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class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Prif ddewislen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prif ddewislen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Newidiadau diweddar</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Erthygl ar hap</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth"><span>Cymorth</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages"><span>Tudalennau arbennig</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Chwilio</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gwedd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class=""><span>Rhoi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Bywyd" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. 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Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Bywyd" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diffiniadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffiniadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diffiniadau</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diffiniadau-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Diffiniadau</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diffiniadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bioleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bioleg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firysau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firysau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Firysau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firysau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarddiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarddiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tarddiad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarddiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dosbarthiad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dosbarthiad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dosbarthiad</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dosbarthiad-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Dosbarthiad</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dosbarthiad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hynafiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hynafiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Hynafiaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hynafiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carolus_Linnaeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolus_Linnaeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Carolus Linnaeus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carolus_Linnaeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celloedd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celloedd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Celloedd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celloedd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artiffisial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artiffisial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artiffisial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artiffisial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gweler hefyd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dolenni allanol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabl Cynnwys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bywyd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 168 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewe" title="Lewe - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B5" title="ህይወት - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህይወት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABf" title="Līf - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Līf" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9" title="حياة - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حياة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A8" title="জীৱন - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaka%C3%B1a" title="Jakaña - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99yat" title="Həyat - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاشاییش - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاشاییش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Тормош - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тормош" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABv%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Gīvībė - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīvībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыццё - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыццё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91" title="Жыцьцё - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыцьцё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="जिनगी - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जिनगी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="জীবন - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জীবন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="འཚོ་བ། - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཚོ་བ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhez" title="Buhez - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngolu" title="Ngolu - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ngolu" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%93%E1%A8%9A" title="ᨈᨘᨓᨚ - Bwginaeg" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨓᨚ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bwginaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амидарал - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Амидарал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%95ng-m%C3%AAng" title="Sĕng-mêng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĕng-mêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дахар - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дахар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ژین - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%9Bvili" title="Nyɛvili - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nyɛvili" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leben" title="Leben - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%AE" title="Ζωή - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivo" title="Vivo - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elu" title="Elu - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizi" title="Bizi - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADa" title="Vía - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Vía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4m%C3%A4" title="Elämä - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elämä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula_(kilanibula)" title="Bula (kilanibula) - Ffijïeg" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Bula (kilanibula)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Ffijïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie" title="Vie - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leewent" title="Leewent - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leewent" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libben" title="Libben - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Libben" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatha" title="Beatha - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beatha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekove" title="Tekove - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekove" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2ng-miang" title="Sâng-miang - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sâng-miang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיים - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zindagi" title="Zindagi - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Zindagi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavi" title="Lavi - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lavi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89let" title="Élet - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Élet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Կյանք - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կյանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengidup" title="Pengidup - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pengidup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehidupan" title="Kehidupan - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kehidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biag" title="Biag - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Вахар - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Вахар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADf" title="Líf - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laif" title="Laif - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laif" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_kamji%27e" title="lo kamji'e - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo kamji'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urip" title="Urip - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Urip" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სიცოცხლე - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიცოცხლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ГъащӀэ - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ГъащӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%80%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Тіршілік - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тіршілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ಜೀವನ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೀವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85" title="생명 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Джашау - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джашау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زِنٛدگی - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="زِنٛدگی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiyan" title="Jiyan - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Jiyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewnans" title="Bewnans - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bewnans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тиричилик - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тиричилик" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive" title="Vive - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vive" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leve" title="Leve - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leve" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitta" title="Vitta - Ligwreg" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vitta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bom%C9%94i" title="Bomɔi - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bomɔi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຊີວິດ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊີວິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvyb%C4%97" title="Gyvybė - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABv%C4%ABba" title="Dzīvība - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao%E1%B8%8Di%C3%A2n" title="Kaoḍiân - Madwreg" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kaoḍiân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiainana" title="Fiainana - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiainana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiduik" title="Hiduik - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hiduik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB" title="ജീവൻ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജീവൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амьдрал - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Амьдрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidupan" title="Hidupan - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD" title="သက်ရှိ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သက်ရှိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवन - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leven" title="Leven - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livet" title="Livet - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Livet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵਨ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bida" title="Bida - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bida" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="جیون - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ژوند - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vida" title="Vida - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay" title="Kawsay - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Viață - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viață" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Жизнь - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жизнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Жывот - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Жывот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuzima" title="Ubuzima - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuzima" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Олох - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Олох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D9%8A" title="زندگي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="زندگي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ජීවය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජීවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivot" title="Život - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Život" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زندگی - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="زندگی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivljenje" title="Življenje - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Življenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupenyu" title="Hupenyu - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hupenyu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolosha" title="Nolosha - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Nolosha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeta" title="Jeta - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jeta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Живот - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Живот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirup" title="Hirup - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hirup" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv" title="Liv - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhai" title="Uhai - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uhai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBycie" title="Życie - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Życie" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/uzip" title="uzip - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="uzip" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர் - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="జీవం - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Зиндагӣ - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зиндагӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ชีวิต - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Da%C5%9Fa%C3%BDy%C5%9F" title="Ýaşaýyş - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýaşaýyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhay" title="Buhay - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Buhay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27ui" title="Mo'ui - Tongeg" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mo'ui" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Fam" title="Yaşam - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yaşam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutomi" title="Vutomi - Tsongaeg" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutomi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsongaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Тереклек - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тереклек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Життя - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Життя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حیات - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayot" title="Hayot - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hayot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita" title="Vita - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vita" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elo" title="Elo - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_s%E1%BB%91ng" title="Sự sống - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự sống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lif" title="Lif - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(biyolodjeye)" title="Veye (biyolodjeye) - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhi" title="Kinabuhi - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinabuhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life" title="Life - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Life" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="თელარა - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თელარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%9F" title="לעבן - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengmingh" title="Sengmingh - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sengmingh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8%E2%81%BF-mi%C4%81" title="Sèⁿ-miā - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèⁿ-miā" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impilo" title="Impilo - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Impilo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bywyd" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Bywyd" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bywyd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bywyd"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Bywyd" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Bywyd" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&oldid=12279980" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Bywyd&id=12279980&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBywyd"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBywyd"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bywyd"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bywyd&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Bywyd</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:HumanNewborn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/250px-HumanNewborn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/330px-HumanNewborn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/HumanNewborn.JPG/500px-HumanNewborn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o:</th><td>type of property, ffenomen naturiol, proses fiolegol <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td>bodolaeth, lyfe <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn cynnwys</th><td>proses fiolegol, <a href="/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth">metabolaeth</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3?uselang=cy#P527" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Life" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Life">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bywyd</b> yw'r hyn sy'n galluogi organeb fyw i gymhwyso deunydd heb fywyd o'i hamgylchedd a'i ddefnyddio i dyfu mewn maint a chymhlethder, i adnewyddu ei deunydd biolegol ei hun ac i atgynhyrchu organebau eraill annibynnol sydd hefyd yn meddu ar nodweddion bywyd. </p><p>Credir fod bywyd ar y <a href="/wiki/Daear" class="mw-redirect" title="Daear">Ddaear</a> wedi dechrau tua 4,500,000,000 o flynyddoedd yn ôl (mae amcangyfrifon mwy ceidwadol yn ei dyddio i o gwmpas 3,000 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl). Y pryd hynny roedd yr awyr wedi'i chyfansoddi o nwyon <a href="/wiki/Methan" class="mw-redirect" title="Methan">methan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> a stêm <a href="/wiki/D%C5%B5r" title="Dŵr">dŵr</a>. Credir i organebau <a href="/wiki/Moleciwl" title="Moleciwl">moleciwlaidd</a> syml gael eu ffurfio mewn canlyniad i'r grym a ollyngid gan belydrau'r <a href="/wiki/Haul" title="Haul">haul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mellt" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellt">mellt</a> a ffrwydriadau <a href="/wiki/Llosgfynydd" title="Llosgfynydd">llosgfynyddoedd</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organeb_ungellog" title="Organeb ungellog">Organebau ungellog</a> oeddynt. </p><p>Mae'n dra thebygol mai yn y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r" title="Môr">môr</a> y datblygodd yr organebau