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Galeta (informàtica) - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>Una <b>galeta</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (també coneguda per la seva denominació anglesa <i><b>cookie</b></i>) és un fragment d'informació enviat des d'un servidor de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A0gines_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pàgines web">pàgines web</a> a un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a> que pot ésser retornada pel <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a> en posteriors accessos a aquest <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Servidor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Servidor">servidor</a>. El <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a> guarda aquesta informació en forma d'arxiu de text al <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disc_dur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disc dur">disc dur</a> del visitant de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pàgina web">pàgina web</a> per tal que certes informacions puguin ser recuperades en posteriors visites. Varen ser utilitzades per primer cop per <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lou_Montulli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lou Montulli (encara no existeix)">Lou Montulli</a>, quan treballava a l'empresa <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Netscape_Communications&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Netscape Communications (encara no existeix)">Netscape Communications</a>, mentre estudiava les possibilitats del <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comer%C3%A7_electr%C3%B2nic?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comerç electrònic">comerç electrònic</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxer:Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png/220px-Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png/330px-Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Firefox_Cookie_Manager.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="349"></a> <figcaption> Gestor de galetes al navegador <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a>, agrupades per dominis. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Els usos més freqüents són:</p> <ul> <li>Guardar el nom d'usuari i contrasenya per evitar tornar-ho a introduir.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Mantenir un seguiment de les compres en una botiga virtual.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Utilitzar opcions de continguts o disseny escollides anteriorment.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Obtenir informació sobre els hàbits de navegació de l'usuari.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Obtenir informació de l'ordinador del visitant, com l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adre%C3%A7a_IP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adreça IP">adreça IP</a>, <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistema_operatiu?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistema operatiu">sistema operatiu</a> o tipus de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a>.</li> </ul> <p>Justament per culpa d'aquesta última utilitat, les galetes han estat sovint un tema recurrent en la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Privacitat_a_internet&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Privacitat a internet (encara no existeix)">privacitat a internet</a>. Degut a la informació que guarden, és relativament fàcil fer un seguiment de les operacions de l'usuari repassant les galetes creades, cosa que permet crear un <i>perfil d'usuari</i> que permeti reconèixer les seves preferències. Aquests perfils, malgrat ser anònims (llevat que l'usuari introdueixi voluntàriament informació personal), són considerats per alguns com una vulneració de la privacitat. Diversos països han promogut una legislació específica per intentar evitar que aquest fet afecti a la privadesa de l'usuari. Malgrat això cal destacar que les galetes són únicament <i>fragments d'informació</i> i que per tant no poden esborrar dades, obrir finestres emergents o generar <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Correu_brossa?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Correu brossa">correu brossa</a>, com a vegades s'ha dit.</p> <p>La majoria dels <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador_d%27internet?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador d'internet">navegadors</a> inclouen l'opció d'acceptar o no galetes de les <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pàgina web">pàgines web</a> visitades, però la no acceptació d'aquestes pot fer que algunes pàgines web no funcionin correctament.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ca" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contingut</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hist%C3%B2ria"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Història</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prop%C3%B2sit"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Propòsit</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Funcionament"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Funcionament</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Configuraci%C3%B3_del_navegador"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Configuració del navegador</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cookies_de_tercers"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cookies</i> de tercers</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Restriccions"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Restriccions</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inconvenients_de_les_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Inconvenients de les <i>cookies</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Identificaci%C3%B3_inexacta"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Identificació inexacta</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Robatori_de_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Robatori de <i>cookies</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Falsificaci%C3%B3_de_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Falsificació de <i>cookies</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cookies_entre_llocs"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Cookies</i> entre llocs</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alternatives_a_les_cookies"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Alternatives a les <i>cookies</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Direcci%C3%B3_IP"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Direcció IP</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#URL_(query_string)"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">URL (<i>query string</i>)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Autenticaci%C3%B3_HTTP"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Autenticació