasjon – mål som oppnås, selv når det ikke gir noe positive følelser</li></ul> <p>Disse teoriene er ikke validert empirisk. I juli 2011 oppfordret Seligman den britiske statsministeren <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> å se på velvære som økonomisk formue, som en måte å vurdere velstanden til en nasjon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MAPP-programmet">MAPP-programmet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: MAPP-programmet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen MAPP-programmet"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Maser of Applied Positive Psychology</i> (MAPP)- programmet ved University of Pennsylvania ble etablert da Seligman ledet det første pedagogiske initativet for Positiv Psykologi senteret i 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personlig_liv">Personlig liv</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Personlig liv" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Personlig liv"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seligman spiller <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> og kom som nummer 2 i 1998 i det nordamerikanske mesterskapet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ribbon_Pairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blue Ribbon Pairs (ikke skrevet ennå)">Blue Ribbon Pairs</a>. Han har vunnet over 50 regionale mesterskap. Seligman har syv barn, fire barnebarn og to hunder. Han og konen Mandy bor i et hus som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Ormandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Ormandy (ikke skrevet ennå)">Eugene Ormandy</a> tidligere har bodd i. Fem av de syv barna er hjemmeskolert.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seligman ble inspirert av arbeidet til psykiater Aaron T. Beck ved University of Pennyslvania til å komme frem til sine egne kognitive teknikker.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publikasjoner">Publikasjoner</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Publikasjoner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Publikasjoner"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1975)</li> <li>Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1991)</li> <li>What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful Self-Improvement<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1993)</li> <li>The Optimistic Child: Proven Program to Safeguard Children from Depression & Build Lifelong Resilience<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1996)</li> <li>Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2002)</li> <li>Can Happiness be Taught?<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004)</li> <li>Character Strengths and Virtues (med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Peterson (ikke skrevet ennå)">Christopher Peterson</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2004)</li> <li>Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positiv_psykologi" title="Positiv psykologi">Positiv psykologi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seligman&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hash-fb21c04b8ca0bcf2bc0598217a0cd0b0e3543842-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-fb21c04b8ca0bcf2bc0598217a0cd0b0e3543842_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Babelio</span></span>, oppført som <span><span>Martin E. P. Seligman</span></span>, Babelio forfatter-ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.babelio.com/auteur/wd/183857">183857</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-310a880b44074781c9735076f85b80300c13a8a6-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-310a880b44074781c9735076f85b80300c13a8a6_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span><a href="/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon" title="Store norske leksikon">Store norske leksikon</a></span></span>, Store norske leksikon-ID <span><span><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=4342&url_prefix=https://snl.no/&id=Martin_Seligman">Martin_Seligman</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-6c42be70397eeb21b3c4712aa62d25882c0d8d1c-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-6c42be70397eeb21b3c4712aa62d25882c0d8d1c_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/martin-seligman">psychology.sas.upenn.edu</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-2ad6442d00fb684fa662cc09b2ea814df90c8c4d-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-2ad6442d00fb684fa662cc09b2ea814df90c8c4d_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <span><span>Guggenheim Fellows database</span></span>, Guggenheim fellows ID <span><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/martin-e-p-seligman/">martin-e-p-seligman</a></span></span><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-020a64621e4d0066a366eeb3e548507be616395c-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-020a64621e4d0066a366eeb3e548507be616395c_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychopathology.org/annual-meeting/awardwinners_archive/">psychopathology.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-a0f7366ac1d786a17b97fc274a8a0cda423a7a5e-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-a0f7366ac1d786a17b97fc274a8a0cda423a7a5e_6-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/awards-and-honors/fellow-award/recipent-past-award-winners">www.psychologicalscience.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-c37a1aa26303cc22284fd1b3ba58db62c9aa1cdd-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-c37a1aa26303cc22284fd1b3ba58db62c9aa1cdd_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/about/awards/scientific-contributions?tab=3">www.apa.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-be3ff4c6de9c06bee0d404abe64469d4e7313d73-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-be3ff4c6de9c06bee0d404abe64469d4e7313d73_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/awards-and-honors/cattell-award/past-award-winners">www.psychologicalscience.