CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '919aaa1b8d62a8c9',cH: 'mFgT914yiWBmGrYMCxeHikOuqAwSU_01t9lQGLWWR1g-1740853185-1.2.1.1-si5M_.28loVGZGLGMQCjmunxSw6Abt9aTrh1X9u2.jqKBxDytLzlgPWH3U_ipRdm',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Problem%20Based%20Learning&__cf_chl_tk=mhBaAKjbB7l2TmbTklKuqbFJO4QLCVSR6SlCqnQuog0-1740853185-1.0.1.1-GfyV34vEUD0sSMGy16fyakJUl9AliIAKV6Ix3XVp4qg",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740853185',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Problem%20Based%20Learning&__cf_chl_f_tk=mhBaAKjbB7l2TmbTklKuqbFJO4QLCVSR6SlCqnQuog0-1740853185-1.0.1.1-GfyV34vEUD0sSMGy16fyakJUl9AliIAKV6Ix3XVp4qg",md: "7hGGl50eIUPKfFdsv0cV6OunBUMtdyqN.RBacAqjpjQ-1740853185-1.2.1.1-zb4Y9MBO9rCrha1TP0sDg4Z9wByofqsKoLgMMncVSAMJQccZHes3anu0rCw_7gmCCEvhHb3W.JOLGHhvlztC4ZDRgpWExWQNwj.ih7W0k8vGloorgYKe1ieYK3BPhTLl3_W61rVqK2kb36ks85HYlcJ5uI4rdWPpR8BcxvhDpUGtGknmkd708ZtCbP_FkgCq_Ew2Z1A0FK8fUCLz..xPH459DUqA7D5eCNosJunP.L5qKf_SxrbbW8OdmQvSrEC6bnYH3wXlRYuTgFsZvWEGEXJ2KQWVkUhE93Uw6HbHbIzYNcdtUTEHNyHY.YGI3_IdxMNaD38Dm6IVWic7zRbUthW.XBKRLpE9wtJ9O1Pw18bK6i9CHe6wKZSU__tqtkbgTMraUYfclmtOXEndkkMPQ7cybProEM1L1iwewixX0xT51UgYuqLql8biDLcvXi0OmwE5DI0DoMxwe.BWfFJt93YMEkw67lnQSCZE_xIBTd7wOKq7.K.FKBNp.trpcBGrUxA3jBgzFM5MmogTWyq.yRgkYwUbCei7OiqGQEO69Ovaimm90KDjzdL76KuU4DTTCN4ErTUgajrKDBltJ_ZN7bQowLPtIpYf6PTt_dLKBz2W2g83Z5ZJ2uEz0kT2RvJJr8N0pYPVeEPN_uPkjPDwUlOoX.gysXxupIeXzsZdRyh8vbDn2eK0Pbc5mB0PWJgoovm90SORjbc5cPN0brAVFlQyb6ta57CiHDTmmPsDjP6W_JELC1ZMzNbPg0SUJ3lMPv0mzhZBlZzBkQI8RezB2W_CLYL6zNEY3fkkKbz9ZPy43Ow8UbOvGDs5VIbi8MVVhD2gygMfsikQbYvbffn_PXVsxl1RrEQBqZo6POC898_nhjn11AiqfNDJSgq5.BIBPmMJ1s0oA40GVL6ou.bmoZWc5POd029oGni9prPfwd54g8XRucL_xisihYr00GDQwnxSBgwktannCp5PsCbeqs9O01CNTtdH79dEbDV96lRfai6OkYPPjbBmSuY_yKdnHXG6PHg73O6DNPd0nSfGcQGrtJ8s8H9wWwyCIotdL_WlpOs467epDpnH4zwKwhaYjz_NzanKM5cZv4QeRMc6Y0enKdRDeTEv3lIQNJBbo.R6w5EywSrGNXhSu8ny3a7Fv53COgA5KizwYgF.qdGSSgsNoFgOMXqqKH_zjlRv8dv_zmiyfZIbSFZhFS64WH2d2_fqi7Mv1Lrwjm9cwVp68aXlIgN0PPjqxn65Hap.rg6RgPe29TKUVwEaUKLe92Q7r7z5e1Xz7XmDGwV0G_0S5W5Ef1Dp781aJ9beXvbNlro",mdrd: "7ZU82ui8BWhG.SM1qNeklGXmOLy9si4_R6lDxYxkxyg-1740853185-1.2.1.1-P8MdBswFXdjp6_YTl3I.NcW27OcKEVgXSCjIJw.vf7zclnALuD.asFboZ7uALVJbhvbDQ_VE0j2gH1wXoW14U9A2O5Vv8Jjk7UebqDvU5d_U.lyOf.YlNdg.KwIuAJRtdTYp65ed38FF959EQjJScJDH0BPtf3rcuL4rHsEPiX0HYqVkof1MMe1F4_WKLgm_ug7GaNe1i8sEPrKWV7DMlTHR1ULmFqRfRMx.io6ZPJPPP8JSP7uoJSdFwBxAPWI2eoUc.lbTICH36eIxRVuUeNJlR8VqC94Z2iis6PGuW.kVrfVj8VxW_baELSVKtKKqnId_Iu5aTa7Vglcc7qkDTdGx419JL.4ecrlsbZu5XgtqQNU27yhncnO1NqY2H58vUQzxX.mHMD0Ik52lU6Rb6abzCsRYT9q3MhTj9i0VXD3z7BaqL5sIBMOw3XsCdQV6tZ4Cl8Zem3o2cuRVvNWzSZzFYNZJMSFlS8IKy0RvtwPkQnxjDc4Ic1Lr4pxuWSkQwipHuKTix_HavQA3MwOs0H7IsVevums893LUMhJ56YD7WcrsAvdA9PCTC9GgUJPqr1dun7qBOYU7r4NmN8ajOj4WMYJut5zpTOqJemBHazq38xQkKKqa1nppvQ1sAI1JAifw2lqi8.XCUrqp34k7t5SQarB0eroOjzfPdFa_QjtHZVypDlPUk_Bnj7EFM.qANp556fNx9TmqRNO_4Rozvy0RRIR8On4E5ozip0rUB_EHEtDwfjajWG8H0gJMMscOjFB4Nxjm6Z2bXJ9_Qv25KJaBp.XGwR6HpOzdneldiR0a_YjLV17t3gzBenT994vyxatlY3knZEMU5jTENMNpEs05qZZsZSGfrHR_4LLGVH1p1xF3pxUybU6lbH1iYkJYCTxRMQ_xuTt1IIqRsihYp8.Ku8AeNVq5ZhRVE3qfNdMik3dZ74nB53C7HQARBTfzKDiaLuZV6iJC0ag2y860WkKqvdUAVcqRuK0hemHbhWKRQeNSV6Ih9pWl9NFohMoCocL7xDDI6L9DBhh09GWefAKre3q5BhP5_4IdEKfdRf5chr7LKMxK.TdGSegy9joSJCfuAr7GLxr5EiipijXYT0rWGoeUQ6PWk_wBVM_2ZFDcOcmOjeSI8T2qlmv5OGwSWZG6qnm.2orxrMxuV5UqGPUfOa10XUbXRKWETnCiqUTg8TdC0YlPZUH5WY0.JWIHg4XbGr5hiw84F.R2SZApxhQEt5h_.ijLKX6hFdWmsejgTeHzCxlL0VJWbLAyZkxd5whsf5lFC4L3cJdKDqEe63q9RW_fvwPFfJP2gpi6LvCPXJFCQzqhhjSLEqtLoaPfcIkpG_qW.uSuob5cOklpZXvXEgqoKUmin0vlJnykP0.vrtrE1uVZIzhezuW7LQwfeqwBJ3MMDcGcpYYQFL2lUqkl6URGdw2_BEe2rnKAi53jv4kamcsXTFnPKJTryPGuMaLvMlL1ouYwZMGgi2mJBMdeM2SbEJ_GtMbvUaYKik26LQSW0t6kzW6hMMRAKz_1Uv24P4WmXjb1cC3JF8FkmsTTu1isuCAku7vO2MD.A7Tc_3Y80wveUuKrQRk2PVkM2rhThGOW_ERhxDLwuciYNFWXtiBuuxB6Q4f734lQvoE1C_ny4dPMJ3GwVao4FFibm6TRuiEUfH4dU_WDjXPLeYv0FjhoSw4DkVGxA45LMnspobv6N4BpOSHo7dwLP6svvYij4wu_p.wCOQacxiX7w9NzAjRuKrMFCV4mNpI95wDEqejHq4u5rL9hKjAEi0LT034fsvGACLRNyxiSpkcWNV6DIOsrV6DoCB8arEBC4ZqnAdE2hGp7OhoEmtOKTmDj3js4vgLGksjoDJ5FjAS3CklTfeDHicLUytFAEjuO6rrNUw3TrHRs2yD2Z.5HS7nYBVmkuEq.m7CbP5X4G5wFQ.MdpCkI3Q5PDlnmQVfCguxLO0q3.t4b_PvMw5NzaxZkzZrgIAD.OKFzZKyl4EqYOQ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=919aaa1b8d62a8c9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Problem%20Based%20Learning&__cf_chl_rt_tk=mhBaAKjbB7l2TmbTklKuqbFJO4QLCVSR6SlCqnQuog0-1740853185-1.0.1.1-GfyV34vEUD0sSMGy16fyakJUl9AliIAKV6Ix3XVp4qg" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>