CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Temple menorah - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bff74321-c4f6-405b-ae6a-231caf6e2ed2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Temple_menorah","wgTitle":"Temple menorah","wgCurRevisionId":1255387159,"wgRevisionId":1255387159,"wgArticleId":20735,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2020","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Pages with Hebrew IPA","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Candelabra","Gold objects", "Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible","Jewish ritual objects","Jewish symbols","Fire in religion","Oil lamp","7 (number)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Temple_menorah","wgRelevantArticleId":20735,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Menorah_(Temple)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Temple_menorah","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170476","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/1200px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/800px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/640px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Temple menorah - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_menorah"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_menorah"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Temple_menorah rootpage-Temple_menorah skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Temple+menorah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Temple+menorah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Temple+menorah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Temple+menorah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Construction and appearance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction_and_appearance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction and appearance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hebrew_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hebrew_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hebrew Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In other sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arch_of_Titus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arch_of_Titus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Arch of Titus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arch_of_Titus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magdala_Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magdala_Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Magdala Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magdala_Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tabernacle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabernacle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tabernacle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabernacle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solomon's_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solomon's_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Solomon's Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solomon's_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Second Temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whereabouts_Following_the_Vandal_sack_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whereabouts_Following_the_Vandal_sack_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Whereabouts Following the Vandal sack of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whereabouts_Following_the_Vandal_sack_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbolism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hannukah_Menorah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hannukah_Menorah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hannukah Menorah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hannukah_Menorah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kabbalah_and_the_symbol_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kabbalah_and_the_symbol_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Kabbalah and the symbol of light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kabbalah_and_the_symbol_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Jewish art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritan_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritan_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samaritan art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaritan_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Jewish_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Jewish_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern Jewish use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Jewish_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Jewish use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Jewish_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>State of Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temple_Institute_reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temple_Institute_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Temple Institute reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temple_Institute_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_modern_Jewish_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_modern_Jewish_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Other modern Jewish uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_modern_Jewish_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Similar objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Temple menorah</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مينوراه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينوراه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menor%C3%A0" title="Menorà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Menorà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoraa" title="Menoraa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Menoraa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Επτάφωτος λυχνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επτάφωτος λυχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menor%C3%A1" title="Menorá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Menorá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menoro" title="Menoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87)" title="منورا (نیایشگاه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منورا (نیایشگاه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menor%C3%A1" title="Menorá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Menorá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%85%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="메노라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메노라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="המנורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המנורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="მენორა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მენორა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%C3%B3ra" title="Menóra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Menóra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE" title="മെനൊരാ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെനൊരാ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مينوراه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينوراه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="メノーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メノーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="مینورہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینورہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menor%C3%A1" title="Menorá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Menorá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" title="Menorah (Temple) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Menorah (Temple)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora" title="Menora – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Menora" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menorah" title="Menorah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Menorah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="மெனோரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெனோரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" title="คันประทีป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คันประทีป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menora_(Tap%C4%B1nak)" title="Menora (Tapınak) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Menora (Tapınak)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Менора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Менора" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%81" title="منورہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منورہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מנורה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מנורה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E7%87%AD%E5%8F%B0" title="猶太燭台 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太燭台" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E7%87%88%E8%87%BA" title="猶太教燈臺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太教燈臺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170476#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Temple_menorah" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Temple_menorah" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Temple_menorah" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&oldid=1255387159" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Temple_menorah&id=1255387159&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemple_menorah"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTemple_menorah"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Temple_menorah&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menorah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170476" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Menorah_(Temple)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">Menorah (Temple)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Hebrew lampstand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>menorah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְנוֹרָה</span> <i>mənōrā</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="he-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[menoˈʁa]</a></span>) is a seven-branched <a href="/wiki/Candelabrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Candelabrum">candelabrum</a> that is described in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and in later ancient sources as having been used in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>Since ancient times, it has served as a symbol representing the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It eventually became the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>'s official emblem after its founding in 1948. </p><p>According to the Hebrew Bible, the menorah was made out of <a href="/wiki/Gold#Religion" title="Gold">pure gold</a>, and the only source of fuel that was allowed to be used to light the lamps was <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil#Judaism" title="Olive oil">fresh olive oil</a>. The menorah was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>. Biblical tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> was home to ten menorahs, which were later plundered by the <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Babylonians</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> is also said to have been home to a menorah. Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Roman destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple</a> in 70 CE, the menorah was taken to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, which still stands today, famously depicts the menorah being carried away by the triumphant Romans along with other spoils of the destroyed temple. The menorah was reportedly taken to Carthage by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">sacking of Rome</a> in 455. Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> recovered it in 533 and brought it to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, then later returned it to Jerusalem, but many other theories have been advanced for its eventual fate, and no clear evidence of its location has been recorded since <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Prutah,_bronze,_J%C3%A9rusalem,_Jud%C3%A9e,_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/220px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg/440px-Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>Early representation of the menorah, on a coin coined by <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> king of Judea (r. 40–37 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The menorah is frequently used as a symbol in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a>. There are no representations of the menorah from the <a href="/wiki/First_Temple_period" class="mw-redirect" title="First Temple period">First Temple period</a>, but some examples dating from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> have been recorded. Menorah images that were discovered include the coins of <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> king of Judea, as well as on the walls of an <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Upper City mansion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jason%27s_Tomb" title="Jason's Tomb">Jason's Tomb</a> in Jerusalem, and objects such as the <a href="/wiki/Magdala_stone" title="Magdala stone">Magdala stone</a>. Following the destruction of the Second Temple, the menorah came to be recognized as a distinctively Jewish symbol and was depicted on tomb walls, synagogue floors, sculptures and reliefs, as well as glass and metal objects. The menorah has been also used since then to distinguish synagogues and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cemetery" title="Jewish cemetery">Jewish cemeteries</a> from the places of worship and cemeteries of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbol has also been found in several archaeological artifacts from ancient <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a>, Christian and Islamic communities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a>, a nine-branched variant of the menorah, is closely associated with the Jewish festival of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_appearance">Construction and appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction and appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> states that <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> revealed the design for the menorah to <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and describes the construction of the menorah as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><sup>31</sup>Make a lampstand of pure gold. Hammer out its base and shaft, and make its flowerlike cups, buds and blossoms of one piece with them. <sup>32</sup>Six branches are to extend from the sides of the lampstand—three on one side and three on the other. <sup>33</sup>Three cups shaped like almond flowers with buds and blossoms are to be on one branch, three on the next branch, and the same for all six branches extending from the lampstand. <sup>34</sup>And on the lampstand are to be four cups shaped like almond flowers with buds and blossoms. <sup>35</sup>One bud shall be under the first pair of branches extending from the lampstand, a second bud under the second pair, and a third bud under the third pair—six branches in all. <sup>36</sup>The buds and branches shall be all of one piece with the lampstand, hammered out of pure gold. </p><p><sup>37</sup>Then make its seven lamps and set them up on it so that they light the space in front of it. <sup>38</sup>Its wick trimmers and trays are to be of pure gold. <sup>39</sup>A <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talent</a> of pure gold is to be used for the lampstand and all these accessories. <sup>40</sup>See that you make them according to the pattern shown you on the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Book of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> (Chapter 8) adds that the seven lamps are to give light in front of the lampstand and reiterates that the lampstand was made in accordance with the pattern shown to Moses on the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_sources">In other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_Rambam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Menorah_Rambam.jpg/160px-Menorah_Rambam.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Menorah_Rambam.jpg/240px-Menorah_Rambam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Menorah_Rambam.jpg/320px-Menorah_Rambam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Maimonides' drawing of the menorah.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rabbinic sources teach that the menorah stood 18 handbreadths/palms (three common <a href="/wiki/Cubits" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubits">cubits</a>) high, or approximately 1.62 metres (5.3 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the menorah was placed in the antechamber of the Temple sanctuary, over against its southernmost wall, the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Talmud</a> (<i>Menahot</i> 98b) brings down a dispute between two scholars on whether or not the menorah was situated north to south, or east to west. The branches are often artistically depicted as semicircular, but <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (according to some contemporary readings) and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (in a sketch commented on by his son <a href="/wiki/Avraham_son_of_Rambam" class="mw-redirect" title="Avraham son of Rambam">Avraham</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held that they were straight;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all other Jewish authorities, both classical (e.g. Philo and Josephus) and medieval (e.g. Ibn Ezra), who express an opinion on the subject state that the arms were round.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman-Jewish</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, who witnessed the Temple's destruction, says that the menorah was actually situated obliquely, to the east and south.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arch_of_Titus">Arch of Titus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arch of Titus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg/220px-Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg/330px-Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg/440px-Arc_Titus_Forum_romanum_Rome_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2952" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the menorah on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous preserved representation of the menorah of the Second Temple was depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>, commemorating his <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of Jerusalem">destruction of Jerusalem</a> in the year 70 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that frieze, the menorah is shown resting upon a hexagonal base, which in turn rests upon a slightly larger but concentric and identically shaped base; a stepwise appearance on all sides is thus produced. Each facet of the hexagonal base was made with two vertical stiles and two horizontal rails, a top rail and a bottom rail, resembling a protruding frame set against a sunken panel. These panels have some relief design set or sculpted within them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magdala_Stone">Magdala Stone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Magdala Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdala_Stone_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg/220px-Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg/330px-Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg/440px-Magdala_Stone_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdala_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdala Stone">Stone</a> with menorah that was found in the archaeological site <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, the ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Migdal_Synagogue" title="Migdal Synagogue">synagogue in Magdala</a> with pottery dating from before the destruction of the Second Temple were discovered under land owned by the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a>, who had intended to construct a center for women's studies.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside that synagogue's ruins, a carved stone block was discovered, which had on its surface, among other ornate carvings, a depiction of the seven-lamp menorah differing markedly from the depiction on the Arch of Titus, which could possibly have been carved by an eyewitness to the actual menorah present at the time in the Temple at Jerusalem. This menorah has arms which are polygonal, not rounded, and the base is not graduated but triangular. It is notable, however, that this artifact was found a significant distance from Jerusalem and the Arch of Titus has often been interpreted as an eyewitness account of the original menorah being looted from the temple in Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>, the lamps of the menorah were lit daily from fresh, consecrated olive oil and burned from evening until morning.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> states that three of the seven lamps were allowed to burn during the day also;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, according to one opinion in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, only the center lamp was left burning all day, into which as much oil was put as into the others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although all the other lights were extinguished, that light continued burning oil, in spite of the fact that it had been kindled first. This miracle, according to the Talmud, was taken as a sign that the <a href="/wiki/Shechinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shechinah">Shechinah</a> rested among Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called the <i>ner hama'aravi</i> (Western lamp) because of the direction of its wick. This lamp was also referred to as the <i>ner Elohim</i> (lamp of God), mentioned in I Samuel 3:3.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Talmud, the miracle of the <i>ner hama'aravi</i> ended after the High Priesthood of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_the_Just" title="Simeon the Just">Simon the Just</a> in the 3rd or 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to some modern designs, the ancient menorah burned oil and did not contain anything resembling <a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">candles</a>, which were unknown in the Middle East until about 400 CE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tabernacle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original menorah was made for the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">tabernacle</a>, and the Bible records it as being present until the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. When the tabernacle tent was pitched in <a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is assumed that the menorah was also present. However, no mention is made of it during the years that the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> was moved in the times of <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solomon's_Temple"><span id="Solomon.27s_Temple"></span>Solomon's Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Solomon's Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Chronicles" title="Books of Chronicles">Books of Chronicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> created ten lampstands ("menorahs"), that were put in the <i>heikal,</i> <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> main chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight of the lampstands forms part of the detailed instructions given to Solomon by <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, the lampstands were taken away by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Nebuzaradan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuzaradan">Nebuzaradan</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple">Second Temple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a>, no mention is made of the return of the menorah but only of "vessels."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">book of Maccabees</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Epiphanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> took away the lampstands (plural) when he pillaged the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later record of the making of "new holy vessels" may refer to the manufacture of new lampstands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">Talmud</a>, the returning <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmoneans</a> were poor and forced to construct the Menorah out of wood. They later upgraded it to silver and ultimately gold.