CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Welsh language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ed65e325-bea0-4a90-a265-4f42824676ad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Welsh_language","wgTitle":"Welsh language","wgCurRevisionId":1258849509,"wgRevisionId":1258849509,"wgArticleId":33545,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles with dead external links from December 2017","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use British English from May 2020", "Use dmy dates from August 2019","Pages with Welsh IPA","Language articles with speaker number undated","Language articles with Linguasphere code","Languages with ISO 639-2 code","Languages with ISO 639-1 code","Language articles without reference field","Articles with excerpts","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text","Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles with text in Celtic languages","Articles needing additional references from December 2017","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009","Pages with plain IPA","Articles with hAudio microformats","Spoken articles","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Welsh language", "Languages attested from the 6th century","Western Brittonic languages","Fusional languages","Languages of the United Kingdom","Verb–subject–object languages","Languages of Argentina","Languages of Wales","Vulnerable languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Welsh_language","wgRelevantArticleId":33545,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9309","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles": "ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/1200px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1315"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/800px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="877"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/640px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="701"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Welsh language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Welsh_language rootpage-Welsh_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Welsh+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Welsh+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Welsh+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Welsh+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primitive_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primitive_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Primitive Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primitive_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Old Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Middle Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Outside Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_rest_of_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_rest_of_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The rest of the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_rest_of_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_of_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Number of speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_professional_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_professional_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Use in professional engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_professional_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>In information technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phone_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phone_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mobile phone technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phone_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>In warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_within_the_British_parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_within_the_British_parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Use within the British parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_within_the_British_parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_at_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_at_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Use at the European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_at_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_the_Voyager_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_the_Voyager_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Use by the Voyager programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_the_Voyager_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronoun_doubling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoun_doubling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pronoun doubling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoun_doubling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counting_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counting_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Counting system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counting_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_four_traditional_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_four_traditional_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>The four traditional dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_four_traditional_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Registers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Registers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Registers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Welsh language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallies" title="Wallies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wallies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisch" title="Walisisch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Walisisch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ዌልስኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዌልስኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Wilisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wilisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الويلزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الويلزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma galés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galou%C3%A8s" title="Galouès – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Galouès" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma galés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_dili" title="Vall dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vall dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="ওয়েলসীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েলসীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ui-le%CC%8Dk-s%C5%AB-g%C3%AD" title="Ui-le̍k-sū-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ui-le̍k-sū-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Валійская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Валійская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валійская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Уелски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уелски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymrisch" title="Kymrisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kymrisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembraeg" title="Kembraeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kembraeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Уэльс хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уэльс хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C2%B7l%C3%A8s" title="Gal·lès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gal·lès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Валли чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валли чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C5%A1tina" title="Velština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymraeg" title="Cymraeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymraeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymragiella" title="Kymragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kymragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisische_Sprache" title="Walisische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walisische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walizi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Walizišćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Walizišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5mri_keel" title="Kõmri keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõmri keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ουαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma galés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma galés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimra_lingvo" title="Kimra lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kimra lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales_(hizkuntza)" title="Gales (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gales (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زبان ولزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ولزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_bhasa" title="Welsh bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Welsh bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Walisiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Walisiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallois" title="Gallois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gallois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsk" title="Welsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Welsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhreatnais" title="An Bhreatnais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhreatnais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretnish" title="Bretnish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bretnish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuimris" title="Cuimris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuimris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_galesa" title="Lingua galesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua galesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍅𐌰𐌻𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales-ng%C3%AE" title="Wales-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wales-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="웨일스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨일스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Վալլիերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալլիերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walizi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Walizišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Walizišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsana_linguo" title="Walsana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walsana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Gales" title="Pagsasao a Gales – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Gales" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallese" title="Lingua gallese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua gallese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Валлийаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Валлийаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velska" title="Velska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Velska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallese" title="Lingua gallese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gallese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ולשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უელსური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უელსური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Валлий тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Валлий тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kembrek" title="Kembrek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kembrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwelisi" title="Kiwelisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwelisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A7%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кӧмри кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кӧмри кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_wales%C3%AE" title="Zimanê walesî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê walesî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາການ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາການ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Cambrica" title="Lingua Cambrica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Cambrica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velsie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Velsiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velsiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisesch" title="Walisesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Walisesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Валли чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Валли чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%C5%B3_kalba" title="Valų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_galleise" title="Lengua galleise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua galleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh" title="Welsh – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Welsh" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimrica_(lingua)" title="Cimrica (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimrica (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymrin_kieli" title="Kymrin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kymrin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_galesa" title="Lengua galesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua galesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walesi_nyelv" title="Walesi nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Walesi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Велшки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Велшки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_W%C4%93ra" title="Reo Wēra – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Wēra" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वेल्श भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेल्श भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უელსური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უელსური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%89" title="لغه ويلزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه ويلزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ویلزی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلزی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Wales" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯦꯜꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACi-%C4%AB-s%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭi-ī-sê̤ṳ-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Уэльс хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уэльс хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝေလဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝေလဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_(taal)" title="Welsh (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Welsh (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumries" title="Kumries – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kumries" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="ウェールズ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェールズ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waliisisch" title="Waliisisch – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Waliisisch" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallouais" title="Gallouais – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gallouais" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A9s" title="Galés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valliy_tili" title="Valliy tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valliy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵੈਲਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਲਸ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ویلزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویلزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="وېلزي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وېلزي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C3%B6%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Кöмри кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кöмри кыв" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo%C3%A9s" title="Galoés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Galoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_gal%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga galèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga galèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisische_Spraak" title="Walisische Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Walisische Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_walijski" title="Język walijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język walijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_galesa" title="Língua galesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua galesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_galez%C4%83" title="Limba galeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba galeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_valisica" title="Lingua valisica – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lingua valisica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamri_simi" title="Kamri simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kamri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Валлийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валлийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Уэльс тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уэльс тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱳᱭᱮᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱭᱮᱞᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gallesa" title="Limba gallesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba gallesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_leid" title="Welsh leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Welsh leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisisk" title="Walisisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Walisisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_e_Uellsit" title="Gjuha e Uellsit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha e Uellsit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gallisa" title="Lingua gallisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua gallisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වේල්ස් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වේල්ස් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Welsh language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wale%C5%A1tina" title="Waleština – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Waleština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vali%C5%BEan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Valižanščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valižanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walijsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Walijskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Walijskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زمانی وێڵزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی وێڵزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Велшки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велшки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C5%A1ki_jezik" title="Velški jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Velški jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymri" title="Kymri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kymri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymriska" title="Kymriska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kymriska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Gales" title="Wikang Gales – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Gales" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வேல்சு மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேல்சு மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Велс теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Велс теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาเวลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเวลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Забони уелсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони уелсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galce" title="Galce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali%CC%B1t_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Wali̱t (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Wali̱t (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Валлійська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валлійська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کمری زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمری زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%84%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ۋېلش تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېلش تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uel%27san_kel%27" title="Uel'san kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Uel'san kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Wales" title="Tiếng Wales – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Wales" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5mri_kiil" title="Kõmri kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kõmri kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%C3%A8s" title="Walès – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Walès" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh" title="Welsh – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Welsh" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="威爾士語 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威爾士語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" title="威爾斯文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="威爾斯文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wel%C4%B1zki" title="Welızki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Welızki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E8%AF%AD" title="威尔士语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威尔士语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Wales" title="Bahasa Wales – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Wales" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9309#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Welsh_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Welsh_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Welsh_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&oldid=1258849509" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Welsh_language&id=1258849509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWelsh_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWelsh_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Welsh_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Welsh" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Welsh_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Welsh" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Welsh_phrasebook" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:About_Welsh" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9309" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_language.