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width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-91820 ">Principle of equivalence</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-102340 apercu surlignable"><p>Although it has evolved significantly in the ECJ case law, especially in the 1990s, the principle of equivalence in the context of EU law is still based on the fundamental idea – put forward in the <i>Rewe</i> decision of 1976 – that the protection within a national legal system of EU-law-based rights must not be less favourable than in the case of individual rights based on national law. The principle is closely related to the general principle of equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination from which it is derived. It is also a well-known international law principle which, together with the principle of mutual recognition, serves as a cooperation-promoting instrument.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-102340 texte surlignable"><p>In order to promote cooperation at the international level in the best possible way, harmonization of national legislation would probably be the best instrument to be used, also within the framework of international trade organizations. The aim of harmonization is to standardize legislation on an international basis. Nevertheless, full harmonization may not be achievable in practice or even desirable for legitimate reasons. Thus, in international law, the principles of mutual recognition and equivalence are normally used as cooperation-promoting instruments. This applies also within the framework of the World Trade Organization. An important threshold for achieving equivalence in this context is to define the regulatory objectives and, on this basis, to determine the level (such as the minimum level of protection) that national legislation/measures must achieve. This is the case also in the context of European Union (EU) law and the specific reason why the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) has, from the outset, referred together to the two criteria of equivalence and effectiveness.</p> <p>More specifically, in the context of EU Law, the principle of equivalence requires Member States not to treat matters under EU law less favorably than purely domestic matters. This legal principle was developed by the ECJ when it became clear - especially in <i>Comet</i> (1976) - that there was an important first obstacle to the proper implementation of substantive (directly applicable) Community law: discrimination of Community law issues against similar, purely domestic issues as a consequence of the application of national (procedural law) regulations. Therefore, already in <i>Rewe</i> (1976) the ECJ clarified that similar situations may not be treated differently unless this unequal treatment is objectively justified, including when it is for the domestic legal system of Member States to identify the competent Courts and/or to determine the procedural conditions governing actions at law intended to ensure the protection of the rights which citizens have from the direct effect of Community law. <br class='autobr' /> Such “conditions”, even if determined by national law of Member States, cannot be less favorable than those relating to similar actions of a “domestic nature” (<i>Rewe</i>, paragraphs 5-6). <br class='autobr' /> In EU Law, the principle of equivalence is thus closely linked to the general principle of equal treatment and the prohibition of discrimination derived therefrom.</p> <p>The principle of equivalence is based on the key idea - set out in the <i>Rewe</i> decision (1976) - that the “instruments” (access to Courts and procedural conditions governing actions at law) for protecting the rights which individuals have as a consequence of the direct effect of EU law must not be “designed” less favorably than in the case of “domestic rights” provided for by national law. The difficulties involved, however, have less to do with direct discrimination. The cases dealt with in ECJ case-law are mostly of indirect discrimination where, for example, there are different procedural arrangements in national law, depending on whether national or Union law matters are affected.</p> <p>On the basis of the original “<i>Rewe</i>-formula”, the content and meaning of the principle of equivalence have been progressively clarified in the ECJ case-law. The most important period in its development was during the Nineties. In the <i>Levez</i> case (1998) the ECJ set out a kind of decalogue on how national courts should apply the principle of equivalence by stating that:</p> <p><span class="spip-puce ltr"><b>–</b></span> The principle of equivalence requires that the rule at issue be applied without distinction, whether the infringement alleged is of EU law or national law, where the purpose and cause of action are similar (<i>Levez</i>, paragraph 41).</p> <p><span class="spip-puce ltr"><b>–</b></span> The principle of equivalence is not to be interpreted as requiring Member States to extend their most favorable rules to all actions brought in a certain field of law (Levez, paragraph 42). This means, as it is clearly stated for example in <i>Târșia</i> (2005), that it does not require equivalence of national procedural rules applicable to different types of proceedings such as - as in the dispute in the main proceedings in <i>Târșia</i> - civil proceedings on the one hand and administrative proceedings on the other (<i>Târșia</i>, paragraph 34).