<sup id="cite_ref-RH24b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RH24b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rome">Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Venice)_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/330px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg/440px-%28Venice%29_La_distruzione_del_tempio_di_Gerusalemme_-Francesco_Hayez_-_gallerie_Accademia_Venice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption><i>Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem</i> by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>. The menorah is carried away by Roman soldiers, on the bottom-left corner. Oil on canvas, 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>The menorah from the Second Temple was carried to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> in 70 CE at the height of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. Its fate is recorded by Josephus, who states that it was brought to Rome and carried along during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">bas relief</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a> in Rome depicts a scene of Roman soldiers carrying away the spoils of the Second Temple, including the menorah. </p><p>For centuries, the menorah and the other temple treasures were displayed as <a href="/wiki/War_trophy" title="War trophy">war trophies</a> either at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Peace,_Rome" title="Temple of Peace, Rome">Temple of Peace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, or in the Imperial Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was still there when the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">city was sacked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 455 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-PovoledoExhibit_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovoledoExhibit-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whereabouts_Following_the_Vandal_sack_of_Rome">Whereabouts Following the Vandal sack of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Whereabouts Following the Vandal sack of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/220px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/330px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg/440px-Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1977" /></a><figcaption>Painting on Genseric sacking Rome by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Karl Bryullov</a> (1833–1836), depicting the menorah taken away by the Vandals.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_0307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Menorah_0307.jpg/250px-Menorah_0307.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Menorah_0307.jpg/375px-Menorah_0307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Menorah_0307.jpg/500px-Menorah_0307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the menorah of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The location and state of the Menorah following the Vandal sack of Rome remains a mystery. Many scholars assume that at this point the Menorah left Rome for Carthage and further destinations, but some believe that the Menorah remains in Rome to this day. </p> <ol><li>Many scholars consider as fact that the Menorah was carried off by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)" title="Sack of Rome (455)">Sack of Rome</a> in 455 CE, the Menorah and other assorted treasures of the Temple in Jerusalem were taken to <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were still there when a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">Byzantine army</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> captured the city and defeated the Vandals in 533. Belisarius removed the Menorah and the other treasures and brought them to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> as trophies of war. According to <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, the Menorah was carried through the streets of Constantinople during Belisarius' triumphal procession.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procopius adds that <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a>, prompted by superstitious fear that the treasures had been unlucky for Rome and Carthage, sent them back to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the "sanctuaries of the Christians" there. The Menorah was therefore placed in the Nea Church located in the vicinity of what is today the Batei Makhse Square in the Old City.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no record however exists of their arrival there, and there are no indications of pilgrimages to a shrine for the Menorah there. If the Menorah arrived in Jerusalem, it may have been destroyed when <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(614)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (614)">Jerusalem was pillaged by the Persians in 614</a>, though legend suggests that it was secreted away by holy men, much as tradition purports the original Menorah was hidden before Nebuchadnezzar's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Legends and theories hypothesize the Menorah may have been melted down or broken into chunks of gold by conquerors, destroyed in a fire, kept at or returned to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, or lost in a shipwreck.</li> <li>One notable tradition is that the Menorah actually never left Rome with the vandals. Orthodox Jews often cite as evidence of this the Oral Tradition, where there is a listing of Jewish treasures, which according to Jewish oral tradition are still in Rome, as they have been for centuries. According to a popular interpretation the Vatican has kept the Menorah and the other mentioned Temple treasures hidden for centuries. Some claim that it has been kept in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, others that it is in the cellars of the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbasilica of St. John Lateran">Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PovoledoExhibit_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PovoledoExhibit-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The above Oral Tradition is codified in the <a href="/wiki/Avot_of_Rabbi_Natan" class="mw-redirect" title="Avot of Rabbi Natan">Avot of Rabbi Natan</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Minor_tractates" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor tractates">minor tractates</a> printed with the Babylonian Talmud.<blockquote><p>The objects that were crafted, and then hidden away are these: the tent of meeting and the vessels contained therein, the ark and the broken tablets, the container of manna, and the flask of anointing oil, the stick of Aaron and its almonds and flowers, the priestly garments, and the garments of the anointed [high] priest.<br /><br />But, the spice-grinder of the family of Avtinas [used to make the unique incense in the Temple], the [golden] table [of the showbread], <i>the menorah</i>, the curtain [that partitioned the holy from the holy-of-holies], and the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">head-plate</a> are still sitting in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>Indeed, the Jerusalem Post reported that "there are several people alive that can personally attest to being eyewitnesses of the Vatican possessing Temple vessels, including the Menorah candelabra," in a February 2022 article with that title. Here is a quote from that article: "But where is the factual, tangible proof that the Vatican “inherited” these sacred items and retains them until today? The Israeli Foreign Affairs Ministry and security services may already have evidence: about 50 years ago, there was a certain Jewish student – let’s call him DM – who was enrolled in a correspondence course at the Urbaniana, the Vatican’s university. Upon attending in person for the last semesters of his doctorate, he found himself the only Jew among 17,000 students! DM told me that he was well-loved, but when push came to shove, both professor and student approached him respectfully in order to convert him. After firmly refusing time after time, a friend of his (later to become one of the Vatican archivists, Cardinal Antonio Samore) offered to show him what “used to be” his Jewish heritage – the Temple vessels – in an attempt to entice him to convert. DM agreed to be taken to see them months later, at night. When I asked him if there was anything in that cave that had belonged to the Temple, he simply replied: 'Everything is there!' Did he really see anything, or just come close? Many years later, in 2002, DM apparently gave sufficient proof to then-foreign minister Shimon Peres and others who were in negotiation with high-level Vatican officials at the time. If this is true, Israel may already have a solid, well-documented case." The article ends, "At the end of the day though, the proof is in the gelato. There are several people alive that can personally attest to being eyewitnesses of the Vatican possessing Temple vessels, including the Menorah candelabra. Will any one of them come forward and expose what they know (along with themselves)? No, and I quite frankly don’t blame them. That might be unwise."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg/150px-Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg/225px-Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg/300px-Eshtemoa_menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Seven-branched menorah, <a href="/wiki/Eshtemoa_synagogue" title="Eshtemoa synagogue">Eshtemoa synagogue</a> (4th–5th century CE). <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The menorah symbolized the ideal of universal enlightenment.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that the menorah symbolizes wisdom is noted in the Talmud, for example, in the following: "Rabbi Isaac said: He who desires to become wise should incline to the south [when praying]. The symbol [by which to remember this] is that… the Menorah was on the southern side [of the Temple]."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seven lamps allude to the branches of human <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, represented by the six lamps inclined inwards towards, and symbolically guided by, the light of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> represented by the central lamp. The menorah also symbolizes the creation in seven days, with the center light representing the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hannukah_Menorah">Hannukah Menorah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hannukah Menorah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Hanukkah menorah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/220px-19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/330px-19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/440px-19th_century_Hanukkah_lamp_from_Austria-Hungary_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>19th century Hanukkah menorah from <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A nine-branched menorah is also a symbol closely associated with the Jewish holiday of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> desecration of the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, there was only enough sealed (and therefore not desecrated) consecrated olive oil left to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day. Miraculously, the oil burned for eight days, which was enough time to make new pure oil. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Talmud</a> states that it is prohibited to use a seven-lamp menorah outside of the Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hanukkah menorah therefore has eight main branches, plus the raised ninth lamp set apart as the <i>shamash</i> (servant) light which is used to kindle the other lights. The word <i>shamash</i> was not originally a "Hanukkah word" and only became associated with the holiday in the 16th century although it first appeared in the Mishnah (c. 200 C.E.) and Talmud (c. 500 C.E.).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of menorah is called a <i>hanukkiah</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Modern_Hebrew" title="Hebrew language">Modern Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kabbalah_and_the_symbol_of_light">Kabbalah and the symbol of light</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kabbalah and the symbol of light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is alluded to in the verses: "Though I walk through the valley of the deepest darkness, I will fear no evil, because You are with me"<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "because even if I have fallen, I will rise again; even if I feel in the darkness, <a href="/wiki/Hashem" title="Hashem">Hashem</a> is my light. "Let the light of Divinity perceptions descend into the depths of "darkness ", into "the valley of the deepest darkness", to illuminate the lowest, so that even that light and consciousness of Divinity reaches them, so that He can heal and correct them to return them to Him.