cyntefig hyn i gynnwys <a href="/wiki/Enseim" class="mw-redirect" title="Enseim">enseimau</a> (<i>enzymes</i>) a datblygu'n <a href="/wiki/Organeb_amlgellog" title="Organeb amlgellog">organebau amlgellog</a> a gynhyrchai <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> a <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Gyda threigliad maith iawn amser - tua 1,500,000,000 neu ragor o flynyddoedd - arweiniodd hyn at y <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">planhigion</a> cyntefig cyntaf oedd yn gallu dal grym y <a href="/wiki/Goleuni" title="Goleuni">goleuni</a> a datblygu <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosynthesis</a>. </p><p>Y canlyniad oedd i <a href="/wiki/Ocsigen" title="Ocsigen">ocsigen</a> gael ei rhyddhau i'r awyr ar raddfa cynyddol, proses a ddechreuodd tua 2,000 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl. Erbyn tua 400 miliwn roedd yr <a href="/wiki/Haen_oson" class="mw-redirect" title="Haen oson">haen oson</a> yn yr awyrgylch yn ddigon trwchus i gysgodi'r tir rhag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymbelydredd_uwchfioled&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymbelydredd uwchfioled (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ymbelydredd uwchfioled</a> gan ei gwneud yn haws o lawer i blanhigion mwy cymhleth a'r <a href="/wiki/Anifail" title="Anifail">anifeiliad</a> cyntefig cyntaf oroesi. Daeth y rhan fwyaf o bethau byw i ddefnyddio anadlu aerobig a dechreuodd bywyd amlhau ar wyneb y ddaear. </p><p>Y <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">genyn</a> yw'r uned <a href="/wiki/Etifeddeg" title="Etifeddeg">etifeddol</a>, a'r <a href="/wiki/Cell_(bioleg)" title="Cell (bioleg)">gell</a> yw'r uned adeileddol a swyddogaethol bywyd.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae dau fath o gell, <a href="/wiki/Procaryot" title="Procaryot">procaryotig</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotig</a>, ac mae'r ddau ohonynt yn cynnwys <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytoplasm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytoplasm (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">cytoplasm</a> wedi'i amgáu o fewn <a href="/wiki/Pilen" title="Pilen">pilen</a> ac yn cynnwys llawer o fiomoleciwlau megis <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protin</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Asid_niwcl%C3%ABig" title="Asid niwclëig">asid niwclëig</a>. Mae celloedd yn atgenhedlu trwy broses o <a href="/wiki/Cellraniad" title="Cellraniad">gellraniad</a>, lle mae'r rhiant-gell yn rhannu'n ddwy neu fwy epilgell ac yn trosglwyddo ei genynnau i genhedlaeth newydd, gan gynhyrchu amrywiad genetig weithiau. </p><p>Yn gyffredinol, credir bod <a href="/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw">organebau</a> yn systemau agored sy'n cynnal <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>, sy'n cynnwys celloedd, sydd â <a href="/wiki/Cylchred_bywyd" title="Cylchred bywyd">chylch bywyd</a>, sydd a metaboledd, sy'n gallu tyfu, addasu i'w hamgylchedd, ymateb i ysgogiadau, atgenhedlu ac <a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">esblygu</a> dros sawl cenhedlaeth. Mae diffiniadau eraill weithiau'n cynnwys ffurfiau bywyd angellog fel <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a> a firoidau, ond maent fel arfer yn cael eu heithrio oherwydd nad ydynt yn gweithredu ar eu pen eu hunain; yn hytrach, maent yn manteisio ar brosesau biolegol gwesteiwyr.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marwolaeth" title="Marwolaeth">Marwolaeth</a> yw terfyniad parhaol yr holl brosesau biolegol sy'n cynnal organeb, ac felly, marwolaeth yw diwedd ei fywyd. <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">Difodiant</a> yw'r term sy'n disgrifio marwolaeth grŵp, <a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacson</a>, neu rywogaeth fel arfer. Unwaith y byddant wedi darfod, ni all y rhywogaeth neu'r tacson diflanedig ddod yn ôl yn fyw. Gweddillion neu olion organebau sydd wedi'u cadw yw <a href="/wiki/Ffosil" title="Ffosil">ffosilau</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffiniadau">Diffiniadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Diffiniadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Diffiniadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae diffiniad bywyd wedi bod yn her i wyddonwyr ac athronwyr ers tro.<sup id="cite_ref-Definitions_2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definitions_2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emmeche1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmeche1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McKay_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae hyn yn rhannol oherwydd bod bywyd yn broses, nid yn sylwedd.<sup id="cite_ref-DefinitionMotivation_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DefinitionMotivation-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeedingBook_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeedingBook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cymhlethir hyn gan ddiffyg gwybodaeth am nodweddion endidau byw, os o gwbl, a allai fod wedi datblygu y tu allan i'r Ddaear.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bioethics_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bioethics-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae diffiniadau <a href="/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth">athronyddol</a> o fywyd hefyd wedi'u cyflwyno, gydag anawsterau tebyg ar sut i wahaniaethu rhwng pethau byw a phethau anfyw.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeuken1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeuken1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae diffiniadau cyfreithiol o fywyd hefyd wedi’u disgrifio a’u trafod, er bod y rhain yn canolbwyntio’n gyffredinol ar y penderfyniad i ddatgan fod person wedi marw, a goblygiadau cyfreithiol y penderfyniad hwn.<sup id="cite_ref-Capron1978_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Capron1978-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceir cymaint â 123 o ddiffiniadau o fywyd wedi'u llunio.<sup id="cite_ref-JBSD-20110317_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBSD-20110317-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioleg">Bioleg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Bioleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bioleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gan nad oes consensws ar gyfer y diffiniad o fywyd, mae'r rhan fwyaf o ddiffiniadau cyfredol mewn bioleg yn ddisgrifiadol. Ystyrir bod bywyd yn nodwedd o rywbeth sy'n cadw, yn hybu neu'n atgyfnerthu ei fodolaeth yn yr amgylchedd penodol. Mae'r nodwedd hon yn arddangos y cyfan neu'r rhan fwyaf o'r nodweddion canlynol:<sup id="cite_ref-McKay_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKay-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Koshland_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koshland-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merriamwebster_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merriamwebster-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JBS-2012Feb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBS-2012Feb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a>: rheoleiddio'r amgylchedd mewnol i gynnal cyflwr cyson; er enghraifft, chwysu i ostwng tymheredd</li> <li>Trefniadaeth: bod wedi'i gyfansoddi'n strwythurol o un neu fwy <a href="/wiki/Cell_(bioleg)" title="Cell (bioleg)">o gelloedd</a> – unedau sylfaenol bywyd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth">Metabolaeth</a>: trawsnewid egni trwy drosi cemegau ac egni yn gydrannau cellog (anaboliaeth) a dadelfennu mater organig (catabolism). Mae angen egni ar bethau byw i gynnal trefniadaeth fewnol (homeostasis) ac i gynhyrchu'r ffenomenau eraill sy'n gysylltiedig â bywyd.</li> <li>Twf: cynnal cyfradd uwch o anaboliaeth na cataboliaeth. Mae organeb sy'n tyfu yn cynyddu mewn maint yn ei holl rannau, yn hytrach na dim ond cronni mater.</li> <li>Addasu: y broses esblygiadol lle mae organeb yn dod yn fwy abl i fyw yn ei gynefin neu ei gynefinoedd.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ymateb i ysgogiadau: gall ymateb fod ar sawl ffurf, o gyfangiad <a href="/wiki/Organeb_ungellog" title="Organeb ungellog">organeb ungellog</a> i gemegau allanol, i adweithiau cymhleth sy'n cynnwys holl synhwyrau <a href="/wiki/Organeb_amlgellog" title="Organeb amlgellog">organebau amlgellog</a>. Mae ymateb yn aml yn cael ei fynegi trwy gynnig; er enghraifft, dail planhigyn yn troi tuag at yr haul (<a href="/wiki/Ffototropedd" title="Ffototropedd">ffototropiaeth</a>), a chemotaxis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgenhedlu" title="Atgenhedlu">Atgenhedlu</a>: y gallu i gynhyrchu organebau unigol newydd, naill ai'n anrhywiol o organeb un rhiant neu'n rhywiol o organebau dau riant.</li></ol> <p>Mae gan y prosesau cymhleth hyn, a elwir yn <a href="/wiki/Ffisioleg" title="Ffisioleg">swyddogaethau ffisiolegol</a>, seiliau ffisegol a chemegol sylfaenol, yn ogystal â mecanweithiau signalau a rheoli sy'n hanfodol i gynnal bywyd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firysau">Firysau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Firysau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Firysau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/250px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/330px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg/500px-Adenovirus_transmission_electron_micrograph_B82-0142_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption> Adenofirws fel y'i gwelir o dan <a href="/wiki/Meicrosgop_electron" title="Meicrosgop electron">feicrosgop electron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae'n ddadleuol a ddylid ystyried bod <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a>'n fyw ai peidio. Cant eu hystyried gan amlaf fel dim ond atgynhyrchwyr codio genynnau yn hytrach na mathau o fywyd.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disgrifir nhw fel "organebau ar gyrion bywyd"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oherwydd bod ganddynt <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">enynnau</a> a gan eu bod yn esblygu trwy <a href="/wiki/Detholiad_naturiol" title="Detholiad naturiol">ddetholiad naturiol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17914905_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17914905-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forterre_2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forterre_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac yn atgynhyrchu trwy wneud copïau lluosog ohonynt eu hunain. Fodd bynnag, nid yw firysau yn metaboleiddio ac mae angen cell letyol arnynt i wneud copiau ohonynt eu hunain.