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id="toc-Human_consumption_of_bovine_colostrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_consumption_of_bovine_colostrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Human consumption of bovine colostrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_consumption_of_bovine_colostrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colostrum_use_in_animal_husbandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colostrum_use_in_animal_husbandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Colostrum use in animal husbandry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colostrum_use_in_animal_husbandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colostrum_use_in_companion_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colostrum_use_in_companion_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Colostrum use in companion animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colostrum_use_in_companion_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bovine_colostrum_history_of_study_and_potential_future_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bovine_colostrum_history_of_study_and_potential_future_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bovine_colostrum_history_of_study_and_potential_future_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bovine_colostrum_history_of_study_and_potential_future_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hyperimmune_colostrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperimmune_colostrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hyperimmune colostrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperimmune_colostrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proline-rich_polypeptides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proline-rich_polypeptides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Proline-rich polypeptides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proline-rich_polypeptides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Colostrum</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A3" title="لبأ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لبأ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullestro" title="Cullestro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cullestro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fuz" title="Ağuz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağuz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7" title="শালদুধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শালদুধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calostre" title="Calostre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calostre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlezivo" title="Mlezivo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlezivo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culostra" title="Culostra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Culostra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Colostrum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veise_ternespiim" title="Veise ternespiim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veise ternespiim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Πρωτόγαλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτόγαλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calostro" title="Calostro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calostro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostro" title="Kolostro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolostro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oritz" title="Oritz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oritz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="ماک (خوراکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماک (خوراکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colostrum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjist" title="Bjist – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bjist" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costro" title="Costro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Costro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9C%A0" title="초유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%AB%D5%AA" title="Խիժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խիժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broddmj%C3%B3lk" title="Broddmjólk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Broddmjólk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostro" title="Colostro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colostro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קולוסטרום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולוסטרום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%94%D8%AF%D9%95%D8%B1" title="کھٔدٕر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کھٔدٕر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Уыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dang%27a" title="Dang'a – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dang'a" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zak" title="Zak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmpiens" title="Pirmpiens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmpiens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krekenos" title="Krekenos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krekenos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolosztrum" title="Kolosztrum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolosztrum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കൊളസ്‌ട്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളസ്‌ട്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8" title="खरवस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खरवस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D1%81%D2%AF%D2%AF)" title="Уураг (сүү) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уураг (сүү)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colostrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E4%B9%B3" title="初乳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="初乳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5melk" title="Råmelk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Råmelk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5mj%C3%B8lk" title="Råmjølk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Råmjølk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og%CA%BBiz" title="Ogʻiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ogʻiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siara" title="Siara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colostro" title="Colostro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Colostro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Молозиво – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молозиво" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulloshtra" title="Kulloshtra – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulloshtra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="මුල් කිරි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුල් කිරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mledzivo" title="Mledzivo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mledzivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlezivo" title="Mlezivo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mlezivo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum" title="Kolostrum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kolostrum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternimaito" title="Ternimaito – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ternimaito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A5mj%C3%B6lk" title="Råmjölk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Råmjölk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சீம்பால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீம்பால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C9%A3s" title="Adɣs – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adɣs" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C9%A3es" title="Adɣes – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adɣes" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolostrum_s%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Kolostrum sütü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolostrum sütü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of milk produced immediately following the delivery of newborn</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg/220px-Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg/330px-Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg/440px-Colostrum_vs_breastmilk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>On the left is breast milk of the human expressed on day 4 of <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, and on the right is <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a> expressed on day 8. Colostrum gives the milk a yellowish hue</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg/220px-Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg/330px-Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg/440px-Bovine_colostrum_and_spray-dried_colostrum_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">Bovine</a> colostrum (beestings) next to spray-dried colostrum powder</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beestings" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:beestings">beestings</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> Colostrum (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, of unknown origin) is the first form of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> of humans and other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> immediately following delivery of the newborn.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> It may be called beestings, the traditional word from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> dialects, when referring to the first milk of a <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a> or other animals.<a href="#cite_note-Collins-2">[2]</a> Most species will begin to generate colostrum just prior to giving birth. Colostrum has an especially high amount of <a href="/wiki/Bioactive_compound" title="Bioactive compound">bioactive compounds</a> compared to mature milk to give the newborn the best possible start to life. Specifically, colostrum contains <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> to protect the newborn against disease and infection, and immune and growth factors and other bioactives that help to activate a newborn's <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, jumpstart gut function, and seed a healthy gut <a href="/wiki/Microbiome" title="Microbiome">microbiome</a> in the first few days of life. The bioactives found in colostrum are essential for a newborn's health, growth and vitality.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Colostrum strengthens a baby's immune system and is filled with <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> to protect it from infection. At birth, the surroundings of the newborn mammal change from the relatively sterile environment in the mother's <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, with a constant nutrient supply via the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>, to the microbe-rich environment outside, with irregular oral intake of complex milk nutrients through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This transition puts high demands on the gastrointestinal tract of the <a href="/wiki/Neonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonate">neonate</a>, as the gut plays an important part in both the digestive system and the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Colostrum has evolved to care for highly sensitive mammalian <a href="/wiki/Neonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonates">neonates</a> and contributes significantly to initial <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunological</a> defense as well as to the growth, development, and maturation of the neonate's gastrointestinal tract by providing key nutrients and bioactive factors. <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">Bovine</a> colostrum powder is rich in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> and low in <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and fat.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Bovine colostrum can also be used for a range of conditions in humans, and can boost a neonate's immunity.<a href="#cite_note-Kaplan-7">[7]</a> Colostrum also has a mild <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> effect, encouraging the passing of a baby's first <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">stool</a>, which is called <a href="/wiki/Meconium" title="Meconium">meconium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nhsuk1-8">[8]</a> This clears excess <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, a waste-product of dead <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> which is produced in large quantities at birth due to blood volume reduction[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] from the infant's body, and which is often responsible for <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioactive_components_in_colostrum">Bioactive components in colostrum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bioactive components in colostrum">edit</a>]</div> Newborns have very immature and small <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">digestive systems</a>, and colostrum delivers its bioactives in a very concentrated low-volume form. Colostrum is known to contain immune cells (as <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> such as <a href="/wiki/IgA" class="mw-redirect" title="IgA">IgA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</a>. These are some of the components of the adaptive immune system. Other immune components of colostrum include the major components of the innate immune system, such as <a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">lactoferrin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">lysozyme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid3918380-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactoperoxidase" title="Lactoperoxidase">lactoperoxidase</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid225143-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proline_rich_protein" title="Proline rich protein">proline-rich polypeptides</a> (PRP).