CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Langston Hughes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"70ada719-ef0a-4297-b75e-8772ead5a48a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Langston_Hughes","wgTitle":"Langston Hughes","wgCurRevisionId":1256089826,"wgRevisionId":1256089826,"wgArticleId":21814770,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from March 2023","Articles using NRISref without a reference number","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use mdy dates from February 2021","All articles that may contain original research", "Articles that may contain original research from September 2019","Articles that may contain original research from September 2024","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","1901 births","1967 deaths","20th-century American dramatists and playwrights","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American non-fiction writers","20th-century American novelists","20th-century American poets","20th-century American short story writers","20th-century American translators","Activists from New York (state)","African-American activists","African-American dramatists and playwrights","African-American novelists","African-American poets","African-American short story writers","American anthologists","American columnists","American expatriates in France","American expatriates in the Soviet Union","American male dramatists and playwrights", "American male non-fiction writers","American male novelists","American male poets","Broadway composers and lyricists","Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni","Deaths from prostate cancer in New York (state)","Esquire (magazine) people","Harlem Renaissance","Jazz poetry","Langston family","Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni","Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters","Novelists from New York (state)","People from Joplin, Missouri","People from Staten Island","People from Westfield, New Jersey","Translators of Gabriela Mistral","Writers from Missouri","Writers from New York City","Yaddo alumni"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Langston_Hughes","wgRelevantArticleId":21814770,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q188093","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1499"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/800px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="999"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/640px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Langston Hughes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Langston_Hughes rootpage-Langston_Hughes skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Langston+Hughes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Langston+Hughes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Langston+Hughes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Langston+Hughes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Biography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry_and_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry_and_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Ancestry and childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry_and_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_father" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_father"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Relationship with father </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Adulthood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Representation in other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Literary archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honors and awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors and awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Living </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Published works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Published works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Poetry collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels_and_short_story_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_and_short_story_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Novels and short story collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_and_short_story_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Non-fiction books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Major plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_for_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_for_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Books for children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_for_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 As editor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Other writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Langston Hughes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لانغستون هيوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لانغستون هيوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenston_Hyuz" title="Lenston Hyuz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lenston Hyuz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لنقستون هیوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لنقستون هیوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C" title="ল্যাংস্টন হিউজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ল্যাংস্টন হিউজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%91%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Джэймс Мёрсер Лэнгстан Х’юз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Мёрсер Лэнгстан Х’юз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Лэнгстан Г’юз – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лэнгстан Г’юз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Лангстън Хюз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лангстън Хюз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6" title="Λάνγκστον Χιουζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάνγκστον Χιουζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لنگستون هیوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنگستون هیوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D9%87%DB%8C%DB%8A%D8%B2" title="لأنگستن هیۊز – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="لأنگستن هیۊز" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%AD%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4_%ED%9C%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="랭스턴 휴스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랭스턴 휴스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Լենգսթոն Հյուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լենգսթոն Հյուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96" title="לנגסטון יוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לנגסטון יוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ლენგსტონ ჰიუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლენგსტონ ჰიუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengstons_Hj%C5%ABzs" title="Lengstons Hjūzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lengstons Hjūzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലാംഗ്സ്റ്റൺ ഹ്യൂഗ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാംഗ്സ്റ്റൺ ഹ്യൂഗ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ლენგსტონ ჰიუზი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლენგსტონ ჰიუზი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لانجستون هيوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لانجستون هيوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C" title="ल्याङ्गस्टन ह्यूज – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याङ्गस्टन ह्यूज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ラングストン・ヒューズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラングストン・ヒューズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9C" title="ਲੈਂਗਸਟਨ ਹਿਊਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਂਗਸਟਨ ਹਿਊਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="لینگسٹن ہیوز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لینگسٹن ہیوز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B7,_%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хьюз, Лэнгстон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хьюз, Лэнгстон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hjuz" title="Langston Hjuz – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Langston Hjuz" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லாங்ஸ்ரன் ஹியூஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாங்ஸ்ரன் ஹியூஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D2%B2%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Ленгстон Ҳюз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ленгстон Ҳюз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%27%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Ленгстон Г'юз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ленгстон Г'юз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="朗斯顿·休斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朗斯顿·休斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Langston Hughes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="朗斯頓·休斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朗斯頓·休斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="兰斯顿·休斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兰斯顿·休斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188093#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Langston_Hughes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Langston_Hughes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Langston_Hughes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&oldid=1256089826" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Langston_Hughes&id=1256089826&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLangston_Hughes">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLangston_Hughes">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Langston_Hughes&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Langston_Hughes" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Mercer_Langston_Hughes" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188093" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer and social activist (1901–1967)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Langston Hughes (disambiguation)">Langston Hughes (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Langston Hughes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:LangstonHughes_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Carl Van Vechten, 1936"><img alt="Portrait by Carl Van Vechten, 1936" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/220px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/330px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/440px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1168" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>, 1936</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">James Mercer Langston Hughes (1901-02-01)February 1, 1901 <a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">May 22, 1967(1967-05-22) (aged 66) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>columnist</li><li>dramatist</li><li>essayist</li><li>novelist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1926–1964</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Langston" title="Charles Henry Langston">Charles Henry Langston</a> (grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a> (uncle)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sampson_Patterson_Leary_Langston" title="Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston">Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston</a> (grandmother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a> (grandfather)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from <a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin, Missouri</a>. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called <a href="/wiki/Jazz_poetry" title="Jazz poetry">jazz poetry</a>, Hughes is best known as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>. He famously wrote about the period that "the Negro was in vogue", which was later paraphrased as "when Harlem was in vogue."<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Growing up in a series of <a href="/wiki/Midwestern" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwestern">Midwestern</a> towns, Hughes became a prolific writer at an early age. He moved to New York City as a young man, where he made his career. He graduated from high school in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio, and soon began studies at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in New York City. Although he dropped out, he gained notice from New York publishers, first in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a> magazine and then from book publishers, and became known in the creative community in Harlem. His first poetry collection, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. Hughes eventually graduated from <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>. In addition to poetry, Hughes wrote plays and published short story collections, novels, and several nonfiction works. From 1942 to 1962, as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> gained traction, Hughes wrote an in-depth weekly opinion column in a leading black newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Defender" title="The Chicago Defender">The Chicago Defender</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry_and_childhood">Ancestry and childhood</h3></div> Like many African-Americans, Hughes was of mixed ancestry. Both of Hughes's paternal great-grandmothers were enslaved Africans, and both of his paternal great-grandfathers were white slave owners in Kentucky. According to Hughes, one of these men was Sam Clay, a Scottish-American whiskey distiller of <a href="/wiki/Henry_County,_Kentucky" title="Henry County, Kentucky">Henry County</a>, said to be a relative of statesman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. The other putative paternal ancestor whom Hughes named was Silas Cushenberry, a <a href="/wiki/Slave_trader" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trader">slave trader</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Kentucky" title="Clark County, Kentucky">Clark County</a>, who Hughes claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSsgPcfpjhBcCpgPA36_36]-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berry-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Hughes's maternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sampson_Patterson_Leary_Langston" title="Mary Sampson Patterson Leary Langston">Mary Patterson</a>, was of African-American, French, English and Native American descent. One of the first women to attend <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, she married <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a>, also of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-race">mixed-race</a> descent, before her studies. In 1859, Lewis Leary joined <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> in West Virginia, where he was fatally wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Berry-4">[4]</a> Ten years later, in 1869, the widow Mary Patterson Leary married again, into the elite, politically active Langston family. Her second husband was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Langston" title="Charles Henry Langston">Charles Henry Langston</a>, of African-American, Euro-American and Native American ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-kshs.org-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He and his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a>, worked for the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist cause</a> and helped lead the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Ohio Anti-Slavery Society">Ohio Anti-Slavery Society</a> in 1858.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> After their marriage, Charles Langston moved with his family to Kansas, where he was active as an educator and activist for voting and rights for African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-kshs.org-6">[6]</a> His and Mary's daughter <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Langston_Hughes" title="Carrie Langston Hughes">Caroline</a> (known as Carrie) became a schoolteacher and married James Nathaniel Hughes (1871–1934). They had two children; the second was Langston Hughes, by most sources born in 1901 in <a href="/wiki/Joplin,_Missouri" title="Joplin, Missouri">Joplin, Missouri</a><a href="#cite_note-scholar-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> (though Hughes himself claims in his autobiography to have been born in 1902).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200113-11">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg/170px-Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg/255px-Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Langston_Hughes_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Hughes in 1902</figcaption></figure> Langston Hughes grew up in a series of Midwestern small towns. His father left the family soon after the boy was born and later divorced Carrie. The senior Hughes traveled to Cuba and then Mexico, seeking to escape the enduring <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After the separation, Hughes's mother traveled, seeking employment. Langston was raised mainly in <a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Kansas" title="Lawrence, Kansas">Lawrence, Kansas</a>, by his maternal grandmother, Mary Patterson Langston. Through the black American <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> and drawing from the activist experiences of her generation, Mary Langston instilled in her grandson a lasting sense of racial pride.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Imbued by his grandmother with a duty to help his race, Hughes identified with neglected and downtrodden black people all his life, and glorified them in his work.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He lived most of his childhood in Lawrence. In his 1940 autobiography The Big Sea, he wrote: "I was unhappy for a long time, and very lonesome, living with my grandmother. Then it was that books began to happen to me, and I began to believe in nothing but books and the wonderful world in books—where if people suffered, they suffered in beautiful language, not in monosyllables, as we did in Kansas."