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Kabbalah <i>Or Panim</i> ("the light of the Face") is a fundamental conception for the process called <a href="/wiki/Tohu_and_Tikun" title="Tohu and Tikun">Tikkun</a>. All the <i>Kavvanot</i>, the spiritual measures of faith for the realization of the Kingdom of God, focus on the manifestation of the <i>Or Panim</i>; actually darkness is in itself a negative element, that is, it does not give the <a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">hope</a> of obtaining complete devotion: "darkness" is like an inaccessible place, darkness conceals the depth of the gaze; in <a href="/wiki/Chassidut" class="mw-redirect" title="Chassidut">Chassidut</a> <i>an awakening from below</i> is the "service" for God, i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Avodah" title="Avodah">Avodah</a>. </p><p>During the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Kedushah</a> in Hanukkah, the <a href="/wiki/Kohen_Gadol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohen Gadol">Kohen Gadol</a> almost declared that <i>divine light</i> must triumph. When the risk of "fall" can do the loss of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in the Jewish religion as the abyss of Israel's personal and collective identity, the Kohen Gadol thus insists for the "awakening" of the most distant <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> in order to direct them with <a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">Kavanah</a> towards the fulfillment of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">Mitzvot</a>: <i>...because the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> is the light and the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a> is a lamp</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_(Temple)_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_Temple_vessels_Vatican_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA_1590_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Menorah_%28Temple%29_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_Temple_vessels_Vatican_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA_1590_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1.JPG/150px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Menorah_%28Temple%29_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_Temple_vessels_Vatican_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA_1590_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1.JPG/225px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Menorah_%28Temple%29_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9_Temple_vessels_Vatican_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%90_%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA_1590_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of 1590 coin in honor of <a href="/wiki/Urban_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban VII">Urban VII</a> with menorah and the legend<br />SIC•LUCEAT•LUX•VESTRA<br />(Let your light so shine – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:15%E2%80%9316" title="Matthew 5:15–16">Matt. 5:16)</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The New Testament <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> refers to a mystery of seven golden lampstands representing seven churches.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The messages to the seven churches from Jesus Christ found have at least four applications: (1) a local application to the specific cities and believers in the church; (2) to all the churches of all generations; (3) a prophetic application unveiling seven distinct phases of church history from the days of the apostle John until today; (4) a personal application to individual believers who have ears to hear what the Spirit is saying.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philo_Judaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo Judaeus">Philo Judaeus</a>, the seven lamps of the golden menorah represented the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a> in this order: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> It is also said to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">burning bush</a> as seen by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bazilica_of_The_Assumption,_Brno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg/150px-Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg/225px-Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg/300px-Bazilica_of_The_Assumption%2C_Brno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The giant menorah from the 14th century in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_Our_Lady,_Brno" title="Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno">Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady, Brno</a></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Conner" title="Kevin Conner">Kevin Conner</a> has noted of the original menorah, described in Exodus 25, that each of the six tributary branches coming out of the main shaft was decorated with three sets of "cups... shaped like almond blossoms... a bulb and a flower..." (Exodus 25:33, NASB).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would create three sets of three units on each branch, a total of nine units per branch. The main shaft, however, had four sets of blossoms, bulbs and flowers, making a total of twelve units on the shaft (Exodus 25:34). This would create a total of 66 units, which Conner claims is a picture of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> canon of scripture (containing 66 books). Moreover, Conner notes that the total decorative units on the shaft and three branches equate to 39 (the number of Old Testament books within Protestant versions of the Bible); and the units on the remaining three branches come to 27 (the number of New Testament books).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conner connects this to Bible passages that speak of God's word as a light or lamp (e.g. Psalms 119:105; Psalms 119:130; cf. Proverbs 6:23).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> the use of the menorah has been preserved, always standing on or behind the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> in the sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though candles may be used, the traditional practice is to use olive oil in the seven-lamp lampstand. There are varying liturgical practices, and usually all seven lamps are lit for the services, though sometimes only the three centermost are lit for the lesser services. If the church does not have a <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">sanctuary lamp</a> the centermost lamp of the seven lamps may remain lit as an <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">eternal flame</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art">In art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_art">Jewish art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jewish art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg/220px-Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg/330px-Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg/440px-Menorah_in_the_Cave_of_the_Sarcophagi_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Menorah in the Cave of the Sarcophagi, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27arim_necropolis" title="Beit She'arim necropolis">Beit She'arim necropolis</a></figcaption></figure><p>The use of the temple menorah as an artistic decoration during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> and up to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> is quite rare. Examples were uncovered in burial caves near <a href="/wiki/Mukhmas" title="Mukhmas">Mukhmas</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Michmas" title="Michmas">Michmas</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Magdala" title="Magdala">Magdala</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Magdala_stone" title="Magdala stone">Magdala Stone</a>). The use of menorahs in Jewish art and in particular in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary art</a> became much more common in the late Roman and Byzantine periods. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samaritan_art">Samaritan art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Samaritan art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The menorah was a distinctive symbol of <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> identity during the Byzantine and Islamic periods. <a href="/wiki/Spolia" title="Spolia">Repurposed</a> stone menorah reliefs, some with accompanying plant decorations, have been found in contemporary structures in several villages of ancient <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hajjah,_Qalqilya" title="Hajjah, Qalqilya">Qariyet Hajjah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Abbush" title="Kafr Abbush">Kafr Abbush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Zibad" title="Kafr Zibad">Kafr Zibad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qaddum" title="Kafr Qaddum">Kafr Qaddum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jit,_Qalqilya" title="Jit, Qalqilya">Kafr Jit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Jewish_use">Modern Jewish use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern Jewish use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_synagogues">In synagogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogues</a> have a continually lit lamp or light in front of the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sefer_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer Torah">Torah scroll</a> is kept, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ner_tamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner tamid">ner tamid</a></i> (eternal light). This lamp represents the continually lit <i>ner Elohim</i> of the menorah used in Temple times.<sup id="cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many synagogues display either a menorah or an artistic representation of a menorah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: State of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/220px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/330px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/440px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel" title="Emblem of Israel">Emblem of Israel</a> shows a menorah surrounded by an <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> branch on each side and the writing "ישראל" (Israel) based on its depiction on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A menorah appears in the <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel" title="Emblem of Israel">Emblem of Israel</a>, based on the depiction of the menorah on the Arch of Titus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_Institute_reconstruction">Temple Institute reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Temple Institute reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Institute" title="Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a> has created a life-sized menorah, designed by goldsmith Chaim Odem, intended for use in a future <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>. The Jerusalem Post describes the menorah as made "according to excruciatingly exacting Biblical specifications and prepared to be pressed into service immediately should the need arise."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The menorah is made of one talent (interpreted as 45 kg) of 24 karat pure gold, hammered out of a single block of solid gold, with decorations based on the depiction of the original in the Arch of Titus and the Temple Institute's interpretation of the relevant religious texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_modern_Jewish_uses">Other modern Jewish uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other modern Jewish uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A menorah appeared on the cap badge of the <a href="/wiki/First_Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="First Judeans">First Judeans</a> of the Jewish Legion (1919–1921). </p><p>Sometimes when teaching learners of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a>, a chart shaped like the seven-lamp menorah is used to help students remember the role of the <i><a href="/wiki/Binyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Binyan">binyanim</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew verb">Hebrew verb</a>. </p><p> The menorah is the main element in several <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Holocaust memorials</a>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Knesset Menorah outside the Knesset (Israeli Parliament)."><img alt="The Knesset Menorah outside the Knesset (Israeli Parliament)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg/90px-Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg/135px-Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg/180px-Menora_vor_der_Knesset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> (Israeli <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">Parliament</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jewish Legion cap badge: menorah and word קדימה Kadima (forward)"><img alt="The Jewish Legion cap badge: menorah and word קדימה Kadima (forward)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Legion001.jpg/96px-Legion001.