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id="toc-International_human_rights_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_human_rights_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International human rights treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_human_rights_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_protection_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_protection_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional protection and institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_protection_and_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional protection and institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_protection_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Americas and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-American_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-American_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inter-American system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-American_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>European system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring,_implementation_and_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring,_implementation_and_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monitoring, implementation and enforcement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monitoring,_implementation_and_enforcement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monitoring, implementation and enforcement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monitoring,_implementation_and_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Universal jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International human rights law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القانون الدولي لحقوق الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক মানৱ অধিকাৰ আইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আন্তৰ্জাতিক মানৱ অধিকাৰ আইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_insan_h%C3%BCquqlar%C4%B1_h%C3%BCququ" title="Beynəlxalq insan hüquqları hüququ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq insan hüquqları hüququ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="আন্তর্জাতিক মানবাধিকার আইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক মানবাধিকার আইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_internacional_de_los_derechos_humanos" title="Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho internacional de los derechos humanos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacia_juro_de_homaj_rajtoj" title="Internacia juro de homaj rajtoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internacia juro de homaj rajtoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="قانون بین‌المللی حقوق بشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون بین‌المللی حقوق بشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_international_relatif_aux_droits_de_l%27homme" title="Droit international relatif aux droits de l'homme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit international relatif aux droits de l'homme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B8%EA%B6%8C%EB%B2%95" title="국제인권법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제인권법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar_%27yancin_dan_adam_ta_kasa_da_kasa" title="Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="International human rights law" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukum_hak_asasi_manusia_internasional" title="Hukum hak asasi manusia internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukum hak asasi manusia internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Адам укугунун эл аралык укугу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адам укугунун эл аралык укугу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_internationalis_iurum_humanorum" title="Lex internationalis iurum humanorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lex internationalis iurum humanorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_hak_asasi_manusia_antarabangsa" title="Undang-undang hak asasi manusia antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Undang-undang hak asasi manusia antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Олон улсын хүний эрхийн эрх зүй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон улсын хүний эрхийн эрх зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%A8%A9%E6%B3%95" title="国際人権法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際人権法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="د بشري حقونو نړیوال قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بشري حقونو نړیوال قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_internacional_dos_direitos_humanos" title="Direito internacional dos direitos humanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito internacional dos direitos humanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Международное право в области прав человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международное право в области прав человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International human rights law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அனைத்துலக மனித உரிமைகள் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனைத்துலக மனித உரிமைகள் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="กฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กฎหมายสิทธิมนุษยชนระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_insan_haklar%C4%B1_hukuku" title="Uluslararası insan hakları hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası insan hakları hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Міжнародне право прав людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародне право прав людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_lu%E1%BA%ADt_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF_v%E1%BB%81_nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Pháp luật quốc tế về nhân quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp luật quốc tế về nhân quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of international law designed to promote human rights</div> <p> <b>International human rights law</b> (<b>IHRL</b>) is the body of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> designed to promote <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> on social, regional, and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of <a href="/wiki/Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaties">treaties</a>, agreements between <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>, while not legally binding, contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognized as a source of <i>political</i> obligation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International human rights law, which governs the conduct of a state towards its people in peacetime is traditionally seen as distinct from <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> which governs the conduct of states and non-state armed groups during conflict,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the two branches of law are complementary and in some ways overlap.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more systemic perspective explains that international humanitarian law represents a function of international human rights law; it includes general norms that apply to everyone at all time as well as specialized norms which apply to certain situations such as armed conflict between both state and military occupation (i.e. IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/1951_Refugee_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Refugee Convention">1951 Refugee Convention</a>), children (the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a>), and prisoners of war (the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">Third Geneva Convention</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_system">United Nations system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United Nations system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">General Assembly of the United Nations</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> in 1993, in terms of which the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> was established. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_(45346105045).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg/220px-International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg/330px-International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg/440px-International_Human_Rights_Day_2018_%2845346105045%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>International Human Rights Day 2018 (45346105045)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> for the enforcement of international human rights law. The changes prophesied a more structured organization along with a requirement to review human rights cases every four years. The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">Sustainable Development Goal 10</a> also targets the promotion of legislation and policies towards reducing inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_Bill_of_Human_Rights">International Bill of Human Rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International Bill of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_UDHR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5912" data-file-height="4640" /></a><figcaption>Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR) is a UN General Assembly declaration that does not in form create binding international human rights law.