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brittonic language spoken natively in Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Welsh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">y Gymraeg</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[kəmˈraːiɡ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>), <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>: 538,300 (2021) <br />(17.8% of the population of Wales in 2021, including both <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers) (official statistic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: 110,000 (2007, estimated)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Argentina (Patagonia)</a>: 1,500–5,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: <3,885 (<a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>: 1,737<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Welsh</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh alphabet</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a> (2012–present)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (1993–2012)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=cy">cy</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=487">wel</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=487">cym</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/cym" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:cym">cym</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/wels1247">wels1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/10429">Welsh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=50-ABA">50-ABA</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/320px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/480px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg/640px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> according to the 2021 census</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Welsh is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Wales" title="Category:Wales">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture of Wales</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/150px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/225px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/300px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh placenames">Welsh placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">Traditional Welsh costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a></li> <li>Land division (<a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantref" title="Cantref">Cantref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">Historic counties</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Wales">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bara_brith" title="Bara brith">Bara brith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverbread" title="Laverbread">Bara Lafwr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cawl" title="Cawl">Cawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek_soup" title="Leek soup">Cawl Cennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crempog" title="Crempog">Crempog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Gower" title="Cuisine of Gower">Gower cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_sausage" title="Glamorgan sausage">Selsig Morgannwg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatws_Pum_Munud" title="Tatws Pum Munud">Tatws Pum Munud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Full_Welsh_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">Welsh breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cake" title="Welsh cake">Welsh cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_dishes" title="List of Welsh dishes">Welsh dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_restaurants_in_Wales" title="List of restaurants in Wales">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_festivals_in_Wales" title="List of food festivals in Wales">Food festivals</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_festival_days_of_Wales" title="Traditional festival days of Wales">Festivals</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calennig" title="Calennig">Calennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dydd_Santes_Dwynwen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dydd Santes Dwynwen">Dydd Santes Dwynwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David%27s_Day" title="Saint David's Day">Saint David's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Mabsant" title="Gŵyl Mabsant">Gŵyl Mabsant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_holidays#Gŵyl_San_Steffan" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh holidays">Gŵyl San Steffan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Wales" title="List of festivals in Wales">List of festivals in Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales#History" title="Religion in Wales">Religion in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain#Christianity" title="Roman Britain">Christianity in Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church of England and Wales">Catholic Church of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite#British_(i.e._Welsh,_Cornish,_or_Breton)" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubricius" title="Dubricius">Dubricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teilo">Teilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Bible">Welsh Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Salesbury" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="1904–1905 Welsh Revival">1904–1905 Welsh Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales#Disestablishment" title="Church in Wales">Disestablishment of Church in Wales</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Wales">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_language_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh language authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_language_poets_(6th_century_to_c.1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Welsh language poets (6th century to c.1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_historical_documents" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh historical documents">Welsh historical documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Welsh-language comics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_dance" title="Welsh dance">Welsh dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_stepdance" title="Welsh stepdance">Welsh stepdance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerdd_Dant" title="Cerdd Dant">Cerdd Dant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crwth" title="Crwth">Crwth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymanfa_Ganu" title="Cymanfa Ganu">Cymanfa Ganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynghanedd" title="Cynghanedd">Cynghanedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ilidh" class="mw-redirect" title="Céilidh">Noson Lawen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibgorn_(instrument)" title="Pibgorn (instrument)">Pibgorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_(instrument)" title="Tabor (instrument)">Tabwrdd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_harp" title="Triple harp">Triple harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twmpath" title="Twmpath">Twmpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_bagpipes" title="Welsh bagpipes">Welsh bagpipes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Wales">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Wales" title="Radio in Wales">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Wales" title="Cinema of Wales">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Wales" title="Boxing in Wales">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Wales" title="Cricket in Wales">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Wales" title="Football in Wales">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Wales" title="Golf in Wales">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing_in_Wales" title="Horse racing in Wales">Horse Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Baseball">Pel-Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Pêl-Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Wales" title="Rugby league in Wales">Rugby League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Wales" title="Rugby union in Wales">Rugby Union</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Wales">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Wales">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_David" title="Flag of Saint David">Flag of Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Other flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_heraldry" title="Welsh heraldry">Welsh heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Welsh inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Wales" title="Template:Culture of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Culture of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Sandra_speaking_Welsh.webm&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a Welsh speaker</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Welsh</b> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[kəmˈraːiɡ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav\/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cymraeg (cropped).wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav/Cymraeg_%28cropped%29.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cymraeg_(cropped).wav" title="File:Cymraeg (cropped).wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">y Gymraeg</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡəmˈraːiɡ]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language family">Celtic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> subgroup that is native to the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh people</a>. Welsh is spoken natively in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, by some in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and in <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></span></span> (the Welsh colony in <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Province" title="Chubut Province">Chubut Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is spoken by smaller numbers of people in Canada and the United States descended from Welsh immigrants, within their households (especially in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>). Historically, it has also been known in English as "British",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cambrian",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Cambric"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Cymric".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a> gave the Welsh language official status in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh and English are <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> official languages of the Welsh Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Welsh being the only <i>de jure</i> official language in any part of the United Kingdom, with English being merely <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> official.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a> of Wales aged three or older was 538,300 (17.8%) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates suggest that 862,700 people (28.0%) aged three or older in Wales could speak Welsh in March 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost half of all Welsh speakers consider themselves fluent, while 20 per cent are able to speak a fair amount.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 56 per cent of Welsh speakers speak the language daily, and 19 per cent speak the language weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> plans to increase the number of Welsh-language speakers to one million by 2050. Since 1980, the number of children attending <a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium schools</a> has increased, while the number going to Welsh bilingual and dual-medium schools has decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh is considered the least endangered Celtic language by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History of the Welsh language</a></div> <p>The language of the Welsh developed from the language of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of Welsh was not instantaneous and clearly identifiable. Instead, the shift occurred over a long period, with some historians claiming that it had happened by as late as the <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th century</a>, with a watershed moment being that proposed by linguist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham" title="Battle of Deorham">Battle of Dyrham</a>, a military battle between the <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">West Saxons</a> and the Britons in 577 AD,<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which split the South Western British from direct overland contact with the Welsh. </p><p>Four periods are identified in the history of Welsh, with rather indistinct boundaries: Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. The period immediately following the language's emergence is sometimes referred to as Primitive Welsh,<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> period – which is generally considered to stretch from the beginning of the 9th century to sometime during the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> period is considered to have lasted from then until the 14th century, when the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Modern Welsh</a> period began, which in turn is divided into Early and Late Modern Welsh. </p><p>The word <i>Welsh</i> is a descendant, via Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">wealh, wielisc</i></span>, of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem"><a href="/wiki/Walhaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a></i></span>, which was derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic people</a> known to the Romans as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></i></span> and which came to refer to speakers of Celtic languages, and then indiscriminately to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> the term went through <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">semantic narrowing</a>, coming to refer to either Britons in particular or, in some contexts, slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plural form <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">Wēalas</i></span> evolved into the name for their territory, Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Wales_Hist_71_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern names for various <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance-speaking</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Walloons" title="Walloons">Walloons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valaisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Valaisan">Valaisans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachians</a>, and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Włosi</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> name for Italians) have a similar etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh term for the language, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg</i></span>, descends from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brythonic</a> word <span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">combrogi</i></span>, meaning 'compatriots' or 'fellow countrymen'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages#Classification" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages § Classification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/170px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/255px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg/340px-1588_First_Welsh_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>The 1588 Welsh Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>Welsh evolved from <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>, the Celtic language spoken by the ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons</a>. Classified as <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a>, the British language probably arrived in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> or <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and was probably spoken throughout the island south of the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KochBritons_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KochBritons-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> the British language began to fragment due to increased dialect differentiation, thus evolving into Welsh and the other Brittonic languages. It is not clear when Welsh became distinct.<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguist <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth H. Jackson</a> has suggested that the evolution in <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllabic</a> structure and sound pattern was complete by around AD 550, and labelled the period between then and about AD 800 "Primitive Welsh".<sup id="cite_ref-Koch1757_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch1757-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Primitive Welsh may have been spoken in both Wales and the <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></i></span> ('Old North') – the Brittonic-speaking areas of what are now northern England and southern <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> – and therefore may have been the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a> as well as Welsh. Jackson, however, believed that the two varieties were already distinct by that time.<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Welsh poetry – that attributed to the <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Cynfeirdd" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynfeirdd">Cynfeirdd</a></i></span> or "Early Poets" – is generally considered to date to the Primitive Welsh period. However, much of this poetry was supposedly composed in the <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Hen Ogledd</span></span>, raising further questions about the dating of the material and language in which it was originally composed.<sup id="cite_ref-koch_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discretion stems from the fact that Cumbric was widely believed to have been the language used in Hen Ogledd. An 8th-century inscription in <a href="/wiki/Tywyn" title="Tywyn">Tywyn</a> shows the language already dropping <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflections</a> in the declension of nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Janet Davies proposed that the origins of the Welsh language were much less definite; in <i>The Welsh Language: A History</i>, she proposes that Welsh may have been around even earlier than 600 AD. This is evidenced by the dropping of final syllables from Brittonic: <span title="Celtic languages collective text">*<i lang="cel">bardos</i></span> 'poet' became <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bardd</i></span>, and <span title="Celtic languages collective text">*<i lang="cel">abona</i></span> 'river' became <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">afon</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both Davies and Jackson cite minor changes in syllable structure and sounds as evidence for the creation of Old Welsh, Davies suggests it may be more appropriate to refer to this derivative language as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Lingua Britannica</i></span> rather than characterising it as a new language altogether. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primitive_Welsh">Primitive Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primitive Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The argued dates for the period of "Primitive Welsh" are widely debated, with some historians' suggestions differing by hundreds of years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Welsh">Old Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></div> <p>The next main period is <a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Hen Gymraeg</i></span>, 9th to 11th centuries); <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> from both Wales and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> has been preserved in this form of the language. As <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> colonisation of Britain proceeded, the Brittonic speakers in Wales were split off from those in northern England, speaking Cumbric, and those in the southwest, speaking what would become <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, so the languages diverged. Both the works of <a href="/wiki/Aneirin" title="Aneirin">Aneirin</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Canu Aneirin</i></span>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Taliesin" title="Book of Taliesin">Book of Taliesin</a></i> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Canu Taliesin</i></span>) were written during this era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Welsh">Middle Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></div> <p>Middle Welsh (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg Canol</i></span>) is the label attached to the Welsh of the 12th to 14th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This is the language of nearly all surviving early manuscripts of the <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i></span>, although the tales themselves are certainly much older. It is also the language of the existing <a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Welsh law</a> manuscripts. Middle Welsh is reasonably intelligible to a modern-day Welsh speaker. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Languages of Wales 1750–1900</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1750.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1750"><img alt="1750" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1750.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1750</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1800.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1800"><img alt="1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1800.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1800</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1850.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1850"><img alt="1850" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1850.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1850</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_(A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales)_-_1900.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1900"><img alt="1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/194px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/292px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg/389px-Map_o_ieithoedd_Cymru_%28A_map_of_the_languages_of_Wales%29_-_1900.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1900</div> </li> </ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Key</b>: • Welsh <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80c040; color:black;"> </span> • Bilingual <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Pink; color:black;"> </span> • English <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Welsh">Modern Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Welsh_language" title="Special:EditPage/Welsh language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/220px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/330px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg/440px-Still_surviving..._-_geograph.org.uk_-_406078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Welsh Bible</a> of 1620, in <a href="/wiki/Llanwnda,_Pembrokeshire" title="Llanwnda, Pembrokeshire">Llanwnda</a> church, rescued from the hands of French invaders in 1797<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a> helped maintain the use of Welsh in daily life, and standardised spelling. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> was translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Salesbury" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a> in 1567,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the complete Bible by <a href="/wiki/William_Morgan_(Bible_translator)" title="William Morgan (Bible translator)">William Morgan</a> in 1588.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Welsh is subdivided into Early Modern Welsh and Late Modern Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early Modern Welsh ran from the 15th century through to the end of the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Late Modern Welsh period roughly dates from the 16th century onwards. Contemporary Welsh differs greatly from the Welsh of the 16th century, but they are similar enough for a fluent Welsh speaker to have little trouble understanding it. </p><p>During the Modern Welsh period, there has been a decline in the popularity of the Welsh language: the number of Welsh speakers declined to the point at which there was concern that the language would become extinct. During industrialisation in the late 19th century, immigrants from England led to the decline in Welsh speakers particularly in the South Wales Valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welsh government processes and legislation have worked to increase the proliferation of the Welsh language, for example through education.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wales">Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Welsh speaking population figures, see <a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Welsh_speakers_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="13342" data-file-height="14791" /></a><figcaption>The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census who said they could speak Welsh</figcaption></figure> <p>Welsh has been spoken continuously in Wales throughout history; however, by 1911, it had become a minority language, spoken by 43.5 per cent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this decline continued over the following decades, the language did not die out. The smallest number of speakers was recorded in <a href="/wiki/1921_United_Kingdom_census" title="1921 United Kingdom census">1981</a> with 503,000 although the lowest percentage was recorded in the most recent census in <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a> at 17.8 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the 21st century, numbers began to increase once more, at least partly as a result of the increase in <a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2004 Welsh Language Use Survey showed that 21.7 per cent of the population of Wales spoke Welsh,<sup id="cite_ref-2004Survey_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004Survey-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with 20.8 per cent in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2001">2001 census</a>, and 18.5 per cent in the <a href="/wiki/1991_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 census">1991 census</a>. Since 2001, however, the number of Welsh speakers has declined in both the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> and 2021 censuses to about 538,300 or 17.8 per cent in 2021, lower than 1991, although it is still higher in absolute terms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 census also showed a "big drop" in the number of speakers in the Welsh-speaking heartlands, with the number dropping to under 50 per cent in <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the Welsh Language Use Survey in 2019–20, 22 per cent of people aged three and over were able to speak Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annual_Population_Survey" title="Annual Population Survey">Annual Population Survey</a> (APS) by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> (ONS) estimated that as of March 2024, approximately 862,700, or 28.0 per cent of the population of Wales aged 3 and over, were able to speak the language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children and young people aged three to 15 years old were more likely to report that they could speak Welsh than any other age group (48.4 per cent, 241,300). Around 1,001,500 people, or 32.5 per cent, reported that they could understand spoken Welsh. 24.7 per cent (759,200) could read and 22.2 per cent (684,500) could write in Welsh. The APS estimates of Welsh language ability are historically higher than those produced by the census.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of usage, ONS also reported that 14.4 per cent (443,800) of people aged three or older in Wales reported that they spoke Welsh daily in March 2024, with 5.4 per cent (165,500) speaking it weekly and 6.5 per cent (201,200) less often. Approximately 1.7 per cent (51,700) reported that they never spoke Welsh despite being able to speak the language, with the remaining 72.0 per cent of the population not being able to speak it.