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16984643_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16984643-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarddiad">Tarddiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Tarddiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Tarddiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae oedran y Ddaear tua 4.54 <a href="/wiki/Cyn_y_Presennol" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyn y Presennol">biliwn o flynyddoedd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS1997_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS1997-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceir tystiolaeth sy'n awgrymu bod bywyd ar y Ddaear wedi bodoli am o leiaf 3.5 biliwn o flynyddoedd,<sup id="cite_ref-AB-20021014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-20021014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>gyda'r olion corfforol hynaf o fywyd yn dyddio'n ôl 3.7 biliwn o flynyddoedd; <sup id="cite_ref-NG-20131208_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG-20131208-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-AP-20131113_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20131113-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-AST-20131108_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AST-20131108-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fodd bynnag, mae rhai damcaniaethau yn awgrymu y gallai bywyd ar y Ddaear fod wedi dechrau hyd yn oed yn gynharach na hynny, mor gynnar â 4.1–4.4 biliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl,<sup id="cite_ref-AB-20021014_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB-20021014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AP-20151019_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-20151019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac efallai bod y <a href="/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg">cemeg sy'n arwain at fywyd</a> wedi dechrau yn fuan ar ôl y <a href="/wiki/Damcaniaeth_y_Glec_Fawr" title="Damcaniaeth y Glec Fawr">Glec Fawr</a>, 13.8<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAm4"> </span>biliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl, yn ystod epoc pan oedd y <a href="/wiki/Bydysawd_(seryddiaeth)" title="Bydysawd (seryddiaeth)">bydysawd</a> yn ddim ond 10-17 miliwn o flynyddoedd oed.<sup id="cite_ref-IJA-2014October_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJA-2014October-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ARXIV-20131202_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARXIV-20131202-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141202_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141202-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn gyffredinol, mae amcangyfrifon amser o glociau moleciwlaidd yn gosod tarddiad bywyd tua 4.0 biliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl neu'n gynharach.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amcangyfrifir bod mwy na 99% o'r holl rywogaethau, sef dros bum biliwn o rywogaethau, <sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sydd wedi byw ar y Ddaear ers dechrau amser, wedi eu <a href="/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant">difodi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Er bod nifer y rhywogaethau sydd wedi'u catalogio ar y Ddaear rhwng 1.2 miliwn a 2 filiwn, <sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mae cyfanswm y rhywogaethau ar y blaned yn ansicr. ceir amcangyfrifon sy'n amrywio o 8 miliwn i 100 miliwn,<sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoS-20110823-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gydag amrediad arall, mwy cul rhwng 10 a 14 miliwn,<sup id="cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ond gall fod mor uchel ag 1 triliwn (gyda dim ond un filfed o un y cant o'r rhywogaethau a ddisgrifiwyd) yn ôl astudiaethau a gyhoeddwyd ym Mai 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LiveScience_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiveScience-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amcangyfrifir bod cyfanswm y parau o fasau <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> (<i>DNA base pairs</i>) cysylltiedig ar y Ddaear yn 5.0 x 10<sup>37</sup> ac yn pwyso 50 biliwn tunelli.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20150718-rn_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150718-rn-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn cymhariaeth, amcangyfrifwyd bod cyfanswm màs y <a href="/wiki/Biosffer" title="Biosffer">biosffer</a> cymaint â 4 TtC (triliwn tunnell o <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">garbon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AGCI-2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGCI-2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yng Ngorffennaf 2016, nododd gwyddonwyr eu bod wedi nodi set o 355 <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">o enynnau</a> o'r Hynafiaid Cyffredin Olaf (Last Universal Ancestor (LUCA)) o'r holl organebau sy'n byw ar y Ddaear.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160725_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160725-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nid oes consensws gwyddonol ar hyn o bryd ynghylch sut y tarddodd bywyd. Fodd bynnag, mae'r rhan fwyaf o fodelau gwyddonol a dderbynnir yn adeiladu ar arbrawf Miller-Urey a gwaith Sidney Fox, sy'n dangos bod amodau ar y Ddaear cyntefig yn ffafrio adweithiau cemegol sy'n syntheseiddio <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asidau amino</a> a chyfansoddion organig eraill o ragflaenwyr anorganig,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a ffosffolipidau yn ffurfio haenau lipid, adeiledd sylfaenol y <a href="/wiki/Cellbilen" title="Cellbilen">cellbilen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dosbarthiad">Dosbarthiad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Dosbarthiad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dosbarthiad"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="tright" style="border-color: #F8FCFF;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:168px;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg" title="Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol"><img alt="Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/150px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/225px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/cy/thumb/4/45/Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg/300px-Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="590" usemap="#ImageMap_299be8264ae1467f" /></a><map name="ImageMap_299be8264ae1467f"><area href="/wiki/Rhywogaeth" shape="rect" coords="65,18,147,44" alt="Rhywogaeth" title="Rhywogaeth" /><area href="/wiki/Genws" shape="rect" coords="65,59,147,86" alt="Genws" title="Genws" /><area href="/wiki/Teulu_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,100,147,128" alt="Teulu" title="Teulu" /><area href="/wiki/Urdd_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,142,147,169" alt="Urdd" title="Urdd" /><area href="/wiki/Dosbarth_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,183,147,210" alt="Dosbarth" title="Dosbarth" /><area href="/wiki/Ffylwm" shape="rect" coords="65,224,147,252" alt="Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm" /><area href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,266,147,293" alt="Teyrnas" title="Teyrnas" /><area href="/wiki/Parth_(bioleg)" shape="rect" coords="65,307,147,335" alt="Parth" title="Parth" /><area href="/wiki/Bywyd" shape="rect" coords="65,348,147,376" alt="Bywyd" title="Bywyd" /></map><figcaption>Lefelau dosbarthiad biolegol</figcaption></figure> <hr /> <div class="thumbcaption"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Dosbarthiad_biolegol.svg" title="Helaethu"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Magnify-clip.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="11" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>Y prif rengoedd mewn <a href="/wiki/Dosbarthiad_gwyddonol" title="Dosbarthiad gwyddonol">dosbarthiad biolegol</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hynafiaeth">Hynafiaeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Hynafiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hynafiaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cynhaliwyd yr ymgais gyntaf y gwyddys amdani i ddosbarthu organebau gan yr athronydd Groegaidd Aristotle (384–322 CC), a ddosbarthodd yr holl organebau byw a adnabyddir bryd hynny naill ai fel planhigyn neu anifail, yn seiliedig yn bennaf ar eu gallu i symud. Gwahaniaethodd hefyd anifeiliaid â gwaed oddi wrth anifeiliaid heb waed (neu o leiaf heb waed coch), y gellir eu cymharu â'r cysyniadau o <a href="/wiki/Fertebrat" title="Fertebrat">fertebratau</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Infertebrat" title="Infertebrat">infertebratau</a> yn y drefn honno, a rhannodd yr anifeiliaid gwaed yn bum grŵp: <a href="/wiki/Mamal" title="Mamal">mamaliaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ymlusgiaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymlusgiaid">ymlusgiaid</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Amffibiad" title="Amffibiad">amffibiaid</a>, adar, pysgod a <a href="/wiki/Morfiligion" title="Morfiligion">morfilod</a>. Rhannwyd yr anifeiliaid di-waed hefyd yn bum grŵp: sef seffalopodau, <a href="/wiki/Cramennog" title="Cramennog">cramenogion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trychfil" class="mw-redirect" title="Trychfil">trychfilod</a> (a oedd yn cynnwys y pryfed cop, <a href="/wiki/Sgorpion" title="Sgorpion">sgorpionau</a>, a nadroedd cantroed, yn ychwanegol at yr hyn a ddiffiniwn fel pryfed heddiw), anifeiliaid cregyn (fel y rhan fwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Molwsg" title="Molwsg">folysgiaid</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinodermau</a>), a sŵoffytau (sef anifeiliaid sy'n debyg i blanhigion). Er nad oedd gwaith Aristotle mewn sŵoleg yn ddi-wall, dyma oedd synthesis biolegol mwyaf mawreddog y cyfnod a pharhaodd yr awdurdod eithaf am ganrifoedd lawer ar ôl ei farwolaeth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carolus_Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Carolus Linnaeus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Carolus Linnaeus"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datgelodd archwilio'r Americas niferoedd mawr o blanhigion ac anifeiliaid newydd yr oedd angen disgrifiadau a dosbarthiad arnynt. Yn rhan olaf yr <a href="/wiki/16g" class="mw-redirect" title="16g">16g</a> a dechrau'r <a href="/wiki/17g" class="mw-redirect" title="17g">17g</a>, dechreuwyd astudio anifeiliaid yn ofalus ac ymestynnwyd hyn yn raddol nes iddo ffurfio corff digonol o wybodaeth i wasanaethu fel sail anatomegol ar gyfer dosbarthu. </p><p>Ar ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/1740au" title="1740au">1740au</a>, cyflwynodd <a href="/wiki/Carolus_Linnaeus" title="Carolus Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> ei system o <a href="/wiki/Enw_deuenwol" title="Enw deuenwol">enwau deuenwol</a> ar gyfer dosbarthu rhywogaethau. Ceisiodd Linnaeus </p> <ul><li>gyflwyno termau disgrifiadol newydd a diffinio'u hystyr yn fanwl gywir.