HTTP</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Objectes_Macromedia_Flash_emmagatzemats_localment"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Objectes Macromedia Flash emmagatzemats localment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Persist%C3%A8ncia_en_el_client"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Persistència en el client</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Propietat_window.name_de_JavaScript"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Propietat <i>window.name</i> de <i>JavaScript</i></span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%A8ncies"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Referències</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vegeu_tamb%C3%A9"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Vegeu també</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Història" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Les galetes foren utilitzades en un principi a la informàtica quan <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lou_Montulli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lou Montulli (encara no existeix)">Lou Montulli</a>, un programador, va tenir la idea de utilitzar-les a les comunicacions web l'any 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montulli era en aquell moment un empleat de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications</a>, empresa que estava desenvolupant una aplicació de comerç electrònic per a <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Worldcom&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Worldcom (encara no existeix)">MCI</a>. <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vinton_Cerf?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vinton Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=John_Klensin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="John Klensin (encara no existeix)">John Klensin</a> representaven a MCI en les discussions a nivell tènic amb l'empresa a la que pertanyia Montulli, i van demanar una manera de fer que els estats transaccionals parcials no quedessin gravats als servidors de MCI, sinó que a l'ordinador de cada usuari. Les galetes informàtiques eren la clara solució al problema, permetent introduir un carro de la compra que fos virtual.</p> <p><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Amb <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=John_Giannandrea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="John Giannandrea (encara no existeix)">John Giannandrea</a>, Lou Montulli va escriure durant el mateix any l'espesicficació inicial de Netscape per a les galetes. Fora de laboratori, el primer ús que es va donar a les <i>cookies</i> va ser la validació de si els vistiants del lloc web de Netscape hi entraven per primera vegada o si ja hi havien estat abans. Montulli va sol·licitar la patent per a les galetes informàtiques l'any 1995, però aquesta patent no va arribar fins al 1998. Les <i>cookies</i> s'introduirien l'octubre de 1995 a Internet Explorer, en la seva segona versió.</p> <p>La introducció de les galetes no va ser coneguda per moltes persones en el moment, passant-se aquestes per defecte i sense notificar els usuaris. No va ser fins un article del <i>Financial Times</i> sobre les <i>cookies</i> a inicis del 1996. Les galetes informàtiques van guanyar moltíssima atenció per part dels mitjans de comunicació, sobretot en l'àmbit del que significaven per a la privacitat, sent fins i tot debatudes en dos audiències de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Comissi%C3%B3_Federal_de_Comer%C3%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Comissió Federal de Comerç (encara no existeix)">Comissió Federal de Comerç</a> dels <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27Am%C3%A8rica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estats Units d'Amèrica">Estats Units</a> aquell mateix any i en 1997.</p> <p>El procés pel qual les <i>cookies</i> s'haurien d'especificar formalment ja havia començat, les primeres discussions sobre aquest tema van ser a l'abril de 1995, formant-se un grup de treball especial al IETF. Sorgiren dos alternatives per introduir estat en les transaccions HTTP, donades per Brian Behlendorf i David Kristol, però es va acabar per utilitzar l'especificació de Netscape com a punt de partida. Va ser a febrer de 1996 que les <i>cookies</i> de tercers foren identificades com amenaçes per a la privacitat, demanant-se en la publicació de l'especificació produïda pel grup (publicada com el <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2109" class="extiw" title="rfc:2109">RFC 2109</a>) a febrer de 1997 que aquestes <i>cookies</i> de tercers es desactivessin per defecte.</p> <p>Aquesta recomonació va ser ignorada per empreses com <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Netscape_Navigator?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape</a> i <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Explorer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a>, havent-hi fins i tot empreses publicitàries que ja feien ús de les <i>cookies</i> de tercers.</p> <p>El {{RFC|2109}} seria reemplaçat l'any 2000 pel <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2965" class="extiw" title="rfc:2965">RFC 2965</a>.</p> <p>Les <i>cookies</i> d'avui dia són les publicades al {{RFC|6265}}, en abril de 2011.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Propòsit"><span id="Prop.C3.B2sit"></span>Propòsit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Propòsit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Les galetes són utilitzades per les pàgines web per diferenciar entre els diferents usuaris que hi accedeixen. Resulten un recurs particularment útil en el comerç electrònic, en el qual es pot crear una "cistella de la compra" virtual que vagi evolucionant en funció dels requeriments de l'usuari. Aquest tipus d'aplicacions estan molt per sobre de les possibilitats del protocol <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> i resultarien impossibles sense l'ús de galetes.</p> <p>També són molt útils en pàgines de l'estil de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viquipèdia">Viquipèdia</a>, on les galetes permeten als usuaris registrats definir una sèrie de propietats com el tipus de visualització. En altres pàgines com <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Google?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Google">Google</a>, les galetes permeten seleccionar el nombre de resultats mostrats o establir la preferència de l'usuari per certs resultats en concret.</p> <p>També poden ser utilitzades per realitzar un seguiment dels usuaris a través d'una pàgina web en concret o de diverses pàgines. Aquestes dades són utilitzades posteriorment per propòsits <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estad%C3%ADstica?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estadística">estadístics</a> o <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publicitat?