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Legion001.jpg/144px-Legion001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Legion001.jpg/192px-Legion001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a> cap badge: menorah and word קדימה <i>Kadima</i> (forward)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Menorah monument at Jewish Cemetery of Theresienstadt concentration camp"><img alt="Menorah monument at Jewish Cemetery of Theresienstadt concentration camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG/120px-%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG/180px-%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG/240px-%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_h%C5%99bitov_v_Terez%C3%ADn%C4%9B_2009_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Menorah monument at Jewish Cemetery of <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Menorah monument to the 33,771 Jews murdered at Babi Yar, Ukraine"><img alt="Menorah monument to the 33,771 Jews murdered at Babi Yar, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg/120px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg/180px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg/240px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%22%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Menorah monument to the 33,771 Jews murdered at <a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a>, Ukraine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen,_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Menorah memorial of the State of Israel with memorial wreaths, KZ Mauthausen memorial, Austria"><img alt="Menorah memorial of the State of Israel with memorial wreaths, KZ Mauthausen memorial, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg/120px-Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg/180px-Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg/240px-Menora-Mahnmal_des_Staates_Israel_mit_Ehrenkr%C3%A4nzen%2C_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_KZ_Mauthausen_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2508" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Menorah memorial of the State of Israel with memorial wreaths, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">KZ Mauthausen memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Menorah in flames, Holocaust memorial commemorating deportation of Thessaloniki Jews"><img alt="Menorah in flames, Holocaust memorial commemorating deportation of Thessaloniki Jews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg/120px-Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg/180px-Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg/240px-Saloniki_Holocaust_memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Menorah_in_flames_(Thessaloniki)" title="Menorah in flames (Thessaloniki)"><i>Menorah in flames</i></a>, Holocaust memorial commemorating deportation of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki Jews</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_objects">Similar objects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Similar objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kinara" title="Kinara">kinara</a> is also, like the menorah, a seven candleholder which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> festival of <a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a>. One candle is lit on each day of the week-long celebration, in a similar manner as the Hannukah menorah. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, the Seven-Star Lamp <i>qi xing deng</i> 七星燈 is a seven-lamp oil lamp lit to represent the seven stars of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Dipper">Northern Dipper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lampstand is a requirement for all Taoist temples, never to be extinguished. In the first 9 days of the lunar 9th month festival, an oil lamp of nine connected lamps may also be lit to honour both the Northern Dipper and two other assistant stars (collectively known as the Nine Emperor Stars), sons of <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Buddhism)" title="Marici (Buddhism)">Dou Mu</a> appointed by the Taoist <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> (the Three Pure Ones) to hold the Books of Life and Death of humanity. The lamps represent the illumination of the 7 stars, and lighting them are believed to absolve <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a> while prolonging one's lifespan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The menorah features prominently in the 2013 crypto-thriller <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_of_Moses_(novel)" title="The Sword of Moses (novel)">The Sword of Moses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Selwood" title="Dominic Selwood">Dominic Selwood</a>. It is also featured in the archaeology novels <i><a href="/wiki/Crusader_Gold" title="Crusader Gold">Crusader Gold</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a>, <i>The Last Secret of the Temple</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sussman" title="Paul Sussman">Paul Sussman</a>, and <i>The Testament of Elias</i>, by W.S. Mahler. A menorah can be seen in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_First_Class" title="X-Men: First Class">X-Men: First Class</a></i>, when <a href="/wiki/Professor_X" title="Professor X">Charles Xavier</a> reads <a href="/wiki/Magneto_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Magneto (Marvel Comics)">Erik Lehnsherr's</a> mind, searching for a happy memory from his childhood before the Holocaust, and together they see Erik as a young child lighting his first menorah with his mother. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pekiin_tablet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Second Temple period stone tablet from Peki'in Synagogue, Israel"><img alt="Second Temple period stone tablet from Peki'in Synagogue, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pekiin_tablet.jpg/81px-Pekiin_tablet.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pekiin_tablet.jpg/121px-Pekiin_tablet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pekiin_tablet.jpg/161px-Pekiin_tablet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> period stone tablet from <a href="/wiki/Peki%27in_Synagogue" title="Peki'in Synagogue">Peki'in Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a menorah relief on a column, Ostia Synagogue, 1st century"><img alt="Detail of a menorah relief on a column, Ostia Synagogue, 1st century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg/90px-Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg/135px-Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg/180px-Ostia_Antica_Synagogue_Menora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a menorah relief on a column, <a href="/wiki/Ostia_Synagogue" title="Ostia Synagogue">Ostia Synagogue</a>, 1st century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Furth_Siddur_p04_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing from a prayer book depicting the lighting of the Menorah, 1738, from the collections of the National Library of Israel"><img alt="Drawing from a prayer book depicting the lighting of the Menorah, 1738, from the collections of the National Library of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/87px-Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/131px-Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/175px-Furth_Siddur_p04_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Drawing from a prayer book depicting the lighting of the Menorah, <a href="/wiki/1738" title="1738">1738</a>, from the collections of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her,_30._Mai_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In this 1806 French print, the woman with the menorah represents the Jews being emancipated by Napoleon Bonaparte"><img alt="In this 1806 French print, the woman with the menorah represents the Jews being emancipated by Napoleon Bonaparte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg/120px-Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg/180px-Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg/240px-Napoleon_stellt_den_israelitischen_Kult_wieder_her%2C_30._Mai_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2174" data-file-height="1908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In this 1806 French print, the woman with the menorah represents the Jews being emancipated by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kippa and menorah from the Harry S Truman collection"><img alt="Kippa and menorah from the Harry S Truman collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg/116px-YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg/174px-YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg/232px-YarmulkeAndMenorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="432" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kippa">Kippa</a> and menorah from the Harry S Truman collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MenoraBoris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The menorah presented to Tsar Boris III from the Bulgarian Jewish community (Tsarska Bistritsa)"><img alt="The menorah presented to Tsar Boris III from the Bulgarian Jewish community (Tsarska Bistritsa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MenoraBoris.jpg/120px-MenoraBoris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MenoraBoris.jpg/180px-MenoraBoris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/MenoraBoris.jpg/240px-MenoraBoris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The menorah presented to <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Boris_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Boris III">Tsar Boris III</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian people">Bulgarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community">Jewish community</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsarska_Bistritsa" title="Tsarska Bistritsa">Tsarska Bistritsa</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sephardic style menorah from Spain"><img alt="Sephardic style menorah from Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg/90px-RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg/135px-RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanTempleMenorah_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="7296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sephardic style menorah from Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A menorah on the flag of Iglesia ni Cristo"><img alt="A menorah on the flag of Iglesia ni Cristo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg/120px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg/180px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg/240px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A menorah on the flag of <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fray_Juan_Ricci,_Menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fray Juan Ricci (1600–1681), sketch of the menorah as described in Exodus, undated. Biblioteca Statale del Monumento Nazionale di Monte Cassino, cod. 469, fol. 199v"><img alt="Fray Juan Ricci (1600–1681), sketch of the menorah as described in Exodus, undated. Biblioteca Statale del Monumento Nazionale di Monte Cassino, cod. 469, fol. 199v" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg/99px-Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg/148px-Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg/198px-Fray_Juan_Ricci%2C_Menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="3589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_Ricci" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Juan Ricci">Fray Juan Ricci</a> (1600–1681), sketch of the menorah as described in Exodus, undated. Biblioteca Statale del Monumento Nazionale di <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>, cod. 469, fol. 199v</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche,_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of menorah published in Acta Eruditorum, 1709"><img alt="Illustration of menorah published in Acta Eruditorum, 1709" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg/96px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg/144px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg/192px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_menorah_eliche%2C_1709_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13373207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of menorah published in <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Eruditorum" title="Acta Eruditorum">Acta Eruditorum</a></i>, 1709</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachish_Ewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish Ewer">Lachish Ewer </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish symbols">Jewish symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a>, symbol of the Mandaean faith that represents the Light of God and seven days of creation.