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many legal scholars cite the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">UDHR</a> as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a>. </p><p>More broadly, the UDHR has become an authoritative human rights reference. It has provided the basis for subsequent <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a> that form non-binding, but ultimately authoritative international human rights law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_human_rights_treaties">International human rights treaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: International human rights treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">International human rights instruments</a></div> <p>Besides the adoption in 1966 of the two wide-ranging Covenants that form part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights" title="International Bill of Human Rights">International Bill of Human Rights</a> (namely the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a>), other treaties have been adopted at the international level. These are generally known as <i>human rights instruments</i>. Some of the most significant include the following: </p> <ul><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg/220px-Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg/330px-Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg/440px-Processes_for_becoming_a_state_party_to_a_treaty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="113" /></a><figcaption>Processes for becoming a state party to a treaty</figcaption></figure>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> (CPCG) (adopted 1948 and entered into force in 1951);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a> (CSR) (adopted in 1951 and entered into force in 1954);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a> (CERD) (adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969);<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women</a> (CEDAW) (entered into force in 1981);<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">United Nations Convention Against Torture</a> (CAT) (adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1987);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> (CRC) (adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990);<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families</a> (ICRMW) (adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 2003);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (CRPD) (entered into force on 3 May 2008);<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_Enforced_Disappearance" title="International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance">International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance</a> (ICPPED) (adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_protection_and_institutions">Regional protection and institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regional protection and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regional systems of international human rights law supplement and complement national and international human rights law by protecting and promoting human rights in specific areas of the world. There are three key regional human rights instruments which have established human rights law on a regional basis: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> for Africa of 1981, in force since 1986;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a> for the Americas of 1969, in force since 1978; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> for Europe of 1950, in force since 1953.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_and_Europe">Americas and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights in the United States</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_American_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation of American States">Organisation of American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, like the UN, have adopted treaties (albeit with weaker implementation mechanisms) containing catalogues of <a href="/wiki/Economic,_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">economic, social and cultural rights</a>, in addition to the aforementioned conventions dealing mostly with <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a> for Europe of 1961, in force since 1965 (whose complaints mechanism, created in 1995 under an Additional Protocol, has been in force since 1998); and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights#Additional_protocols" title="American Convention on Human Rights">Protocol of San Salvador</a> to the ACHR for the Americas of 1988, in force since 1999.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Human rights in Africa</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> (AU) is a supranational union consisting of 55 African countries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, in particular by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective and productive common market.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (page does not exist)">Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> is the region's principal human rights instrument, which emerged under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> (OAU) (since replaced by the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>). The intention to draw up the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> was announced in 1979. The Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly. </p><p>Pursuant to Article 63 (whereby it was to "come into force three months after the reception by the Secretary General of the instruments of ratification or adherence of a simple majority" of the OAU's member states), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on 21 October 1986, in honour of which 21 October was declared African Human Rights Day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> (ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent, as well as with interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The commission has three broad areas of responsibility:<sup id="cite_ref-mandate_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>promoting human and peoples' rights;</li> <li>protecting human and peoples' rights; and</li> <li>interpreting the <a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a>.</li></ol> <p>In pursuit of these goals, the commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organise seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments."<sup id="cite_ref-mandate_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandate-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> (under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-court_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/African_Court_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="African Court of Justice">Court of Justice of the African Union</a> is intended to be the "principal judicial organ of the Union".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as to act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by fifteen countries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-American_system">Inter-American system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inter-American system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_North_America" title="Category:Human rights in North America">Category:Human rights in North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_South_America" title="Category:Human rights in South America">Category:Human rights in South America</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) is an international organization headquartered in Washington, DC. Its members are the thirty-five independent nation-states of the Americas. </p><p>Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the return to democracy in Latin America,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the thrust toward <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a>, the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>strengthening democracy;</li> <li>working for peace;</li> <li>protecting human rights;</li> <li>combating corruption;</li> <li>the rights of indigenous peoples; and</li> <li>promoting sustainable development.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> (IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9,_Costa_Rica" title="San José, Costa Rica">San José</a>, Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">OAS Charter</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a>; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>.</li></ol> <p>The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory: </p> <ul><li>Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it.</li> <li>Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been accused of human rights violations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_system">European system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Human rights in Europe</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the council is in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> in France. </p><p>The Council of Europe is responsible for both the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These institutions bind the council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The council also promotes the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">European Social Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership is open to all European states which seek <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, accept the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">freedoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Europe is separate from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, but the latter is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Convention on Human Rights has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-EUCourt_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCourt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.