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae gan y dosbarthiad Linnaean wyth lefel: parthau, teyrnasoedd, ffyla, dosbarth, trefn, teulu, genws, a rhywogaeth.</li> <li>wella'r cyfansoddiad a lleihau hyd yr enwau aml-eiriog a ddefnyddiwyd yn flaenorol.</li></ul> <p>Yn wreiddiol, roedd <a href="/wiki/Ffyngau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffyngau">ffyngau</a>'n cael eu trin fel <a href="/wiki/Planhigion" class="mw-redirect" title="Planhigion">planhigion</a>. Am gyfnod byr roedd Linnaeus wedi eu dosbarthu yn y tacson Vermes yn Animalia, ond yn ddiweddarach gosodwyd nhw yn ôl yn Plantae. Dosbarthodd Copeland y Ffyngau yn ei Protoctista, gan osgoi'r broblem yn rhannol ond gan gydnabod eu statws arbennig.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datryswyd y broblem yn y diwedd gan Whittaker, pan roddodd eu <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg)">teyrnas</a> eu hunain iddynt yn ei <a href="/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg)">system pum teyrnas</a>. Mae hanes esblygiadol yn dangos bod y ffyngau yn perthyn yn nes i anifeiliaid nag i blanhigion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celloedd">Celloedd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Celloedd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Celloedd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uned sylfaenol o adeiledd ym mhob peth byw yw celloedd. Ffurfiwyd y theori celloedd gan <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutrochet" title="Henri Dutrochet">Henri Dutrochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Schwann" title="Theodor Schwann">Theodor Schwann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> ac eraill yn gynnar yn <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>, ac wedi hynny daeth yn dderbyniol iawn.<sup id="cite_ref-sapp2003_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sapp2003-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae gweithgaredd organeb yn dibynnu ar gyfanswm gweithgaredd ei gelloedd, gyda <a href="/wiki/Resbiradaeth_cellog" title="Resbiradaeth cellog">llif egni</a>'n digwydd oddi mewn iddynt a rhyngddynt. Mae celloedd yn cynnwys gwybodaeth etifeddol a gaiff ei basio ymlaen fel cod <a href="/wiki/Geneteg" title="Geneteg">genetig</a> yn ystod cellraniad.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artiffisial">Artiffisial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Artiffisial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Artiffisial"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae bywyd artiffisial yn efelychiad o unrhyw agwedd ar fywyd, megis trwy gyfrifiaduron, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roboteg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roboteg (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">roboteg</a>, neu <a href="/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg">fiocemeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae astudio bywyd artiffisial yn dynwared bioleg draddodiadol trwy ail-greu rhai agweddau ar ffenomenau biolegol. Astudia'r gwyddonydd y systemau byw trwy greu amgylcheddau artiffisial - gan geisio deall y prosesu gwybodaeth cymhleth sy'n diffinio systemau o'r fath. Tra bod bywyd, trwy ddiffiniad, yn fyw, cyfeirir at fywyd artiffisial yn gyffredinol fel data sydd wedi'i gyfyngu i amgylchedd digidol a bodolaeth. </p><p>Mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bioleg_synthetig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bioleg synthetig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">bioleg synthetig</a> yn faes <a href="/wiki/Biotechnoleg" title="Biotechnoleg">biotechnoleg</a> newydd sy'n cyfuno gwyddoniaeth a pheirianneg fiolegol. Y nod cyffredin yw dylunio ac adeiladu swyddogaethau a systemau biolegol newydd nad ydynt i'w cael ym myd natur. Mae bioleg synthetig yn cynnwys ailddiffinio ac ehangu <a href="/wiki/Biotechnoleg" title="Biotechnoleg">biotechnoleg</a> yn eang, gyda'r nodau eithaf o allu dylunio ac adeiladu systemau biolegol peirianyddol sy'n prosesu gwybodaeth, trin cemegau, gwneud deunyddiau a strwythurau, cynhyrchu ynni, darparu bwyd, a chynnal a gwella iechyd dynol a'r Amgylchedd.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parth_Glas" title="Parth Glas">Parth Glas</a> - ardal ddemograffig a/neu ddaearyddol yn y byd lle y mae llawer o bobl yn byw bywydau hir.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrofioleg" title="Astrofioleg">Astrofioleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esblygiad" title="Esblygiad">Esblygiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwolaeth" title="Marwolaeth">Marwolaeth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329060227/https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS:_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/03:_Nutrition_and_the_Human_Body/2.2:_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life:_The_Cell">"2.2: The Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Life: The Cell"</a>. LibreTexts. 2 June 2019. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.libretexts.org/Courses/American_Public_University/APUS%3A_An_Introduction_to_Nutrition_(Byerley)/Text/03%3A_Nutrition_and_the_Human_Body/2.2%3A_The_Basic_Structural_and_Functional_Unit_of_Life%3A_The_Cell">gwreiddiol</a> ar 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yellowstone+Thermal+Viruses&rft.atitle=Are+Viruses+Alive%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fserc.carleton.edu%2Fmicrobelife%2Fyellowstone%2Fviruslive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definitions_2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Definitions_2009_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Tsokolov, Serhiy A. (May 2009). "Why Is the Definition of Life So Elusive? Epistemological Considerations". <i>Astrobiology</i> <b>9</b> (4): 401–12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AsBio...9..401T">2009AsBio...9..401T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2007.0201">10.1089/ast.2007.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19519215">19519215</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmeche1997-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Emmeche1997_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEmmeche1997" class="citation web">Emmeche, Claus (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314095044/http://www.nbi.dk/~emmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html">"Defining Life, Explaining Emergence"</a>. 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(1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf">"Directed panspermia. 3. Strategies and motivation for seeding star-forming clouds"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Interplanetary Society</i> <b>50</b>: 93–102. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JBIS...50...93M">1997JBIS...50...93M</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf">http://www.astro-ecology.com/PDFDirectedPanspermia3JBIS1997Paper.pdf</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeedingBook-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SeedingBook_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMautner2000" class="citation book">Mautner, Michael N. 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Washington D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-476-00330-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-476-00330-9"><bdi>978-0-476-00330-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeding+the+Universe+with+Life%3A+Securing+Our+Cosmological+Future&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-476-00330-9&rft.aulast=Mautner&rft.aufirst=Michael+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro-ecology.com%2FPDFSeedingtheUniverse2005Book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">McKay, Chris (18 September 2014). "What is life? 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"Legal definition of death". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i> <b>315</b> (1): 349–62. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978NYASA.315..349C">1978NYASA.315..349C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1978.tb50352.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb50352.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/284746">284746</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBSD-20110317-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JBSD-20110317_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Trifonov, Edward N. (17 March 2011). "Vocabulary of Definitions of Life Suggests a Definition". <i>Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics</i> <b>29</b> (2): 259–266. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F073911011010524992">10.1080/073911011010524992</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21875147">21875147</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koshland-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koshland_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Koshland, Daniel E. Jr. (22 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-03-22_295_5563/page/2215">"The Seven Pillars of Life"</a>. <i>Science</i> <b>295</b> (5563): 2215–16. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1068489">10.1126/science.1068489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11910092">11910092</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-03-22_295_5563/page/2215">https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2002-03-22_295_5563/page/2215</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">"life". <i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i> (arg. 4th). Houghton Mifflin. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-618-70173-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-618-70173-5"><bdi>978-0-618-70173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=life&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-70173-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-merriamwebster-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-merriamwebster_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211213211541/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life">"Life"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/life">gwreiddiol</a> ar 13 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416114923/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars141.php">"Habitability and Biology: What are the Properties of Life?"</a>. <i>Phoenix Mars Mission</i>. The University of Arizona. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars141.php">gwreiddiol</a> ar 16 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Mars+Mission&rft.atitle=Habitability+and+Biology%3A+What+are+the+Properties+of+Life%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fmars141.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBS-2012Feb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-JBS-2012Feb_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Trifonov, Edward N. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbsdonline.com/mc_images/category/4317/21-trifonov-jbsd_29_4_2012.pdf">"Definition of Life: Navigation through Uncertainties"</a>. <i>Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics</i> <b>29</b> (4): 647–50. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F073911012010525017">10.1080/073911012010525017</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0739-1102">0739-1102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22208269">22208269</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jbsdonline.com/mc_images/category/4317/21-trifonov-jbsd_29_4_2012.pdf">http://www.jbsdonline.com/mc_images/category/4317/21-trifonov-jbsd_29_4_2012.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd 12 January 2012</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2012" class="citation news">Zimmer, Carl (11 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414085107/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/45963181/ns/technology_and_science#.WCcX-snQf0w">"Can scientists define 'life' ... using just three words?"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/45963181/ns/technology_and_science/#.WCcX-snQf0w">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Can+scientists+define+%27life%27+...+using+just+three+words%3F&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F45963181%2Fns%2Ftechnology_and_science%2F%23.WCcX-snQf0w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDobzhansky1968" class="citation book">Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1968). "On Some Fundamental Concepts of Darwinian Biology". <i>Evolutionary Biology</i>. Boston, MA: Springer US. tt. 1–34. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-8094-8_1">10.1007/978-1-4684-8094-8_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4684-8096-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4684-8096-2"><bdi>978-1-4684-8096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Some+Fundamental+Concepts+of+Darwinian+Biology&rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Biology&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=1-34&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4684-8094-8_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4684-8096-2&rft.aulast=Dobzhansky&rft.aufirst=Theodosius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> requires <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#accessdate_missing_url" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWang2014" class="citation book">Wang, Guanyu (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/868928102"><i>Analysis of complex diseases : a mathematical perspective</i></a>. Boca Raton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4665-7223-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4665-7223-2"><bdi>978-1-4665-7223-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/868928102">868928102</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+complex+diseases+%3A+a+mathematical+perspective&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868928102&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-7223-2&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Guanyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F868928102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSejianGaughanBaumgardPrasad2015" class="citation book">Sejian, Veerasamy; Gaughan, John; Baumgard, Lance; Prasad, C. S., gol. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906025831"><i>Climate change impact on livestock : adaptation and mitigation</i></a>. New Delhi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-322-2265-1" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-81-322-2265-1"><bdi>978-81-322-2265-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/906025831">906025831</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+change+impact+on+livestock+%3A+adaptation+and+mitigation&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906025831&rft.isbn=978-81-322-2265-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F906025831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Koonin, E.V.; Starokadomskyy, P. (7 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5406846">"Are viruses alive? 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(October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1994994">"Viral evolution in the genomic age"</a>. <i>PLOS Biol.</i> <b>5</b> (10): e278. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0050278">10.1371/journal.pbio.0050278</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1994994/?tool=pmcentrez">1994994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914905">17914905</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1994994">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1994994</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forterre_2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Forterre_2010_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Forterre, Patrick (3 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2837877">"Defining Life: The Virus Viewpoint"</a>. <i>Orig Life Evol Biosph</i> <b>40</b> (2): 151–60. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010OLEB...40..151F">2010OLEB...40..151F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11084-010-9194-1">10.1007/s11084-010-9194-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2837877/?tool=pmcentrez">2837877</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20198436">20198436</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2837877">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2837877</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16984643-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16984643_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Koonin, E.V.; Senkevich, T.G.; Dolja, V.V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1594570">"The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells"</a>. <i>Biology Direct</i> <b>1</b>: 29. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-29">10.1186/1745-6150-1-29</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594570/?tool=pmcentrez">1594570</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984643">16984643</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1594570">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1594570</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRybicki1997" class="citation web">Rybicki, Ed (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509094459/http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/tutorial/virorig.html">"Origins of Viruses"</a>. 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Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Viruses&rft.date=1997-11&rft.aulast=Rybicki&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcb.uct.ac.za%2Ftutorial%2Fvirorig.html%23Virus%2520Origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917183158/http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/5015/giant-viruses-shake-up-tree-of-life">"Giant Viruses Shake Up Tree of Life"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. 15 September 2012. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/pressrelease/5015/giant-viruses-shake-up-tree-of-life">gwreiddiol</a> ar 17 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Giant+Viruses+Shake+Up+Tree+of+Life&rft.date=2012-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fpressrelease%2F5015%2Fgiant-viruses-shake-up-tree-of-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS1997-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS1997_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223072700/http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">"Age of the Earth"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. 1997. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 23 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Earth&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fgeotime%2Fage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Dalrymple, G. Brent (2001). 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Ask a Rock"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/293/when-did-life-on-earth-begin-ask-a-rock">gwreiddiol</a> ar 20 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=When+Did+Life+on+Earth+Begin%3F+Ask+a+Rock&rft.date=2002-10-14&rft.aulast=Tenenbaum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fexclusive%2F293%2Fwhen-did-life-on-earth-begin-ask-a-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-20151019-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_36-0">36.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AP-20151019_36-1">36.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBorenstein2015" class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190406013725/https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51">"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/e6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51">gwreiddiol</a> ar 6 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Hints+of+life+on+what+was+thought+to+be+desolate+early+Earth&rft.date=2015-10-19&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fe6be2537b4cd46ffb9c0585bae2b2e51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-20151014-pdf-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_37-0">37.