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> <i>Avodah</i> Laws of the Temple 3:1–10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-branched_candelabrum_(Essen)" title="Seven-branched candelabrum (Essen)">Seven-branched candelabrum (Essen)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Birnbaum366-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum366_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum1975" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Philip (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/366"><i>A Book of Jewish Concepts</i></a></span>. New York: Hebrew Publishing Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofjewishconc00birn/page/366">366–367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088482876X" title="Special:BookSources/088482876X"><bdi>088482876X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Jewish+Concepts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=366-367&rft.pub=Hebrew+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=088482876X&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofjewishconc00birn%2Fpage%2F366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHachlili2018" class="citation book cs1">Hachlili, Rachel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033561712"><i>The Menorah: Evolving into the most important Jewish symbol</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37509-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-37509-3"><bdi>978-90-04-37509-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033561712">1033561712</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134847/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1033561712">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Menorah%3A+Evolving+into+the+most+important+Jewish+symbol&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033561712&rft.isbn=978-90-04-37509-3&rft.aulast=Hachlili&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1033561712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Fine" title="Steven Fine">Fine, Steven</a> (2015). "When is a Menorah "Jewish"? On the Complexities of a Symbol under Byzantium and Islam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15250801"><i>Age of Transition: Byzantine Culture in the Islamic World</i></a>. Fashion Studies. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 38–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21111-5"><bdi>978-0-300-21111-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134847/https://www.academia.edu/15250801">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>It is now apparent that the image of the menorah is ubiquitous in Samaritan visual culture of this period, to no less a degree than it is in Jewish art... The first Samaritan mosaic was uncovered in 1949, at Salbit... Were it not for the distinctly Samaritan inscription at the site, it is likely that this building... would have been called a Jewish synagogue without hesitation... Christian interest in the menorah dates perhaps as far back as the Book of Revelation... Menorahs appear occasionally in obviously Christian contexts from Late Antiquity, as Marcel Simon has noted. A menorah flanked by crosses is seen on the sixth-century tombstone of a monk at Avdat in the Negev desert, for example... One issue of bronze coins dated to the Umayyad post-reform era (after 696/97) may be particularly significant for our study. A group of bronze issues shows the image of seven- and later five-branched menorahs surmounted by a crosspiece like those that appear on many Jewish menorahs, but with the Arabic legend "There is no god but Allah alone and Muhammad is Allah's messenger"—uniquely, on both faces of the coin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+is+a+Menorah+%E2%80%9CJewish%E2%80%9D%3F+On+the+Complexities+of+a+Symbol+under+Byzantium+and+Islam&rft.btitle=Age+of+Transition%3A+Byzantine+Culture+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.series=Fashion+Studies&rft.pages=38-53&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21111-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15250801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0225.htm#31">Exodus 25:31–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+25%3A31-40&version=NIV">Exodus 25:31-40</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129075855/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+25%3A31-40&version=NIV">Archived</a> 29 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New International Version</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numbers 8:1-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Menahot" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahot">Menahot</a> 28b); <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a> (<i>Hil. Beit ha-Baḥirah</i> 3:10 ). Figure is based on the accepted rabbinic view that there are four finger-widths to every handbreadth/<a href="/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)">palm</a>, and each finger-width is estimated at 2.25 cm. This measurement does not include the step-like platform upon which it rested.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashi, Exodus 25:32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commentary on Exodus, ch 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maimonides depicted them as straight in a manuscript drawing, but see Seth Mandel's alternative interpretation below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, <i>Likkutei Sichot</i>, vol 21, pp 168-171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities</a></i> (Book iii, chapter vi, section 7).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanurbs/archtitus.html">"Arch of Titus"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134841/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/romanurbs/archtitus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Arch+of+Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fromanurbs%2Farchtitus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917033442/http://www.regnumchristi.org/english/articulos/articulo.phtml?se=364&ca=118&te=782&id=27331"><i>First-century Synagogue Discovered on Site of Legion’s Magdala Center in Galilee</i></a> 11 September 2009 - regnumchristi.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0227.htm#21">Exodus 27:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Seven-Branch Candlestick"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Seven-Branch_Candlestick">"Seven-Branch Candlestick" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seven-Branch+Candlestick&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.22b.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Shabbat 22b:2"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703045113/https://www.sefaria.org/Shabbat.22b.2?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shabbat+22b%3A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShabbat.22b.2%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Menachot.86b.8?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Menachot 86b:8"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703054201/https://www.sefaria.org/Menachot.86b.8?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Menachot+86b%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMenachot.86b.8%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Samuel%203:3&version=nrsv">1 Samuel 3:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.39a.15?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Yoma 39a:15"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703050414/https://www.sefaria.org/Yoma.39a.15?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Yoma+39a%3A15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FYoma.39a.15%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0618.htm#1">Joshua 18:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a03.htm#3">1 Samuel 3:3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a05.htm#1">1 Samuel 5:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a07.htm#49">1 Kings 7:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25a28.htm#15">1 Chronicles 28:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b04.htm#7">2 Chronicles 4:7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1152.htm#19">Jeremiah 52:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt35a01.htm#9">Ezra 1:9–10</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%201:21&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 1:21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Maccabees%204:49&version=nrsvae">1 Maccabees 4:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH24b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RH24b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)"><i>Rosh Hashanah</i></a> 24b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucci2017" class="citation book cs1">Tucci, Pier Luigi (16 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3Q6DwAAQBAJ&q=Temple+of+Peace,+Rome+jerusalem"><i>Tucci, Pier Luigi, </i>The Temple of Peace in Rome<i> (2017), p.10</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108548816" title="Special:BookSources/9781108548816"><bdi>9781108548816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134852/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3Q6DwAAQBAJ&q=Temple+of+Peace,+Rome+jerusalem">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tucci%2C+Pier+Luigi%2C+The+Temple+of+Peace+in+Rome+%282017%29%2C+p.10&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.isbn=9781108548816&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Pier+Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3Q6DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTemple%2Bof%2BPeace%2C%2BRome%2Bjerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PovoledoExhibit-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PovoledoExhibit_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PovoledoExhibit_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovoledo2017" class="citation news cs1">Povoledo, Elisabetta (20 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/world/europe/vatican-rome-menorah-exhibit-jewish-museum.html">"Vatican and Rome's Jewish Museum Team Up for Menorah Exhibit"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222102854/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/20/world/europe/vatican-rome-menorah-exhibit-jewish-museum.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vatican+and+Rome%27s+Jewish+Museum+Team+Up+for+Menorah+Exhibit&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft.aulast=Povoledo&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F02%2F20%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fvatican-rome-menorah-exhibit-jewish-museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1681&Itemid=27">Edward Gibbon: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103013325/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1681&Itemid=27">Archived</a> 3 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Volume 7: Chapter XLI. From the Online Library of Liberty. The J. B. Bury edition, in 12 volumes.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonagan2009" class="citation book cs1">Donagan, Zechariah (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vg_qlJyo7AC&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA66"><i>Donagan, Zechariah, </i>Mountains Before the Temple<i> (2009), p.66</i></a>. Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615795307" title="Special:BookSources/9781615795307"><bdi>9781615795307</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134852/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vg_qlJyo7AC&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donagan%2C+Zechariah%2C+Mountains+Before+the+Temple+%282009%29%2C+p.66&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=9781615795307&rft.aulast=Donagan&rft.aufirst=Zechariah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vg_qlJyo7AC%26dq%3Dtemple%2Bmenorah%2Bcarthage%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2019" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Asaf (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGWdDwAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA31"><i>Friedman, Asaf, </i>Art and Architecture of the Synagogue in Byzantine Palaestina<i> (2019), p.31</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781527535053" title="Special:BookSources/9781527535053"><bdi>9781527535053</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134853/https://books.google.com/books?id=UGWdDwAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friedman%2C+Asaf%2C+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Synagogue+in+Byzantine+Palaestina+%282019%29%2C+p.31&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft.isbn=9781527535053&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Asaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGWdDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtemple%2Bmenorah%2Bcarthage%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Garr, John D. (22 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTJzCQAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA68"><i>Garr, John D., </i>Living Emblems Ancient Symbols of Faith<i> (2009), p. 68</i></a>. Golden Key Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979451416" title="Special:BookSources/9780979451416"><bdi>9780979451416</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701135858/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTJzCQAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garr%2C+John+D.