<a href="#cite_note-pmid11566627-15">[15]</a> A number of cytokines (small messenger peptides that control the functioning of the immune system) are found in colostrum as well,<a href="#cite_note-Hagiwara2000-16">[16]</a> including interleukins,<a href="#cite_note-Hagiwara2000-16">[16]</a> tumor necrosis factor,<a href="#cite_note-pmid1375729-17">[17]</a> chemokines,<a href="#cite_note-pmid14581003-18">[18]</a> and others. Colostrum also contains a number of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1),<a href="#cite_note-pmid8713721-19">[19]</a> and II,<a href="#cite_note-pmid9722981-20">[20]</a> transforming growth factors alpha,<a href="#cite_note-pmid2002746-21">[21]</a> beta 1 and beta 2,<a href="#cite_note-pmid8403511-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid8436667-23">[23]</a> fibroblast growth factors,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> epidermal growth factor,<a href="#cite_note-pmid11940387-25">[25]</a> granulocyte-macrophage-stimulating growth factor,<a href="#cite_note-Playford2000-26">[26]</a> platelet-derived growth factor,<a href="#cite_note-Playford2000-26">[26]</a> vascular endothelial growth factor,<a href="#cite_note-pmid11063449-27">[27]</a> and colony-stimulating factor-1.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9403658-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_colostrum">Human colostrum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Human colostrum">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti_inflammatory_agents_in_breast_milk" title="Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk">Anti inflammatory agents in breast milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_milk_immunity" title="Human milk immunity">Human milk immunity</a></div> Colostrum, which is produced for the first two to four days after childbirth, enhances immunity<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-usda-30">[30]</a> and is believed to have <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> properties.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is suggested infants fed with human colostrum have lower incidence of <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal infection">gastrointestinal infections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In addition, colostrum also has a laxative effect, encouraging the baby's body to excrete stool, which helps eliminate excess <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This helps prevent <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a> in babies.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_consumption_of_bovine_colostrum">Human consumption of bovine colostrum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human consumption of bovine colostrum">edit</a>]</div> While it has long been understood that the colostrum a mother produces is vital to a newborn's health in the first few days of life, research has shown that bovine (cow) colostrum and its components can continue to support important biological activities when given to more mature children and adults, so that the benefits of colostrum can extend well beyond the neonatal period of development.<a href="#cite_note-webmd1-37">[37]</a> Bovine colostrum and human colostrum are highly similar in their makeup, both containing many of the same antibodies, immune and growth factors, and other nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Because they share so many of the same components, the way they work in the body is also highly similar. The benefit of bovine colostrum for human health has been studied in many areas including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune health</a>: Colostrum is composed of <a href="/wiki/Bioactive_compound" title="Bioactive compound">bioactive compounds</a> that support immune health, including <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulins" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulins">immunoglobulins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a>. These compounds have been shown to work together to support not only the immune system but also <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory health</a> in adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-Ulfman-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saad-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive health">Digestive health</a>: Colostrum is composed of bioactive compounds that support digestive health, including immunoglobulins, <a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">growth factors</a>, and oligosaccharides. These compounds work together to maintain and support <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_permeability" title="Intestinal permeability">intestinal integrity</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">nutrient absorption</a>, while its naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">prebiotics</a> feed beneficial <a href="/wiki/Gut_microbiota" title="Gut microbiota">gut bacteria</a> and support a balanced gut in adults and children.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patel_585–591-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gopal_69–74-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li>Early life nutrition: While colostrum and breast milk are a critical part of newborn nutrition, research has shown that colostrum has continued benefits in children over the age of one. As a component in early life nutrition, colostrum can help to support children's immune systems, soothe digestive upsets, and otherwise support children's digestive health.<a href="#cite_note-Saad-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patel_585–591-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barakat_46–55-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gopal_69–74-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Sports nutrition: Bovine colostrum contains several bioactives that help support sports nutrition, including immunoglobulins and growth factors. These bioactives combine to help maintain a healthy immune system during the stress during athletic training, while supporting cellular proliferation and restitution as well as protein synthesis and soft tissue repair.<a href="#cite_note-Bovine_colostrum_supplementation_du-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Effect_of_Bovine_Colostrum_Supp-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li></ul> There is also research suggesting that a large proportion of colostrum is not fit for human consumption "due to tremendous bacterial loads". Salmonella was also detected in 15% of unpasteurised samples.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Pasteurisation reduces the bioactive proteins many of the benefits rely upon, however.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colostrum_use_in_animal_husbandry">Colostrum use in animal husbandry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colostrum use in animal husbandry">edit</a>]</div> Colostrum is crucial for newborn farm animals. They receive no passive transfer of immunity via the placenta before birth, so any antibodies that they need have to be ingested (unless supplied by injection or other artificial means). The ingested antibodies are absorbed from the intestine of the neonate.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The newborn animal must receive colostrum within 6 hours of being born for maximal absorption of colostral antibodies to occur. Recent studies indicate that colostrum should be fed to bovines within the first thirty minutes to maximize IgG absorption rates.