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Survey for Wales, conducted by Welsh Government, has also tended to report a higher percentage of Welsh speakers than the census, with the most recent results for 2022–2023 suggesting that 18 per cent of the population aged 3 and over were able to speak Welsh, with an additional 16 per cent noting that they had some Welsh-speaking ability.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the 20th century this monolingual population all but disappeared, but a small percentage remained at the time of the 1981 census.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Welsh-speaking people in Wales also speak English. However, many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (April 2022)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> Welsh-speaking people are more comfortable expressing themselves in Welsh than in English. A speaker's choice of language can vary according to the subject domain and the social context, even within a single <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourse</a> (known in linguistics as <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Welsh speakers are largely concentrated in the north and west of Wales, principally <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Conwy_(county_borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy (county borough)">Conwy County Borough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, north <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a></span></span>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, and north-west and extreme south-west <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a></span></span>. However, first-language and other fluent speakers can be found throughout Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Wales">Outside Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Outside Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_rest_of_the_UK">The rest of the UK</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The rest of the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Welsh-speaking communities persisted well into the modern period across the border in England. <a href="/wiki/Archenfield" title="Archenfield">Archenfield</a> was still Welsh enough in the time of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford" title="Bishop of Hereford">Bishop of Hereford</a> to be made responsible, together with the four Welsh bishops, for the translation of the Bible and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> into Welsh. Welsh was still commonly spoken there in the first half of the 19th century, and churchwardens' notices were put up in both Welsh and English until about 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Ellis" title="Alexander John Ellis">Alexander John Ellis</a> in the 1880s identified a small part of <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> as still then speaking Welsh, with the "Celtic Border" passing from <a href="/wiki/Llanymynech" title="Llanymynech">Llanymynech</a> through <a href="/wiki/Oswestry" title="Oswestry">Oswestry</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chirk" title="Chirk">Chirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Welsh-speaking people in the rest of Britain has not yet been counted for statistical purposes. In 1993, the Welsh-language television channel <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> published the results of a survey into the numbers of people who spoke or understood Welsh, which estimated that there were around 133,000 Welsh-speaking people living in England, about 50,000 of them in the Greater London area.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>, on the basis of an analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> Longitudinal Study, estimated there were 110,000 Welsh-speaking people in England, and another thousand in Scotland and Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a>, 8,248 people in England gave Welsh in answer to the question "What is your main language?"<sup id="cite_ref-nomisweb1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomisweb1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Office for National Statistics subsequently published a census glossary of terms to support the release of results from the census, including their definition of "main language" as referring to "first or preferred language" (though that wording was not in the census questionnaire itself).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wards in England with the most people giving Welsh as their main language were the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> wards of <a href="/wiki/Central_(Liverpool_ward)" title="Central (Liverpool ward)">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenbank_(ward)" title="Greenbank (ward)">Greenbank</a>; and Oswestry South in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nomisweb1_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomisweb1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wards of Oswestry South (1.15%), Oswestry East (0.86%) and St Oswald (0.71%) had the highest percentage of residents giving Welsh as their main language. </p><p>The census also revealed that 3,528 wards in England, or 46% of the total number, contained at least one resident whose main language is Welsh. In terms of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a>, North West England (1,945), London (1,310) and the West Midlands (1,265) had the highest number of people noting Welsh as their main language.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, 7,349 people in England recorded Welsh to be their "main language".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2011 census, 1,189 people aged three and over in Scotland noted that Welsh was a language (other than English) that they used at home.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is believed that there are as many as 5,000 speakers of <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the question 'Does the person speak a language other than English at home?' in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 Australian census</a>, 1,688 people noted that they spoke Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Canadian Census">2011 Canadian census</a>, 3,885 people reported Welsh as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, 1,130 people noted that Welsh was their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018 New Zealand census</a> noted that 1,083 people in New Zealand spoke Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> 2009–2013 noted that 2,235 people aged five years and over in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> spoke Welsh at home. The highest number of those (255) lived in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Current_status"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/220px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/330px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG/440px-Estaci%C3%B3n_Gaiman_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual (Spanish, Welsh and English) sign in <a href="/wiki/Gaiman,_Chubut" title="Gaiman, Chubut">Gaiman, Chubut Province,</a> Argentina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/220px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/330px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg/440px-Wales.cardiff.slow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">Bilingual road markings</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Airport" title="Cardiff Airport">Cardiff Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_speakers">Number of speakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Number of speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i><b>Taken from the <a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Census in the United Kingdom">Census</a></b></i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Welsh population over the age of 3 </th> <th colspan="2">Welsh speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1891 </td> <td>1,685,614 </td> <td>910,289 </td> <td>54.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1,864,696 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 930,224 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 49.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,279,056 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 967,266 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 42.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,492,995 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 922,092 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 37.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,472,378 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 909,261 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 36.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,472,429 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 714,689 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 28.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,518,711 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 656,000 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,609,610 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 542,420 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,645,094 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 503,532 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,685,947 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 508,344 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,805,701 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 582,368 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2,955,841 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 562,016 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3,018,169 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 538,298 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 17.8% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sources: <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calls for the Welsh language to be granted official status grew with the establishment of the nationalist political party <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> in 1925, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a> in 1962 and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> in the later 20th century. Of the six living Celtic languages (including two revived), Welsh has the highest number of native speakers who use the language on a daily basis, and it is the Celtic language which is considered the least endangered by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_1998" title="Government of Wales Act 1998">Government of Wales Act 1998</a> provide that the Welsh and English languages be treated equally in the public sector, as far as is reasonable and practicable. Each public body is required to prepare for approval a Welsh Language Scheme, which indicates its commitment to the equality of treatment principle. This is sent out in draft form for public consultation for a three-month period, whereupon comments on it may be incorporated into a final version. It requires the final approval of the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg</i></span>). Thereafter, the public body is charged with implementing and fulfilling its obligations under the Welsh Language Scheme. The list of other public bodies which have to prepare Schemes could be added to by initially the Secretary of State for Wales, from 1993 to 1997, by way of <a href="/wiki/Statutory_Instrument_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Instrument (UK)">statutory instrument</a>. Subsequent to the forming of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly for Wales">National Assembly for Wales</a> in 1997, the Government Minister responsible for the Welsh language can and has passed statutory instruments naming public bodies who have to prepare Schemes. Neither the 1993 Act nor secondary legislation made under it covers the private sector, although some organisations, notably banks and some railway companies, provide some of their information in Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 December 2010, the Welsh Assembly unanimously approved a set of measures to develop the use of the Welsh language within Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcnews2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 February 2011 this measure, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a>, was passed and received Royal Assent, thus making the Welsh language an officially recognised language within Wales. The measure: </p> <ul><li>confirmed the official status of the Welsh language</li> <li>created a new system of placing duties on bodies to provide services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>created a Welsh Language Commissioner with strong enforcement powers to protect the rights of Welsh-speaking people to access services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>established a Welsh Language Tribunal</li> <li>gave individuals and bodies the right to appeal decisions made in relation to the provision of services through the medium of Welsh</li> <li>created a Welsh Language Partnership Council to advise Government on its strategy in relation to the Welsh language</li> <li>allowed for an official investigation by the Welsh Language Commissioner of instances where there is an attempt to interfere with the freedom of Welsh-speaking people to use the language with one another<sup id="cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The measure required public bodies and some private companies to provide services in Welsh. The Welsh government's Minister for Heritage at the time, <a href="/wiki/Alun_Ffred_Jones" title="Alun Ffred Jones">Alun Ffred Jones</a>, said, "The Welsh language is a source of great pride for the people of Wales, whether they speak it or not, and I am delighted that this measure has now become law. I am very proud to have steered legislation through the Assembly which confirms the official status of the Welsh language; which creates a strong advocate for Welsh speakers and will improve the quality and quantity of services available through the medium of Welsh. I believe that everyone who wants to access services in the Welsh language should be able to do so, and that is what this government has worked towards. This legislation is an important and historic step forward for the language, its speakers and for the nation."<sup id="cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was not welcomed warmly by all supporters: Bethan Williams, chairman of the Welsh Language Society, gave a mixed response to the move, saying, "Through this measure we have won official status for the language and that has been warmly welcomed. But there was a core principle missing in the law passed by the Assembly before Christmas. It doesn't give language rights to the people of Wales in every aspect of their lives. Despite that, an amendment to that effect was supported by 18 Assembly Members from three different parties, and that was a significant step forward."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 October 2011, <a href="/wiki/Meri_Huws" title="Meri Huws">Meri Huws</a>, Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>, was appointed the new Welsh Language Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She released a statement that she was "delighted" to have been appointed to the "hugely important role", adding, "I look forward to working with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> and organisations in Wales in developing the new system of standards. I will look to build on the good work that has been done by the Welsh Language Board and others to strengthen the Welsh language and ensure that it continues to thrive." First Minister <a href="/wiki/Carwyn_Jones" title="Carwyn Jones">Carwyn Jones</a> said that Huws would act as a champion for the Welsh language, though some had concerns over her appointment: <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> spokeswoman Bethan Jenkins said, "I have concerns about the transition from Meri Huws's role from the Welsh Language Board to the language commissioner, and I will be asking the Welsh government how this will be successfully managed. We must be sure that there is no conflict of interest, and that the Welsh Language Commissioner can demonstrate how she will offer the required fresh approach to this new role." Huws started her role as the Welsh Language Commissioner on 1 April 2012. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local councils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a> use Welsh, issuing Welsh versions of their literature, to varying degrees. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/220px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/330px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG/440px-A5-llwybrhanesyddol.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A bilingual road sign on the <a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a> near <a href="/wiki/Menai_Bridge" title="Menai Bridge">Menai Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Road signs in Wales are in Welsh and English.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to 2016, the choice of which language to display first was the responsibility of the local council. Since then, as part of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, all new signs have Welsh displayed first.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been incidents of one of the languages being vandalised, which may be considered a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2000, the teaching of Welsh has been compulsory in all schools in Wales up to age 16; this has had an effect in stabilising and reversing the decline in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Text on UK coins tends to be in English and Latin. However, a Welsh-language edge inscription was used on pound coins dated 1985, 1990 and 1995, which circulated in all parts of the UK prior to their 2017 withdrawal. The wording is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Pleidiol wyf i'm gwlad</i></span> (Welsh for 'True am I to my country'), and derives from the national anthem of Wales, "<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau</a></i></span>". UK banknotes are in English only. </p><p>Some shops employ bilingual signage. Welsh sometimes appears on product packaging or instructions. </p><p>The UK government has ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in respect of Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/220px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/330px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png/440px-Welsh_sign_in_Wrexham_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road sign near <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Central_railway_station" title="Wrexham Central railway station">Wrexham Central station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The language has greatly increased its prominence since the creation of the television channel <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> in November 1982, which until <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">digital switchover</a> in 2010 broadcast 70 per cent of Channel 4's programming along with a majority of Welsh language shows<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during peak viewing hours. The all-Welsh-language digital station <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">S4C Digidol</span></span> is available throughout Europe on satellite and online throughout the UK. Since the digital switchover was completed in South Wales on 31 March 2010, <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">S4C Digidol</span></span> became the main broadcasting channel and fully in Welsh. The main evening television news provided by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in Welsh is available for download.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a Welsh-language radio station, <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a></span></span>, which was launched in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only Welsh-language national newspaper <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Y_Cymro" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a></i></span> (<i>The Welshman</i>) was published weekly until 2017, and monthly thereafter, following a change in ownership. There is no daily newspaper in Welsh. A daily newspaper called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Y_Byd" title="Y Byd">Y Byd</a></i></span> (<i>The World</i>) was scheduled to be launched on 3 March 2008, but was scrapped, owing to insufficient sales of subscriptions and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> offering only one third of the £600,000 public funding it needed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Welsh-language online news service which publishes news stories in Welsh called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Golwg360" title="Golwg360">Golwg360</a></i></span> ('360 [degree] view'). </p><p>As of March 2021, there were 58 local Welsh language community newspapers, known as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Papurau Bro</i></span>, in circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_education">In education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_medium_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh medium education">Welsh medium education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welshclass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/220px-Welshclass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/330px-Welshclass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Welshclass.jpg/440px-Welshclass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Welsh language as the medium of instruction</figcaption></figure> <p>The decade around 1840 was a period of great social upheaval in Wales, manifested in the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist</a> movement. In 1839, 20,000 people marched on <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, resulting in a riot when 20 people were killed by soldiers defending the Westgate Hotel, and the <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a> where <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">tollbooths</a> on <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">turnpikes</a> were systematically destroyed. </p><p>This unrest brought the state of education in Wales to the attention of the British government since social reformers of the time considered education as a means of dealing with social ills. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper was prominent among those who considered that the lack of education of the Welsh people was the root cause of most of the problems. </p><p>In July 1846, three commissioners, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lingen,_1st_Baron_Lingen" title="Ralph Lingen, 1st Baron Lingen">R.R.W. Lingen</a>, Jellynger C. Symons and H.R. Vaughan Johnson, were appointed to inquire into the state of education in Wales; the Commissioners were all <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> and thus presumed unsympathetic to the <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> majority in Wales. The Commissioners presented <a href="/wiki/Reports_of_the_Commissioners_of_Inquiry_into_the_State_of_Education_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales">their report</a> to the Government on 1 July 1847 in three large blue-bound volumes. This report quickly became known in Wales as the <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Brad y Llyfrau Gleision</i></span> (<i>Treason of the Blue Books</i>) since,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from documenting the state of education in Wales, the Commissioners were also free with their comments disparaging the language, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_in_Wales" title="Nonconformity in Wales">nonconformity</a>, and the morals of the Welsh people in general. An immediate effect of the report was that ordinary Welsh people began to believe that the only way to get on in the world was through the medium of English, and an inferiority complex developed about the Welsh language whose effects have not yet been completely eradicated. The historian Professor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Kenneth O. Morgan</a> referred to the significance of the report and its consequences as "the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Glencoe" title="Massacre of Glencoe">Glencoe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Amritsar</a> of Welsh history".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later 19th century, the teaching of English in Welsh schools was generally supported by the Welsh public and parents who saw it as the language of economic advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-jones_social_15_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones_social_15-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 453, 457">: 453, 457 </span></sup> Virtually all teaching in the schools of Wales was in English, even in areas where the pupils barely understood English. Some schools used the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a>, a piece of wood, often bearing the letters "WN", which was hung around the neck of any pupil caught speaking Welsh. The pupil could pass it on to any schoolmate heard speaking Welsh, with the pupil wearing it at the end of the day being punished. One of the most famous Welsh-born pioneers of higher education in Wales was <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Owen_(educator)" title="Hugh Owen (educator)">Sir Hugh Owen</a>. He made great progress in the cause of education, and more especially the <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">University College of Wales</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, of which he was chief founder. He has been credited <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2009)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889" title="Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889">Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889</a> (52 & 53 Vict c 40), following which several new Welsh schools were built. The first was completed in 1894 and named <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Syr_Hugh_Owen" title="Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen">Ysgol Syr Hugh Owen</a></i></span>. </p><p>Towards the beginning of the 20th century this policy slowly began to change, partly owing to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Owen_Morgan_Edwards" title="Owen Morgan Edwards">O.M. Edwards</a> when he became chief inspector of schools for Wales in 1907. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/220px--Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="186" data-mwtitle="Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm/Bilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=bn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bn" label="বাংলা ‪(bn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hi" label="हिन्दी ‪(hi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=mt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mt" label="Malti ‪(mt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABilingualism_boosts_grades_at_Treorchy_Comprehensive.webm&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Welsh Government video of an English medium school in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, where introducing the Welsh language has boosted the exam results</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gymraeg_Aberystwyth" title="Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth">Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth</a></span></span> ('Aberystwyth Welsh School') was founded in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Ifan_ab_Owen_Edwards" title="Ifan ab Owen Edwards">Sir Ifan ap Owen Edwards</a>, the son of O.M. Edwards, as the first Welsh Primary School.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headteacher was <a href="/wiki/Norah_Isaac" title="Norah Isaac">Norah Isaac</a>. <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth</span></span> is still a very successful school, and now there are Welsh-language primary schools all over the country. <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Glan_Clwyd" title="Ysgol Glan Clwyd">Ysgol Glan Clwyd</a></span></span> was established in <a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a> in 1956 as the first Welsh-medium secondary school.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/220px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/330px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg/440px-Defnyddiwch_eich_Cymraeg_-_Use_your_Welsh_-_geograph.org.uk_-_488577.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Sign promoting the learning of Welsh</figcaption></figure> <p>Welsh is now widely used in education, with 101,345 children and young people in Wales receiving their education in Welsh medium schools in 2014/15, 65,460 in primary and 35,885 in secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 per cent of all schools in Wales are defined as Welsh medium schools, with a further 7.3 per cent offering some Welsh-medium instruction to pupils.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 per cent of pupils are in schools in which Welsh is the primary language of instruction. Under the <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_for_Wales_(2022_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curriculum for Wales (2022 to present)">National Curriculum</a>, it is compulsory that all students study Welsh up to the age of 16 as either a first or a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some students choose to continue with their studies through the medium of Welsh for the completion of their A-levels as well as during their college years. All <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">local education authorities</a> in Wales have schools providing bilingual or Welsh-<a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium</a> education.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder study Welsh as a second language in English-medium schools. Specialist teachers of Welsh called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Athrawon Bro</i></span> support the teaching of Welsh in the National Curriculum. Welsh is also taught in adult education classes. The Welsh Government has recently set up six centres of excellence in the teaching of Welsh for Adults, with centres in North Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mid Wales, South West, Glamorgan, Gwent, and Cardiff. </p><p>The ability to speak Welsh or to have Welsh as a qualification is desirable for certain career choices in Wales, such as teaching or customer service.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All universities in Wales teach courses in the language, with many undergraduate and post-graduate degree programmes offered in the medium of Welsh, ranging from law, modern languages, social sciences, and also other sciences such as biological sciences. Aberystwyth, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Bangor, and Swansea have all had chairs in Welsh since their virtual establishment, and all their schools of Welsh are successful centres for the study of the Welsh language and its literature, offering a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in Welsh as well as post-graduate courses. At all Welsh universities and the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, students have the right to submit assessed work and sit exams in Welsh even if the course was taught in English (usually the only exception is where the course requires demonstrating proficiency in another language). Following a commitment made in the <a href="/wiki/One_Wales" title="One Wales">One Wales</a> coalition government between Labour and Plaid Cymru, the <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a></span></span> (Welsh Language National College) was established. The purpose of the federal structured college, spread out between all the universities of Wales, is to provide and also advance Welsh medium courses and Welsh medium scholarship and research in Welsh universities. There is also a Welsh-medium academic journal called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gwerddon</i></span> ('Oasis'),<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a platform for academic research in Welsh and is published quarterly. There have been calls for more teaching of Welsh in English-medium schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_professional_engineering">Use in professional engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Use in professional engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When conducting applicants' professional reviews for <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered Engineer">Chartered Engineer</a> status, the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a> accepts applications in Welsh and will conduct face-to-face interviews in Welsh if requested to do so. One of the requirements for Chartered Engineer is also to be able to communicate effectively in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_information_technology">In information technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic-language_media" title="List of Celtic-language media">List of Celtic-language media</a></div> <p>Like many of the world's languages, the Welsh language has seen an increased use and presence on the internet, ranging from formal lists of terminology in a variety of fields<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Welsh language interfaces for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_XP" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Windows XP">Microsoft Windows XP</a> and up, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>, and on-line services to <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> kept in Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia has had a Welsh version since July 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> since 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phone_technology">Mobile phone technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mobile phone technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> launched a free software pack which enabled the use of <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> predictive text in Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a> 2009, a further announcement was made by the Welsh Language Board that the mobile phone company <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> was to work with the network provider <a href="/wiki/Orange_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange (UK)">Orange</a> to provide the first mobile phone in the Welsh language,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the interface and the T9 dictionary on the Samsung S5600 available in the Welsh language. The model, available with the Welsh language interface, has been available since 1 September 2009, with plans to introduce it on other networks.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices, both the built-in <a href="/wiki/Google_Keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Keyboard">Google Keyboard</a> and user-created keyboards can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices have fully supported the Welsh language since the release of iOS 8 in September 2014. Users can switch their device to Welsh to access apps that are available in Welsh. Date and time on iOS is also localised, as shown by the built-in Calendar application, as well as certain third-party apps that have been localised.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_warfare">In warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secure communications are often difficult to achieve in wartime. Just as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_code_talker" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo code talker">Navajo code talkers</a> were used by the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">United States military</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Welch_Fusiliers" title="Royal Welch Fusiliers">Royal Welch Fusiliers</a>, a Welsh regiment serving in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, used Welsh for emergency communications that needed to be secure.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_within_the_British_parliament">Use within the British parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Use within the British parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, parliamentary rules were amended to allow the use of Welsh when the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Grand_Committee" title="Welsh Grand Committee">Welsh Grand Committee</a> meets at <a href="/wiki/British_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British parliament">Westminster</a>. The change did not alter the rules about debates within the House of Commons, where only English can be used.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2018, Welsh was first used when the Welsh Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Alun_Cairns" title="Alun Cairns">Alun Cairns</a>, delivered his welcoming speech at a sitting of the committee. He said, "I am proud to be using the language I grew up speaking, which is not only important to me, my family and the communities Welsh MPs represent, but is also an integral part of Welsh history and culture".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_at_the_European_Union">Use at the European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Use at the European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2008, the Welsh language was used at a meeting of the European Union's <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a> for the first time. The Heritage Minister <a href="/wiki/Alun_Ffred_Jones" title="Alun Ffred Jones">Alun Ffred Jones</a> addressed his audience in Welsh and his words were interpreted into the EU's 23 official languages. The official use of the language followed years of campaigning. Jones said "In the UK we have one of the world's major languages, English, as the mother tongue of many. But there is a diversity of languages within our islands. I am proud to be speaking to you in one of the oldest of these, Welsh, the language of Wales." He described the breakthrough as "more than [merely] symbolic" saying "Welsh might be one of the oldest languages to be used in the UK, but it remains one of the most vibrant. Our literature, our arts, our festivals, our great tradition of song all find expression through our language. And this is a powerful demonstration of how our culture, the very essence of who we are, is expressed through language."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jill_Evans" title="Jill Evans">Jill Evans</a> MEP used Welsh in a number of speeches in the European Parliament. In 2004, her using Welsh was the first use of the language in the European Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last time Welsh was spoken in the European Parliament was during Evans' last speech shortly before <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_the_Voyager_programme">Use by the Voyager programme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Use by the Voyager programme"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A greeting in Welsh is one of the <a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_Voyager_Golden_Record#Greetings" title="Contents of the Voyager Golden Record">55 languages</a> included on the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> chosen to be representative of Earth in NASA's <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager programme</a> launched in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greetings are unique to each language, with the Welsh greeting being <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Iechyd da i chwi yn awr ac yn oesoedd</i></span>, which translates into English as "Good health to you now and forever".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Welsh supplements its core Brittonic vocabulary (words such as <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">wy</i></span> "egg", <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">carreg</i></span> "stone") with hundreds of word <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemmas</a> borrowed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_terms_borrowed_from_Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Welsh terms borrowed from Latin">from Latin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ffenestr</i></span> 'window' < Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fenestra</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwin</i></span> 'wine' < Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vinum</i></span>). It also borrows words from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, such as (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">silff</i></span> 'shelf', <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">giât</i></span> 'gate'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh phonology</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Welsh includes a number of sounds that do not occur in English and are <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> rare in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_lateral_fricatives" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives">voiceless alveolar lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span>, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless nasal">voiceless nasals</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̥]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̥]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊]</span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">voiceless alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r̥]</span> are distinctive features of the Welsh language. <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a> usually falls on the penultimate syllable in polysyllabic words, and the word-final unstressed syllable receives a higher <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> than the stressed syllable. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"> </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Symbols in parentheses are either <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, or found only in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-close central unrounded vowel">ɨ̞</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vowels /ɨ̞/ and /ɨ/ are only found in Northern varieties of Welsh. In the South these have merged with /ɪ/ and /i/ in all cases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Welsh orthography</a></div> <p>Welsh is written in a <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin alphabet</a> of 29 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, of which eight are <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> treated as single letters for <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">collation</a>, for example <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">fy</i></span> comes before <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ffrwyth</i></span> in the dictionary: </p> <dl><dd>a, b, c, ch, d, dd, e, f, ff, g, ng, h, i, j, l, ll, m, n, o, p, ph, r, rh, s, t, th, u, w, y</dd></dl> <p>In contrast to English practice, <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> are considered vowel letters in Welsh along with <span class="nowrap">⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩</span>. </p><p><span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> was not used traditionally, but is now used in many everyday words borrowed from English, like <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">jam</i></span> ('jam'), <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">jôc</i></span> ('joke') and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">garej</i></span> ('garage'). <span class="nowrap">⟨k, q, v, x, z⟩</span> are used in some technical terms, like <i>kilogram</i>, <i>volt</i> and <i>zero</i>, but in all cases can be, and often are, replaced by Welsh letters (same pronunciation): <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">cilogram</i></span>, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">folt</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">sero</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> was in common use until the 16th century, but was dropped at the time of the publication of the New Testament in Welsh, as <a href="/wiki/William_Salesbury" title="William Salesbury">William Salesbury</a> explained: "<span class="nowrap">⟨c⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span>, because the printers have not so many as the Welsh requireth". This change was not popular at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> (called <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">to bach</i></span> in Welsh, lit. 'little roof'),<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which usually disambiguates <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, most often in the case of <a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a>, where the vowel is short in one word and long in the other: e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">man</i></span> ('place') vs <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mân</i></span> ('fine, small'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">Colloquial Welsh morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">Literary Welsh morphology</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="mutation"></span><span class="anchor" id="mutations"></span> Welsh <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> has much in common with that of the other modern <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic languages</a>, such as the use of initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_mutation" title="Consonant mutation">consonant mutations</a> and of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">conjugated prepositions</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a> that fuse with the <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> that are their <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>). Welsh nouns belong to one of two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical genders</a>, masculine and feminine, but they are not inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Welsh has a variety of different endings and other methods to indicate the plural, and two endings to indicate the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> (technically the <a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">singulative</a>) of some nouns. In spoken Welsh, verbal features are indicated primarily by the use of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> rather than by the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">inflection of the main verb</a>. In literary Welsh, on the other hand, inflection of the main verb is usual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_syntax" title="Welsh syntax">Welsh syntax</a></div> <p>The canonical word order in Welsh is <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb–subject–object">verb–subject–object</a> (VSO). </p><p>Colloquial Welsh inclines very strongly towards the use of auxiliaries with its verbs, as in English. The present tense is constructed with <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bod</i></span> ('to be') as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a>, with the main verb appearing as a <a href="/wiki/Verbnoun" title="Verbnoun">verbnoun</a> (used in a way loosely equivalent to an infinitive) after the particle <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">yn</i></span>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mae Siân yn mynd i Lanelli</i></span></dd> <dd>Siân is going to Llanelli.</dd></dl> <p>There, <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mae</i></span> is a third-person singular present indicative form of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">bod</i></span>, and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mynd</i></span> is the verb-noun meaning "to go". The <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a> is constructed in a similar manner, as are the <a href="/wiki/Periphrastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">periphrastic</a> forms of the <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> tenses. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>, future and conditional mood tenses, there are <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> forms of all verbs, which are used in the written language. However, speech now more commonly uses the verbnoun together with an inflected form of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwneud</i></span> ('do'), so "I went" can be <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mi es i</i></span> or <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mi wnes i fynd</i></span> ('I did go'). <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mi</i></span> is an example of a preverbal particle; such particles are common in Welsh, though less so in the spoken language. </p><p>Welsh lacks separate pronouns for constructing subordinate clauses; instead, special verb forms or relative pronouns that appear identical to some preverbal particles are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessives_as_direct_objects_of_verbnouns">Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Possessives as direct objects of verbnouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Welsh for "I like Rhodri" is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n hoffi Rhodri</i></span> (word for word, "am I [the] liking [of] Rhodri"), with <i>Rhodri</i> in a possessive relationship with <i>hoffi</i>. With personal pronouns, the possessive form of the personal pronoun is used, as in "I like <i>him</i>": [<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n <b>ei</b> hoffi</i></span>], literally, "am I <i>his</i> liking" – "I like <i>you</i>" is [<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n <b>dy</b> hoffi</i></span>] ('am I <i>your</i> liking'). Very informally, the pronouns are often heard in their normal subject/object form and aping English word order: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n hoffi ti</i></span> ('Am I liking you'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronoun_doubling">Pronoun doubling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pronoun doubling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In colloquial Welsh, possessive pronouns, whether they are used to mean "my", "your", etc. or to indicate the direct object of a verbnoun, are commonly reinforced by the use of the corresponding personal pronoun after the noun or verbnoun: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">ei dŷ <b>e</b></i></span> "his house" (literally "his house <i>of him</i>"), <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n dy hoffi <b>di</b></i></span> "I like you" ('I am [engaged in the action of] your liking <i>of you</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>), etc. The "reinforcement" (or, simply, "redoubling") adds no emphasis in the colloquial register. While the possessive pronoun alone may be used, especially in more formal registers, as shown above, it is considered incorrect to use only the personal pronoun. Such usage is nevertheless sometimes heard in very colloquial speech, mainly among young speakers: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ble 'dyn ni'n mynd? Tŷ ti neu dŷ fi?</i></span> ('Where are we going? Your house or my house?'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh grammar</a></div> <p>Welsh is a moderately inflecting language. Verbs inflect at least for person, number and mood, while nouns inflect for number and there is a masculine-feminine distinction, of which the latter is marked via consonant mutation. </p><p>Colloquial and literary grammar show more differences than in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counting_system">Counting system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Counting system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_numerals" title="Welsh numerals">Welsh numerals</a></div> <p>The traditional counting system used in the Welsh language is <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a>, i.e. it is based on twenties. Welsh numbers from 11 to 14 are "<i>x</i> on ten" (e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">un ar ddeg</i></span>: 11), 16 to 19 are "<i>x</i> on fifteen" (e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">un ar bymtheg</i></span>: 16), though 18 is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deunaw</i></span>, "two nines"; numbers from 21 to 39 are "1–19 on twenty"(e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deg ar hugain</i></span>: 30), 40 is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deugain</i></span> "two twenties", 60 is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">trigain</i></span> "three twenties", etc. This form continues to be used, especially by older people, and it is obligatory in certain circumstances (such as telling the time, and in ordinal numbers).