<sup id="cite_ref-EUCourt_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCourt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Council of Europe also adopted the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Action_against_Trafficking_in_Human_Beings" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings">Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings</a> in May 2005, for protection against <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual exploitation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Convention_on_the_Protection_of_Children_against_Sexual_Exploitation_and_Sexual_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse">Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse</a> in October 2007, and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence</a> in May 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states.<sup id="cite_ref-EUCourt_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCourt-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is considered admissible.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring,_implementation_and_enforcement"><span id="Monitoring.2C_implementation_and_enforcement"></span>Monitoring, implementation and enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monitoring, implementation and enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law, but quasi-judicial bodies exist under some UN treaties (like the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Committee">Human Rights Committee</a> under the ICCPR). The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a> enforce regional human rights law. </p><p>Although these same international bodies also hold jurisdiction over cases regarding international humanitarian law, it is crucial to recognise, as discussed above, that the two frameworks constitute different legal regimes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations human rights bodies do have some quasi-legal enforcement mechanisms. These include the treaty bodies attached to the seven currently active treaties, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> complaints procedures, with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Periodic_Review" title="Universal Periodic Review">Universal Periodic Review</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteur</a> (known as the 1235 and 1503 mechanisms respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>; it is the primary responsibility of the State to make the human rights of its citizens a reality. </p><p>In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In over 110 countries, <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="National human rights institutions">national human rights institutions</a> (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a> were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from 7 to 9 October 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for NHRIs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Universal jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a> is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over people whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorized to punish.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are <i><a href="/wiki/Erga_omnes" title="Erga omnes">erga omnes</a></i>, or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a></i>. </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> passed a "law of universal jurisdiction" to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge <a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Garz%C3%B3n" title="Baltasar Garzón">Baltasar Garzón</a> under the universal-jurisdiction principle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolf Eichmann who was the former Nazi SS lieutenant colonel accused of overseeing the transfer of Jews to Holocaust death camps also persecuted in Israel in 1961. Adolf was living in Argentina after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principle is supported by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and other <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">human rights organisations</a>, which believe that certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole, and that the community has a moral duty to act. </p><p>Others, like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny—that of judges".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Principles_on_Equality" title="Declaration of Principles on Equality">Declaration of Principles on Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Rights" title="Global Rights">Global Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">International human rights instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jus_gentium" title="Jus gentium">Jus gentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_certainty" title="Legal certainty">Legal certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_and_legal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Law_in_Armed_Conflicts_Project" title="Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project">Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_According_to_Higher_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule According to Higher Law">Rule According to Higher Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constitutional_law" title="United Kingdom constitutional law">United Kingdom constitutional law</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human rights, A very short introduction replace this with a better reference later</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0">"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protocol+Additional+to+the+Geneva+Conventions+of+12+August+1949%2C+and+Relating+to+the+Protection+of+Victims+of+Non-International+Armed+Conflicts+%28Protocol+II%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Finstruments-mechanisms%2Finstruments%2Fprotocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Naftali2011" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Naftali, Orna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ucrXc2CaHDUC"><i>International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100160-4"><bdi>978-0-19-100160-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Humanitarian+Law+and+International+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100160-4&rft.aulast=Ben-Naftali&rft.aufirst=Orna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DucrXc2CaHDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en/document/what-difference-between-ihl-and-human-rights-law">"What is the difference between IHL and human rights law?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandate+of+the+African+Commission+on+Human+and+Peoples%27+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achpr.org%2Fenglish%2F_info%2Fmandate_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Art. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-court-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-court_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212249/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html">"Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icc-cpi.int&rft.atitle=How+the+Court+works&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-cpi.int%2Fabout%2Fhow-the-court-works%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOHCHR" class="citation web cs1">OHCHR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308062731/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm">"Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Council+Complaint+Procedure&rft.au=OHCHR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fchr%2Fcomplaints.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, REDRESS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/master_enforcement%2030%20May%202006.pdf">Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes</a> May, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915131117/http://www.nhri.net/">National Human Rights Institutions Forum</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723221157/http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp">[2]</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052314/http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf">"Chart of the Status of National Institutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Human Rights Institutions Forum. November 2007. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span>. <q>ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS<br />In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;<br />A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;<br />B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;<br />C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chart+of+the+Status+of+National+Institutions&rft.pub=National+Human+Rights+Institutions+Forum&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhri.net%2F2007%2FList_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huridocs.org/">HURIDOCS</a> has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huridocs.org/research-development/">Human Rights Tools</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419034034/http://www.huridocs.org/research-development/">Archived</a> 19 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-90744-72-1" title="Special:BookSources/87-90744-72-1">87-90744-72-1</a>, page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Peter (2008). "Universal Jurisdiction: Past, Present and Future". <i>Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting</i>. <b>102</b>: <span class="nowrap">406–</span>409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0272503700028032">10.1017/S0272503700028032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-5037">0272-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25660324">25660324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159412931">159412931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Asil+Annual+Meeting&rft.atitle=Universal+Jurisdiction%3A+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E406-%3C%2Fspan%3E409&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0272-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159412931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25660324%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0272503700028032&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, Gready (2007) p.70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1cc74.html">"Security Council resolution 138: Question relating to the case of Adolf Eichmann"</a>. United Nations Security Council. 