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The role of colostrum for newborn animals is to provide nutrition, and essential protection against infection while the immune and digestive systems are developing and maturing. Bovine colostrum provides macro- and micro-nutrients, as well as growth factors, cytokines, nucleosides, oligosaccharides, natural antimicrobials, antioxidants; and a range of immunoglobulins such as IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE. It is well established that minimal levels of IgG are essential to prevent failure of passive transfer. The iron-binding glycoproteins lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, and restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc. Bovine colostrum boosts immunity and gut health in all animals. Its rich bioactive components fight bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. Early, high-quality colostrum is crucial for survival and healthy development. It repairs intestinal damage, improves nutrient absorption, and benefits human and animal babies alike. In calves, colostrum helps develop their gut and prevents death. It reduces infections, antibiotic use, and diarrhea, leading to faster growth and higher profits for farmers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colostrum_use_in_companion_animals">Colostrum use in companion animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Colostrum use in companion animals">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Colostrum" title="Special:EditPage/Colostrum">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Much like in humans and production animals, <a href="/wiki/Companion_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion animal">companion animal</a> survival in the newborn stage of life is largely dependent upon colostrum. Companion animal immune systems require several weeks to several months in order to fully develop. Maternal antibodies provide benefit for a relatively short period of time so a gap exists with immune sufficiency where an animal is at risk of infection. Like humans, companion animal immune response changes with age where early life and later in life have similarities. That is, an immune bias whereby the animal has less of an ability to fend off infections and greater prevalence of allergy at both ends of the age spectrum. Stress also affects a companion animal's immune system including changes in environment, diet, etc. Maintaining gut microbial balance is key to maintaining a healthy immune system as well as mucosal integrity, similar to humans. Bovine colostrum has been demonstrated to benefit companion animal immunity and digestive health. Bovine colostrum plays a role in increasing Ig levels, increasing lymphocyte proliferation stimulating activity and increasing phagocytosis activity. These are supported by other components of colostrum which further enhance the activity of the immune response. The iron binding glycoproteins lactoferrin and transferrin in bovine colostrum assist in attacking pathogens by impacting their cell membrane and making them more susceptible to the immune systems attack by neutrophils. Cytokines present in bovine colostrum enhance B and T cell maturation and increase endogenous antibody production. They also play a major role in regulation of epithelial cell growth and development, proliferation, restitution. Transfer factors enhance the activity of T cells. Other growth and immune factors such as IGF-1, IGF-2, FGF, EGF, TGF, PDGF, etc. Colostrum contains <a href="/wiki/Glycomacropeptide" title="Glycomacropeptide">glycomacropeptides</a> which help to regulate appetite. Bovine colostrum boosts animal immunity, leading to stronger vaccine responses, improved gut health, and reduced illness from <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and respiratory issues. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bovine_colostrum_history_of_study_and_potential_future_applications">Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bovine colostrum history of study and potential future applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colostrum_cakes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colostrum_cakes.JPG/220px-Colostrum_cakes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colostrum_cakes.JPG/330px-Colostrum_cakes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Colostrum_cakes.JPG/440px-Colostrum_cakes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Solidified colostrum in a sweet stall, Salem, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molozyvo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Molozyvo.jpg/220px-Molozyvo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Molozyvo.jpg/330px-Molozyvo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Molozyvo.jpg/440px-Molozyvo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Molozyvo—a traditional dish of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian cuisine</a>. It is a sweet cheese made of cow colostrum.</figcaption></figure> Dairy cattle are naturally exposed to pathogens and produce immunoglobulins against them. These antibodies are present in the cow's bloodstream and in the colostrum. These immunoglobulins are specific to many human <a href="/wiki/Pathogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogens">pathogens</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium_parvum" title="Cryptosporidium parvum">Cryptosporidium parvum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">Shigella flexneri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> species, <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a> species,<a href="#cite_note-McConnell2001-61">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotavirus</a> (which causes diarrhea in infants). Before the development of antibiotics, colostrum was the main source of immunoglobulins used to fight bacteria. In fact, when <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a> made his first oral vaccine against polio, the immunoglobulin he used came from bovine colostrum.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> When antibiotics began to appear, interest in colostrum waned, but, now that antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens have developed, interest is once again returning to natural alternatives to antibiotics, namely, colostrum.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Although bovine colostrum has been consumed by humans for centuries,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> only in recent decades have we seen an increase in randomized clinical trials to support assertions of health benefits. It is probable that little absorption of intact growth factors and antibodies into the bloodstream occurs, due to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the presence of casein and other buffering proteins does allow growth factors and other bioactive molecules to pass into the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the small intestine intact, where they can stimulate repair and inhibit microbes, working via local effects.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> This provides a probable mechanism explaining reductions in gut permeability after colostrum administration in some published studies,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> while another study found colostrum promising as treatment for distal colitis.