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a decimal counting system, which has become relatively widely used, though less so in giving the time, ages, and dates (it features no ordinal numbers). This system originated in Patagonian Welsh and was subsequently introduced to Wales in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas 39 in the vigesimal system is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pedwar ar bymtheg ar hugain</i></span> ('four on fifteen on twenty') or even <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">deugain namyn un</i></span> ('two twenty minus one'), in the decimal system it is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tri deg naw</i></span> ('three tens nine'). </p><p>Although there is only one word for "one" (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">un</i></span>), it triggers the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_morphology" title="Welsh morphology">soft mutation</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">treiglad meddal</i></span>) of feminine nouns, where possible, other than those beginning with "ll" or "rh". There are separate masculine and feminine forms of the numbers 'two' (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">dau</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">dwy</i></span>), 'three' (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tri</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tair</i></span>) and 'four' (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pedwar</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">pedair</i></span>), which must <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agree</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> of the objects being counted. The objects being counted appear in the singular, not plural form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The differences between the dialects of modern colloquial Welsh are insignificant in comparison with the difference between the spoken and standard language. The latter is much more formal and is, among other things, the language of the Welsh translations of the Bible (but the <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Beibl Cymraeg Newydd</i></span> – "New Welsh Bible" – is much less formal in language than the traditional 1588 Bible). Among the characteristics of the literary language, in comparison with the spoken language, are more frequent use of conjugated verb forms, a change in the use of certain tenses (for example, the literary imperfect in modern language has the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>), a reduction in the frequency of the use of pronouns (since the information they convey is usually conveyed by forms of inflected verbs and prepositions) and a more pronounced tendency to replace English borrowings with native Welsh words.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example: consider the question "Do you want a cuppa <i>[a cup of tea]</i>?" In Gwynedd this would typically be <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dach chi isio paned?</i></span> while in the south of Dyfed one would be more likely to hear <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ych chi'n moyn dishgled?</i></span> (though in other parts of the South one would not be surprised to hear <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ych chi isie paned?</i></span> as well, among other possibilities). An example of a pronunciation difference is the tendency in some southern dialects to palatalise the letter "s", e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mis</i></span> (Welsh for 'month'), usually pronounced <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[miːs]</a></span>, but as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[miːʃ]</a></span> in parts of the south. This normally occurs next to a high front <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> like /i/, although exceptions include the pronunciation of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">sut</i></span> "how" as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ʃʊd]</a></span> in the southern dialects (compared with northern <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[sɨt]</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_four_traditional_dialects">The four traditional dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The four traditional dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although modern understanding often splits Welsh into northern (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gogledd</i></span>) and southern (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">De</i></span>) 'dialects', the traditional classification of four Welsh dialects remains the most academically useful: </p> <ul><li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> dialect</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Powys</a> dialect</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a></i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dyfed" title="Kingdom of Dyfed">Dyfed</a> dialect</li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a></i></span>, the dialect of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwent" title="Kingdom of Gwent">Gwent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Morgannwg" title="Kingdom of Morgannwg">Morgannwg</a><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A fifth dialect is <a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a>, which has developed since the start of <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></span></span> (the Welsh settlement in Argentina) in 1865; it includes Spanish <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> and terms for local features, but a survey in the 1970s showed that the language in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> is consistent throughout the lower <a href="/wiki/Chubut_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Chubut Valley">Chubut Valley</a> and in the Andes. </p><p>Subdialects exist within the main dialects (such as the <a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi dialect</a>). The 1989 book <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg, Cymrâg, Cymrêg: Cyflwyno'r Tafodieithoedd</i></span> (Welsh for '<i>Welsh, Welsh, Welsh: Introducing the Dialects</i><span style="margin-left:.09em">'</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was accompanied by a cassette containing recordings of 14 different speakers demonstrating aspects of different regional dialects. The book also refers to the earlier <i>Linguistic Geography of Wales</i> (1973)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as describing six different regions which could be identified as having words specific to those regions. </p><p>In the 1970s, there was an attempt to standardise the Welsh language by teaching <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg Byw</i></span> ('Living Welsh') – a colloquially-based generic form of Welsh,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the attempt largely failed because it did not encompass the regional differences used by Welsh-speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Welsh can be considered to fall broadly into two main <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>—Colloquial Welsh (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg llafar</i></span>) and Literary Welsh (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymraeg llenyddol</i></span>). Colloquial Welsh is used in most speech and informal writing. Literary Welsh is closer to the form of Welsh standardised by the 1588 translation of the Bible and is found in official documents and other formal registers, including much literature. As a standardised form, literary Welsh shows little if any of the dialectal variation found in colloquial Welsh. Some differences include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Literary Welsh </th> <th>Colloquial Welsh </th></tr> <tr> <td>Can omit subject pronouns (<a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop</a>) </td> <td>Subject pronouns rarely omitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>More extensive use of simple verb forms </td> <td>More extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Periphrastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Periphrastic">periphrastic</a> verb forms </td></tr> <tr> <td>No distinction between simple present and future<br /> (e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">af</i></span> 'I go' and 'I shall go') </td> <td>Simple form most often expresses only future<br /> (e.g. <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">af i</i></span> 'I'll go') </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subjunctive verb forms </td> <td>Subjunctive in fixed idioms only </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd.pl ending and pronoun <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">-nt hwy</i></span> </td> <td>3rd.pl ending and pronoun <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">-n nhw</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Amongst the characteristics of the literary, as against the spoken language are a higher dependence on inflected verb forms, different usage of some of the tenses, less frequent use of pronouns (since the information is usually conveyed in the verb/preposition inflections) and a much lesser tendency to substitute English loanwords for native Welsh words. In addition, more archaic pronouns and forms of mutation may be observed in Literary Welsh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_sentences_in_literary_and_colloquial_Welsh">Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Examples of sentences in literary and colloquial Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Literary Welsh </th> <th>Colloquial Welsh </th></tr> <tr> <td>I get up early every day. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Codaf yn gynnar bob dydd</i></span>. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dw i'n codi'n gynnar bob dydd</i></span>. (North)<br /><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Rwy'n codi'n gynnar bob dydd</i></span>. (South) </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'll get up early tomorrow. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Codaf yn gynnar yfory.</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Mi goda i'n gynnar fory.</i></span> (North)<br /><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Wna i godi'n gynnar fory.</i></span> (South) </td></tr> <tr> <td>He had not stood there long. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ni safasai yno yn hir</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Doedd o ddim wedi sefyll yno'n hir</i></span>. (North)<br /><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">(D)ôdd e ddim wedi sefyll yna'n hir</i></span>. (South) </td></tr> <tr> <td>They'll sleep only when there's a need. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Ni chysgant ond pan fo angen</i></span>. </td> <td><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Fyddan nhw'n cysgu ddim ond pan fydd angen</i></span>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The differences between dialects of modern spoken Welsh pale into insignificance compared to the difference between some forms of the spoken language and the most formal constructions of the literary language. The latter is considerably more conservative and is the language used in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Bible">Welsh translations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, amongst other things – although the 2004 <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Beibl Cymraeg Newydd</i></span> (Welsh for '<i>New Welsh Bible</i><span style="margin-left:.09em">'</span>) is significantly less formal than the traditional 1588 Bible. Gareth King, author of a popular Welsh grammar, observes, "The difference between these two is much greater than between the virtually identical colloquial and literary forms of English."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grammar of Literary Welsh can be found in <i>A Grammar of Welsh</i> by Stephen J. Williams<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more completely in <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gramadeg y Gymraeg</i></span> by Peter Wynn Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (No comprehensive grammar of formal literary Welsh exists in English.) An English-language guide to colloquial Welsh forms and register and dialect differences is <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Dweud Eich Dweud</i></span> by Ceri Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="cy" class="poem"> <p>Genir pawb yn rhydd ac yn gydradd â'i gilydd mewn urddas a hawliau. Fe'u cynysgaeddir â rheswm a chydwybod, a dylai pawb ymddwyn y naill at y llall mewn ysbryd cymodlon.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">21</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1257" data-mwtitle="Welsh_language.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Welsh_language.ogg/Welsh_language.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Welsh_language.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Welsh_language.ogg" title="File:Welsh language.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 12 May 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005-05-12</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Welsh_Translators_and_Interpreters" title="Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters">Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/English_and_Welsh" title="English and Welsh">English and Welsh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honourable_Society_of_Cymmrodorion" title="Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion">Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages in the United Kingdom">Languages in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_media" title="List of Welsh-language media">List of Welsh-language media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_films" title="List of Welsh films">List of Welsh films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">List of Welsh-language authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">List of Welsh people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Wales_(Welsh_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Wales (Welsh language)">Welsh literature</a></li> <li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Dal_Ati" title="Dal Ati">Dal Ati</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benet%27s,_Paul%27s_Wharf" title="St Benet's, Paul's Wharf">St Benet's, Paul's Wharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_placenames" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh placenames">Welsh placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Tract" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a> <small>(A language invented by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a> – a body of literary works, mostly set in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a>. The language was strongly influenced by Welsh.)</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHywel_Jones" class="citation web cs1">Hywel Jones. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calls.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/4844.pdf">"Estimation of the number of Welsh speakers in England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>calls.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=calls.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Estimation+of+the+number+of+Welsh+speakers+in+England&rft.au=Hywel+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalls.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F4844.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2013" class="citation web cs1">Devine, Darren (30 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/patagonias-welsh-settlement-cultural-colonialism-2514111">"Patagonia's Welsh settlement was 'cultural colonialism' says academic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wales_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Now, though 50,000 Patagonians are thought to be of Welsh descent, the number of Welsh speakers is believed to be between only 1,500 and 5,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Patagonia%27s+Welsh+settlement+was+%27cultural+colonialism%27+says+academic&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fpatagonias-welsh-settlement-cultural-colonialism-2514111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WAG_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405231745/https://www.wales.com/Patagonia">"Wales and Patagonia"</a>. <i>Wales.com – The official gateway to Wales</i>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wales.com/Patagonia">the original</a> on 5 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>Today the province of Chubut, where most Welsh immigrants settled, has a population of 550,000 people. Of these, some 50,000 can claim Welsh ancestry and 5,000 speak the Welsh language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales.com+%E2%80%93+The+official+gateway+to+Wales&rft.atitle=Wales+and+Patagonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wales.com%2FPatagonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2015" class="citation news cs1">Prior, Neil (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-32919137">"Patagonia 150 years on: A 'little Wales beyond Wales'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Patagonia+150+years+on%3A+A+%27little+Wales+beyond+Wales%27&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-32919137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011003/tbl/tbl3_2-1-eng.cfm">"Population of immigrant mother tongue families, showing main languages comprising each family, Canada, 2011"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Population+of+immigrant+mother+tongue+families%2C+showing+main+languages+comprising+each+family%2C+Canada%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F2011003%2Ftbl%2Ftbl3_2-1-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021">"Cultural diversity: Census 2021"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Cultural+diversity%3A+Census+2021&rft.date=2022-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fstatistics%2Fpeople%2Fpeople-and-communities%2Fcultural-diversity-census%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. <i>UNESCO Digital Library</i>. p. 183<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.pages=183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000187026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Huw_Edwards_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huw Edwards (journalist)">Edwards, Huw</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709082910/http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z9kr9j6">"Why do they speak Welsh in South America?"</a>. <i>BBC iWonder</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/z9kr9j6">the original</a> on 9 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+iWonder&rft.atitle=Why+do+they+speak+Welsh+in+South+America%3F&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fguides%2Fz9kr9j6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity 1662</a> (13–14 Chas. II, c. 55) §27: "That the Book [of Common Prayer] hereunto annexed be truly and exactly translated into the British or Welsh tongue."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan1859" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Edward Henry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78gHAAAAQAAJ&q=%22Great%20Britain%20As%20It%20Is%22&pg=PA47"><i>Great Britain As It Is</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Lane_(publisher)" title="John Lane (publisher)">John Lane & Co</a>. p. 47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Britain+As+It+Is&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=John+Lane+%26+Co&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Edward+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D78gHAAAAQAAJ%26q%3D%2522Great%2520Britain%2520As%2520It%2520Is%2522%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1752" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, John (1752). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VvlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Chronological%20Antiquities%22%20cambric&pg=PA143"><i>Chronological Antiquities</i></a>. Vol. III. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: J Noon. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=J+Noon&rft.date=1752&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VvlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Chronological%2520Antiquities%2522%2520cambric%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_ThomasHughes1879" class="citation cs2">Walter Thomas, Mrs D; Hughes, Edward (1879), <i>The Cymric Language</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: D Duncan & Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cymric+Language&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=D+Duncan+%26+Sons&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Walter+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Mrs+D&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents">"Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>. <q>The Welsh language has official status in Wales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Welsh+Language+%28Wales%29+Measure+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fmwa%2F2011%2F1%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/anaw/2012/1">"National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012"</a>. <i>www.<a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>. <q>The official languages of the Assembly are English and Welsh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=National+Assembly+for+Wales+%28Official+Languages%29+Act+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fanaw%2F2012%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2007" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, R (2007). <i>Diversity in addressing diversity: Canadian and British legislative approaches to linguistic minorities and their international legal context. In: Williams C (ed) </i>Language and Governance<i><span></span></i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+in+addressing+diversity%3A+Canadian+and+British+legislative+approaches+to+linguistic+minorities+and+their+international+legal+context.+In%3A+Williams+C+%28ed%29+Language+and+Governance&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021)"</a>. <i>GOV.WALES</i>. 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.WALES&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+in+Wales+%28Census+2021%29&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-wales-census-2021-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.wales/welsh-language-data-annual-population-survey-april-2023-march-2024-html">"Welsh language data from the Annual Population Survey: April 2023 to March 2024 [HTML] | GOV.WALES"</a>. <i>www.gov.wales</i>. 27 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+data+from+the+Annual+Population+Survey%3A+April+2023+to+March+2024+%5BHTML%5D+%7C+GOV.WALES&rft.date=2024-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-data-annual-population-survey-april-2023-march-2024-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.wales/welsh-language-use-wales-initial-findings-july-2019-march-2020-revised-html">"Welsh language use in Wales (initial findings): July 2019 to March 2020 (revised) | GOV.WALES"</a>. <i>www.gov.wales</i>. 17 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+use+in+Wales+%28initial+findings%29%3A+July+2019+to+March+2020+%28revised%29+%7C+GOV.WALES&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-use-wales-initial-findings-july-2019-march-2020-revised-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/2017-09-04/back-to-school-but-not-an-english-one/">"Almost a quarter of children in Wales are taught only in Welsh, as the language experiences a revival"</a>. ITV News. 4 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Almost+a+quarter+of+children+in+Wales+are+taught+only+in+Welsh%2C+as+the+language+experiences+a+revival&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2F2017-09-04%2Fback-to-school-but-not-an-english-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuain" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Luain, Cathal Ó. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abp.bzh/unesco-status-of-celtic-languages-outlined-by-atlas-20850">"Unesco: Status of Celtic languages outlined by atlas"</a>. <i>Agence Bretagne Presse</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agence+Bretagne+Presse&rft.atitle=Unesco%3A+Status+of+Celtic+languages+outlined+by+atlas&rft.aulast=Luain&rft.aufirst=Cathal+%C3%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabp.bzh%2Funesco-status-of-celtic-languages-outlined-by-atlas-20850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles-Edwards2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards" title="Thomas Charles-Edwards">Charles-Edwards, Thomas M</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AK_yn7Q3_x0C&q=Wales%20and%20the%20Britons%2C%20350%E2%80%931064&pg=PA75">"2: Britons and their Languages"</a>. <i>Wales and the Britons, 350–1064</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821731-2"><bdi>978-0-19-821731-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823319671">823319671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Britons+and+their+Languages&rft.btitle=Wales+and+the+Britons%2C+350%E2%80%931064&rft.pages=75&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823319671&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821731-2&rft.aulast=Charles-Edwards&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAK_yn7Q3_x0C%26q%3DWales%2520and%2520the%2520Britons%252C%2520350%25E2%2580%25931064%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koch-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koch_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koch" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis0001unse"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 1757. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094400" title="Special:BookSources/9781851094400"><bdi>9781851094400</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/266510465">266510465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=1757&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F266510465&rft.isbn=9781851094400&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcelticculturehis0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Miller, Katherine L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8031/1/Katherine%20Miller%20Semantic%20Field%20of%20Slavery%20in%20Old%20English%20v%203.pdf"><i>The Semantic Field of Slavery in Old English: Wealh, Esne, Þræl</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Doctoral dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>. pp. 81–83<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Semantic+Field+of+Slavery+in+Old+English%3A+Wealh%2C+Esne%2C+%C3%9Er%C3%A6l&rft.inst=University+of+Leeds&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Katherine+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.whiterose.ac.uk%2F8031%2F1%2FKatherine%2520Miller%2520Semantic%2520Field%2520of%2520Slavery%2520in%2520Old%2520English%2520v%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wales_Hist_71-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wales_Hist_71_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994) <i><a href="//archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi_g1b0" class="extiw" title="iarchive:historyofwales0000davi g1b0">A History of Wales</a></i>. Penguin: p.71; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8">0-14-014581-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/welsh">"Welsh (adj.)"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>As a noun, "the Britons," also "the Welsh language," both from Old English. The word survives in Wales, Cornwall, Walloon, walnut, and in surnames Walsh and Wallace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Welsh+%28adj.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fwelsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unric.org/en/welsh-the-only-celtic-language-not-classified-as-endangered-by-unesco/">"Welsh: the only Celtic language not classified as "endangered" by UNESCO"</a>. <i>UN Regional Information Centre for Western Europe</i>. The United Nations. 5 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Regional+Information+Centre+for+Western+Europe&rft.atitle=Welsh%3A+the+only+Celtic+language+not+classified+as+%22endangered%22+by+UNESCO&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funric.org%2Fen%2Fwelsh-the-only-celtic-language-not-classified-as-endangered-by-unesco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KochBritons-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KochBritons_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet2014" class="citation book cs1">Janet, Davies (15 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32WuBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Welsh Language: A History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-019-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-019-8"><bdi>978-1-78316-019-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878137213">878137213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Language%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878137213&rft.isbn=978-1-78316-019-8&rft.aulast=Janet&rft.aufirst=Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32WuBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Nicholas (1 April 2014). "T. M. Charles-Edwards. <i>Wales and the Britons, 350–1064</i>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>119</b> (2): 578–579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F119.2.578">10.1093/ahr/119.2.578</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=T.+M.+Charles-Edwards.+Wales+and+the+Britons%2C+350%E2%80%931064&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=578-579&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F119.2.578&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koch1757-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Koch1757_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koch, p. 1757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFk3AQAAIAAJ"><i>Wales: Churches, Houses, Castles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane_(imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Lane (imprint)">Allen Lane</a>. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141024127" title="Special:BookSources/9780141024127"><bdi>9780141024127</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/751732135">751732135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales%3A+Churches%2C+Houses%2C+Castles&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F751732135&rft.isbn=9780141024127&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFk3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-42548146">"Llanwnda Bible damaged in last invasion of Britain on display"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Llanwnda+Bible+damaged+in+last+invasion+of+Britain+on+display&rft.date=2018-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-south-west-wales-42548146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.wales/discover/digital-gallery/printed-material/william-salesburys-new-testament">"William Salesbury's New Testament | The National Library of Wales"</a>. Library.wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Salesbury%27s+New+Testament+%26%23124%3B+The+National+Library+of+Wales&rft.pub=Library.wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.wales%2Fdiscover%2Fdigital-gallery%2Fprinted-material%2Fwilliam-salesburys-new-testament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Morgan-Welsh-bishop">"William Morgan | Welsh bishop"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Morgan+%26%23124%3B+Welsh+bishop&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FWilliam-Morgan-Welsh-bishop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlŷr2013" class="citation web cs1">Llŷr, Dylan (20 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whywelsh.wordpress.com/2013/08/20/welsh-is-the-oldest-language/">"Is Welsh the oldest language?"</a>. <i>Why Welsh?</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Why+Welsh%3F&rft.atitle=Is+Welsh+the+oldest+language%3F&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.aulast=Ll%C5%B7r&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhywelsh.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F08%2F20%2Fwelsh-is-the-oldest-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/guide/ch14_culture_and_religion.shtml">"History – Themes – Chapter 14: Culture and religion in early modern Wales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC Wales</a>. 1 January 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Themes+%E2%80%93+Chapter+14%3A+Culture+and+religion+in+early+modern+Wales&rft.pub=BBC+Wales&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fguide%2Fch14_culture_and_religion.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/life/society/migration.asp">"Migration"</a>. <i>www.agor.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.agor.org.uk&rft.atitle=Migration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agor.org.uk%2Fcwm%2Fthemes%2Flife%2Fsociety%2Fmigration.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant2020" class="citation journal cs1">Brant, Colin (Spring 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rollins.edu/honors/104/">"Communication and Culture: The Role of Language Policy on Regional Minority Languages in the Reduction of Political Conflict"</a>. <i>Applied Linguistics Commons</i>: 1–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Linguistics+Commons&rft.atitle=Communication+and+Culture%3A+The+Role+of+Language+Policy+on+Regional+Minority+Languages+in+the+Reduction+of+Political+Conflict&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=1-77&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.rollins.edu%2Fhonors%2F104%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/language_industrialrevolution.shtml">"The Industrial Revolution"</a>. <i>Wales History</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wales+History&rft.atitle=The+Industrial+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fhistory%2Fsites%2Fthemes%2Fsociety%2Flanguage_industrialrevolution.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.wales/welsh-language-wales-census-2021-html">"Welsh language in Wales (Census 2021) | GOV.WALES"</a>. <i>www.gov.wales</i>. 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+in+Wales+%28Census+2021%29+%7C+GOV.WALES&rft.date=2022-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-wales-census-2021-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2017" class="citation news cs1">Morris, Steven (18 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/dec/18/wales-launches-strategy-to-double-number-of-welsh-speakers-by-2050">"Wales launches strategy to double number of Welsh speakers by 2050"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Wales+launches+strategy+to+double+number+of+Welsh+speakers+by+2050&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2017%2Fdec%2F18%2Fwales-launches-strategy-to-double-number-of-welsh-speakers-by-2050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-45611374">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Encouraging' survey suggests rise in Welsh language speakers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 22 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=%27Encouraging%27+survey+suggests+rise+in+Welsh+language+speakers&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-45611374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2004Survey-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2004Survey_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427211017/http://linguistics.uoregon.edu/files/admin/file/Course_Documents/Survey_Methods/Survey%20Reports/Welsh%20Survey%20%26%20Report%2004.pdf">"2004 Welsh Language Use Survey: the report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.uoregon.edu/files/admin/file/Course_Documents/Survey_Methods/Survey%20Reports/Welsh%20Survey%20&%20Report%2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2004+Welsh+Language+Use+Survey%3A+the+report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.uoregon.edu%2Ffiles%2Fadmin%2Ffile%2FCourse_Documents%2FSurvey_Methods%2FSurvey%2520Reports%2FWelsh%2520Survey%2520%26%2520Report%252004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Proficiency-in-Welsh">"2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Key+Statistics+for+Wales%2C+March+2011&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales%2Fstb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html%23tab---Proficiency-in-Welsh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-20677528">"2011 Census: Number of Welsh speakers falling"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 11 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Number+of+Welsh+speakers+falling&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-20677528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gov.wales/welsh-language-use-wales-initial-findings-july-2019-march-2020-html">"Welsh language use in Wales (initial findings): July 2019 to March 2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+language+use+in+Wales+%28initial+findings%29%3A+July+2019+to+March+2020&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgov.wales%2Fwelsh-language-use-wales-initial-findings-july-2019-march-2020-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/Annual-Population-Survey-Welsh-Language">"Annual Population Survey: Welsh language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Population+Survey%3A+Welsh+language&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FWelsh-Language%2FAnnual-Population-Survey-Welsh-Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/National-Survey-for-Wales/Culture-and-Welsh-Language/percentageofadultswhospeakwelshinclthepercentagethatcannotspeakwelshandhavesomewelshspeakingability-by-localauthority">"Percentage of adults who speak Welsh (including the percentage that cannot speak Welsh and have some Welsh speaking ability) by local authority"</a>. <i>statswales.gov.wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statswales.gov.wales&rft.atitle=Percentage+of+adults+who+speak+Welsh+%28including+the+percentage+that+cannot+speak+Welsh+and+have+some+Welsh+speaking+ability%29+by+local+authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FNational-Survey-for-Wales%2FCulture-and-Welsh-Language%2Fpercentageofadultswhospeakwelshinclthepercentagethatcannotspeakwelshandhavesomewelshspeakingability-by-localauthority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Davies, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> (1993). <i>The Welsh Language</i>, page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1990" class="citation cs2">Williams, Colin H. (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&q=monoglot+welsh+speakers&pg=PA38">"The Anglicisation of Wales"</a>, in Coupland, Nikolas (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&q=monoglot%20welsh%20speakers&pg=PP1"><i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Clevedon" title="Clevedon">Clevedon</a>, Avon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 38–41, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853590313" title="Special:BookSources/9781853590313"><bdi>9781853590313</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglicisation+of+Wales&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.place=Clevedon%2C+Avon&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9781853590313&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Colin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C%26q%3Dmonoglot%2Bwelsh%2Bspeakers%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenWei2016" class="citation journal cs1">Green, David W.; Wei, Li (November 2016). "Code-switching and language control". <i>Bilingualism: Language and Cognition</i>. <b>19</b> (5): 883–884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1366728916000018">10.1017/S1366728916000018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bilingualism%3A+Language+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Code-switching+and+language+control&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=883-884&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1366728916000018&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Wei%2C+Li&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616234714/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/WelshSpeakers-by-LocalAuthority-Gender-DetailedAgeGroups-2011Census">"Welsh speakers by local authority, gender and detailed age groups, 2011 census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/welshspeakers-by-localauthority-gender-detailedagegroups-2011census">the original</a> on 16 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+speakers+by+local+authority%2C+gender+and+detailed+age+groups%2C+2011+census&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FWelsh-Language%2Fwelshspeakers-by-localauthority-gender-detailedagegroups-2011census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transactions Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club, 1887, page 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1882" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, A.J. (1882). Powell, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ycymmrodor00socigoog/page/n210">"On the delimitation of the English and Welsh languages"</a>. <i>Y Cymmrodor</i>. <b>5</b>: 191, 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Y+Cymmrodor&rft.atitle=On+the+delimitation+of+the+English+and+Welsh+languages&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=191%2C+196&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fycymmrodor00socigoog%2Fpage%2Fn210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span> (reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1884" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, Alexander J. (November 1884). "On the delimitation of the English and Welsh language". <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 5–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1884.tb00078.x">10.1111/j.1467-968X.1884.tb00078.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.hx57sj">2027/hvd.hx57sj</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+delimitation+of+the+English+and+Welsh+language.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-40&rft.date=1884-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.hx57sj&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-968X.1884.tb00078.x&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span>); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1889" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, A.J. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onearlyenglishpr00elliuoft/page/14/">"Introduction; The Celtic Border; 4"</a>. <i>The existing phonology of English dialects compared with that of West Saxon speech</i>. Early English Pronunciation. Vol. V. London: Trübner & Co. p. 14 [Text] 1446 [Series].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3B+The+Celtic+Border%3B+4&rft.btitle=The+existing+phonology+of+English+dialects+compared+with+that+of+West+Saxon+speech&rft.place=London&rft.series=Early+English+Pronunciation&rft.pages=14+Text+1446+Series&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonearlyenglishpr00elliuoft%2Fpage%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/archives/welsh-l/welsh-l/1993/Mar/More-Welsh-Speakers">"Nigel Callaghan (1993). <i>More Welsh Speakers than Previously Believed</i> (on-line). Accessed 21 March 2010"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigel+Callaghan+%281993%29.+More+Welsh+Speakers+than+Previously+Believed+%28on-line%29.+Accessed+21+March+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpub%2Farchives%2Fwelsh-l%2Fwelsh-l%2F1993%2FMar%2FMore-Welsh-Speakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120330060204/http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/English/publications/Publications/4844.pdf">"Estimation of the number of Welsh speakers in England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/English/publications/Publications/4844.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimation+of+the+number+of+Welsh+speakers+in+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.byig-wlb.org.uk%2FEnglish%2Fpublications%2FPublications%2F4844.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomisweb1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nomisweb1_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nomisweb1_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?rows=cell&cols=rural_urban">"QS204EW – Main language (detailed)"</a>. Nomis Official Labour Market Statistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS204EW+%E2%80%93+Main+language+%28detailed%29&rft.pub=Nomis+Official+Labour+Market+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2FQS204EW%2Fview%2F2092957699%3Frows%3Dcell%26cols%3Drural_urban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/census-data/2011-census-data/2011-first-release/2011-census-definitions/2011-census-glossary.pdf">"2011 Census Glossary of Terms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Office For National Statistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+For+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=2011+Census+Glossary+of+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fcensus-data%2F2011-census-data%2F2011-first-release%2F2011-census-definitions%2F2011-census-glossary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/the-2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/2011-census-questionnaire-for-england.pdf">"2011 Census Questionnaire for England"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office for National Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census+Questionnaire+for+England&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fguide-method%2Fcensus%2F2011%2Fthe-2011-census%2F2011-census-questionnaire-content%2F2011-census-questionnaire-for-england.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/census/2011/QS204EW/view/2092957699?rows=cell&cols=rural_urban">"Data Viewer"</a>. Nomis – Official Labour Market Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+Viewer&rft.pub=Nomis+%E2%80%93+Official+Labour+Market+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fcensus%2F2011%2FQS204EW%2Fview%2F2092957699%3Frows%3Dcell%26cols%3Drural_urban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS024/editions/2021/versions/1/filter-outputs/f775aa96-c2ec-491d-a379-6cefff63e3c7#get-data">"Main language (detailed) – Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Main+language+%28detailed%29+%E2%80%93+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2FTS024%2Feditions%2F2021%2Fversions%2F1%2Ffilter-outputs%2Ff775aa96-c2ec-491d-a379-6cefff63e3c7%23get-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331131214/http://scotlandcensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Language_detailed_Scotland.pdf">"Language used at home other than English (detailed)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Records of Scotland</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scotlandcensus.gov.uk/documents/censusresults/release2a/rel2A_Language_detailed_Scotland.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Records+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Language+used+at+home+other+than+English+%28detailed%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscotlandcensus.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcensusresults%2Frelease2a%2Frel2A_Language_detailed_Scotland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2015" class="citation news cs1">Prior, Neil (30 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-32919137">"Patagonia 150 years on: A 'little Wales beyond Wales'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Patagonia+150+years+on%3A+A+%27little+Wales+beyond+Wales%27&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-32919137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502180657/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_LGA">"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (LGA)"</a>. <i>stat.data.abs.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_LGA">the original</a> on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.data.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Census+2016%2C+Language+spoken+at+home+by+Sex+%28LGA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.data.abs.gov.au%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DABS_C16_T09_LGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/as-sa/98-314-x/2011003/tbl/tbl3_2-1-eng.cfm">"Population of immigrant mother tongue families, showing main languages comprising each family, Canada, 2011"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Population+of+immigrant+mother+tongue+families%2C+showing+main+languages+comprising+each+family%2C+Canada%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2011%2Fas-sa%2F98-314-x%2F2011003%2Ftbl%2Ftbl3_2-1-eng.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html">"Mother tongue by geography, 2021 Census"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Mother+tongue+by+geography%2C+2021+Census&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fdv-vd%2Flanguage-langue%2Findex-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nation.cymru/news/welsh-the-language-of-the-home-for-100-people-in-canada-countrys-census-reveals/">"Welsh the language of the home for 100 people in Canada, country's census reveals"</a>. <i>Nation.Cymru</i>. 18 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nation.Cymru&rft.atitle=Welsh+the+language+of+the+home+for+100+people+in+Canada%2C+country%27s+census+reveals&rft.date=2022-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnation.cymru%2Fnews%2Fwelsh-the-language-of-the-home-for-100-people-in-canada-countrys-census-reveals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated">"2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated) | Stats NZ"</a>. <i>www.stats.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2018+Census+totals+by+topic+%E2%80%93+national+highlights+%28updated%29+%7C+Stats+NZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Finformation-releases%2F2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights-updated&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2013/demo/2009-2013-lang-tables.html">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2013%2Fdemo%2F2009-2013-lang-tables.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20150402173126/http:/gov.wales/statistics-and-research/digest-welsh-historical-statistics/?lang=en#/statistics-and-research/digest-welsh-historical-statistics/?tab=previous&lang=en">"National Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fukgwa%2F20150402173126%2Fhttp%3A%2Fgov.wales%2Fstatistics-and-research%2Fdigest-welsh-historical-statistics%2F%3Flang%3Den%23%2Fstatistics-and-research%2Fdigest-welsh-historical-statistics%2F%3Ftab%3Dprevious%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/query/select/getdatasetbytheme.asp?opt=3&theme=&subgrp=">"Nomis"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fquery%2Fselect%2Fgetdatasetbytheme.asp%3Fopt%3D3%26theme%3D%26subgrp%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsbc.co.uk/help/hsbc-in-wales/cymru/">"Croeso i HSBC yng Nghymru"</a> [Welcome to HSBC in Wales]. <i><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_(Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="HSBC Bank (Europe)">HSBC Bank</a></i> (in Welsh)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HSBC+Bank&rft.atitle=Croeso+i+HSBC+yng+Nghymru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsbc.co.uk%2Fhelp%2Fhsbc-in-wales%2Fcymru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111033246/https://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Homepage.aspx?langtype=1106">"Eich cysylltu â'r hyn sy'n bwysig"</a> [Connecting you to what's important]. <i><a href="/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Wales" title="Arriva Trains Wales">Arriva Trains Wales</a></i> (in Welsh). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrivatrainswales.co.uk/Homepage.aspx?langtype=1106">the original</a> on 11 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arriva+Trains+Wales&rft.atitle=Eich+cysylltu+%C3%A2%27r+hyn+sy%27n+bwysig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrivatrainswales.co.uk%2FHomepage.aspx%3Flangtype%3D1106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%20Documents/welsh_language_measure_as_passed-e.pdf%20-%2014122010/welsh_language_measure_as_passed-e-English.pdf">"Proposed Welsh Language (Wales) Measure [As Passed]"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly">Welsh Assembly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Assembly&rft.atitle=Proposed+Welsh+Language+%28Wales%29+Measure+%26%2391%3BAs+Passed%26%2393%3B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assembly.wales%2FNAfW%2520Documents%2Fwelsh_language_measure_as_passed-e.pdf%2520-%252014122010%2Fwelsh_language_measure_as_passed-e-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews2010-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews2010_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-11934239">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic' vote for language law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 7 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>A new law to promote the Welsh language has been unanimously passed by the Welsh Assembly. The measure makes Welsh an official language in Wales, and obliges public bodies and some private companies to provide services in it. A language commissioner will be appointed to enforce the measure and to protect the Welsh speakers' rights. Ministers hailed the vote as a "historic step forward for the Welsh language."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Historic%27+vote+for+language+law&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-11934239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wales.gov.uk-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wales.gov.uk_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922140142/http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/welshlanguage/2011/110211welshlang/?lang=en">"Welsh Measure received Royal Assent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Assembly_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Assembly Government">Welsh Assembly Government</a>. 11 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/welshlanguage/2011/110211welshlang/?lang=en">the original</a> on 22 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+Measure+received+Royal+Assent&rft.pub=Welsh+Assembly+Government&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwales.gov.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fwelshlanguage%2F2011%2F110211welshlang%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/royal-assent-official-status-welsh-1852353">"Royal Assent for official status of Welsh language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wales_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Mirror">Trinity Mirror</a>. 12 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>Powers confirming the official status of Welsh received Royal Assent yesterday. The Welsh Language Measure will create the post of language commissioner and ensure services can be provided in Welsh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=Royal+Assent+for+official+status+of+Welsh+language&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Froyal-assent-official-status-welsh-1852353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-politics-15186747">"Language board chief Meri Huws is Welsh commissioner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>The chairwoman of the Welsh Language Board has been appointed the first Welsh language commissioner. Meri Huws will act as a champion for the Welsh language, says First Minister Carwyn Jones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Language+board+chief+Meri+Huws+is+Welsh+commissioner&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-15186747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/livinginwales/sites/howdoisay/roadsigns/">"Living in Wales – Pronouncing road signs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC Wales</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+in+Wales+%E2%80%93+Pronouncing+road+signs&rft.pub=BBC+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Flivinginwales%2Fsites%2Fhowdoisay%2Froadsigns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roadsafetygb.org.uk/news/n-a-4985/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Welsh first' for new traffic signs"</a>. <i>Road Safety GB</i>. 31 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Road+Safety+GB&rft.atitle=%27Welsh+first%27+for+new+traffic+signs&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froadsafetygb.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fn-a-4985%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/canton-welsh-sign-graffiti-news-21911145">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Idiots' who vandalised Welsh language street sign in Cardiff 'won't stop policy of bilingual names'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wales_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales Online">Wales Online</a></i>. 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wales+Online&rft.atitle=%27Idiots%27+who+vandalised+Welsh+language+street+sign+in+Cardiff+%27won%27t+stop+policy+of+bilingual+names%27&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fcanton-welsh-sign-graffiti-news-21911145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/18883481.english-version-north-wales-place-names-road-signs-daubed-graffiti/">"English version of North Wales place names on road signs daubed with graffiti"</a>. <i>The Leader</i>. 19 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Leader&rft.atitle=English+version+of+North+Wales+place+names+on+road+signs+daubed+with+graffiti&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18883481.english-version-north-wales-place-names-road-signs-daubed-graffiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161900/https://beta.gov.wales/current-school-curriculum">"Current school curriculum"</a>. <i>Welsh Government</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://beta.gov.wales/current-school-curriculum">the original</a> on 25 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Government&rft.atitle=Current+school+curriculum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbeta.gov.wales%2Fcurrent-school-curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918164438/http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG&VL=1">"List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148"</a>. Conventions.coe.int. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG&VL=1">the original</a> on 18 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+declarations+made+with+respect+to+treaty+No.+148&rft.pub=Conventions.coe.int&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconventions.coe.int%2Ftreaty%2FCommun%2FListeDeclarations.asp%3FNT%3D148%26CM%3D1%26DF%3D%26CL%3DENG%26VL%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s4c.co.uk/abouts4c/corporate/e_index.shtml">Welsh language provision</a> at S4C Analogue</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/live/newyddion.ram">BBC website</a> (Real Media).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConboy2010" class="citation book cs1">Conboy, Martin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efTqgnFP9hAC&q=BBC+Radio+Cymru+1977&pg=PA188"><i>Journalism in Britain: A Historical Introduction</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0972-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-0972-1"><bdi>978-1-4462-0972-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+in+Britain%3A+A+Historical+Introduction&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-0972-1&rft.aulast=Conboy&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefTqgnFP9hAC%26q%3DBBC%2BRadio%2BCymru%2B1977%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/7245774.stm">"Daily Welsh newspaper abandoned"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Daily+Welsh+newspaper+abandoned&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F7245774.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2021" class="citation web cs1">Rowe, Katrina (23 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westwaleschronicle.co.uk/blog/2021/03/23/a-website-for-all-local-welsh-language-papers-the-papurau-bro/">"A website for all local Welsh language papers — The Papurau Bro"</a>. <i>West Wales Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=West+Wales+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+website+for+all+local+Welsh+language+papers+%E2%80%94+The+Papurau+Bro&rft.date=2021-03-23&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Katrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westwaleschronicle.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2021%2F03%2F23%2Fa-website-for-all-local-welsh-language-papers-the-papurau-bro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/4555702.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Treacherous' Blue Books online"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 23 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>A 19th Century report that became controversial for condemning the Welsh language has been published online by the National Library of Wales. The government report about Welsh education in 1847 was dubbed the Treachery of the Blue Books (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Brad y Llyfrau Gleision</i></span>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Treacherous%27+Blue+Books+online&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F4555702.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1993" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19ThaoZRcqEC"><i>A History of Wales</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014581-6"><bdi>978-0-14-014581-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/925144917">925144917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F925144917&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014581-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19ThaoZRcqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones_social_15-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones_social_15_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Gareth Elwyn (2000). "15 The Welsh Language and the Blue Books of 1847". In <a href="/wiki/Geraint_H._Jenkins" title="Geraint H. Jenkins">Jenkins, Geraint H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qS54AAAAIAAJ&q=The%20Welsh%20Language%20and%20it%27s%20Social%20Domains"><i>The Welsh Language and Its Social Domains</i></a>. University of Wales Press. pp. 431–457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0708316047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0708316047"><bdi>978-0708316047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15+The+Welsh+Language+and+the+Blue+Books+of+1847&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Language+and+Its+Social+Domains&rft.pages=431-457&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0708316047&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Elwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqS54AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2520Welsh%2520Language%2520and%2520it%2527s%2520Social%2520Domains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-mid-wales-29360528">"Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth celebrates 75th anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 25 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>Former pupils and teachers of Wales' first Welsh-medium school will gather to celebrate its 75th anniversary. <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Ysgol Gymraeg Aberystwyth</span></span> was opened in September 1939 by Sir Ifan ab Owen Edwards, who feared children's spoken Welsh was being tarnished by the English language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ysgol+Gymraeg+Aberystwyth+celebrates+75th+anniversary&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-mid-wales-29360528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005105133/http://www.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk/welcome">"Welcome"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Glan_Clwyd" title="Ysgol Glan Clwyd">Ysgol Glan Clwyd</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk/welcome">the original</a> on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2016</span>. <q>The school was established in 1956 and was the first Welsh-medium secondary school in Wales. It was originally located in Rhyl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ysgol+Glan+Clwyd&rft.atitle=Welcome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ysgolglanclwyd.co.uk%2Fwelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923050052/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype">"Schools by local authority, region and Welsh medium type"</a>. Stats Wales. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Education-and-Skills/Schools-and-Teachers/Schools-Census/Pupil-Level-Annual-School-Census/Schools/schools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype">the original</a> on 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Schools+by+local+authority%2C+region+and+Welsh+medium+type&rft.pub=Stats+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatswales.gov.wales%2FCatalogue%2FEducation-and-Skills%2FSchools-and-Teachers%2FSchools-Census%2FPupil-Level-Annual-School-Census%2FSchools%2Fschools-by-localauthorityregion-welshmediumtype&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923092846/http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Commissioner/Pages/5-year%20Report.aspx">"5-year Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru/English/Commissioner/Pages/5-year%20Report.aspx">the original</a> on 23 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5-year+Report&rft.pub=Welsh+Language+Commissioner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comisiynyddygymraeg.cymru%2FEnglish%2FCommissioner%2FPages%2F5-year%2520Report.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120718080132/http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/your_world/communications_index_ew/the_welsh_language.htm">"The Welsh language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Advice" title="Citizens Advice">Citizens Advice</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adviceguide.org.uk/index/your_world/communications_index_ew/the_welsh_language.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>Welsh is a subject in the national curriculum and is compulsory at all state schools in Wales, for pupils up to the age of 16. In English-medium schools, it is taught as a second language, and in Welsh-medium schools, as the first language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citizens+Advice&rft.atitle=The+Welsh+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adviceguide.org.uk%2Findex%2Fyour_world%2Fcommunications_index_ew%2Fthe_welsh_language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004225315/http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID=217&langID=2">"Welsh medium or bilingual provision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?langID=2&pID=217">the original</a> on 4 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+medium+or+bilingual+provision&rft.pub=Welsh+Language+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk%2Fcynnwys.php%3FlangID%3D2%26pID%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">learncymraeg.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More information can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshforadults.org">Welsh for Adults.org</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gwerddon.cymru">"Gwerddon.Cymru"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwerddon.Cymru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgwerddon.cymru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-gymraeg.org/bwrdd-yr-iaith/termau/default.aspx?lang=en">Welsh National Database of Standardised Terminology</a> was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID=241&langID=2&nID=640">released in March 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925054244/http://www.bwrdd-yr-iaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?pID=241&langID=2&nID=640">Archived</a> 25 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selections of Welsh-language blogs are listed on the sites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hedyn.net/wici/Categori:Blog_Cymraeg">Hedyn</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogiadur.com">Blogiadur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107031440/http://blogiadur.com/">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellular-news.com/story/18781.php">"Cellular News webpage"</a>. Cellular-news.com. 11 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellular+News+webpage&rft.pub=Cellular-news.com&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellular-news.com%2Fstory%2F18781.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20120330043635/http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/Cymraeg/newyddion/Pages/Lansio'rff%C3%B4nsymudolCymraegcyntafybyd.aspx">World's first Welsh language mobile phone launched</a> (publish date: 25 August 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/mid/8183247.stm">"Mobile phone for Welsh-speakers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 4 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mobile+phone+for+Welsh-speakers&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2Fmid%2F8183247.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112635/http://troi.org/en/literatim.html">"LiterIM external keyboard for Android"</a>. Troi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://troi.org/en/literatim.html">the original</a> on 23 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LiterIM+external+keyboard+for+Android&rft.pub=Troi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftroi.org%2Fen%2Fliteratim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521133222/https://applingua.com/free-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers/">"Free Welsh Localization for iOS Developers"</a>. Applingua. 6 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://applingua.com/free-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers/">the original</a> on 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Free+Welsh+Localization+for+iOS+Developers&rft.date=2015-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapplingua.com%2Ffree-welsh-localization-for-ios-developers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appsinwelsh.com/">"Apps in Welsh Directory"</a>. Apps in Welsh. 29 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Apps+in+Welsh+Directory&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appsinwelsh.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath1996" class="citation news cs1">Heath, Tony (26 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/welsh-speak-up-for-their-ancient-tongue-1311562.html">"Welsh speak up for their ancient tongue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Welsh+speak+up+for+their+ancient+tongue&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1996-08-26&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwelsh-speak-up-for-their-ancient-tongue-1311562.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-39043308">"Welsh language to be allowed in MPs' Welsh Grand Committee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+to+be+allowed+in+MPs%27+Welsh+Grand+Committee&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-39043308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-politics-42967899">"MPs speak Welsh in parliamentary debate for first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=MPs+speak+Welsh+in+parliamentary+debate+for+first+time&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-wales-politics-42967899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2018" class="citation news cs1">Williamson, David (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/north-wales-news/historic-first-welsh-westminster-language-14258799">"A historic first for Welsh at Westminster as language officially used for first time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Post_(North_Wales)" title="Daily Post (North Wales)">Daily Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Post&rft.atitle=A+historic+first+for+Welsh+at+Westminster+as+language+officially+used+for+first+time&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-wales-news%2Fhistoric-first-welsh-westminster-language-14258799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2018" class="citation news cs1">Williamson, David (7 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/politics/historic-moment-welsh-spoken-houses-14258358">"MPs use first ever bilingual debate in Westminster"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Walesonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Walesonline">WalesOnline</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=MPs+use+first+ever+bilingual+debate+in+Westminster&rft.date=2018-02-07&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fhistoric-moment-welsh-spoken-houses-14258358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Williamson2008" class="citation web cs1">David Williamson (21 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2008/11/21/breakthrough-as-minister-uses-welsh-at-eu-council-91466-22307749/">"Breakthrough as minister uses Welsh at EU council"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WalesOnline" class="mw-redirect" title="WalesOnline">WalesOnline</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=Breakthrough+as+minister+uses+Welsh+at+EU+council&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.au=David+Williamson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2F2008%2F11%2F21%2Fbreakthrough-as-minister-uses-welsh-at-eu-council-91466-22307749%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4020467.stm">"Welsh language debut in EU"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i>. 17 November 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Welsh+language+debut+in+EU&rft.date=2004-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F4020467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-9-2020-01-29-INT-1-098-0000_EN.html">Speech transcript</a>, European Parliament, 29 January 2020, accessed 26 June 2022]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/languages.html">"Greetings to the Universe in 55 Different Languages"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greetings+to+the+Universe+in+55+Different+Languages&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fspacecraft%2Flanguages%2Flanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/welsh.html">"Welsh greetings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welsh+greetings&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoyager.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fspacecraft%2Flanguages%2Fwelsh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-message-hurtling-through-space-1826813">"The Welsh message hurtling through space 10 billion miles from its home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/WalesOnline" class="mw-redirect" title="WalesOnline">WalesOnline</a></i>. 10 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=The+Welsh+message+hurtling+through+space+10+billion+miles+from+its+home&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fwelsh-message-hurtling-through-space-1826813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Yr elfen Ladin yn yr iaith Gymraeg</i> (in Welsh). Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. 1943. pp. 10–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708307694" title="Special:BookSources/9780708307694"><bdi>9780708307694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yr+elfen+Ladin+yn+yr+iaith+Gymraeg&rft.pages=10-31&rft.pub=Gwasg+Prifysgol+Cymru&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=9780708307694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Peter Wynn (1996) <i>Gramadeg y Gymraeg.</i> Cardiff: University of Wales Press: 757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123213007/http://dohiyimir.typepad.com/eng_wel_tolkien.pdf">"English and Welsh, an essay by J. R. R. Tolkien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>typepad.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dohiyimir.typepad.com/eng_wel_tolkien.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=typepad.com&rft.atitle=English+and+Welsh%2C+an+essay+by+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdohiyimir.typepad.com%2Feng_wel_tolkien.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?to+bach">"to bach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geiriadur+Prifysgol+Cymru&rft.atitle=to+bach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwelsh-dictionary.ac.uk%2Fgpc%2Fgpc.html%3Fto%2Bbach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, G. <i>Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar</i>, published by Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09269-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09269-8">0-415-09269-8</a> p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert's2016" class="citation book cs1">Robert's, Gareth Ffowc (15 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ackmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT112"><i>Count Us In: How to Make Maths Real for All of Us</i></a>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-798-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78316-798-2"><bdi>978-1-78316-798-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Count+Us+In%3A+How+to+Make+Maths+Real+for+All+of+Us&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78316-798-2&rft.aulast=Robert%27s&rft.aufirst=Gareth+Ffowc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DackmDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.101languages.net/welsh/registers.html">"Registers"</a>. <i>Welsh 101</i>. 101 Languages.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+101&rft.atitle=Registers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.101languages.net%2Fwelsh%2Fregisters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kimkat.org/amryw/1_cymraeg/cymraeg_tafodieitheg_gymraeg_mynegai_1385e.htm">"Index to Welsh dialects"</a>. Kimkat.org. 20 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+to+Welsh+dialects&rft.pub=Kimkat.org&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkimkat.org%2Famryw%2F1_cymraeg%2Fcymraeg_tafodieitheg_gymraeg_mynegai_1385e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasThomas1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomas, Beth; Thomas, Peter Wynn (1989). <i>Cymraeg, Cymrâg, Cymrêg: Cyflwyno'r Tafodieithoedd</i> [<i>Welsh, Welch, Walsh: Introducing the Dialects</i>] (in Welsh). Gwasg Taf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-948469-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-948469-14-5"><bdi>978-0-948469-14-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cymraeg%2C+Cymr%C3%A2g%2C+Cymr%C3%AAg%3A+Cyflwyno%27r+Tafodieithoedd&rft.pub=Gwasg+Taf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-948469-14-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1973" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Alan R (1973). <i>Linguistic Geography of Wales</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a> for Board of Celtic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Geography+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press+for+Board+of+Celtic+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Alan+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madog.org/dysgwyr/adolygiadau/adolygu1.html">"Teach Yourself Welsh"</a>. Cymdeithas Madog. 