</p> <p><span class="spip-puce ltr"><b>–</b></span> In order to determine whether the principle of equivalence has been complied with, the national court - which alone has direct knowledge of the procedural rules governing actions in the different national law fields - must consider both the purpose and the essential characteristics of allegedly similar domestic actions (<i>Levez</i>, paragraph 43).</p> <p><span class="spip-puce ltr"><b>–</b></span> Whenever it falls to be determined whether a procedural rule of national law is less favorable than those governing similar domestic actions, the national court must take into account the role played by that provision in the procedure as a whole, as well as the operation and any special features of that procedure before the different national courts (<i>Levez</i>, paragraph 44). In this respect, the ECJ later pointed out that the national court must also verify this “objectively, in the abstract” (<i>Preston</i>, 2000, paragraph 63).</p> <p>To conclude, in the context of what has been identified as a kind of “EU judicial federalism” (Wells, 2017), the principle of equivalence is much more about how and to what extent the national and the EU level, via their courts, succeed in working together in a cooperative relationship. For this reason, the ECJ explicitly referred to the principle of sincere cooperation laid down in article 5 EEC (now art. 4, paragraph 3, TEU) already in its <i>Rewe</i> decision (paragraph 5).</p> <p>The situation is different in the United States’ context where the kind of “judicial federalism” in which most issues of EU law are adjudicated in the Member State courts does not exist. In the US, there is an identified “a network of lower federal courts” (Wells, 2017) adjudicating many federal law issues. More importantly, the US Supreme Court may review both federal and state decisions referring to federal law. That appears to be the reason whya principle of equivalence has not been developed in the USA. Perhaps if US state courts were the only courts dealing with these issues apart from the US Supreme Court and the lower federal courts did not exist, there would be more room for the principle.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-102340 reference"><p>Case C-69/14 Târșia v Statul roman e.a., EU:C:2015:662</p> <p>Case C-78/98 Preston v Wolverhampton Healthcare NHS Trust, EU:C:2000:247</p> <p>Case C-326/96 Levez v Jennings Ltd, EU:C:1998:577</p> <p>Case 45/76 Comet BV v Produktschap voor Siergewassen, EU:C:1976:191</p> <p>Case 33/76 Rewe v Landwirtschaftskammer für das Saarland, EU:C:1976:188</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-102340 jurisprudence"><p>Diana-Urania Galetta, ’Äquivalenz und Effektivität’, Wolfang Kahl, Markus Ludwigs (eds.), Handbuch des Verwaltungsrechts, Vol. 2 (Heidelberg, 2021), chapter 46, 625-658.</p> <p>Humberto Zúñiga Schroder, Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition of Standards in WTO Law (Wolters Kluwer 2011).</p> <p>Koen Lenaerts, ’National Remedies for Private Parties in the Light of the EU Law Principles of Equivalence and Effectiveness’ (2011) 46 The Irish Jurist 13.</p> <p><a href="https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS1854718&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US&fromSitemap=1" class="spip_out" rel="external">Koen Lenaerts, ’The Decentralised Enforcement of EU Law: the Principle of Equivalence and Effectiveness’, Scritti in onore di Giuseppe Tesauro, Vol. II, (Editoriale Scientifica 2014), 1057–1085.</a></p> <p><a href="https://houstonlawreview.org/article/3918" class="spip_out" rel="external">Michael L Wells, ’Judicial Federalism in the European Union’ (2017) 54 Hous L Rev 697.</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/diana-urania-galetta" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton20707-0e295.jpg?1711375990) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Diana-Urania Galetta</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Milan</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Italy</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>7625</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Diana-Urania Galetta, </span> <span class="entry-title">Principle of equivalence</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 91820</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">7691</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-91820 texte surlignable"><p>The principle of equivalence requires the same remedies and procedural rules to be available to claims based on European Union (‘EU’) law as are extended to analogous claims of a purely domestic nature.<br class='autobr' /> © <a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62011CC0536" class="spip_out" rel="external"><strong>EUR Lex</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" 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class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index 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