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> After the death of his grandmother, Hughes went to live with family friends, James and Auntie Mary Reed, for two years. Later, Hughes lived again with his mother Carrie in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Illinois" title="Lincoln, Illinois">Lincoln, Illinois</a>. She had remarried when he was an adolescent. The family moved to the <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Cleveland" title="Fairfax, Cleveland">Fairfax</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where he attended <a href="/wiki/Central_High_School_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" title="Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio)">Central High School</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and was taught by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Maria_Chesnutt" title="Helen Maria Chesnutt">Helen Maria Chesnutt</a>, whom he found inspiring.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> His writing experiments began when he was young. While in <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> in Lincoln, Hughes was elected class poet. He stated that in retrospect he thought it was because of the stereotype about African Americans having rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <blockquote>I was a victim of a stereotype. There were only two of us Negro kids in the whole class and our English teacher was always stressing the importance of rhythm in poetry. Well, everyone knows, except us, that all Negroes have rhythm, so they elected me as class poet.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></blockquote> During high school in Cleveland, Hughes wrote for the school newspaper, edited the yearbook, and began to write his first short stories, poetry,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and dramatic plays. His first piece of jazz poetry, "When Sue Wears Red", was written while he was in high school.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_father">Relationship with father</h3></div> Hughes had a very poor relationship with his father, whom he seldom saw when a child. He lived briefly with his father in Mexico in 1919. Upon graduating from high school in June 1920, Hughes returned to Mexico to live with his father, hoping to convince him to support his plan to attend <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Hughes later said that, prior to arriving in Mexico, "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200154–56-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-24">[24]</a> His father had hoped Hughes would choose to study at a university abroad and train for a career in engineering. He was willing to provide financial assistance to his son on these grounds, but did not support his desire to be a writer. Eventually, Hughes and his father came to a compromise: Hughes would study engineering, so long as he could attend Columbia. His tuition provided, Hughes left his father after more than a year. While at Columbia in 1921, Hughes managed to maintain a B+ grade average. He published poetry in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a> under a pen name.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He left in 1922 because of racial prejudice among students and teachers. He was denied a room on campus because he was black.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Eventually he settled in <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Hall" title="Hartley Hall">Hartley Hall</a>, but he still suffered from racism among his classmates, who seemed hostile to anyone who did not fit into a <a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">WASP</a> category.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He was attracted more to the African-American people and neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> than to his studies, but he continued writing poetry.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Harlem was a center of vibrant cultural life. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg/170px-Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg/255px-Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg/340px-Langston_Hughes_Lincoln_University_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Hughes at Lincoln University in 1928</figcaption></figure> Hughes worked at various odd jobs before serving a brief tenure as a <a href="/wiki/Crewman" title="Crewman">crewman</a> aboard the S.S. Malone in 1923, spending six months traveling to West Africa and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In Europe, Hughes left the S.S. Malone for a temporary stay in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There he met and had a romance with Anne Marie Coussey, a British-educated African from a well-to-do <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> family; they subsequently corresponded, but she eventually married <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Wooding" title="Hugh Wooding">Hugh Wooding</a>, a promising <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidadian</a> lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Wooding later served as chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> During his time in England in the early 1920s, Hughes became part of <a href="/wiki/Black_British#Early_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">the black expatriate community</a>. In November 1924, he returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> After assorted odd jobs, he gained <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> employment in 1925 as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_assistant" title="Personal assistant">personal assistant</a> to historian <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History</a>. As the work demands limited his time for writing, Hughes quit the position to work as a busboy at the <a href="/wiki/Wardman_Park_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardman Park Hotel">Wardman Park Hotel</a>. Hughes's earlier work had been published in magazines and was about to be collected into his first book of poetry when he encountered poet <a href="/wiki/Vachel_Lindsay" title="Vachel Lindsay">Vachel Lindsay</a>, with whom he shared some poems. Impressed, Lindsay publicized his discovery of a new black poet. The following year, Hughes enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">historically black university</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chester_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Chester County, Pennsylvania">Chester County, Pennsylvania</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi" title="Omega Psi Phi">Omega Psi Phi</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> After Hughes earned a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> degree from Lincoln University in 1929, he returned to New York. Except for travels to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, he lived in Harlem as his primary home for the remainder of his life. During the 1930s, he became a resident of <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_New_Jersey" title="Westfield, New Jersey">Westfield, New Jersey</a> for a time, sponsored by his patron <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Osgood_Mason" title="Charlotte Osgood Mason">Charlotte Osgood Mason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg/220px-Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg/330px-Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg/440px-Langston_Hughes_Interment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hughes's ashes are interred under a <a href="/wiki/Cosmogram" title="Cosmogram">cosmogram</a> medallion in the foyer of the Arthur Schomburg Center in Harlem</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3></div> Some academics and biographers believe that Hughes was homosexual and included homosexual codes in many of his poems, as did <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, who, Hughes said, influenced his poetry. Hughes's story "Blessed Assurance" deals with a father's anger over his son's effeminacy and "queerness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENero1997161,_192-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-YaleSymposium-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz200368–88-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Additionally, Sandra L. West, author of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Harlem_Renaissance" title="Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance">Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance</a>, contends that his homosexual love of black men is evidenced in a number of reported unpublished poems to an alleged black male lover.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The biographer Aldrich argues that, in order to retain the respect and support of <a href="/wiki/Black_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Black churches">black churches</a> and organizations and avoid exacerbating his precarious financial situation, Hughes remained <a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">closeted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich-45">[45]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rampersad" title="Arnold Rampersad">Arnold Rampersad</a>, Hughes' primary biographer, concludes that the author was probably <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> and passive in his sexual relationships rather than homosexual,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> despite noting that he exhibited a preference for African-American men in his work and life, finding them "sexually fascinating".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:400px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> from "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" (1920)  ... My soul has grown deep like the rivers. I bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. I built my hut near the Congo and it lulled me to sleep. I looked upon the Nile and raised the pyramids above it. I heard the singing of the Mississippi when Abe Lincoln —went down to New Orleans, and I've seen its muddy —bosom turn all golden in the sunset. ... </div> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—in The Weary Blues (1926)<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></cite> </div> First published in 1921 in <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis" title="The Crisis">The Crisis</a>, the official magazine of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP), "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" became Hughes's signature poem and was collected in his first book of poetry, The Weary Blues (1926).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Hughes's first and last published poems appeared in The Crisis; more of his poems were published in The Crisis than in any other journal.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Hughes's life and work were enormously influential during the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> of the 1920s, alongside those of his contemporaries: <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Thurman" title="Wallace Thurman">Wallace Thurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_McKay" title="Claude McKay">Claude McKay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Countee_Cullen" title="Countee Cullen">Countee Cullen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bruce_Nugent" title="Richard Bruce Nugent">Richard Bruce Nugent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Douglas_(artist)" title="Aaron Douglas (artist)">Aaron Douglas</a>. Except for McKay, they worked together also to create the short-lived magazine <a href="/wiki/Fire!!" title="Fire!!">Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists</a>. Hughes and his contemporaries had different goals and aspirations than the <a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">black middle class</a>. Hughes and his fellows tried to depict the "low-life" in their art, that is, the real lives of blacks in the lower social-economic strata. They criticized the <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">divisions and prejudices within the black community based on skin color</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Hughes wrote what would be considered their manifesto, "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain", published in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> in 1926: <blockquote>The younger Negro artists who create now intend to express our individual dark-skinned selves without fear or shame. If white people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, it doesn't matter. We know we are beautiful. And ugly, too. The <a href="/wiki/Tom-tom_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom-tom drum">tom-tom</a> cries, and the tom-tom laughs. If colored people are pleased we are glad. If they are not, their displeasure doesn't matter either. We build our temples for tomorrow, strong as we know how, and we stand on top of the mountain free within ourselves.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></blockquote> His poetry and fiction portrayed the lives of the working-class blacks in America, lives he portrayed as full of struggle, joy, laughter, and music. Permeating his work is pride in the African-American identity and its diverse culture. "My seeking has been to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America and obliquely that of all human kind",<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Hughes is quoted as saying. He confronted racial stereotypes, protested social conditions, and expanded African America's image of itself; a "people's poet" who sought to reeducate both audience and artist by lifting the theory of the black aesthetic into reality.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:285px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> The night is beautiful, So the faces of my people. The stars are beautiful, So the eyes of my people Beautiful, also, is the sun. Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">—"My People" in The Crisis (October 1923)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></cite> </div> Hughes stressed a racial consciousness and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a> devoid of self-hate. His thought united people of African descent and Africa across the globe to encourage pride in their diverse black <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Aesthetic">black aesthetic</a>. Hughes was one of the few prominent black writers to champion racial consciousness as a source of inspiration for black artists.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersadvol-57">[57]</a> His African-American race consciousness and cultural nationalism would influence many foreign black writers, including <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roumain" title="Jacques Roumain">Jacques Roumain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Nicolás Guillén">Nicolás Guillén</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a>. Along with the works of Senghor, Césaire, and other <a href="/wiki/African_French" title="African French">French-speaking writers of Africa</a> and of African descent from the Caribbean, such as <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Maran" title="René Maran">René Maran</a> from <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Damas" title="Léon Damas">Léon Damas</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> in South America, the works of Hughes helped to inspire the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9gritude" title="Négritude">Négritude</a> movement in France. A radical black self-examination was emphasized in the face of <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In addition to his example in social attitudes, Hughes had an important technical influence by his emphasis on folk and jazz rhythms as the basis of his poetry of racial pride.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1930, his first novel, <a href="/wiki/Not_Without_Laughter" title="Not Without Laughter">Not Without Laughter</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Harmon_Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmon Gold Medal">Harmon Gold Medal</a> for literature. At a time before widespread arts grants, Hughes gained the support of private patrons and he was supported for two years prior to publishing this novel.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy, whose family must deal with a variety of struggles due to their race and class, in addition to relating to one another. In 1931, Hughes helped form the "New York Suitcase Theater" with playwright Paul Peters, artist <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burck" title="Jacob Burck">Jacob Burck</a>, and writer (soon-to-be underground spy) <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, an acquaintance from Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-Tanenhaus_1997-62">[62]</a> In 1932, he was part of a board to produce a Soviet film on "Negro Life" with <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cowley" title="Malcolm Cowley">Malcolm Cowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dell" title="Floyd Dell">Floyd Dell</a>, and Chambers.<a href="#cite_note-Tanenhaus_1997-62">[62]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Prentiss_Taylor" title="Prentiss Taylor">Prentiss Taylor</a> and Langston Hughes created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Stair_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Stair Press (page does not exist)">Golden Stair Press</a>, issuing broadsides and books featuring the artwork of Prentiss Taylor and the texts of Langston Hughes. In 1932 they issued The Scottsboro Limited based on the trial of the <a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1932, Hughes and Ellen Winter wrote a pageant to <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Decker" title="Caroline Decker">Caroline Decker</a> in an attempt to celebrate her work with the striking coal miners of the <a href="/wiki/Harlan_County_War" title="Harlan County War">Harlan County War</a>, but it was never performed. It was judged to be a "long, artificial propaganda vehicle too complicated and too cumbersome to be performed."