23 June 1960<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+resolution+138%3A+Question+relating+to+the+case+of+Adolf+Eichmann&rft.pub=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.date=1960-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F3b00f1cc74.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger has himself been subject to calls for prosecution under universal jurisdiction. See Hitchens, Christopher, and David Rieff. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/pinochet-milosevic-henry-kissinger-christopher-hitchens/">[3]</a>." <i>Prospect</i>, 28 June 2001 (accessed 11 June 2013); Hitchens, Christopher. <i>The Trial of Henry Kissinger</i>. London: Verso, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger,_Henry2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kissinger, Henry (July–August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024521/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html">"The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20050228">10.2307/20050228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20050228">20050228</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Pitfall+of+Universal+Jurisdiction&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2001-07%2F2001-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20050228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20050228%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kissinger%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20010701faessay4996%2Fhenry-a-kissinger%2Fthe-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+human+rights+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">International human rights instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Declarations,_manifestos,_and_resolutions205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Resolution" title="Brazilian Resolution">Brazilian Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Montreal" title="Declaration of Montreal">Declaration of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Child">Declaration of the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women</a> (DEDAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Elimination_of_Violence_Against_Women" title="Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women">Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women</a> (DEVAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> (UNDRIP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(human_rights_standards)" title="Paris Principles (human rights standards)">Paris Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> (VDPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a> (UNDROP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Granting_of_Independence_to_Colonial_Countries_and_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">Convention against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Political_Rights_of_Women" title="Convention on the Political Rights of Women">Convention on the Political Rights of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_All_Migrant_Workers_and_Members_of_Their_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families">Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_Convention" title="Apartheid Convention">International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_All_Persons_from_Enforced_Disappearance" title="International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance">International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="Regional_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b>Regional law</b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maputo_Protocol" title="Maputo Protocol">Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture_and_Inhuman_or_Degrading_Treatment_or_Punishment" title="European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment">Convention for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Nationality" title="European Convention on Nationality">European Convention on Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Charter" title="European Social Charter">Social Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_preventing_and_combating_violence_against_women_and_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence">Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li>Inter-American Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_to_Prevent_and_Punish_Torture" title="Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture">to Prevent and Punish Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_all_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities">on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_do_Par%C3%A1_Convention" title="Belém do Pará Convention">on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeff; font-weight:normal;"><div id="International_humanitarian_law205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><b><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></b></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees">Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" title="Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees">Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Reduction_of_Statelessness" title="Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness">Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_human_rights_organisations_and_institutions339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Template:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Template talk:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_human_rights_organisations_and_institutions339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">institutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">Human rights group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_commission" title="Human rights commission">Human rights commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">Human rights institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth and reconciliation commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">International<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regional bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">European Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-lateral<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organisation of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization (ILO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="United Nations Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UN Population Fund (UNFPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UN Development Programme (UNDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Major <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">FIDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_(organization)" title="Emergency (organization)">Emergency NGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First" title="Human Rights First">Human Rights First</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">ICRC – organization with<br />special status based<br />on <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights" title="Template:Human rights"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights" title="Template talk:Human rights"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights317" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fundamental concepts<br />and philosophies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_law" title="Positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Distinctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_rights_and_liberty_rights" title="Claim rights and liberty rights">Claim rights and liberty rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">Individual and group rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">List of human rights organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">National human rights institutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Africa" title="Human rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Europe" title="Human rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights abuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_crime" title="Atrocity crime">Atrocity crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">Enforced disappearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_at_Guant%C3%A1namo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Human rights violations at Guantánamo Bay detention camp">at Guantánamo Bay detention camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_during_the_Battle_of_Mosul_(2016-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)">during the Battle of Mosul (2016-2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Gaddafi_regime" title="Human rights violations during the Gaddafi regime">during the Gaddafi regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Human rights violations during the Libyan civil war (2011)">during the Libyan civil war (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Angola" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Angola">in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Algeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Algeria">in Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Armenia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Australia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Austria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">in Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bahrain" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bahrain">in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Balochistan" title="Human rights abuses in Balochistan">in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bangladesh">in Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Belarus" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Belarus">in Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Bolivia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Bolivia">in Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Botswana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Botswana">in Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Brazil" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Brazil">in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burkina