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-90afcebfbe3425a940eb897ad02ce74c7325c596-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-90afcebfbe3425a940eb897ad02ce74c7325c596_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/about/governance/president/outstanding">www.apa.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-94be5146de1acf8298979525f0fbe6f1a0fa7b57-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-94be5146de1acf8298979525f0fbe6f1a0fa7b57_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/about/awards/early-career-contribution?tab=4">www.apa.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hash-9ca1f195246173956d0fd7349d68a34dd5fef410-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hash-9ca1f195246173956d0fd7349d68a34dd5fef410_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apf.apa.org/funding/staats/">apf.apa.org</a><sup><small>[Hentet fra Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskriftet.no/2011/07/anmeldelser/positiv-psykologi">Positiv psykologi.</a> Tidsskriftet.no. Oxford handbook of positive psychology and work. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780195335446" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-533544-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/">Honoray doctorates</a>. Uppsala University, Sverige</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Seligman, M.E.P.; Maier, S.F. (1967). "Failure to escape traumatic shock". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 74 (1): 1–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.611.8411">CiteSeerX 10.1.1.611.8411</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024514">doi:10.1037/h0024514</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6032570/">PMID 6032570</a>.; Overmier, J.B.; Seligman, M.E.P. (1967). "Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance responding". Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 63 (1): 28–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/h0024166">doi:10.1037/h0024166</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6029715/">PMID 6029715</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Seligman, M.E.P. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780716723288" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-2328-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Abramson, L.Y.; Seligman, M.E.P.; Teasdale, JD (1978). "Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49">doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.87.1.49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/649856/">PMID 649856/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Linley, P.A.; Maltby, J.; Wood, A.M.; Joseph, S.; Harrington, S.; Peterson, C.; Park, N.; Seligman, M.E.P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135237/http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/alex.wood/VIA.pdf">"Character strengths in the United Kingdom: The VIA Inventory of strengths"</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>). Personality and Individual Differences. 43 (2): 341–351. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.004">doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.12.004</a>. Arkivert fra originalen (<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>) 17. Juli 2011. Besøkt mai 11, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/lps/graduate/mapp">"MAPP program"</a>. University of Pennsylvania. Besøkt April 10, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.philly.com/2010-05-30/news/24964448_1_positive-psychology-positive-thinker-soldiers">"The power of a positive thinker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202234212/http://articles.philly.com/2010-05-30/news/24964448_1_positive-psychology-positive-thinker-soldiers">Arkivert</a> 2. februar 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. The Inquirer - Interstate General Media. April 1, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Hirtz, Rob (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0199/hirtz.html">"Martin Seligman's Journey: from Learned Helplessness to Learned Happiness"</a>. The Pennsylvania Gazette. The University of Pennsylvania.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Martin Seligman, 1975. "Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death" <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780716707523" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-0752-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Martin Seligman. (1991) "Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life" <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780671019112" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-671-01911-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Successful" (1993). Martin Seligman. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780679410249" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-679-41024-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoMABgcQzs4C">"The Optimistic Child: Proven Program to Safeguard Children from Depression & Build Lifelong Resilience"</a>. Martin Seligman (1996). <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780091831196" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0091831196</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/authentichappine00seli_0">"Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment"</a> (2002). Martin Seligman. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780743222976" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7432-2297-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162/001152604323049424">"Can Happiness be Taught?"</a> (2004). Martin Seligman</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">"Character Strengths and Virtues" (2004). Seligman, Martin og Peterson, Christopher. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780195167016" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0195167016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flourishvisionar0000seli">"Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being"</a> (2011). Martin Seligman. Free press. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781439190753" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4391-9075-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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