%2C+Living+Emblems+Ancient+Symbols+of+Faith+%282009%29%2C+p.+68&rft.pub=Golden+Key+Press&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.isbn=9780979451416&rft.aulast=Garr&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTJzCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtemple%2Bmenorah%2Bcarthage%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm">"The Project Gutenberg eBook of History of the Wars, Books III and IV (of 8), by Procopius"</a>. <i>www.gutenberg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826184613/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gutenberg.org&rft.atitle=The+Project+Gutenberg+eBook+of+History+of+the+Wars%2C+Books+III+and+IV+%28of+8%29%2C+by+Procopius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F16765%2F16765-h%2F16765-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aish.com/the-search-for-the-lost-menorah/">https://aish.com/the-search-for-the-lost-menorah/</a> Avi Abrams The Search for the Lost Memorah September 15, 2024 Aish Torah}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Garr, John D. (22 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTJzCQAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA68"><i>Garr, John D., </i>Living Emblems Ancient Symbols of Faith<i> (2009), p. 68</i></a>. Golden Key Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979451416" title="Special:BookSources/9780979451416"><bdi>9780979451416</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701135858/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTJzCQAAQBAJ&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garr%2C+John+D.%2C+Living+Emblems+Ancient+Symbols+of+Faith+%282009%29%2C+p.+68&rft.pub=Golden+Key+Press&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft.isbn=9780979451416&rft.aulast=Garr&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTJzCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtemple%2Bmenorah%2Bcarthage%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonagan2009" class="citation book cs1">Donagan, Zechariah (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6vg_qlJyo7AC&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA66"><i>Donagan, Zechariah, </i>Mountains Before the Temple<i> (2009), pp.66–67</i></a>. Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615795307" title="Special:BookSources/9781615795307"><bdi>9781615795307</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701134852/https://books.google.com/books?id=6vg_qlJyo7AC&dq=temple+menorah+carthage&pg=PA66">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donagan%2C+Zechariah%2C+Mountains+Before+the+Temple+%282009%29%2C+pp.66%E2%80%9367&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=9781615795307&rft.aulast=Donagan&rft.aufirst=Zechariah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6vg_qlJyo7AC%26dq%3Dtemple%2Bmenorah%2Bcarthage%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskoff2022" class="citation web cs1">Moskoff, Harry H. (10 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/article-696068">"JPost "Is there new evidence of Jewish Temple treasures in the Vatican?" Feb 2022"</a>. <i>www.jpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703060343/https://www.sefaria.org/Avot_D%27Rabbi_Natan.41.12?vhe=Talmud_Bavli%2C_Vilna_1883_ed.&lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpost.com&rft.atitle=JPost+%22Is+there+new+evidence+of+Jewish+Temple+treasures+in+the+Vatican%3F%22+Feb+2022&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft.aulast=Moskoff&rft.aufirst=Harry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fjerusalem-report%2Farticle-696068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/article-696068">"Is there new evidence of Jewish Temple treasures in the Vatican?"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 10 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Is+there+new+evidence+of+Jewish+Temple+treasures+in+the+Vatican%3F&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fjerusalem-report%2Farticle-696068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chanan Morrison, Abraham Isaac Kook, <i>Gold from the Land of Israel: A New Light on the Weekly Torah Portion - From the Writings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac HaKohen Kook</i>, page 239 (Urim Publications, 2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-7108-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/965-7108-92-6">965-7108-92-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Isadore, ed. (1976). <i>Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Baba Bathra</i> (English and Hebrew ed.). Soncino Press. p. 12a. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900689642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0900689642"><bdi>978-0900689642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Talmud%3A+Tractate+Baba+Bathra&rft.pages=12a&rft.edition=English+and+Hebrew&rft.pub=Soncino+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0900689642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Menahot" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahot">Menahot</a> 28b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2018" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, George (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-shamash/">"Jewish Word:Shamash"</a>. <i>Moment Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508165810/https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-shamash/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moment+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jewish+Word%3AShamash&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmomentmag.com%2Fjewish-word-shamash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of psalms">Book of psalms</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Nathan, Moshe Mykoff. <i>Likutey Halajot: ORAJ JAIM Hashkamat Haboker</i> <a href="/wiki/Breslov_Research_Institute" title="Breslov Research Institute">Breslov Research Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. 1:12,20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rev. 1. TPT version, translator's footnote 'ax'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.10, <i>Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry</i> by Albert Pike (L.H. Jenkins, 1871 [1948])</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0203.htm#1">Exodus 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Lewis Berman, <i>A House of David in the Land of Jesus</i>, page 18 (Pelican, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-720-4">978-1-58980-720-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NASB, The Lockman Foundation, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Conner, The Tabernacle of Moses, City Christian Publishing (1976), p43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Conner, The Tabernacle of Moses, City Christian Publishing (1976), p43-44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHapgood1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Hapgood" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Hapgood">Hapgood, Isabel</a> (1975) [1922]. <i>Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church</i> (5th ed.). Englewood NJ: <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese">Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese</a>. p. xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-148104918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-148104918-4"><bdi>978-148104918-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Book+of+the+Holy+Orthodox-Catholic+Apostolic+Church&rft.place=Englewood+NJ&rft.pages=xxx&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Antiochian+Orthodox+Christian+Archdiocese&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-148104918-4&rft.aulast=Hapgood&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviv2018" class="citation journal cs1">Raviv, Dvir (2018). "A Seven-Branched Menorah Graffito from Kafr Mukhmas". <i>Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society</i>. <b>36</b>: 87–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strata%3A+Bulletin+of+the+Anglo-Israel+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=A+Seven-Branched+Menorah+Graffito+from+Kafr+Mukhmas&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=87-99&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Raviv&rft.aufirst=Dvir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlich_(Zhabo)Rotter2021" class="citation journal cs1">Erlich (Zhabo), Ze’ev H.; Rotter, Meir (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/ihd/2021/11/24/%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%aa%d7%aa%d6%be%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%a2%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%96%d7%9c-2-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%9c%d6%be-2/">"ארבע מנורות שומרוניות בכפר חג'ה שבשומרון"</a> [Four Samaritan Menorahs from the village of Hajjeh, Samaria]. <i>במעבה ההר</i>. <b>11</b> (2). Ariel University Publishing: 188–204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26351%2FIHD%2F11-2%2F3">10.26351/IHD/11-2/3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245363335">245363335</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310051315/https://www.ariel.ac.il/wp/ihd/2021/11/24/%d7%99%d7%a7%d7%91-%d7%aa%d7%aa%d6%be%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%a7%d7%a2%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%96%d7%9c-2-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%91%d7%aa-%d7%90%d7%9c%d6%be-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.atitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2+%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%A8+%D7%97%D7%92%27%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=188-204&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26351%2FIHD%2F11-2%2F3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245363335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Erlich+%28Zhabo%29&rft.aufirst=Ze%E2%80%99ev+H.&rft.au=Rotter%2C+Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ariel.ac.il%2Fwp%2Fihd%2F2021%2F11%2F24%2F%25d7%2599%25d7%25a7%25d7%2591-%25d7%25aa%25d7%25aa%25d6%25be%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a7%25d7%25a2%25d7%2599-%25d7%259e%25d7%25aa%25d7%25a7%25d7%2595%25d7%25a4%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%2591%25d7%25a8%25d7%2596%25d7%259c-2-%25d7%2591%25d7%2597%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8%25d7%2591%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2590%25d7%259c%25d6%25be-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel/citysights-more-than-a-model-menorah">"CITYsights: More than a model menorah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122100/https://www.jpost.com/israel/citysights-more-than-a-model-menorah">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=CITYsights%3A+More+than+a+model+menorah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael%2Fcitysights-more-than-a-model-menorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D. Fowler, <i>An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality</i>, page 213 (Sussex Academic Press, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84519-085-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84519-085-8">1-84519-085-8</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fine, Steven. 2010. "'The Lamps of Israel': The Menorah as a Jewish Symbol." In <i>Art and Judaism in the Greco-Roman World: Toward a New Jewish Archaeology.</i> By Steven Fine, 148–163. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>--. 2016. The Menorah: From the Bible to Modern Israel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016.</li> <li>Hachlili, Rachel. 2001. <i>The Menorah, the Ancient Seven-Armed Candelabrum: Origin, Form, and Significance.</i> Leiden: E.J. Brill.</li> <li>Levine, Lee I. 2000. "The History and Significance of the Menorah in Antiquity." In <i>From Dura to Sepphoris: Studies in Jewish Art and Society in Late Antiquity.