Faso">in Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Burundi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Burundi">in Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cambodia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cambodia">in Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Chile">in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Chile_under_Augusto_Pinochet" title="Human rights abuses in Chile under Augusto Pinochet">in Chile under Augusto Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_China" title="Category:Human rights abuses in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Cuba" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_El_Salvador" title="Category:Human rights abuses in El Salvador">in El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ethiopia">in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_France" title="Category:Human rights abuses in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Gabon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Gabon">in Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ghana" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ghana">in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Germany" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Guatemala" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Guatemala">in Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Hong_Kong" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Hong Kong">in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Egypt" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Haiti" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Haiti">in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_India" title="Category:Human rights abuses in India">in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Indonesia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Indonesia">in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iran" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Iraq" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ireland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ireland">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Israel" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Israel">in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Italy" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Italy">in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir">in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Japan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Kashmir">in Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kazakhstan">in Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kenya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kenya">in Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kuwait" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kuwait">in Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Kyrgyzstan">in Kyrgyzstan‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lebanon" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lebanon">in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Libya" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Libya">in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Lithuania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malawi" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malawi">in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Malaysia">in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Manipur" title="Human rights abuses in Manipur">in Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Mexico" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Mexico">in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Morocco" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Morocco">in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Myanmar">in Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nepal" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nepal">in Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_New_Zealand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Nigeria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_North_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Palestine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Palestine">in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Panama" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Panama">in Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Papua New Guinea">in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Peru" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Peru">in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Poland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Poland">in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Punjab,_India" title="Human rights abuses in Punjab, India">in Punjab, India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Romania" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Romania">in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Russia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Russia">in the Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone">in Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Sindh" title="Human rights abuses in Sindh">in Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Africa">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Human rights abuses in South Korea">in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sri Lanka">in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Sudan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Sudan">in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Switzerland">in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Syria" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Syria">in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Thailand" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Thailand">in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Dominican Republic">in the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines">in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the Soviet Union">in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United Arab Emirates">in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Human rights abuses in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Turkey" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Turkey">in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uganda" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uganda">in Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Uzbekistan" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Uzbekistan">in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Venezuela" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Venezuela">in Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Yemen" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Yemen">in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Zimbabwe">in Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_Marcos_dictatorship" title="Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship">of the Marcos dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_of_the_military_dictatorship_in_Brazil_(1964-1985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)">of the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_by_country" title="Category:Human rights abuses by country">List of human rights abuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victims_of_human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Victims of human rights abuses">Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_rights" title="History of human rights">History of human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_awards" title="List of human rights awards">List of human rights awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law519" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law" title="Template:Law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law" title="Template talk:Law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_law" title="Agricultural law">Agricultural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Aviation law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Banking law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-made_law" title="Man-made law">Man-made law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Category:Law" title="Category:Law">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_human_rights_organisations_and_institutions339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Template:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Template talk:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_human_rights_organisations_and_institutions339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">institutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">Human rights group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_commission" title="Human rights commission">Human rights commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">Human rights institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth and reconciliation commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">International<br />institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regional bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">European Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-lateral<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organisation of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization (ILO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="United Nations Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UN Population Fund (UNFPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UN Development Programme (UNDP)</a></li> <li><a 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