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS-20151014-pdf_37-1">37.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; Mao, Wendy L. (19 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"</a>. <i>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</i> <b>112</b> (47): 14518–21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/3">3</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11214518B">2015PNAS..11214518B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1517557112">10.1073/pnas.1517557112</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1091-6490">1091-6490</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4664351/?tool=pmcentrez">4664351</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26483481">26483481</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf">http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/10/14/1517557112.full.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd 20 October 2015</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-0">38.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_38-1">38.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCourtland2008" class="citation news">Courtland, Rachel (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233821/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14245-did-newborn-earth-harbour-life">"Did newborn Earth harbour life?"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14245-did-newborn-earth-harbour-life">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Did+newborn+Earth+harbour+life%3F&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.aulast=Courtland&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn14245-did-newborn-earth-harbour-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0">39.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1">39.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSteenhuysen2009" class="citation news">Steenhuysen, Julie (20 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234249/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-asteroids-idUSTRE54J5PX20090520">"Study turns back clock on origins of life on Earth"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asteroids-idUSTRE54J5PX20090520">gwreiddiol</a> ar 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Study+turns+back+clock+on+origins+of+life+on+Earth&rft.date=2009-05-20&rft.aulast=Steenhuysen&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-asteroids-idUSTRE54J5PX20090520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B; Czaja, Andrew D; Tripathi, Abhishek B (2007). 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Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apnews.excite.com/article/20131113/DAA1VSC01.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 29 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oldest+fossil+found%3A+Meet+your+microbial+mom&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft.aulast=Borenstein&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapnews.excite.com%2Farticle%2F20131113%2FDAA1VSC01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AST-20131108-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AST-20131108_44-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nora_Noffke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nora Noffke (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Noffke, Nora</a>; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870916">"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrobiology_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrobiology (journal) (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Astrobiology</a></i> <b>13</b> (12): 1103–24. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AsBio..13.1103N">2013AsBio..13.1103N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2013.1030">10.1089/ast.2013.1030</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870916/?tool=pmcentrez">3870916</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24205812">24205812</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870916">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3870916</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJA-2014October-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IJA-2014October_45-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Loeb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Loeb (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Loeb, Abraham</a> (October 2014). "The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Astrobiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Astrobiology (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">International Journal of Astrobiology</a></i> <b>13</b> (4): 337–39. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.0613">1312.0613</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJAsB..13..337L">2014IJAsB..13..337L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1473550414000196">10.1017/S1473550414000196</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARXIV-20131202-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ARXIV-20131202_46-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Loeb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Loeb (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Loeb, Abraham</a> (2 December 2013). "The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe". <i>International Journal of Astrobiology</i> <b>13</b> (4): 337–39. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1312.0613">1312.0613</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014IJAsB..13..337L">2014IJAsB..13..337L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1473550414000196">10.1017/S1473550414000196</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141202-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141202_47-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDreifus2014" class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Dreifus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Dreifus (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Dreifus, Claudia</a> (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141203010758/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html">"Much-Discussed Views That Go Way Back – Avi Loeb Ponders the Early Universe, Nature and Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/science/avi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 3 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Much-Discussed+Views+That+Go+Way+Back+%E2%80%93+Avi+Loeb+Ponders+the+Early+Universe%2C+Nature+and+Life&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Dreifus&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F02%2Fscience%2Favi-loeb-ponders-the-early-universe-nature-and-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. B. Hedges. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney,_Michael_L.1996" class="citation book">McKinney, Michael L. (31 December 1996). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin (gol.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofrarityc0000unse"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-412-63380-5"><bdi>978-0-412-63380-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+do+rare+species+avoid+extinction%3F+A+paleontological+view&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%E2%80%94common+differences&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-412-63380-5&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyofrarityc0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_50-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearns2000" class="citation book">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. t. preface x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-300-08469-6"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_51-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek2014" class="citation news">Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229225657/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MillerSpoolman2012-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-1">52.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MillerSpoolman2012_52-2">52.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFG._MillerScott_Spoolman2012" class="citation book">G. Miller; Scott Spoolman (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Environmental Science – Biodiversity Is a Crucial Part of the Earth's Natural Capital</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cengage_Learning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cengage Learning (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Cengage Learning</a>. t. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-133-70787-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-133-70787-5"><bdi>978-1-133-70787-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>We do not know how many species there are on the earth. Estimates range from 8 million to 100 million. The best guess is that there are 10–14 million species. So far, biologists have identified almost 2 million species.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Science+%E2%80%93+Biodiversity+Is+a+Crucial+Part+of+the+Earth%27s+Natural+Capital&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-133-70787-5&rft.au=G.+Miller&rft.au=Scott+Spoolman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYEJAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoS-20110823-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_53-0">53.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PLoS-20110823_53-1">53.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Mora, C.; Tittensor, D.P.; Adl, S.; Simpson, A.G.; Worm, B. (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336">"How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean?"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLOS_Biology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLOS Biology (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PLOS Biology</a></i> <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336/?tool=pmcentrez">3160336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21886479">21886479</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3160336</a></span>. "In spite of 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued in a central database, our results suggest that some 86% of existing species on Earth and 91% of species in the ocean still await description."