</i> Edited by Lee I. Levine and Ze’ev Weiss, 131–53. Supplement 40. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology.</li> <li>Williams, Margaret H. 2013. "The Menorah in a Sepulchral Context: A Protective, Apotropaic Symbol?" In <i>The Image and Its Prohibition in Jewish Antiquity.</i> Edited by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Pearce" title="Sarah Pearce">Sarah Pearce</a>, 77–88. Journal of Jewish Studies, Supplement 2. Oxford: Journal of Jewish Studies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1995" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (1995). "The Asherah, the Menorah and the Sacred Tree". <i>Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</i>. <b>20</b> (66). SAGE Publications: 29–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929502006602">10.1177/030908929502006602</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0892">0309-0892</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170422840">170422840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=The+Asherah%2C+the+Menorah+and+the+Sacred+Tree&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=29-54&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170422840%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0309-0892&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929502006602&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATemple+menorah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Menorah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Menorah">Menorah</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Menorah (Temple)</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+menorah&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+menorah">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Temple+menorah&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=87&letter=C">JewishEncyclopedia.com: Candlestick</a> – by Emil G. Hirsch, Wilhelm Nowack</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=232&letter=T">JewishEncyclopedia.com: Arch of Titus</a> – by Morris Jastrow Jr., Immanuel Benzinger</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=466&letter=M">JewishEncyclopedia.com: Menorah</a> – by Cyrus Adler, Judah David Eisenstein</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/menorah/">Livius.org on the Menorah</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44125134/The_Historical_Background_and_the_Roots_of_the_Temple_Menorah_as_a_visual_motif_Heb_">The Historical Background and the Roots of the Temple Menorah as a visual motif (Heb.)</a> – by Yuval Baruch, City of David: Studies of Ancient Jerusalem</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Temple_Mount" title="Category:Temple Mount">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_of_Exodus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Template talk:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_of_Exodus_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book of Exodus navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_of_Exodus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a></b></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chapters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">1–6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">6–9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">10–13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">13–17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">18–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">21–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">25–27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">27–30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">30–34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">35–38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">38–40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer#The_son_of_Moses" title="Eliezer">Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_(place)" title="Elim (place)">Elim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom" title="Gershom">Gershom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethro_(biblical_figure)" title="Jethro (biblical figure)">Jethro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithamar" title="Ithamar">Ithamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marah_(Bible)" title="Marah (Bible)">Marah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam" title="Miriam">Miriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_and_Abihu" title="Nadab and Abihu">Nadab and Abihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Pharaoh's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiphrah_and_Puah" title="Shiphrah and Puah">Shiphrah and Puah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Zipporah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah_pole" title="Asherah pole">Asherah pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_laver" title="Bronze laver">Bronze laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_offering" title="Incense offering">Incense offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_fire_and_cloud" title="Pillars of fire and cloud">Pillars of fire and cloud</a></li> <li>Priestly clothing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_breastplate" title="Priestly breastplate">breastplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">golden head plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">robe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_sash" title="Priestly sash">sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_tunic" title="Priestly tunic">tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_turban" title="Priestly turban">turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_undergarments" title="Priestly undergarments">undergarments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">Showbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Temple menorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Egypt" title="Biblical Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massah_and_Meribah" title="Massah and Meribah">Massah and Meribah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(Bible)" title="Mount Sinai (Bible)">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Exodus" title="Stations of the Exodus">Stations of the Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-HaHiroth" title="Pi-HaHiroth">Pi-HaHiroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi-Ramesses" title="Pi-Ramesses">Pi-Ramesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Refidim" title="Battle of Refidim">Battle of Refidim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shur_(Bible)" title="Shur (Bible)">Shur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin" title="Wilderness of Sin">Wilderness of Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_Suph" title="Yam Suph">Yam Suph (Reed Sea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Torah readings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shemot_(parashah)" title="Shemot (parashah)">Shemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%27eira" title="Va'eira">Va'eira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_(parashah)" title="Bo (parashah)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshalach" title="Beshalach">Beshalach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitro" title="Yitro">Yitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishpatim" title="Mishpatim">Mishpatim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumah_(parashah)" title="Terumah (parashah)">Terumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayakhel" title="Vayakhel">Vayakhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekudei" title="Pekudei">Pekudei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">Priestly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">Jahwist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohist" title="Elohist">Elohist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Textual analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Book_of_Exodus" title="Textual variants in the Book of Exodus">Textual variations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Code" title="Covenant Code">Covenant Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_ben_Yochai" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_narrative_in_Antebellum_America" title="Exodus narrative in Antebellum America">In Antebellum America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Papyrus" title="Nash Papyrus">Nash Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_18" title="Papyrus 18">Papyrus 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baal-zephon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_sabbath_day,_to_keep_it_holy" title="Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy">Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/With_a_strong_hand_and_an_outstretched_arm" title="With a strong hand and an outstretched arm">With a strong hand and an outstretched arm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">Plagues of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah_at_the_inn" title="Zipporah at the inn">Zipporah at the inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170476#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170476#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1016266/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4318468-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083592">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119453837">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119453837">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Menorah"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562995905171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027404617">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&oldid=1255387159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&oldid=1255387159</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candelabra" title="Category:Candelabra">Candelabra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gold_objects" title="Category:Gold objects">Gold objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hebrew_words_and_phrases_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible">Hebrew words and phrases in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ritual_objects" title="Category:Jewish ritual objects">Jewish ritual objects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_symbols" title="Category:Jewish symbols">Jewish symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_in_religion" title="Category:Fire in religion">Fire in religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_lamp" title="Category:Oil lamp">Oil lamp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:7_(number)" title="Category:7 (number)">7 (number)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2020">Use dmy dates from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hebrew_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hebrew IPA">Pages with Hebrew IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 18:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temple_menorah&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lzhrf","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.866","walltime":"1.096","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4329,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":133817,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3092,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":164518,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 909.354 1 -total"," 33.03% 300.334 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.21% 129.206 11 Template:Cite_book"," 12.04% 109.516 5 Template:Navbox"," 11.24% 102.252 1 Template:Langx"," 10.92% 99.341 1 Template:Tabernacle_and_Jerusalem_Temples"," 7.99% 72.675 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.53% 50.280 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.29% 48.125 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.98% 45.317 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.497","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18147399,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zntss","timestamp":"20241122141712","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Temple menorah","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Temple_menorah","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170476","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170476","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-12T23:46:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T18:02:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Monnaie_-_Prutah%2C_bronze%2C_J%C3%A9rusalem%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Mattathias_Antigonos_-_btv1b8480202s_%281_of_2%29.jpg","headline":"ancient Hebrew lampstand"}</script> </body> </html>