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Evidence for the beneficial effect of colostrum on extra-gastrointestinal problems is less well developed, due in part to the limited number of randomised double-blind studies published, although a variety of possible uses have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carver-1996-72">[72]</a> The gut plays several important roles including acting as the main pathway for fluid, electrolyte and nutrient absorption while also acting as a barrier to toxic agents present in the gut lumen including acid, digestive enzymes and gut bacteria. It is also a major immunological defence mechanism, detecting natural commensals and triggering immune response when toxic microbes are present. Failure of homeostasis due to trauma, drugs and infectious microbes not only damages the gut but can lead to influx of damaging agents into the bloodstream. These mechanisms have relevance for multiple conditions affecting all areas of the world and socioeconomic groups such as ulcers, inflammation, and infectious diarrhea.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> There is currently much interest in the potential value of colostrum for the prevention and treatment of these conditions as it is derived from natural sources and can influence damaging factors through multiple pathways including nutritional support, immunological intervention (through its immunoglobulin and other anti-microbial factors) and growth/healing factor constituents.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As pointed out by Kelly, inconsistency between results in some published studies may be due in part to variation in dose given and to the timing of the colostrum collection being tested (first milking versus pooled colostrum collected up to day 5 following calving).<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Some athletes have used colostrum in an attempt to improve their performance,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12500989-76">[76]</a> decrease recovery time,<a href="#cite_note-Bovine_colostrum_supplementation_du-49">[49]</a> and prevent sickness during peak performance levels.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Supplementation with bovine colostrum, 20 grams per day (g/d), in combination with exercise training for eight weeks may increase bone-free <a href="/wiki/Lean_body_mass" title="Lean body mass">lean body mass</a> in active men and women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12500989-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Low <a href="/wiki/IGF-1" class="mw-redirect" title="IGF-1">IGF-1</a> levels may be associated with dementia in the very elderly, although causation has not been established.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Malnutrition can cause low levels of IGF-1,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> as can obesity.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Supplementation with colostrum, which is rich in IGF-1, can be a useful part of a weight reduction program.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although IGF-1 is not absorbed intact by the body, some studies suggest it stimulates the production of IGF-1 when taken as a supplement<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> whereas others do not.<a href="#cite_note-The_Effect_of_Bovine_Colostrum_Supp-51">[51]</a> Colostrum also has <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> components, such as <a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">lactoferrin</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">hemopexin</a>, which binds free heme in the body.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> had a local delicacy called "Groosniuys", a pudding made with colostrum.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In Finland, a baked cheese called <a href="/wiki/Leip%C3%A4juusto" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipäjuusto">Leipäjuusto</a> is traditionally made with either cow colostrum or reindeer milk. A sweet cheese-like delicacy called 'Junnu' or 'Ginna' is made with colostrum in the south Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>. It is made with both cow and buffalo milk; in both cases it is the milk produced on the second day after giving birth which is considered best for making this pudding-like delicacy. Colostrum is in very high demand in these states, resulting in product <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulteration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperimmune_colostrum">Hyperimmune colostrum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hyperimmune colostrum">edit</a>]</div> Hyperimmune colostrum is natural bovine colostrum collected from a population of cows immunized repeatedly with a specific pathogen. The colostrum is collected within 24 hours of the cow giving birth. Antibodies towards the specific pathogens or antigens that were used in the immunization are present in higher levels than in the population before treatment. Although some papers have been published stating that specific human pathogens were just as high as in hyperimmune colostrum, and natural colostrum nearly always had higher antibody titers than did the hyperimmune version.<a href="#cite_note-McConnell2001-61">[61]</a> Clinical trials<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> have shown that if the immunization is by surface antigens of the bacteria, the Bovine Colostrum Powder <a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> can be used to make tablets capable of binding to the bacteria so that they are excreted in stools. This prevents the successful colonization of the gut, which would otherwise lead to bacteria releasing enterotoxigenic materials. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proline-rich_polypeptides">Proline-rich polypeptides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proline-rich polypeptides">edit</a>]</div> These small immune signaling peptides (PRPs) were independently discovered in colostrum and other sources, such as blood plasma, in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-pmid18139800-90">[90]</a> Czechoslovakia and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4442608-91">[91]</a> Hence they appear under various names in the literature, including <a href="/wiki/Colostrinin" title="Colostrinin">Colostrinin</a>, CLN, transfer factor and PRP. They function as signal transducing molecules that have the unique effect of modulating the immune system, turning it up when the body comes under attack from pathogens or other disease agents, and damping it when the danger is eliminated or neutralized.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18183932-92">[92]</a> At first thought to actually transfer immunity from one immune system to another, it now appears that PRPs simply stimulate cell-mediated immunity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1080060-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Colostrum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBallardMorrow2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ballard, Olivia; Morrow, Ardythe L. 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href="http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/colostrum.html">Maryland Cooperative Extension</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adhiveda.co/blogs/news/bovine-colostrum">Usage of Bovine Colostrum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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