15 March 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Welsh&rft.pub=Cymdeithas+Madog&rft.date=2000-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madog.org%2Fdysgwyr%2Fadolygiadau%2Fadolygu1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlingebiel1994" class="citation book cs1">Klingebiel, Kathryn (1994). <i>234 Welsh Verbs: Standard Literary Forms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Belmont,_Massachusetts" title="Belmont, Massachusetts">Belmont</a>, Massachusetts: Ford & Bailie. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-926689-04-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-926689-04-6"><bdi>978-0-926689-04-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=234+Welsh+Verbs%3A+Standard+Literary+Forms&rft.place=Belmont%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Ford+%26+Bailie&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-926689-04-6&rft.aulast=Klingebiel&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2016" class="citation book cs1">King, Gareth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DY-CgAAQBAJ&q=Modern%20Welsh%3A%20A%20Comprehensive%20Grammar&pg=PR3"><i>Modern Welsh: A Comprehensive Grammar</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82629-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82629-8"><bdi>978-1-138-82629-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Welsh%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-82629-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DY-CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DModern%2520Welsh%253A%2520A%2520Comprehensive%2520Grammar%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1980" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen J (1980). <i>A Welsh Grammar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0735-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-0735-9"><bdi>978-0-7083-0735-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Welsh+Grammar&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-0735-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Peter Wynn (1996). <i>Gramadeg y Gymraeg</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1345-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1345-9"><bdi>978-0-7083-1345-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramadeg+y+Gymraeg&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1345-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Peter+Wynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ceri (2013). <i>Dweud Eich Dweud: A Guide to Colloquial and Idiomatic Welsh</i>. <a href="/wiki/Llandysul" title="Llandysul">Llandysul</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gomer_Press" title="Gomer Press">Gomer Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-748-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84851-748-6"><bdi>978-1-84851-748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dweud+Eich+Dweud%3A+A+Guide+to+Colloquial+and+Idiomatic+Welsh&rft.place=Llandysul&rft.pub=Gomer+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84851-748-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ceri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/welsh-cymraeg">"OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Welsh (Cymraeg)"</a>. <i>OHCHR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=OHCHR+%7C+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Welsh+%28Cymraeg%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Fwelsh-cymraeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J.W. Aitchison; H. Carter (2000). <i>Language, Economy and Society. The changing fortunes of the Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century</i>. Cardiff. University of Wales Press.</li> <li>J.W. Aitchison; H. Carter (2004). <i>Spreading the Word. The Welsh Language 2001</i>. Y Lolfa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell,_EliseArchangeli,_Diana_B.Anderson,_Skye_J.Hammond,_Michael2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Elise; Archangeli, Diana B.; Anderson, Skye J.; Hammond, Michael; Webb-Davies, Peredur; Brooks, Heddwen (2021). "Northern Welsh". Illustrations of the IPA. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>: 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100321000165">10.1017/S0025100321000165</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Northern+Welsh&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100321000165&rft.au=Bell%2C+Elise&rft.au=Archangeli%2C+Diana+B.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Skye+J.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Michael&rft.au=Webb-Davies%2C+Peredur&rft.au=Brooks%2C+Heddwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWelsh+language" class="Z3988"></span>, with supplementary sound recordings.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011: available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted/welsh">Welsh</a> and **<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/mwa/2011/1/contents/enacted">English</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130416045207/http://www.welshlanguagecommissioner.org/">Welsh Language Commissioner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228200916/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/welsh.htm">Welsh language at Omniglot</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194934/http://www.byig-wlb.org.uk/English/publications/Publications/The%20Vitality%20of%20Welsh%20A%20Statistical%20Balance%20Sheet%20August%202010.pdf">Welsh Language Board: <i>The Vitality of Welsh: A Statistical Balance Sheet</i>, August 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813122001/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/statistics/theme/welsh-language/?lang=en">Link for Welsh language statistics</a> from the Welsh Assembly Government (accessed 10 January 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191405/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&c=NP20&e=15&g=421314&i=1001x1012x1013x1003x1004&j=324960&m=1&p=-1&q=1&r=0&s=1210299776914&enc=1&dsFamilyId=888">Example knowledge of Welsh (KS25) data</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>) from the Office for National Statistics</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Welsh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Welsh language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Welsh language">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Welsh_language" class="extiw" title="q:Welsh language">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Welsh_language" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Welsh language">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Welsh" class="extiw" title="b:Welsh">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Welsh" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Welsh">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Welsh_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Welsh phrasebook">Phrasebook</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cy:">Welsh edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9309" class="extiw" title="d:Q9309">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Welsh_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Welsh_language" title="Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Welsh_language" title="Template talk:Welsh language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Welsh language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Welsh_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Welsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Welsh">Modern Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treachery_of_the_Blue_Books" title="Treachery of the Blue Books">Treachery of the Blue Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Not" title="Welsh Not">Welsh Not</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li>Morphology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_syntax" title="Welsh syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_numerals" title="Welsh numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">Singulative number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_orthography" title="Welsh orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%BC" title="Ỽ">Ỽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_with_loop" title="Y with loop">Y with loop</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dictionaries <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geiriadur_Prifysgol_Cymru" title="Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Academy_English%E2%80%93Welsh_Dictionary" title="Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary">Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_toponymy" title="Welsh toponymy">Toponymy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_place_names_in_other_countries" title="Welsh place names in other countries">outside Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Welsh_origin_in_the_United_States" title="List of place names of Welsh origin in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">on road signage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Welsh_origin" title="List of English words of Welsh origin">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_exonyms" title="Welsh exonyms">Exonyms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Medieval Welsh literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Triads" title="Welsh Triads">Welsh Triads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Ysgolion_Meithrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin">Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wlpan" title="Wlpan">Wlpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Welsh" title="Bible translations into Welsh">Bible translations into Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_magazines" title="Category:Welsh-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_newspapers" title="Category:Welsh-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_novels" title="Category:Welsh-language novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poems_in_Welsh" title="Category:Poems in Welsh">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-speaking_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh-speaking population">Welsh-speaking population</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_areas_by_percentage_of_Welsh-speakers" title="List of Welsh areas by percentage of Welsh-speakers">by county or county borough in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Tract" title="Welsh Tract">Welsh Tract</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_surnames" title="Category:Welsh-language surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-speaking_politicians" title="List of Welsh-speaking politicians">Politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-speaking_people_by_occupation" title="Category:Welsh-speaking people by occupation">Other occupations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_media" title="List of Welsh-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_programmes" title="List of Welsh-language programmes">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_S4C" title="Timeline of S4C">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cymru" title="Capital Cymru">Capital Cymru</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg" title="Golwg">Golwg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golwg360" title="Golwg360">Golwg360</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes-e" title="Maes-e">Maes-e</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafod_y_Ddraig" title="Tafod y Ddraig">Tafod y Ddraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y_Cymro" title="Y Cymro">Y Cymro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barn_(Welsh_magazine)" title="Barn (Welsh magazine)">Barn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_music" title="Category:Welsh-language music">Music</a> and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales" title="National Eisteddfod of Wales">National Eisteddfod of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_National_Eisteddfod" title="Urdd National Eisteddfod">Urdd National Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesiwn_Fawr_Dolgellau" title="Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau">Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shwmae_Sumae_Day" title="Shwmae Sumae Day">Shwmae Sumae Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwyl" title="Tafwyl">Tafwyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Selar_Awards" title="Y Selar Awards">Y Selar Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Music_Day" title="Welsh Language Music Day">Welsh Language Music Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Learner_of_the_Year" title="Welsh Learner of the Year">Welsh Learner of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nant_Gwrtheyrn" title="Nant Gwrtheyrn">Nant Gwrtheyrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh-language_films" title="Category:Welsh-language films">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a> (south-western)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a> (south-eastern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a> (north-western) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a> (north/central-eastern)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_Welsh" title="Patagonian Welsh">Patagonian Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_for_Economy,_Energy_and_Welsh_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language">Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Commissioner" title="Welsh Language Commissioner">Welsh Language Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Board" title="Welsh Language Board">Welsh Language Board</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfor" title="Arfor">Arfor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleg_Cymraeg_Cenedlaethol" title="Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol">Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymdeithas_y_Dysgwyr" title="Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr">Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymreigyddion_y_Fenni" title="Cymreigyddion y Fenni">Cymreigyddion y Fenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Society" title="Welsh Language Society">Welsh Language Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymuned" title="Cymuned">Cymuned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyfodol_i%27r_Iaith" title="Dyfodol i'r Iaith">Dyfodol i'r Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menter_Iaith" title="Menter Iaith">Menter Iaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiad_Adfer" title="Mudiad Adfer">Mudiad Adfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdd_Gobaith_Cymru" title="Urdd Gobaith Cymru">Urdd Gobaith Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Welsh_Translators_and_Interpreters" title="Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters">Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Interpretation_and_Translation_Service" title="Wales Interpretation and Translation Service">Wales Interpretation and Translation Service</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Courts_Act_1942" title="Welsh Courts Act 1942">Welsh Courts Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1967" title="Welsh Language Act 1967">Welsh Language Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_Act_1993" title="Welsh Language Act 1993">Welsh Language Act 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Language_(Wales)_Measure_2011" title="Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011">Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales_(Official_Languages)_Act_2012" title="National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012">National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/16px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/24px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/32px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wales_articles" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wales" title="Outline of Wales">List of topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Welsh_history" title="Timeline of Welsh history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Welsh_history" title="Bibliography of Welsh history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Wales" title="Elections in Wales">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales" title="History of local government in Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Wales" title="List of cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Wales" title="Template:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyfedeg" title="Dyfedeg">Dyfedeg</a> (south-western dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyseg" title="Gwenhwyseg">Gwenhwyseg</a> (south-eastern dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powyseg" title="Powyseg">Powyseg</a> (mid-Wales dialect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyndodeg" title="Gwyndodeg">Gwyndodeg</a> (north Wales dialect)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofi_dialect" title="Cofi dialect">Cofi dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">English language in Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Anglo-Welsh_Dialects" title="Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects">Survey of Anglo-Welsh Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Romani_language" title="Welsh Romani language">Welsh Romani</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<i>de facto</i> official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernésiais language">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jèrriais language">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norn_language" title="Norn language">Norn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Cant" title="Scottish Cant">Scottish Cant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelta language">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Andorra" title="Languages of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Austria" title="Languages of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Denmark" title="Languages of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Estonia" title="Languages of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Greece" title="Languages of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iceland" title="Languages of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Liechtenstein" title="Languages of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Moldova" title="Languages of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Monaco" title="Languages of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Montenegro" title="Languages of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Netherlands" title="Languages of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Macedonia" title="Languages of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Poland" title="Languages of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Romania" title="Languages of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_San_Marino" title="Languages of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sweden" title="Languages of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ukraine" title="Languages of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Languages of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Scotland" title="Languages of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_%C3%85land" title="Languages of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Languages of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Languages of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Languages of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jersey" title="Languages of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Svalbard" title="Languages of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_European_Union" title="Languages of the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Sovereign Military Order of Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9309#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120237-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146070">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119353800">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119353800">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573963">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="velština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127020&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lengua galesa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX544741">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637767405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553636405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&oldid=1258849509">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&oldid=1258849509</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welsh_language" title="Category:Welsh language">Welsh language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_attested_from_the_6th_century" title="Category:Languages attested from the 6th century">Languages attested from the 6th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Category:Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fusional_languages" title="Category:Fusional languages">Fusional languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_languages" title="Category:Verb–subject–object languages">Verb–subject–object languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Argentina" title="Category:Languages of Argentina">Languages of Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Wales" title="Category:Languages of Wales">Languages of Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vulnerable_languages" title="Category:Vulnerable languages">Vulnerable languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2019">Articles with dead external links from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Welsh-language_sources_(cy)" title="Category:CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)">CS1 Welsh-language sources (cy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2017">Articles with dead external links from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_May_2020" title="Category:Use British English from May 2020">Use British English from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2019">Use dmy dates from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Welsh_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Welsh IPA">Pages with Welsh IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_speaker_number_undated" title="Category:Language articles with speaker number undated">Language articles with speaker number undated</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linguasphere_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linguasphere code">Language articles with Linguasphere code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-1_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-1 code">Languages with ISO 639-1 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_without_reference_field" title="Category:Language articles without reference field">Language articles without reference field</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_English_(ca._450-1100)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text">Articles containing Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Germanic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_text_in_Celtic_languages" title="Category:Articles with text in Celtic languages">Articles with text in Celtic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017">Articles needing additional references from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spoken_articles" title="Category:Spoken articles">Spoken articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 23:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welsh_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gr6xb","wgBackendResponseTime":206,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.495","walltime":"3.029","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26994,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":536980,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52054,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":68,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":525292,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2564.990 1 -total"," 30.30% 777.167 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.77% 404.516 74 Template:Cite_web"," 12.45% 319.306 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 11.27% 288.963 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.47% 268.658 134 Template:Lang"," 8.66% 222.077 10 Template:Navbox"," 8.29% 212.611 1 Template:Culture_of_Wales"," 8.18% 209.858 1 Template:Culture_of_region"," 8.07% 206.924 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.391","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20952804,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","420","25.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.7"],["gsub","60","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","3.7"],["type","60","3.7"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.5"],["[others]","440","27.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-klhmh","timestamp":"20241123112934","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Welsh language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welsh_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9309","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9309","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T05:10:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T23:56:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/Welsh_speakers_in_the_2021_census.svg","headline":"Brittonic language spoken natively in Wales"}</script> </body> </html>