<a href="#cite_note-loftis-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Lieber" title="Maxim Lieber">Maxim Lieber</a> became his literary agent, 1933–1945 and 1949–1950. (Chambers and Lieber worked in the underground together around 1934–1935.)<a href="#cite_note-Witness-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg/170px-Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg/255px-Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg/340px-Ways_of_white_folks_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_White_Folks" title="The Ways of White Folks">The Ways of White Folks</a>, Hughes's first short story collection</figcaption></figure> Hughes's first collection of short stories was published in 1934 with <a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_White_Folks" title="The Ways of White Folks">The Ways of White Folks</a>. He finished the book at "Ennesfree" a <a href="/wiki/Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California" title="Carmel-by-the-Sea, California">Carmel-by-the-Sea, California</a>, cottage provided for a year by Noel Sullivan, another patron since 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersad7-66">[66]</a> These stories are a series of vignettes revealing the humorous and tragic interactions between whites and blacks. Overall, they are marked by a general pessimism about race relations, as well as a sardonic realism.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersad7-66">[66]</a>: p207  He also became an advisory board member to the (then) newly formed <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Workers%27_School" title="San Francisco Workers' School">San Francisco Workers' School</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/California_Labor_School" title="California Labor School">California Labor School</a>). In 1935, Hughes received a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>. The same year that Hughes established his theatre troupe in Los Angeles, he realized an ambition related to films by co-writing the screenplay for <a href="/wiki/Way_Down_South_(film)" title="Way Down South (film)">Way Down South</a>, co-written with <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Muse" title="Clarence Muse">Clarence Muse</a>, African-American Hollywood actor and musician.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersad7-66">[66]</a>: p366-369  Hughes believed his failure to gain more work in the lucrative movie trade was due to racial discrimination within the industry. In 1937 Hughes wrote the long poem, Madrid, his reaction to an assignment to write about black Americans volunteering in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. His poem, accompanied by 9 etchings evoking the pathos of the Spanish Civil War by Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/Dalla_Husband" title="Dalla Husband">Dalla Husband</a>, was published in 1939 as a hardcover book Madrid 1937, printed by Gonzalo Moré, Paris, intended to be an edition of 50. One example of the book, Madrid 37, signed in pencil and annotated as II [Roman numeral two] has appeared on the rare book market.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In Chicago, Hughes founded The Skyloft Players in 1941, which sought to nurture black playwrights and offer theatre "from the black perspective."<a href="#cite_note-CLHF-68">[68]</a> Soon thereafter, he was hired to write a column for the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Defender">Chicago Defender</a>, in which he presented some of his "most powerful and relevant work", giving voice to black people. The column ran for twenty years. Hughes also mentored writer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> who would later produce a sequence about Hughes in the radio series <a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In 1943, Hughes began publishing stories about a character he called Jesse B. Semple, often referred to and spelled "Simple", the everyday black man in Harlem who offered musings on topical issues of the day.<a href="#cite_note-CLHF-68">[68]</a> Although Hughes seldom responded to requests to teach at colleges, in 1947 he taught at <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta University">Atlanta University</a>. In 1949, he spent three months at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Laboratory_Schools" title="University of Chicago Laboratory Schools">University of Chicago Laboratory Schools</a> as a visiting lecturer. Between 1942 and 1949, Hughes was a frequent writer and served on the editorial board of <a href="/wiki/Common_Ground_(magazine)" title="Common Ground (magazine)">Common Ground</a>, a literary magazine focused on cultural pluralism in the United States published by the Common Council for American Unity (CCAU). He wrote novels, short stories, plays, poetry, operas, essays, and works for children. With the encouragement of his best friend and writer, <a href="/wiki/Arna_Bontemps" title="Arna Bontemps">Arna Bontemps</a>, and patron and friend, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Van_Vechten" title="Carl Van Vechten">Carl Van Vechten</a>, he wrote two volumes of autobiography, The Big Sea and I Wonder as I Wander, as well as translating several works of literature into English. With Bontemps, Hughes co-edited the 1949 anthology The Poetry of the Negro, described by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as "a stimulating cross-section of the imaginative writing of the Negro" that demonstrates "talent to the point where one questions the necessity (other than for its social evidence) of the specialization of 'Negro' in the title".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Langston_Hughes.jpg/220px-Langston_Hughes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Langston_Hughes.jpg/330px-Langston_Hughes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Langston_Hughes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Langston Hughes, 1943. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></figcaption></figure> From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, Hughes's popularity among the younger generation of black writers varied even as his reputation increased worldwide. With the gradual advance toward <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>, many black writers considered his writings of black pride and its corresponding subject matter out of date. They considered him a racial chauvinist.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He found some new writers, among them <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>, lacking in such pride, over-intellectual in their work, and occasionally vulgar.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Hughes wanted young black writers to be objective about their race, but not to scorn it or flee it.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersadvol-57">[57]</a> He understood the main points of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> movement of the 1960s, but believed that some of the younger black writers who supported it were too angry in their work. Hughes's work Panther and the Lash, posthumously published in 1967, was intended to show solidarity with these writers, but with more skill and devoid of the most virulent anger and racial chauvinism some showed toward whites.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Hughes continued to have admirers among the larger younger generation of black writers. He often helped writers by offering advice and introducing them to other influential persons in the literature and publishing communities. This latter group, including <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a>, whom Hughes discovered, looked upon Hughes as a hero and an example to be emulated within their own work. One of these young black writers (<a href="/wiki/Loften_Mitchell" title="Loften Mitchell">Loften Mitchell</a>) observed of Hughes: <blockquote>Langston set a tone, a standard of brotherhood and friendship and cooperation, for all of us to follow. You never got from him, 'I am the Negro writer,' but only 'I am a Negro writer.' He never stopped thinking about the rest of us.<a href="#cite_note-Rampersad-78">[78]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div> Hughes was drawn to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> as an alternative to a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> America.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Many of his lesser-known political writings have been collected in two volumes published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri_Press" title="University of Missouri Press">University of Missouri Press</a> and reflect his attraction to Communism. An example is the poem "A New Song".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] In 1932, Hughes became part of a group of black people who went to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> to make a film depicting the plight of African Americans in the United States. Hughes was hired to write the English dialogue for the film. The film was never made, but Hughes was given the opportunity to travel extensively through the Soviet Union and to the Soviet-controlled regions in Central Asia, the latter parts usually closed to Westerners. While there, he met <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(engineer)" title="Robert Robinson (engineer)">Robert Robinson</a>, an African American living in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and unable to leave. In <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, Hughes met and befriended the Hungarian author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, then a Communist who was given permission to travel there.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> As later noted in Koestler's autobiography, Hughes, together with some forty other Black Americans, had originally been invited to the Soviet Union to produce a Soviet film on "Negro Life",<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> but the Soviets dropped the film idea because of their 1933 success in getting the US to recognize the Soviet Union and establish an embassy in Moscow. This entailed a toning down of Soviet propaganda on racial segregation in America. Hughes and his fellow Blacks were not informed of the reasons for the cancellation, but he and Koestler worked it out for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Hughes also managed to travel to China,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Japan,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and Korea<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> before returning to the States. Hughes's poetry was frequently published in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">CPUSA</a> newspaper and he was involved in initiatives supported by Communist organizations, such as the drive to free the <a href="/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys" title="Scottsboro Boys">Scottsboro Boys</a>. Partly as a show of support for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> faction during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-juan-87">[87]</a> in 1937 Hughes traveled to Spain<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> as a correspondent for the Baltimore Afro-American and other various African-American newspapers. In August 1937, he broadcast live from Madrid alongside <a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Harry Haywood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin_Garland" title="Walter Benjamin Garland">Walter Benjamin Garland</a>. When Hughes was in Spain a Spanish Republican cultural magazine, <a href="/wiki/El_Mono_Azul" title="El Mono Azul">El Mono Azul</a>, featured Spanish translations of his poems.<a href="#cite_note-juan-87">[87]</a> On 29 August 1937, Hughes wrote a poem titled <a href="/wiki/Roar,_China!" title="Roar, China!">Roar, China!</a> which called for China's resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">full-scale invasion which Japan had launched</a> less than two months earlier.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-89">[89]</a>: 237  Hughes used China as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> for the "global colour line."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> According to academic Gao Yunxiang, Hughes's poem was integral to the global circulation of Roar, China! as an artistic theme.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-89">[89]</a>: 237  In November 1937, Hughes departed Spain for which El Mono Azul published a brief farewell message entitled "el gran poeta de raza negra" ("the great poet of the black race").<a href="#cite_note-juan-87">[87]</a> Hughes was also involved in other Communist-led organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a> Clubs and the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Struggle_for_Negro_Rights" title="League of Struggle for Negro Rights">League of Struggle for Negro Rights</a>. He was more of a sympathizer than an active participant. He signed a 1938 statement supporting <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">purges</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Peace_Mobilization" title="American Peace Mobilization">American Peace Mobilization</a> in 1940 working to keep the U.S. from participating in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeSantis20019-91">[91]</a> Hughes initially did not favor black American involvement in the war because of the persistence of discriminatory U.S. <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> and racial segregation and disfranchisement throughout the South. He came to support the war effort and black American participation after deciding that war service would aid their struggle for <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> at home.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Pinn">Anthony Pinn</a> has noted that Hughes, together with <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>, was a humanist "critical of belief in God. They provided a foundation for nontheistic participation in social struggle." Pinn has found that such writers are sometimes ignored in the narrative of American history that chiefly credits the civil rights movement to the work of affiliated Christian people.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> During World War II, Hughes became a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Double_V_campaign" title="Double V campaign">Double V campaign</a>; the double Vs referred to victory over Hitler abroad and victory over Jim Crow domestically.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-89">[89]</a>: 276  Hughes was accused of being a Communist by many on the political right, but he always denied it. When asked why he never joined the Communist Party, he wrote, "it was based on strict discipline and the acceptance of directives that I, as a writer, did not wish to accept." In 1953, he was called before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs_Permanent_Subcommittee_on_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations">Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations</a> led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>. He stated, "I never read the theoretical books of socialism or communism or the Democratic or Republican parties for that matter, and so my interest in whatever may be considered political has been non-theoretical, non-sectarian, and largely emotional and born out of my own need to find some way of thinking about this whole problem of myself."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Following his testimony, Hughes distanced himself from Communism.<a href="#cite_note-Leach-95">[95]</a> He was rebuked by some on the radical left who had previously supported him. He moved away from overtly political poems and towards more lyric subjects. When selecting his poetry for his Selected Poems (1959) he excluded all his radical socialist verse from the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Leach-95">[95]</a> These critics on the Left were unaware of the secret interrogation that took place days before the televised hearing.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in the <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Polyclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuyvesant Polyclinic">Stuyvesant Polyclinic</a> in New York City at the age of 66 from complications after abdominal surgery related to <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. His ashes are interred beneath a floor medallion in the middle of the foyer in the <a href="/wiki/Schomburg_Center_for_Research_in_Black_Culture" title="Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture">Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</a> in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It is the entrance to an auditorium named for him.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The design on the floor is an African <a href="/wiki/Cosmogram" title="Cosmogram">cosmogram</a> entitled Rivers. The title is taken from his poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Speaks_of_Rivers" title="The Negro Speaks of Rivers">The Negro Speaks of Rivers</a>". Within the center of the cosmogram is the line: "My soul has grown deep like the rivers". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46,_Leiden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG/170px-Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG/255px-Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG/340px-Langston_Hughes_-_Danse_Africaine_-_Nieuwe_Rijn_46%2C_Leiden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>The poem "Danse Africaine" on a wall of the building at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieuwe_Rijn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwe Rijn (page does not exist)">Nieuwe Rijn</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_Rijn" class="extiw" title="nl:Nieuwe Rijn">nl</a>] 46, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> Hughes was featured reciting his poetry on the album <a href="/wiki/Weary_Blues_(album)" title="Weary Blues (album)">Weary Blues</a> (MGM, 1959), with music by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Feather" title="Leonard Feather">Leonard Feather</a>, and he also contributed lyrics to <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weston" title="Randy Weston">Randy Weston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uhuru_Afrika" title="Uhuru Afrika">Uhuru Afrika</a> (Roulette, 1960). <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a> set the poem "Lovely, dark, and lonely one" from the 1932 collection The Dream Keeper and Other Poems<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> to music in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> his last <a href="/wiki/Art_song" title="Art song">art song</a>. Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Mira_Sulpizi" title="Mira Sulpizi">Mira Sulpizi</a> set Hughes's text to music in her 1968 song "Lyrics".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Hughes's life has been portrayed in film and stage productions since the late 20th century. In <a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Langston" title="Looking for Langston">Looking for Langston</a> (1989), British filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Julien" title="Isaac Julien">Isaac Julien</a> claimed him as a black gay icon—Julien thought that Hughes's sexuality had historically been ignored or downplayed. Film portrayals of Hughes include <a href="/wiki/Gary_LeRoi_Gray" title="Gary LeRoi Gray">Gary LeRoi Gray</a>'s role as a teenage Hughes in the short subject film Salvation (2003) (based on a portion of his autobiography The Big Sea), and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sunjata" title="Daniel Sunjata">Daniel Sunjata</a> as Hughes in the <a href="/wiki/Brother_to_Brother_(film)" title="Brother to Brother (film)">Brother to Brother</a> (2004). Hughes' Dream Harlem, a documentary by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Joseph" title="Jamal Joseph">Jamal Joseph</a>, examines Hughes's works and environment. Paper Armor (1999) by Eisa Davis and Hannibal of the Alps (2005)<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> by Michael Dinwiddie are plays by African-American playwrights that address Hughes's sexuality. <a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>'s 1996 film <a href="/wiki/Get_on_the_Bus" title="Get on the Bus">Get on the Bus</a>, included a black gay character, played by <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Washington" title="Isaiah Washington">Isaiah Washington</a>, who invokes the name of Hughes and punches a homophobic character, saying: "This is for James Baldwin and Langston Hughes." Hughes was also featured prominently in a national campaign sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a> (CFI) known as <a href="/wiki/African_Americans_for_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans for Humanism">African Americans for Humanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Hughes's Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, written in 1960, was performed for the first time in March 2009 with specially composed music by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Karpman" title="Laura Karpman">Laura Karpman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a>, at the Honor festival curated by <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a> in celebration of the African-American cultural legacy.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Ask Your Mama is the centerpiece of "The Langston Hughes Project",<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> a multimedia concert performance directed by Ron McCurdy, professor of music in the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornton School of Music">Thornton School of Music</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The European premiere of The Langston Hughes Project, featuring <a href="/wiki/Ice-T" title="Ice-T">Ice-T</a> and McCurdy, took place at the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, on November 21, 2015, as part of the <a href="/wiki/London_Jazz_Festival" title="London Jazz Festival">London Jazz Festival</a> mounted by music producers Serious.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The novel Harlem Mosaics (2012) by Whit Frazier depicts the friendship between Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston, and tells the story of how their friendship fell apart during their collaboration on the play Mule Bone.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On September 22, 2016, his poem "<a href="/wiki/I,_Too" title="I, Too">I, Too</a>" was printed on a full page of The New York Times in response to the riots of the previous day in Charlotte, North Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_archives">Literary archives</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Beinecke_Rare_Book_%26_Manuscript_Library" title="Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library">Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> holds the Langston Hughes papers (1862–1980) and the Langston Hughes collection (1924–1969) containing letters, manuscripts, personal items, photographs, clippings, artworks, and objects that document the life of Hughes. The Langston Hughes Memorial Library on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>, as well as at the <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a> Collection within the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> also hold archives of Hughes's work.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moorland%E2%80%93Spingarn_Research_Center" title="Moorland–Spingarn Research Center">Moorland–Spingarn Research Center</a> at Howard University includes materials acquired from his travels and contacts through the work of <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_B._Porter" title="Dorothy B. Porter">Dorothy B. Porter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Perspective-on-History-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living">Living</h3></div> <ul><li>1926: Hughes won the <a href="/wiki/Witter_Bynner_Poetry_Prize" title="Witter Bynner Poetry Prize">Witter Bynner Undergraduate Poetry Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li>1935: Hughes was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a>, which allowed him to travel to Spain and Russia.</li> <li>1941: Hughes was awarded a fellowship from the <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_Fund" title="Rosenwald Fund">Rosenwald Fund</a>.</li> <li>1943: Lincoln University awarded Hughes an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">Litt.D.</a></li> <li>1954: Hughes won the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a>.</li> <li>1960: the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">NAACP</a> awarded Hughes the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> for distinguished achievements by an African American.</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">National Institute of Arts and Letters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> awarded Hughes an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>.</li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve University">Western Reserve University</a> awarded Hughes an honorary Litt.D.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial">Memorial</h3></div> Hughes's work continues to have a major readership in contemporary China.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-89">[89]</a>: 294  <ul><li>1978: the first <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_Medal" title="Langston Hughes Medal">Langston Hughes Medal</a> was awarded by the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Langston Hughes Middle School">Langston Hughes Middle School</a> was created in <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>.</li> <li>1981: New York City Landmark status was given to the Harlem home of Langston Hughes at 20 East 127th Street (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langston_Hughes&params=40_48_26_N_73_56_26_W_region:US">40°48′26″N 73°56′26″W / 40.80722°N 73.94056°W / 40.80722; -73.94056</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission</a> and 127th Street was renamed "Langston Hughes Place".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_House" title="Langston Hughes House">Langston Hughes House</a> was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-nris-117">[117]</a></li> <li>2002: The United States Postal Service added the image of Langston Hughes to its Black Heritage series of postage stamps.</li> <li>2002: scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> listed Langston Hughes on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_High_School" title="Langston Hughes High School">Langston Hughes High School</a> was created in <a href="/wiki/Fairburn,_Georgia" title="Fairburn, Georgia">Fairburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.</li> <li>2012: inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> commemorated his 113th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_collections">Poetry collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Weary_Blues" title="The Weary Blues">The Weary Blues</a>, Knopf, 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Clothes_to_the_Jew" title="Fine Clothes to the Jew">Fine Clothes to the Jew</a>, Knopf, 1927</li> <li>The Negro Mother and Other Dramatic Recitations, 1931</li> <li>Dear Lovely Death, 1931</li> <li>The Dream Keeper and Other Poems, Knopf, 1932</li> <li>Scottsboro Limited: Four Poems and a Play, Golden Stair Press, N.Y., 1932</li> <li>A New Song (1938, incl. the poem "<a href="/wiki/Let_America_be_America_Again" title="Let America be America Again">Let America be America Again</a>")</li> <li>Madrid 1937 with etchings by <a href="/wiki/Dalla_Husband" title="Dalla Husband">Dalla Husband</a>, Gonzalo More, Paris, 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_on_Commercial_Theatre" title="Note on Commercial Theatre">Note on Commercial Theatre</a>, 1940</li> <li>Shakespeare in Harlem, Knopf, 1942</li> <li>Freedom's Plow, New York: Musette Publishers, 1943</li> <li>Jim Crow's Last Stand, Atlanta: Negro Publication Society of America, 1943</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lament_for_Dark_Peoples_and_Other_Poems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lament for Dark Peoples and Other Poems (page does not exist)">Lament for Dark Peoples and Other Poems</a>, 1944</li> <li>Lenin, 1946</li> <li>Fields of Wonder, Knopf, 1947</li> <li>One-Way Ticket, 1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montage_of_a_Dream_Deferred" title="Montage of a Dream Deferred">Montage of a Dream Deferred</a>, Holt, 1951</li> <li>Selected Poems of Langston Hughes, 1958</li> <li>Ask Your Mama: 12 Moods for Jazz, Hill & Wang, 1961</li> <li>The Panther and the Lash: Poems of Our Times, 1967</li> <li>The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, 1994</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels_and_short_story_collections">Novels and short story collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Not_Without_Laughter" title="Not Without Laughter">Not Without Laughter</a>. Knopf, 1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_White_Folks" title="The Ways of White Folks">The Ways of White Folks</a>, Knopf, 1934</li> <li>Simple Speaks His Mind, 1950</li> <li>Laughing to Keep from Crying, Holt, 1952</li> <li>Simple Takes a Wife, 1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sweet_Flypaper_of_Life" title="The Sweet Flypaper of Life">The Sweet Flypaper of Life</a>, photographs by <a href="/wiki/Roy_DeCarava" title="Roy DeCarava">Roy DeCarava</a>. 1955</li> <li>Simple Stakes a Claim, 1957</li> <li>Tambourines to Glory, 1958</li> <li>The Best of Simple, 1961</li> <li>Simple's Uncle Sam, 1965</li> <li>Something in Common and Other Stories, Hill & Wang, 1963</li> <li>Short Stories of Langston Hughes, Hill & Wang, 1996</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Langston Hughes <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=44315795">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=44315795&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Langston Hughes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=44315795">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=44315795&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction_books">Non-fiction books</h3></div> <ul><li>The Big Sea, New York: Knopf, 1940</li> <li>Famous American Negroes, 1954</li> <li>Famous Negro Music Makers, New York: Dodd, Mead, 1955</li> <li>I Wonder as I Wander, New York: Rinehart & Co., 1956</li> <li>A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, with <a href="/wiki/Milton_Meltzer" title="Milton Meltzer">Milton Meltzer</a>. 1956</li> <li>Famous Negro Heroes of America, 1958</li> <li>Fight for Freedom: The Story of the NAACP. 1962</li> <li>Black Magic: A Pictorial History of the Negro in American Entertainment, with <a href="/wiki/Milton_Meltzer" title="Milton Meltzer">Milton Meltzer</a>, 1967</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_plays">Major plays</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_Bone" title="Mule Bone">Mule Bone</a>, with Zora Neale Hurston, 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_(play)" title="Mulatto (play)">Mulatto</a>, 1935 (renamed The Barrier, an opera, in 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubled_Island" title="Troubled Island">Troubled Island</a>, with <a href="/wiki/William_Grant_Still" title="William Grant Still">William Grant Still</a>, 1936</li> <li>Little Ham, 1936</li> <li>Emperor of Haiti, 1936</li> <li>Don't You Want to be Free?, 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Scene_(opera)" title="Street Scene (opera)">Street Scene</a>, contributed lyrics, 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourines_to_Glory" title="Tambourines to Glory">Tambourines to Glory</a>, 1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simply_Heavenly" title="Simply Heavenly">Simply Heavenly</a>, 1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nativity" title="Black Nativity">Black Nativity</a>, 1961</li> <li>Five Plays by Langston Hughes, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerico-Jim_Crow" title="Jerico-Jim Crow">Jerico-Jim Crow</a>, 1964</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_for_children">Books for children</h3></div> <ul><li>Popo and Fifina, with Arna Bontemps, 1932</li> <li>The First Book of Negroes, 1952</li> <li>The First Book of Jazz, 1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a>: Famous Concert Singer, with Steven C. Tracy, 1954</li> <li>The First Book of Rhythms, 1954</li> <li>The First Book of the West Indies, 1956</li> <li>First Book of Africa, 1964</li> <li>Black Misery, illustrated by Arouni, 1969; reprinted 1994, Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_editor">As editor</h3></div> <ul><li>The Poetry of the Negro, 1746–1949: an anthology, edited with <a href="/wiki/Arna_Bontemps" title="Arna Bontemps">Arna Bontemps</a>, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1949.</li> <li>An African Treasury: Articles, essays, stories, poems by Black Africans, Pyramid, 1960.</li> <li>Poems from Black Africa, Indiana University Press, 1963.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_writings">Other writings</h2></div> <ul><li>The Langston Hughes Reader, New York: Braziller, 1958.</li> <li>Good Morning Revolution: Uncollected Social Protest Writings by Langston Hughes, Lawrence Hill, 1973.</li> <li>The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2001.</li> <li>The Selected Letters of Langston Hughes, edited by Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel. Knopf, 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080528221214/http://negroartist.com/writings/My%20Adventures%20as%20a%20Social%20Poet.pdf">"My Adventures as a Social Poet" (essay)</a>, Phylon, 3rd Quarter 1947.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/360.html">"The Negro Artist and The Racial Mountain" (article)</a>, The Nation, June 23, 1926.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/28px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/42px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Quill_and_ink.svg/56px-Quill_and_ink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="152" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poetry" title="Portal:Poetry">Poetry portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_Society" title="Langston Hughes Society">Langston Hughes Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchuessler2018" class="citation news cs1">Schuessler, Jennifer (August 9, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/09/arts/langston-hughes-birth-date.html">"Langston Hughes Just Got a Year Older"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved August 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+Just+Got+a+Year+Older&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Schuessler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F09%2Farts%2Flangston-hughes-birth-date.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Francis, Ted (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82XIw4ykVAAC&pg=PA28">Realism in the Novels of the Harlem Renaissance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSsgPcfpjhBcCpgPA36_36]-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSsgPcfpjhBcCpgPA36_36]_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2001">Hughes 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsgPcfpjhBcC&pg=PA36">36</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Berry-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berry_4-1">b</a> Faith Berry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pibsBTGIssC&pg=PA3">Langston Hughes, Before and Beyond Harlem</a>, Westport, Connecticut: Lawrence Hill & Co., 1983; reprint, Citadel Press, 1992, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansashistory.us/hughestext.html">"Langston Hughes on his racial and ethnic background"</a>. Kansas History. Retrieved May 24, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kansas+History&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+on+his+racial+and+ethnic+background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansashistory.us%2Fhughestext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kshs.org-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kshs.org_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kshs.org_6-1">b</a> Richard B. Sheridan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kshs.org/publicat/history/1999winter_sheridan.pdf">"Charles Henry Langston and the African American Struggle in Kansas"</a>, Kansas State History, Winter 1999. Retrieved December 15, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Laurie F. Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, pp. 2–4. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313324970" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313324970">978-0313324970</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=938">"Ohio Anti-Slavery Society – Ohio History Central"</a>. ohiohistorycentral.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohiohistorycentral.org&rft.atitle=Ohio+Anti-Slavery+Society+%E2%80%93+Ohio+History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistorycentral.org%2Fentry.php%3Frec%3D938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholar-9"><a href="#cite_ref-scholar_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024309/http://redblackscholars.wearetheones.org/scholarship.html">"African-Native American Scholars"</a>. African-Native American Scholars. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://redblackscholars.wearetheones.org/scholarship.html">the original</a> on August 15, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African-Native+American+Scholars&rft.pub=African-Native+American+Scholars&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fredblackscholars.wearetheones.org%2Fscholarship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> William and Aimee Lee Cheek, "John Mercer Langston: Principle and Politics", in <a href="/wiki/Leon_F._Litwack" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon F. Litwack">Leon F. Litwack</a> and August Meier (eds), Black Leaders of the Nineteenth Century, University of Illinois Press, 1991, pp. 106–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200113-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200113_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2001">Hughes 2001</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> West, Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance, 2003, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Hughes recalled his maternal grandmother's stories: "Through my grandmother's stories life always moved, moved heroically toward an end. Nobody ever cried in my grandmother's stories. They worked, schemed, or fought. But no crying." Rampersad, Arnold, & David Roessel (2002). The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, Knopf, p. 620. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The poem "Aunt Sues's Stories" (1921) is an oblique tribute to his grandmother and his loving "Auntie" Mary Reed, a close family friend. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Brooks, Gwendolyn</a> (October 12, 1986), "The Darker Brother", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Arnold Rampersad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qclO9rdN1XIC&pg=PA11">The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1914–1967, I Dream a World</a>, Oxford University Press, p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195146431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195146431">978-0195146431</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_High_School_(ClevelandWirthHughesThomas_H._Wirth_Collection_(Emory_University._MARBL)2019" class="citation web cs1">Central High School (Cleveland, Ohio); Wirth, Thomas H.; Hughes, Langston; Thomas H. Wirth Collection (Emory University. MARBL) (February 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/101680226">"The Central High School monthly"</a>. Central High. Retrieved February 1, 2019 – via Hathi Trust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Central+High+School+monthly&rft.pub=Central+High&rft.date=2019-02-01&rft.aulast=Central+High+School+%28Cleveland&rft.aufirst=Ohio%29&rft.au=Wirth%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Langston&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Wirth+Collection+%28Emory+University.+MARBL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F101680226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://camws.org/meeting/2005/abstracts2005/ronnick.html">"Ronnick: Within CAMWS Territory: Helen M. Chesnutt (1880–1969), Black Latinist"</a>. Camws.org. Retrieved February 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Camws.org&rft.atitle=Ronnick%3A+Within+CAMWS+Territory%3A+Helen+M.+Chesnutt+%281880%E2%80%931969%29%2C+Black+Latinist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcamws.org%2Fmeeting%2F2005%2Fabstracts2005%2Fronnick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Langston Hughes Reads His Poetry, with commentary, audiotape from <a href="/wiki/Caedmon_Audio" title="Caedmon Audio">Caedmon Audio</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/22/specials/hughes-obit.html">"Langston Hughes, Writer, 65, Dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. May 23, 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes%2C+Writer%2C+65%2C+Dead&rft.date=1967-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F01%2F04%2F22%2Fspecials%2Fhughes-obit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/authors/langston-hughes/">"Langston Hughes | Scholastic"</a>. www.scholastic.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scholastic.com&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+%7C+Scholastic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholastic.com%2Fteachers%2Fauthors%2Flangston-hughes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasheritage.org/crossingboundaries/page6e1.html">"Langston Hughes biography: African-American history: Crossing Boundaries: Kansas Humanities Council"</a>. www.kansasheritage.org. Retrieved June 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kansasheritage.org&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+biography%3A+African-American+history%3A+Crossing+Boundaries%3A+Kansas+Humanities+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansasheritage.org%2Fcrossingboundaries%2Fpage6e1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes200154–56-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes200154–56_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughes2001">Hughes 2001</a>, pp. 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1986" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Brooks, Gwendolyn</a> (October 12, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/12/books/the-darker-brother.html">"Review of The Darker Brother"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <q>And the father, Hughes said, 'hated Negroes. I think he hated himself, too, for being a Negro. He disliked all of his family because they were Negroes.' James Hughes was tightfisted, uncharitable, cold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Darker+Brother&rft.date=1986-10-12&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F10%2F12%2Fbooks%2Fthe-darker-brother.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2008" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Maurice Orlando (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEZ_i3TvcjgC&dq=Langston+Hughes+columbia+spectator&pg=PA26">Langston Hughes: The Harlem Renaissance</a>. Marshall Cavendish. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761425915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761425915"><bdi>978-0761425915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langston+Hughes%3A+The+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0761425915&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Maurice+Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEZ_i3TvcjgC%26dq%3DLangston%2BHughes%2Bcolumbia%2Bspectator%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_perspectives/write_history/1341.html">"Write Columbia's History"</a>. c250.columbia.edu. Retrieved February 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=c250.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Write+Columbia%27s+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc250.columbia.edu%2Fc250_perspectives%2Fwrite_history%2F1341.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu/content/open-and-closed-doors-university-two-giants-harlem-renaissance">"Open and Closed Doors at the University: Two Giants of the Harlem Renaissance | Columbia University and Slavery"</a>. columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu. Retrieved May 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Open+and+Closed+Doors+at+the+University%3A+Two+Giants+of+the+Harlem+Renaissance+%7C+Columbia+University+and+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcolumbiaandslavery.columbia.edu%2Fcontent%2Fopen-and-closed-doors-university-two-giants-harlem-renaissance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> "Poem" or "To F.S." first appeared in The Crisis in May 1925 and was reprinted in The Weary Blues and The Dream Keeper. Hughes never publicly identified "F.S.", but it is conjectured he was <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Smith" title="Ferdinand Smith">Ferdinand Smith</a>, a merchant seaman whom the poet first met in New York in the early 1920s. Nine years older than Hughes, Smith influenced the poet to go to sea. Born in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in 1893, Smith spent most of his life as a ship steward and political activist at sea—and later in New York as a resident of Harlem. Smith was deported in 1951 to Jamaica for alleged Communist activities and illegal alien status. Hughes corresponded with Smith up until the latter's death in 1961. Berry, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/people/langston-hughes-9346313">"Langston Hughes"</a>. Biography.com. Retrieved June 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Flangston-hughes-9346313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. xvi, 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Rampersad, Vol. 1, pp. 86–87, 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302081457/http://www.hwls.edu.tt/history">"History – Hugh Wooding Law School"</a>. Hwls.edu.tt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwls.edu.tt/history">the original</a> on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hwls.edu.tt&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Hugh+Wooding+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hwls.edu.tt%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> In 1926, Amy Spingarn, wife of <a href="/wiki/Joel_Elias_Spingarn" title="Joel Elias Spingarn">Joel Elias Spingarn</a>, who was president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP), served as patron for Hughes and provided the funds ($300) for him to attend Lincoln University. Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> In November 1927, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Osgood_Mason" title="Charlotte Osgood Mason">Charlotte Osgood Mason</a> ("Godmother" as she liked to be called), became Hughes's major patron. Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-74410616.html">"Mule Bone: Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston's Dream Deferred of an African-American Theatre of the Black Word."</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_American_Review" title="African American Review">African American Review</a>, March 22, 2001. Retrieved March 7, 2008. "In February 1930, Hurston headed north, settling in Westfield, New Jersey. Godmother Mason (Mrs. Rufus Osgood Mason, their white protector) had selected Westfield, safely removed from the distractions of New York City, as a suitable place for both Hurston and Hughes to work." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "J. L. Hughes Will Depart After Questioning as to Communism", <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, July 25, 1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENero1997161,_192-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENero1997161,_192_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNero1997">Nero 1997</a>, pp. 161, 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-YaleSymposium-39"><a href="#cite_ref-YaleSymposium_39-0">^</a> Yale Symposium, Was Langston Gay? commemorating the 100th birthday of Hughes in 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarz200368–88-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwarz200368–88_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwarz2003">Schwarz 2003</a>, pp. 68–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> "Cafe 3 A.M." was against gay bashing by police, and "Poem for F.S." was about his friend Ferdinand Smith (<a href="#CITEREFNero1999">Nero 1999</a>, p. 500). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Blackwell_Hutson" title="Jean Blackwell Hutson">Jean Blackwell Hutson</a>, former chief of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, said: "He was always eluding marriage. He said marriage and career didn't work. ... It wasn't until his later years that I became convinced he was homosexual." Hutson & Nelson, Essence, February 1992, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClatchy2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._D._McClatchy" title="J. D. McClatchy">McClatchy, J. D.</a> (2002). Langston Hughes: Voice of the Poet. New York: Random House Audio. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553714913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553714913"><bdi>978-0553714913</bdi></a>. <q>Though there were infrequent and half-hearted affairs with women, most people considered Hughes asexual, insistent on a skittish, carefree 'innocence.' In fact, he was a closeted homosexual.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Langston+Hughes%3A+Voice+of+the+Poet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Random+House+Audio&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0553714913&rft.aulast=McClatchy&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Sandra West states: Hughes's "apparent love for black men as evidenced through a series of unpublished poems he wrote to a black male lover named 'Beauty'." West, 2003, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich_45-0">^</a> Aldrich (2001), p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> "His fatalism was well placed. Under such pressure, Hughes's sexual desire, such as it was, became not so much sublimated as vaporized. He governed his sexual desires to an extent rare in a normal adult male; whether his appetite was normal and adult is impossible to say. He understood, however, that Cullen and Locke offered him nothing he wanted, or nothing that promised much for him or his poetry. If certain of his responses to Locke seemed like teasing (a habit Hughes would never quite lose with women, or, perhaps, men) they were not therefore necessarily signs of sexual desire; more likely, they showed the lack of it. Nor should one infer quickly that Hughes was held back by a greater fear of public exposure as a homosexual than his friends had; of the three men, he was the only one ready, indeed eager, to be perceived as disreputable." "Rampersad, The Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. I, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Referring to men of African descent, Rampersad writes: "... Hughes found some young men, especially dark-skinned men, appealing and sexually fascinating. (Both in his various artistic representations, in fiction especially, and in his life, he appears to have found young white men of little sexual appeal.) Virile young men of very dark complexion fascinated him." Rampersad, vol. 2, 1988, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15722">"The Negro Speaks of Rivers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726105730/http://poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15722">Archived</a> July 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Audio file, Hughes reading. Poem information from Poets.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> "The Negro Speaks of Rivers": first published in The Crisis (June 1921), p. 17. Included in The New Negro (1925), The Weary Blues, Langston Hughes Reader, and Selected Poems. The poem is dedicated to W. E. B. Du Bois in The Weary Blues, but it is printed without dedication in later versions. – Rampersad & Roessel (2002). In The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 23, 620. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoelscher2019" class="citation web cs1">Hoelscher, Stephen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/lost-work-langston-hughes-180972499/">"A Lost Work by Langston Hughes"</a>. Smithsonian. Retrieved May 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=A+Lost+Work+by+Langston+Hughes&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hoelscher&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farts-culture%2Flost-work-langston-hughes-180972499%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Hughes "disdained the rigid class and color differences the 'best people' drew between themselves and Afro-Americans of darker complexion, of smaller means and lesser formal education." – Berry, 1983 & 1992, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain" (June 1926), <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> West, 2003, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> "My People" First published as "Poem" in The Crisis (October 1923), p. 162, and The Weary Blues (1926). The title poem "My People" was collected in The Dream Keeper (1932) and the Selected Poems of Langston Hughes (1959). Rampersad & Roessel (2002), The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, pp. 36, 623. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rampersadvol-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rampersadvol_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rampersadvol_57-1">b</a> Rampersad. vol. 2, 1988, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Mercer_Cook" title="Mercer Cook">Mercer Cook</a>, African-American scholar of French culture wrote: "His (Langston Hughes) work had a lot to do with the famous concept of Négritude, of black soul and feeling, that they were beginning to develop." Rampersad, vol. 1, 1986, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Rampersad. vol. 1, 1986, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Charlotte Mason generously supported Hughes for two years. She supervised his writing his first novel, Not Without Laughter (1930). Her patronage of Hughes ended about the time the novel appeared. Rampersad. "Langston Hughes", in The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature, 2001, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanenhaus_1997-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tanenhaus_1997_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tanenhaus_1997_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenhaus1997" class="citation book cs1">Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzkFpiXCF8wC&pg=PP1">Whittaker Chambers: A Biography</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307789266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307789266"><bdi>978-0307789266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whittaker+Chambers%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0307789266&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzkFpiXCF8wC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> millersvillearchives <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millersvillearchives.com/exhibits/show/harlem-renaissance--1917-1935/langston-hughes-and-prentiss-t">Golden Stair Press</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-loftis-64"><a href="#cite_ref-loftis_64-0">^</a> Anne Loftis (1998), Witnesses to the Struggle, p. 46, University of Nevada Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874173055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874173055">978-0874173055</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Witness-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Witness_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1952" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Whittaker (1952). Witness. New York: Random House. pp. 44–45 (includes description of Lieber), 203, 266fn, 355, 365–366, 376–377, 377fn, 388, 394, 397, 401, 408, 410. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/52005149">52005149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=44-45+%28includes+description+of+Lieber%29%2C+203%2C+266fn%2C+355%2C+365-366%2C+376-377%2C+377fn%2C+388%2C+394%2C+397%2C+401%2C+408%2C+410&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F52005149&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rampersad7-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rampersad7_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rampersad7_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rampersad7_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampersad2001" class="citation book cs1">Rampersad, Arnold (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qclO9rdN1XIC&q=Carmel">The Life of Langston Hughes</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988227-4"><bdi>978-0-19-988227-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Langston+Hughes&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988227-4&rft.aulast=Rampersad&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqclO9rdN1XIC%26q%3DCarmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesHusband" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Langston; Husband, Dalla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/Madrid-1937-HUSBAND-Langston-HUGHES-Paris/30894030930/bd">"Madrid 1937"</a>. www.abebooks.com. Retrieved January 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abebooks.com&rft.atitle=Madrid+1937&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Langston&rft.au=Husband%2C+Dalla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Ffirst-edition%2FMadrid-1937-HUSBAND-Langston-HUGHES-Paris%2F30894030930%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CLHF-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CLHF_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CLHF_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908192301/http://chicagoliteraryhof.org/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=78">"Langston Hughes"</a>. Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. Chicago Writers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoliteraryhof.org/PersonDetail.aspx?PersonID=78">the original</a> on September 8, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Literary+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagoliteraryhof.org%2FPersonDetail.aspx%3FPersonID%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/webcast-7193/">Word Warrior: Richard Durham, Radio & Freedom</a> – video presentation from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> featuring author Sonja D. Williams </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DestinationFreedom/DF_48-09-26_ep014-Shakespeare_of_Harlem.mp3">Shakespeare of Harlem</a>", a presentation from <a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreekmore1949" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Creekmore" title="Hubert Creekmore">Creekmore, Hubert</a> (January 30, 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/30/archives/two-rewarding-volumes-of-verse-oneway-ticket-by-langston-hughes.html">"Two Rewarding Volumes of Verse; One-way Ticket. By Langston Hughes. Illustrated by Jacob Lawrence. 136 pp. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. The Poetry of the Negro: 1746–1949. Edited by Arna Bontemps and Langston Hughes. 429 pp. New York: Doubleday & Co"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Rewarding+Volumes+of+Verse%3B+One-way+Ticket.+By+Langston+Hughes.+Illustrated+by+Jacob+Lawrence.+136+pp.+New+York%3A+Alfred+A.+Knopf.+The+Poetry+of+the+Negro%3A+1746%E2%80%931949.+Edited+by+Arna+Bontemps+and+Langston+Hughes.+429+pp.+New+York%3A+Doubleday+%26+Co.&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1949-01-30&rft.aulast=Creekmore&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1949%2F01%2F30%2Farchives%2Ftwo-rewarding-volumes-of-verse-oneway-ticket-by-langston-hughes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Langston's misgivings about the new black writing were because of its emphasis on black criminality and frequent use of profanity. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Hughes said: "There are millions of blacks who never murder anyone, or rape or get raped or want to rape, who never lust after white bodies, or cringe before white stupidity, or Uncle Tom, or go crazy with race, or off-balance with frustration." – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Langston eagerly looked to the day when the gifted young writers of his race would go beyond the clamor of civil rights and integration and take a genuine pride in being black ... he found this latter quality starkly absent in even the best of them. – Rampersad, vol. 2, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> "As for whites in general, Hughes did not like them ... He felt he had been exploited and humiliated by them." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Hughes's advice on how to deal with racists was, "'Always be polite to them ... be over-polite. Kill them with kindness.' But, he insisted on recognizing that all whites are not racist, and definitely enjoyed the company of those who sought him out in friendship and with respect." – Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rampersad-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Rampersad_78-0">^</a> Rampersad, 1988, vol. 2, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFountain2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fountain, James (June 2009). "The notion of crusade in British and American literary responses to the Spanish Civil War". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 7 (2): 133–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14794010902868298">10.1080/14794010902868298</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145749786">145749786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transatlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+notion+of+crusade+in+British+and+American+literary+responses+to+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-147&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14794010902868298&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145749786%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fountain&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> The end of "A New Song" was substantially changed when it was included in A New Song (New York: International Workers Order, 1938). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScammell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Scammell, Michael (June 29, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/06/29/langston-hughes-in-the-ussr/">"Langston Hughes in the USSR"</a>. New York Review of Books. 36 (11). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>. Retrieved February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes+in+the+USSR&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1989-06-29&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Scammell&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F1989%2F06%2F29%2Flangston-hughes-in-the-ussr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanenhaus1997" class="citation book cs1">Tanenhaus, Sam (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vzkFpiXCF8wC&pg=PP1">Whittaker Chambers: A Biography</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307789266" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307789266"><bdi>978-0307789266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whittaker+Chambers%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0307789266&rft.aulast=Tanenhaus&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvzkFpiXCF8wC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cowley" title="Malcolm Cowley">Malcolm Cowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Dell" title="Floyd Dell">Floyd Dell</a>, and Chambers were also involved in this intended film. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Arthur Koestler, "The Invisible Writing", Ch. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai-Henderson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lai-Henderson, Selina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlaa016">"Color around the Globe: Langston Hughes and Black Internationalism in China"</a>. MELUS. 45 (2): 88–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlaa016">10.1093/melus/mlaa016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MELUS&rft.atitle=Color+around+the+Globe%3A+Langston+Hughes+and+Black+Internationalism+in+China&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=88-107&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmelus%2Fmlaa016&rft.aulast=Lai-Henderson&rft.aufirst=Selina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmelus%252Fmlaa016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiuchi2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kiuchi, Toru (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cit.nihon-u.ac.jp/laboratorydata/kenkyu/publication/journal_b/b41.1.pdf">"The Critical Response in Japan to Langston Hughes"</a> (PDF). Nihon daigaku seisan kōgakubu kenkyū hōkoku B <bdi lang="ja">日本大学生産工学部研究報告B</bdi>. 41: 1–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nihon+daigaku+seisan+k%C5%8Dgakubu+kenky%C5%AB+h%C5%8Dkoku+B&rft.atitle=The+Critical+Response+in+Japan+to+Langston+Hughes&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kiuchi&rft.aufirst=Toru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cit.nihon-u.ac.jp%2Flaboratorydata%2Fkenkyu%2Fpublication%2Fjournal_b%2Fb41.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuh2021" class="citation journal cs1">Huh, Jang Wook (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0115">"'Our Temples for Tomorrow': Langston Hughes and the Making of a Democratic Korea"</a>. The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 115–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0115">10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Langston+Hughes+Review&rft.atitle=%27Our+Temples+for+Tomorrow%27%3A+Langston+Hughes+and+the+Making+of+a+Democratic+Korea&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-136&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0115&rft.aulast=Huh&rft.aufirst=Jang+Wook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%252Flanghughrevi.27.2.0115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-juan-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juan_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juan_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-juan_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_Ignacio_Guijarro_González2021" class="citation journal cs1">Juan Ignacio Guijarro González (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0137">""I looked upon the Nile"—and the Ebro: Reconstructing the History of Langston Hughes Translations in Spain (1930–1975)"</a>. The Langston Hughes Review. 27 (2): 144–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0137">10.5325/langhughrevi.27.2.0137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240529722">240529722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Langston+Hughes+Review&rft.atitle=%22I+looked+upon+the+Nile%22%E2%80%94and+the+Ebro%3A+Reconstructing+the+History+of+Langston+Hughes+Translations+in+Spain+%281930%E2%80%931975%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144-145&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240529722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Juan+Ignacio+Guijarro+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5325%2Flanghughrevi.27.2.0137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alba-valb.org/volunteers/james-bernard-rucker">"Abraham Lincoln Brigade Archives"</a>. Alba-valb.org. Retrieved July 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alba-valb.org&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+Brigade+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alba-valb.org%2Fvolunteers%2Fjames-bernard-rucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Gao-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Gao_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2021" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Yunxiang (2021). Arise, Africa! Roar, China! Black and Chinese Citizens of the World in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781469664606" title="Special:BookSources/9781469664606"><bdi>9781469664606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arise%2C+Africa%21+Roar%2C+China%21+Black+and+Chinese+Citizens+of+the+World+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781469664606&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Yunxiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2024" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Kun (July 25, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madeinchinajournal.com/2024/07/25/afro-asian-parallax-the-harlem-renaissance-literary-blackness-and-chinese-left-wing-translations/">"Afro-Asian Parallax: The Harlem Renaissance, Literary Blackness, and Chinese Left-Wing Translations"</a>. Made in China Journal. Retrieved August 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Made+in+China+Journal&rft.atitle=Afro-Asian+Parallax%3A+The+Harlem+Renaissance%2C+Literary+Blackness%2C+and+Chinese+Left-Wing+Translations&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadeinchinajournal.com%2F2024%2F07%2F25%2Fafro-asian-parallax-the-harlem-renaissance-literary-blackness-and-chinese-left-wing-translations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeSantis20019-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeSantis20019_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeSantis2001">DeSantis 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampersad2002" class="citation book cs1">Rampersad, Arnold (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qclO9rdN1XIC&pg=PA85">The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1941–1967, I Dream a World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199882274" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199882274"><bdi>978-0199882274</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Langston+Hughes%3A+Volume+II%3A+1941%E2%80%931967%2C+I+Dream+a+World&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0199882274&rft.aulast=Rampersad&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqclO9rdN1XIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2012" class="citation news cs1">Winston, Kimberly (February 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-faith/blacks-say-atheists-were-unseen-civil-rights-heroes/2012/02/22/gIQAfLklTR_story.html">"Blacks say atheists were unseen civil rights heroes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Religion News Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Blacks+say+atheists+were+unseen+civil+rights+heroes&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fon-faith%2Fblacks-say-atheists-were-unseen-civil-rights-heroes%2F2012%2F02%2F22%2FgIQAfLklTR_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Volume 2, Volume 107, Issue 84 of S. prt, Beth Bolling, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160513626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160513626">978-0160513626</a>. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Publisher: U.S. GPO. Original from the University of Michigan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.k-state.edu/english/nelp/childlit/radical/McCarthy_Kay_Hughes.html">p. 988.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150310102134/http://www.k-state.edu/english/nelp/childlit/radical/McCarthy_Kay_Hughes.html">Archived</a> March 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leach-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leach_95-1">b</a> Leach, Langston Hughes: A Biography (2004), pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharf1981" class="citation book cs1">Sharf, James C. (1981). Testimony of Richard T. Seymour, before the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Senate Committee on the Judiciary. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fe578982009-004">10.1037/e578982009-004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimony+of+Richard+T.+Seymour%2C+before+the+Subcommittee+on+the+Constitution%2C+Senate+Committee+on+the+Judiciary&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fe578982009-004&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott (2016). Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons. Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786479924" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786479924"><bdi>978-0786479924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0786479924&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Whitaker, Charles, "Langston Hughes: 100th birthday celebration of the poet of Black America", <a href="/wiki/Ebony_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebony magazine">Ebony</a>, April 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7JDHPmklV-IC&pg=PA65">"Song"</a>. The Dream Keeper and Other Poems. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 11. University of Missouri Press. 2001. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826214980" title="Special:BookSources/9780826214980"><bdi>9780826214980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Song&rft.btitle=The+Dream+Keeper+and+Other+Poems&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+Langston+Hughes%2C+vol.+11&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780826214980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7JDHPmklV-IC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_text.html?TextId=42592">"Lovely, dark, and lonely one"</a> by Langston Hughes (text), <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a> (music), lieder.net </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1987" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsYAAAAIAAJ&q=strantz+louise">International Encyclopedia of Women Composers</a>. Books & Music. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0961748524" title="Special:BookSources/978-0961748524"><bdi>978-0961748524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Women+Composers&rft.pub=Books+%26+Music&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0961748524&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Aaron+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VsYAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dstrantz%2Blouise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Donald V. Calamia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=14526">"Review: 'Hannibal of the Alps'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122221809/http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=14526">Archived</a> November 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pride Source, from <a href="/wiki/Between_the_Lines_(newspaper)" title="Between the Lines (newspaper)">Between The Lines</a>, June 9, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aahumanism.net/we_are_aah">"We are African Americans for Humanism"</a>. African Americans for Humanism. Retrieved February 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Americans+for+Humanism&rft.atitle=We+are+African+Americans+for+Humanism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aahumanism.net%2Fwe_are_aah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Jeff Lunden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=101838506">"'Ask Your Mama': A Music And Poetry Premiere"</a>, NPR. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ronmccurdy.com/about_hudges_project.htm">"The Langston Hughes Project"</a>. Ronmccurdy.com. November 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ronmccurdy.com&rft.atitle=The+Langston+Hughes+Project&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ronmccurdy.com%2Fabout_hudges_project.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ronmccurdy.com/ron_biography.htm">"Ronald C. McCurdy, Ph.D."</a> Biography. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbican.org.uk/news/artformnews/music/ice-t-and-ron-mccurdy-%E2%80%93-the-lang">"Ice-T and Ron McCurdy – the Langston Hughes Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151122232827/http://www.barbican.org.uk/news/artformnews/music/ice-t-and-ron-mccurdy-%E2%80%93-the-lang">Archived</a> November 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Artform press releases. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://serious.org.uk/news/2015/the-langston-hughes-project">"The Langston Hughes Project, Thursday 24 September 2015"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803115757/https://serious.org.uk/news/2015/the-langston-hughes-project">Archived</a> August 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Serious. Article by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Busby" title="Margaret Busby">Margaret Busby</a>, first published in the Barbican November 2015 Guide. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4792-1302-3">"Fiction Book Review: Harlem Mosaics"</a>. Publishers Weekly. April 28, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Fiction+Book+Review%3A+Harlem+Mosaics&rft.date=2018-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-1-4792-1302-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddie_Crum2016" class="citation web cs1">Maddie Crum (September 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/langston-hughes-poem-new-york-times_us_57e3d857e4b08d73b82fbc0f">"Powerful Poem about Race Gets a Full Page in The New York Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Powerful+Poem+about+Race+Gets+a+Full+Page+in+The+New+York+Times&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.au=Maddie+Crum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Flangston-hughes-poem-new-york-times_us_57e3d857e4b08d73b82fbc0f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113222619/http://www.lincoln.edu/library/abouthughes.html">"Langston Hughes Memorial Library"</a>. Lincoln University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincoln.edu/library/abouthughes.html">the original</a> on November 13, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langston+Hughes+Memorial+Library&rft.pub=Lincoln+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincoln.edu%2Flibrary%2Fabouthughes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perspective-on-History-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Perspective-on-History_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Nunes, Zita Cristina (November 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/december-2018/cataloging-black-knowledge-how-dorothy-porter-assembled-and-organized-a-premier-africana-research-collection">"Cataloging Black Knowledge: How Dorothy Porter Assembled and Organized a Premier Africana Research Collection"</a>. Perspectives on History. Retrieved November 24, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+History&rft.atitle=Cataloging+Black+Knowledge%3A+How+Dorothy+Porter+Assembled+and+Organized+a+Premier+Africana+Research+Collection&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft.aulast=Nunes&rft.aufirst=Zita+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fpublications-and-directories%2Fperspectives-on-history%2Fdecember-2018%2Fcataloging-black-knowledge-how-dorothy-porter-assembled-and-organized-a-premier-africana-research-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380354643/">"Langston Hughes, Poet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. September 26, 1926. p. 66. Retrieved January 7, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>. <q>The Witter Bynner undergraduate poetry prize for 1926 was awarded to Langston Hughes, Lincoln University, whom Carl Van Vechten ranks with among the best of the younger American poets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes%2C+Poet&rft.pages=66&rft.date=1926-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F380354643%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A32779164">"Langston Hughes – Poet"</a>. h2g2: The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. April 14, 2008. Retrieved July 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Langston+Hughes+%E2%80%93+Poet&rft.pub=h2g2%3A+The+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide+to+the+Galaxy&rft.date=2008-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA32779164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/lhf/medallion-recipients">"Medallion Recipients"</a>. The City College of New YOrk. July 4, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+College+of+New+YOrk&rft.atitle=Medallion+Recipients&rft.date=2015-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccny.cuny.edu%2Flhf%2Fmedallion-recipients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Jen Carlson (June 18, 2007).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gothamist.com/2007/06/18/langston_hughes.php">"Langston Hughes Lives On In Harlem"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202082610/http://gothamist.com/2007/06/18/langston_hughes.php">Archived</a> February 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothamist" title="Gothamist">Gothamist</a>. Retrieved November 22, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-117"><a href="#cite_ref-nris_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573929638" title="Special:BookSources/1573929638">1573929638</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagoliteraryhof.org/inductees/profile/langston-hughes">"Langston Hughes"</a>. Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Literary+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagoliteraryhof.org%2Finductees%2Fprofile%2Flangston-hughes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/langston-hughes-113th-birthday/">"Langston Hughes' 113th Birthday"</a>. Google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google.com&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes%27+113th+Birthday&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Flangston-hughes-113th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Aldrich, Robert (2001). Who's Who in Gay & Lesbian History. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041522974X" title="Special:BookSources/041522974X">041522974X</a>.</li> <li>Bernard, Emily (2001). Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten, 1925–1964. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679451137" title="Special:BookSources/0679451137">0679451137</a>.</li> <li>Berry, Faith (1992) [1983]. Chapter 10: "On the Cross of the South" and chapter 13: "Zero Hour". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langstonhughesbe0000berr/mode/2up">Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond Harlem</a>. New York: Citadel Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langstonhughesbe0000berr/page/150/mode/2up">150</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langstonhughesbe0000berr/page/184/mode/2up">pp. 185–186</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0517147696" title="Special:BookSources/0517147696">0517147696</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/489620236">489620236</a>.</li> <li>Chenrow, Fred; Chenrow, Carol (1973). Reading Exercises in Black History. Volume 1. Elizabethtown, PA: The Continental Press, Inc. p. 36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0845421077" title="Special:BookSources/0845421077">0845421077</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSantis2001" class="citation book cs1">DeSantis, Christopher C. (2001). Introduction. Fight for Freedom and Other Writings on Civil Rights. By Hughes, Langston. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 10. University of Missouri Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826213715" title="Special:BookSources/0826213715"><bdi>0826213715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Fight+for+Freedom+and+Other+Writings+on+Civil+Rights&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+Langston+Hughes%2C+vol.+10&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0826213715&rft.aulast=DeSantis&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2001" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Langston (2001) [1940]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsgPcfpjhBcC">The Big Sea</a>. The Collected Works of Langston Hughes, vol. 13. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826214102" title="Special:BookSources/9780826214102"><bdi>9780826214102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Sea&rft.series=The+Collected+Works+of+Langston+Hughes%2C+vol.+13&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780826214102&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Langston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsgPcfpjhBcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hutson, Jean Blackwell; & <a href="/wiki/Jill_Nelson" title="Jill Nelson">Jill Nelson</a> (February 1992). "Remembering Langston". <a href="/wiki/Essence_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence magazine">Essence</a>. p. 96.</li> <li>Joyce, Joyce A. (2004). "A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes". In Steven C. Tracy (ed.). Hughes and Twentieth-Century Genderracial Issues, Oxford University Press, p. 136. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195144341" title="Special:BookSources/0195144341">0195144341</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNero1997" class="citation book cs1">Nero, Charles I. (1997). "Re/Membering Langston: Homphobic Textuality and Arnold Rampersad's Life of Langston Hughes". In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Martin Duberman</a> (ed.). Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814718841" title="Special:BookSources/0814718841"><bdi>0814718841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Re%2FMembering+Langston%3A+Homphobic+Textuality+and+Arnold+Rampersad%27s+Life+of+Langston+Hughes&rft.btitle=Queer+Representations%3A+Reading+Lives%2C+Reading+Cultures&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0814718841&rft.aulast=Nero&rft.aufirst=Charles+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNero1999" class="citation book cs1">Nero, Charles I. (1999). "Free Speech or Hate Speech: Pornography and its Means of Production". In Larry P. Gross; James D. Woods (eds.). Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0231104472" title="Special:BookSources/0231104472"><bdi>0231104472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Free+Speech+or+Hate+Speech%3A+Pornography+and+its+Means+of+Production&rft.btitle=Columbia+Reader+on+Lesbians+and+Gay+Men+in+Media%2C+Society%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0231104472&rft.aulast=Nero&rft.aufirst=Charles+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Nichols, Charles H. (1980). Arna Bontempts-Langston Hughes Letters, 1925–1967. Dodd, Mead & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0396076874" title="Special:BookSources/0396076874">0396076874</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ostrom" title="Hans Ostrom">Ostrom, Hans</a> (1993). Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction. New York: Twayne. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805783431" title="Special:BookSources/0805783431">0805783431</a></li> <li>Ostrom, Hans (2002). A Langston Hughes Encyclopedia, Westport: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313303924" title="Special:BookSources/0313303924">0313303924</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Rampersad" title="Arnold Rampersad">Rampersad, Arnold</a> (1986). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 1: I, Too, Sing America. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195146425" title="Special:BookSources/0195146425">0195146425</a></li> <li>Rampersad, Arnold (1988). The Life of Langston Hughes, Volume 2: I Dream a World. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195146433" title="Special:BookSources/0195146433">0195146433</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Christa A. B. (2003). "Langston Hughes: A True 'People's Poet'". Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253216079" title="Special:BookSources/0253216079"><bdi>0253216079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Langston+Hughes%3A+A+True+%27People%27s+Poet%27&rft.btitle=Gay+Voices+of+the+Harlem+Renaissance&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0253216079&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Christa+A.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALangston+Hughes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>West, Sandra L. (2003). "Langston Hughes". In Aberjhani & Sandra West (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance. Checkmark Press. p. 162. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816045402" title="Special:BookSources/0816045402">0816045402</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Walker_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Walker Alexander">Alexander, Margaret Walker</a>, and William R. Ferris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.southerncultures.org/article/my-idol-was-langston-hughes-the-poet-the-renaissance-and-their-enduring-influence/">"'My Idol Was Langston Hughes': The Poet, the Renaissance, and Their Enduring Influence"</a>, Southern Cultures, Vol. 16, No. 2, Southern lives (Summer 2010), pp. 53–71. University of North Carolina Press.</li></ul> <ul><li>Baldwin, James, and Clayton Riley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/26435209">"James Baldwin on Langston Hughes"</a>, The Langston Hughes Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Winter 1997), pp. 125–137. Langston Hughes Society: Penn state University Press.</li></ul> <ul><li>Davis, Arthur P., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/272559">"The Harlem of Langston Hughes' Poetry"</a>, Phylon (1940–1956), Vl. 13, No. 4 (4th Qtr 1952), pp. 276–283.</li></ul> <ul><li>Dawahare, Anthony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/467676">"Langston Hughes's Radical Poetry and the 'End of Race'"</a>, MELUS, Vol. 23, No. 3, Poetry and Poetics (Autumn 1998), pp. 21–41.</li></ul> <ul><li>Deck, Alice A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26432696">"Introduction: Langston Hughes and the African Diaspora"</a>, The Langston Hughes Review, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Spring 1986), pp. iv–vi. Langston Hughes Society: Penn State University Press.</li></ul> <ul><li>Farrison, W. Edward, "Langston Hughes: Poet of the Harlem Renaissance", CLA Journal, June 1972, Vol. 15, No. 4 (June 1972), pp. 401–410.</li> <li>Johnson, Patricia A., and Walter C. Farrell, Jr., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/467519">"How Langston Used the Blues"</a>, MELUS, Vol. 6, No. 1, Oppression and Ethnic Literature (Spring 1979), pp. 55–63.</li> <li>Vogel, Shane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23128793">"Closing Time: Langston Hughes and the Queer Poetics of Harlem Nightlife"</a>, Criticism, Vol. 48, No. 3 (Summer 2006), pp. 397–425. Wayne State University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Langston_Hughes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Langston_Hughes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:James_Mercer_Langston_Hughes" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:James Mercer Langston Hughes">James Mercer Langston Hughes</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/lhugh">Langston Hughes on Poets.org</a> With poems, related essays, and links.