CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91c728c67840fd24',cH: '_65L2SNZruSsTd6HS6PRJd8__XGdwDW8pYGahTF3OFk-1741319747-1.2.1.1-.FV.T6jszXF6iZaZ17kW8namDnELUEshDbGQ364IZQ0XPOmNZHsUnmhw5IdULjQf',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=horizontal%20annulus&__cf_chl_tk=AKrwwAVw2XjFHVaXD6KTPpO2k6jEcGhWxyo7CpzosGw-1741319747-1.0.1.1-mHIQD7p7VG.YpdPnQGWNc2QsIEADKvHWZRVavRdjQzw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741319747',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=horizontal%20annulus&__cf_chl_f_tk=AKrwwAVw2XjFHVaXD6KTPpO2k6jEcGhWxyo7CpzosGw-1741319747-1.0.1.1-mHIQD7p7VG.YpdPnQGWNc2QsIEADKvHWZRVavRdjQzw",md: "jegHQ78SN21_bCOs4Ry1PGO0S4.NcYJQkh1f3FKsAsE-1741319747-1.2.1.1-3k9dfVZGBCLOkP.1xaf8h.KM1UjD8FkCr18HGeKsHTQZWtyh9v8OLoOeAgk6wPiAFXM73G0pJS4ksS3I8__FbuQd1ezfFv4n8yUb45xXnG6fhvA4mPNtRP4Ep2ka.jlFvqLHISDaJEfE6pFMuzmp2TXYOrlCLnkRZUljjOQzSc4fGJTmzh_c2xsouGefE1WcRJ8ukKJr.sKpfos.upOacEVDmLYvOU7EmKrLQclzncnfsIJP4eDRqbRHR3iE65dfdtchtquKmvM0dfOz5dqY14jFDR0MdPtmtV8F1awt_dYxst5UKh_TQyx7QqwpzDpNbL0KRIUZEgei6xM75.8EBmBAFyPa.uQe813T4kiYqp8mEVLkEzlsOaO3buglW5Lj37Shyox97zYXTD7sz3bBNBP.x5z.IlXN7_GxjN0jgpCvPPll58NiPbyaV4bMlWJcLD4TVi57p6CjRMepzjY3vYoJ0wk_KB.Ztjc2ZfufJ3_3qwZDfLNeY4XVg34hEvDXA9c4729SJfYYVfd4TFG3UJK75FuSXKeImOPPGIiSWjxzIbDTaIpZNqPyiJBuuOK0z6OizByrxYMnmKzmNvh1JMiSTeFxQonlcoHyLS9odapquqwsL...YBaYLu_Lk1v0Yz6eQuRYro9KMrdJjz_9cvCkdG94q7U_UTC1pXPNFfOrGb35dGBS.imBBsggksYKpv70aOeXUJT3292g.t6FCCxZTSx6Dfhp9BZyGuFCmr_IzjaYr4DCBWsWl0JeysoxqwLfE5iGNUsDJIq5NQAU79UkzJByQ0JTUoYAE6xeBpgFDl_Ab1X1XkSGneScSTyoNvfgVQzZkeBL.oClTw75XA6CejUOm35ihQqo97PxZzhcj71Nw4QDAb3s5a4RY0Av7ENNhna0u_cCx3bY2plpFMt3n71OLqp9636FX.P85RomfIAHs5JXTgsoIu4BMo82N6nTOLLBP_mRCf52.JD5n6bsqzeuq6uOUTvQqZF7XiIUP4gb9APJg_IJ14JYcQPnru8N5tV9VWf_1Gikgg7coZwlp7WTaAy50tvfFySG9ucmN17DIvNsA3D1fUV1r1Z9d_pPjnyVyjMuXFq7h1.BFn3bYp3FQWStSiHa7oHjdBLIUpND8EC7fZnRJ_3oif97qzFwisiMgoMUM1owMx5vwug9RGN0Aa5h0KBpEVokIAFJd_tWcMSrzooBzwerYn5f4T41gHZrGri9z4R2ru0eMLx4QbEN_D8rVOx5ewIf.2WP0YFx.TnhtgD8L5hTaQDA40zwlrnJyZXxnwiqs32sFMDRQHG4Jatv.g.ZhxwfNhE",mdrd: "zO3J.CXxGw0LVpttDO9odyFX7.6_3fOxH9S_87Q_sXM-1741319747-1.2.1.1-JQ2dSpoIHxckvTPEFK0qk2lifzN3REwLyk3GodHj1UgnUKeDxiyiATOIi1ta2GH_H1tahbookbTp5xy6lzURMXLuIMe.gJlyQ5A9uOAKRdpp.WkvUCAjU4ch7EZolgA_5cztk4Hat7iXohzGiVT8GKhOahhd9kj65A5qJxxX_QBykVoYvcwOzLJlG0odavpAezynNEJMX6Kcki4YWeIyvbkYCt3woXVUlPH94YF0r10A8ksaABhtk3iIVEtuBlwhgJJ.lZd1oygbFdIzmQXQHKufWpVvQp5mFALnuGxxtgSyECSru0JXMdV.e1.HUesb6MbP0pYyvUTfseYjyELch_gu0EqLunTQqV2NbMzxSNniyTfl43pHPl63Nm087PMYRkgaMmZQb0hI2h1W2OPlFOYoPudJ3VqzkSxlIrjY6gZ9wGaUpiOGJqh5KnQdxNMU.TBFRe3g05UmbKXk.8K4fXe1Qr9RU0iLwrsZufIn74T5Ky3yF7Khcq4C9WLO2wpqGNUHG36_WJVKIqqOPqIhQZrIjBaDuKC1KW9qyUr6ORhspYLwQbTWvkNgx5OPVTlieZtCdnX8On8LQ3zqCTNXo1vIFMGrK3P8U6SvrzkyLrIiGxOf2pPZc2M82T.VchDirDvcmsHLLjtpbbIhyZ0ZqMVRQUkb0G45q2y_azstOtGQ4rV7gmGqx9CvwU4tG0_fMzLZy2f8AxaQhlfCoadgnTW79eXZj1mynV57EsYAvTtJsNuk6th0Jir__jAlzWzLgP1Rqw8YovK_6Vh9pejuluiN1LotSD2zfBrvBTJOF09WB6X23G7xFBNVx4lPUzu.lR5ha7Mzpw4lNT_z7j3aJ2mUOB4Yu4AAaNGcvVUXjYjrZ4qYaDmtiKLfZzvT84wa9l0C_N594.JJtxp5N0_WfXqQggwiK4_y.lz6oV6AOlPMvCtE9c9G_vyI2lm4DvbSMqhB27ykqEDqxEIMjX.yxLJkHAbkc0EMZk1K9VdWkhiB4JUjMrlMEWYym9NByskc76iDE50gG7NoYc2vhYTjr61U3G3DJv.w8NasE6QMsk7BLdzNBDq3V9ty9g9X26vQisrrMgHqlP1MdqjnLlemtRUg5PwXTPe.EHR8HwfE6_yl6S9UE04gY_BvqJCaf3fyGcZe_HmZbmeQOtA9nUCSBCdPoyCbEhQQx0EwPgGrPLvD9sgVUygoubAcHKsVzPvWR66ByYggTgGv4OTOHGOU8nU4qHE6L.40AKVciZbQCx_uqZPadIfUpC7YbSxOiIq3PnK62swWx3eAQ6ivoEhcB_U0FetPTDUrYkwFgROgkA_Yrds.beoME5rHKPEGg4XGebiD6kFMSta2hSU1x2aUTOyeNrjTfnd9lm2SSCiRxNJ2RGMUgjxsRdKb.mX4heF6glGKIrbb0IDW_lvmWWsLm8OwU.MiTBo2YrnMw06KlCfn7fYIS13urlIwocU8YCfgkOpT4auWY51NpvwAe.w3Le_zHdW8KJ0QT3etkA7DoaUtZM84xy1Xeh4scRKJYKIClbRX7q1UUV3fSXJrvFAnKYMfbR8RldzqI04Dx_dx6qEHpDeWavQoL7bM7YM7NEIF0SkBo7eOfjU3.Cv.o_Hr8tJ1EbfzyUj0mNT9irhyY0e7nGmFsIoF55XOc3R_YlegNpnZrx4RpillJhYSAWq2lTA9V7Ojf35k6LgERie3vugm7QLRxMErjv89DD38.n.RYG6f9BplB8NY5uAvpgeEVfHXU8gQSpkiaY1Afx1WOHMWlQo7ZozhqiP8zV8yqlYxEaKP6hUS9bFXp00lftOdJidiGjKHSKdLcsQoOZfbuGc0RRxw5o9IlvbjtHFKGJ8yrM_uBfVyCwH9d0ikSZcO_Z598bLqMujyR2qJJHNKEW8._L25mYXlmG9luOfAq3NBuqDCc4f6pM66XaCUAn.wV.2a61wKShsM8b0K5y2ojEBXcrtUTIOS7BsoOJN.FhM6"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91c728c67840fd24';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=horizontal%20annulus&__cf_chl_rt_tk=AKrwwAVw2XjFHVaXD6KTPpO2k6jEcGhWxyo7CpzosGw-1741319747-1.0.1.1-mHIQD7p7VG.YpdPnQGWNc2QsIEADKvHWZRVavRdjQzw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>