</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-2016002-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_54-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2016" class="citation news">Staff (2 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Science_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Science Foundation (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">National Science Foundation</a></i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">gwreiddiol</a> ar 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiveScience-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LiveScience_55-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPappas,_Stephanie2016" class="citation web">Pappas, Stephanie (5 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607223030/http://www.livescience.com/54660-1-trillion-species-on-earth.html">"There Might Be 1 Trillion Species on Earth"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LiveScience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LiveScience (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">LiveScience</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/54660-1-trillion-species-on-earth.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 7 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=There+Might+Be+1+Trillion+Species+on+Earth&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F54660-1-trillion-species-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20150718-rn-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20150718-rn_56-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNuwer2015" class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Nuwer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachel Nuwer (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Nuwer, Rachel</a> (18 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718153742/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/science/counting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html">"Counting All the DNA on Earth"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/science/counting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 18 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Counting+All+the+DNA+on+Earth&rft.date=2015-07-18&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nuwer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F21%2Fscience%2Fcounting-all-the-dna-on-earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGCI-2015-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AGCI-2015_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110164609/http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php">"The Biosphere: Diversity of Life"</a>. <i>Aspen Global Change Institute</i>. Basalt, CO. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agci.org/classroom/biosphere/index.php">gwreiddiol</a> ar 10 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aspen+Global+Change+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Biosphere%3A+Diversity+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agci.org%2Fclassroom%2Fbiosphere%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160725-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160725_58-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWade2016" class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Wade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Wade (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Wade, Nicholas</a> (25 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728053822/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">"Meet Luca, the Ancestor of All Living Things"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/26/science/last-universal-ancestor.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 28 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meet+Luca%2C+the+Ancestor+of+All+Living+Things&rft.date=2016-07-25&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F07%2F26%2Fscience%2Flast-universal-ancestor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417155949/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php">"Habitability and Biology: What are the Properties of Life?"</a>. <i>Phoenix Mars Mission</i>. The University of Arizona. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/mars145.php">gwreiddiol</a> ar 17 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Mars+Mission&rft.atitle=Habitability+and+Biology%3A+What+are+the+Properties+of+Life%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fmars145.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120124920/http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html">"Aristotle"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 20 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fhistory%2Faristotle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1693349">"Stability or stasis in the names of organisms: the evolving codes of nomenclature"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B</a></i> <b>359</b> (1444): 611–22. April 2004. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2003.1445">10.1098/rstb.2003.1445</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PubMed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PubMed Central (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1693349/?tool=pmcentrez">1693349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15253348">15253348</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1693349">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1693349</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Copeland, Herbert F. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1938-12_13_4/page/383">"The Kingdoms of Organisms"</a>. <i>Quarterly Review of Biology</i> <b>13</b> (4): 383. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F394568">10.1086/394568</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1938-12_13_4/page/383">https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1938-12_13_4/page/383</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms". <i>Science</i> <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..150W">1969Sci...163..150W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150">10.1126/science.163.3863.150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760">5762760</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sapp2003-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sapp2003_64-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSapp2003" class="citation book">Sapp, Jan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisevolution00sapp"><i>Genesis: The Evolution of Biology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. tt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesisevolution00sapp/page/75">75</a>–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515619-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-515619-5"><bdi>978-0-19-515619-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+The+Evolution+of+Biology&rft.pages=75-78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515619-5&rft.aulast=Sapp&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesisevolution00sapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Lintilhac, P.M. (Jan 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/Lintilhac%202003.pdf">"Thinking of biology: toward a theory of cellularity—speculations on the nature of the living cell"</a>. <i>BioScience</i> <b>49</b> (1): 59–68. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1313494">10.2307/1313494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1313494">1313494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11543344">11543344</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/Lintilhac%202003.pdf">https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/Lintilhac%202003.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd 2 June 2012</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116021041/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/artificial--life">"Artificial life"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/artificial--life">gwreiddiol</a> ar 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Artificial+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fartificial--life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABywyd" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344" /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Chopra, Paras; Akhil Kamma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/">"Engineering life through Synthetic Biology"</a>. <i>In Silico Biology</i> <b>6</b><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/">http://www.bioinfo.de/isb/2006/06/0038/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Adalwyd 9 June 2008</span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bywyd&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051222163318/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/1.htm">Bywyd</a> (Systema Naturae 2000)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id14772">Vitae</a> (BioLib)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715055239/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=1&src=0">Biota</a> (Tacsonomeg)</li> <li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="species:Main Page">Wikispecies</a> - cyfeiriadur bywyd am ddim</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro-ecology.com/">Adnoddau ar gyfer bywyd yng Nghysawd yr Haul ac mewn galaeth, a chwmpas posibl bywyd yn y dyfodol cosmolegol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/kauffman03/kauffman_index.html">"Y Posibl Cyfagos: Sgwrs gyda Stuart Kauffman"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life/">cofnod <i>Gwyddoniadur Athroniaeth Stanford</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191135/http://logic-law.com/index.php?title=The_Kingdoms_of_Life">Teyrnasoedd Bywyd</a></li></ul> <div class="infobox" style="float:right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/75px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wiktionary-logo-cy.png/100px-Wiktionary-logo-cy.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Chwiliwch am <i><b><a href="https://cy.wiktionary.org/wiki/bywyd" class="extiw" title="wikt:bywyd">bywyd</a></b></i><br />yn <a href="/wiki/Wiciadur" title="Wiciadur">Wiciadur</a>.</div> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awdurdod" style="padding:3px"><table 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