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/langston-hughes">Profile and poems of Langston Hughes, including audio files and scholarly essays</a>, at the Poetry Foundation.</li> <li>Cary Nelson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.illinois.edu/MAPS/poets/g_l/hughes/hughes.htm">"Langston Hughes (1902–1967)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918051106/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/hughes/hughes.htm">Archived</a> September 18, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Profile at Modern American Poetry.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828155827/http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/langstonhughes/web.html">Beinecke Library, Yale</a>. "Langston Hughes at 100".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/hughes/aa_hughes_subj.html">Profile at Library of Congress.</a></li> <li>Therman B. O'Daniel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2904259">"Langston Hughes: An Updated Selected Bibliography"</a>, Black American Literature Forum, Vol. 15, No. 3 (Autumn 1981), pp. 104–107.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.hughes" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.hughes">Langston Hughes Papers</a>. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131210040611/http://arcat.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=573/">Langston Hughes Papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Center_for_Film_and_Theater_Research" title="Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research">Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/journey/hughes.html">Resources at Library of Congress</a> including audio.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102042121/http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poet/172.html">Representative Poetry Online, University of Toronto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/langston-hughes">Works by Langston Hughes in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8670">Works by Langston Hughes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Hughes%2C%20Langston">Works by Langston Hughes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hughes%2C%20Langston%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Langston%20Hughes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hughes%2C%20Langston%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Langston%20Hughes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hughes%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Langston%20Hughes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hughes%2C%20Langston%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Langston%20Hughes%22%29%20OR%20%28%221901-1967%22%20AND%20Hughes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Langston Hughes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/35">Works by Langston Hughes</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/cr3g4">Langston Hughes collection from the Billops-Hatch Archives, 1926–2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zghq">Langston Hughes collection from the Raymond Danowski Poetry Library, 1932–1969</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zg46">Thyra Edwards' collection of Langston Hughes material, 1935–1941</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Langston_Hughes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Langston_Hughes" title="Template:Langston Hughes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Langston_Hughes" title="Template talk:Langston Hughes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Langston_Hughes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Langston Hughes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Langston_Hughes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langston Hughes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Speaks_of_Rivers" title="The Negro Speaks of Rivers">The Negro Speaks of Rivers</a>" (1921)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mother_to_Son" title="Mother to Son">Mother to Son</a>" (1922)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I,_Too" title="I, Too">I, Too</a>" (1925)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Weary_Blues" title="The Weary Blues">The Weary Blues</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pierrot_(poem)" title="Pierrot (poem)">Pierrot</a>" (1926)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come_to_the_Waldorf_Astoria" title="Come to the Waldorf Astoria">Come to the Waldorf Astoria</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_America_be_America_Again" title="Let America be America Again">Let America be America Again</a>" (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Note_on_Commercial_Theatre" title="Note on Commercial Theatre">Note on Commercial Theatre</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Harlem_(poem)" title="Harlem (poem)">Harlem</a>" (1951)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mississippi%E2%80%931955" title="Mississippi–1955">Mississippi–1955</a>" (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Clothes_to_the_Jew" title="Fine Clothes to the Jew">Fine Clothes to the Jew</a> (poems, 1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_White_Folks" title="The Ways of White Folks">The Ways of White Folks</a> (short stories, 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montage_of_a_Dream_Deferred" title="Montage of a Dream Deferred">Montage of a Dream Deferred</a> (poems 1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_Bone" title="Mule Bone">Mule Bone</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_(play)" title="Mulatto (play)">Mulatto</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_Scene_(opera)" title="Street Scene (opera)">Street Scene</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambourines_to_Glory" title="Tambourines to Glory">Tambourines to Glory</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nativity" title="Black Nativity">Black Nativity</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerico-Jim_Crow" title="Jerico-Jim Crow">Jerico-Jim Crow</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Not_Without_Laughter" title="Not Without Laughter">Not Without Laughter</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sweet_Flypaper_of_Life" title="The Sweet Flypaper of Life">The Sweet Flypaper of Life</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_Down_South_(film)" title="Way Down South (film)">Way Down South</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Langston_Hughes" title="Carrie Langston Hughes">Carrie Langston Hughes</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Langston" title="Charles Henry Langston">Charles Henry Langston</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a> (great uncle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes_Society" title="Langston Hughes Society">Langston Hughes Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188093#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188093#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188093#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121303076">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44315795">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/49863/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbMdCBT4cjr8x9x6xkJjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118707930">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80014956">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038569b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12038569b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00443967">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35212085">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003733&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1186702">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/478081">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069155437">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053560">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040227&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000030396&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613053">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/42gjllmn1r49mf2">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629293505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262874205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058512064306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14243507">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0150540X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/43a86fa6-d6d4-4fa3-9b8e-575d10787b7a">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102672">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/867383">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118707930.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118707930">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028577965">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rn37qn">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/106259">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&oldid=1256089826">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&oldid=1256089826</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1901_births" title="Category:1901 births">1901 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_deaths" title="Category:1967 deaths">1967 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century American dramatists and playwrights">20th-century American dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_novelists" title="Category:20th-century American novelists">20th-century American novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_poets" title="Category:20th-century American poets">20th-century American poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_short_story_writers" title="Category:20th-century American short story writers">20th-century American short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_translators" title="Category:20th-century American translators">20th-century American translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Activists from New York (state)">Activists from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_activists" title="Category:African-American activists">African-American activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:African-American dramatists and playwrights">African-American dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_novelists" title="Category:African-American novelists">African-American novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_poets" title="Category:African-American poets">African-American poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_short_story_writers" title="Category:African-American short story writers">African-American short story writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_anthologists" title="Category:American anthologists">American anthologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_columnists" title="Category:American columnists">American columnists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_France" title="Category:American expatriates in France">American expatriates in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_expatriates_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:American expatriates in the Soviet Union">American expatriates in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:American male dramatists and playwrights">American male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_novelists" title="Category:American male novelists">American male novelists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_poets" title="Category:American male poets">American male poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Broadway_composers_and_lyricists" title="Category:Broadway composers and lyricists">Broadway composers and lyricists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Columbia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science_alumni" title="Category:Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni">Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_prostate_cancer_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Deaths from prostate cancer in New York (state)">Deaths from prostate cancer in New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Esquire_(magazine)_people" title="Category:Esquire (magazine) people">Esquire (magazine) people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harlem_Renaissance" title="Category:Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jazz_poetry" title="Category:Jazz poetry">Jazz poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Langston_family" title="Category:Langston family">Langston family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)_alumni" title="Category:Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni">Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters">Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novelists_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Novelists from New York (state)">Novelists from New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Joplin,_Missouri" title="Category:People from Joplin, Missouri">People from Joplin, Missouri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Staten_Island" title="Category:People from Staten Island">People from Staten Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Westfield,_New_Jersey" title="Category:People from Westfield, New Jersey">People from Westfield, New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_Gabriela_Mistral" title="Category:Translators of Gabriela Mistral">Translators of Gabriela Mistral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Missouri" title="Category:Writers from Missouri">Writers from Missouri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Writers from New York City">Writers from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yaddo_alumni" title="Category:Yaddo alumni">Yaddo alumni</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from March 2023">Articles with incomplete citations from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_NRISref_without_a_reference_number" title="Category:Articles using NRISref without a reference number">Articles using NRISref without a reference number</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2021">Use mdy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2019">Articles that may contain original research from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from September 2024">Articles that may contain original research from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 04:11 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langston_Hughes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-rn2v9","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.622","walltime":"1.916","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12162,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":195942,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9164,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":303078,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1672.065 1 -total"," 27.85% 465.681 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.00% 184.000 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 10.52% 175.959 1 Template:Infobox"," 8.37% 139.968 4 Template:Side_box"," 7.49% 125.227 26 Template:Cite_web"," 7.44% 124.359 3 Template:Sister_project"," 6.34% 106.060 6 Template:Sfn"," 5.96% 99.634 6 Template:Cite_news"," 5.76% 96.293 1 Template:Langston_Hughes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.948","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12762172,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBrooks1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_High_School_(ClevelandWirthHughesThomas_H._Wirth_Collection_(Emory_University._MARBL)2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreekmore1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeSantis2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFountain2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGao2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoelscher2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuang2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesHusband\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Ignacio_Guijarro_González2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiuchi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLai-Henderson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddie_Crum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClatchy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNero1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNero1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNunes2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRampersad2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRampersad2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScammell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuessler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharf1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanenhaus1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWallace2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"0\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 2,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hughes, Langston\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 16,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langston Hughes\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"NRISref\"] = 1,\n [\"Oclc\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research?\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spingarn Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-l9mw5","timestamp":"20241128015925","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Langston Hughes","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Langston_Hughes","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188093","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188093","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-06T22:52:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T04:11:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d3\/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg","headline":"(1901-1967) American writer and social activist"}</script> </body> </html>