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publicitat">publicitaris</a>, en permetre conèixer les preferències dels usuaris que hi naveguen, permetent fins i tot casos de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programari_espia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programari espia">programari espia</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Funcionament">Funcionament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Funcionament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxer:Cookieeee.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cookieeee.png/220px-Cookieeee.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="441"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cookieeee.png/220px-Cookieeee.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cookieeee.png/330px-Cookieeee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cookieeee.png/440px-Cookieeee.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Exemple de funcionament d'una galeta, 1. El navegador sol·licita una pàgina web 2. El servidor envia la pàgina web i una galeta per guardar la informació de la sol·licitud 3. El navegador sol·licita una altra pàgina web. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Les galetes són fragments d'informació intercanviats entre el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lloc_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lloc web">lloc web</a> i el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a>. És mitjançant aquesta comunicació que el lloc web (<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/HTTP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>) pot tenir memòria d'estat i recordar altres interaccions amb l'usuari, que d'una altra forma serien considerats com a fets aïllats. A més les galetes també poden ser creades i definides per un <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Llenguatge_script?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Llenguatge script">script</a>, creades per un llenguatge com <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JavaScript?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, si aquest tipus de format està soportat pel navegador.</p> <p>La mateixa naturalesa de les galetes implica que un navegador prou avançat ha de ser capaç d'emmagatzemar un nombre mínim de galetes per ser plenament funcional. En concret s'especifiquen un mínim de 300 galetes de 4 <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilobyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> de mitjana (un mínim de 20 per domini).</p> <p>Les galetes són, generalment, esborrades en tancar el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador">navegador</a>, però per tal de poder aprofitar al màxim les seves funcionalitats, algunes d'aquestes persisteixen en el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disc_dur?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Disc dur">disc dur</a> de l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinador?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ordinador">ordinador</a> per tal de poder ser d'utilitat en futures sessions. Aquest tipus de galetes, anomenades <i>persistents</i>, tenen una data d'esborrament que és definida pel creador del <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lloc_web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lloc web">lloc web</a>, i que permeten per exemple, recordar els productes comprats en altres sessions <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comer%C3%A7_electr%C3%B2nic?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comerç electrònic">comerç electrònic</a> o recordar les contrasenyes guardades en pàgines en les que es requereix identificació. En aquest sentit es parla dels inconvenients dels <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fitxers_temporals?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitxers temporals">fitxers temporals</a> d'Internet.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Configuració_del_navegador"><span id="Configuraci.C3.B3_del_navegador"></span>Configuració del navegador</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Configuració del navegador" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Segons la configuració dels diferents navegadors, els usuaris poden determinar les diferents actuacions respecte a les galetes.</p> <ol> <li>Les galetes s'accepten sempre</li> <li>Es pregunta en cada cas si es poden acceptar les galetes</li> <li>Les galetes no s'accepten mai</li> </ol> <p>Alguns navegadors com ara <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozilla Firefox">Firefox</a> també incorporen un gestor de galetes, amb opcions que permeten opcions alternatives</p> <ol> <li>Acceptar només aquelles galetes etiquetades com a no permanents</li> <li>Acceptar galetes només dels llocs prèviament seleccionats</li> <li>No acceptar les galetes de tercers</li> <li>Veure les galetes de forma individual i escollir si es conserven o s'esborren</li> </ol> <p>També hi ha plataformes alternatives com el <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=P3P&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="P3P (encara no existeix)">P3P</a> que permeten opcions més avançades pel que fa a l'ús i la gestió de galetes, d'acord amb les polítiques de privadesa definides per l'usuari.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Cookies_de_tercers"><i>Cookies</i> de tercers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Cookies de tercers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Les <i>cookies</i> afecten a la privacitat i identitat anònima dels usuaris a la web. Per molt que només siguin enviades al servidor el qual les va definir o a un altre servidor que pertanyi al mateix domini, una web pot tenir contingut com ara imatges i altres components que s'emmagatzemin en altres servidors, provocant la petició per part de l'usuari d'aquests continguts les <i>cookies</i> de tercers o de seguiment.</p> <p>Aquestes galetes informàtiques són utilitzades per campanyes publicitàries, fent un seguiment dels usuaris mentre naveguen per varis llocs web, sempre que aquella campanya tingui imatges publicitàries o <i>web bugs</i> en les pàgines que consulta l'usuari. Amb aquest seguiment les campanyes de publicitat poden saber les preferències de l'usuari i així orientar millor la seva publicitat cap a ells.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Restriccions">Restriccions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Restriccions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Poc a poc els navegadors han anat incorporant diferents configuracions que permeten a l'usuari bloquejar les galetes de tercers.</p> <p>En certs països existeix una legislació per a les <i>cookies</i>, ja que fis i tot poden crear un perfil d'usuaris, encara que es limiti a un sol domini, és tota una amenaça per a la privacitat, més envara si és fa en varis dominis amb galetes de tercers.</p> <p>El govern dels Estats Units va establir dures normes per a la creació de galetes en el 2000, quan es va descobrir que l'Oficina de Control de Drogues Nacional de la Casa Blanca utilitzava <i>cookies</i> per seguir els usuaris que visitaven la seva campanya en contra de les drogues que després entraven en webs que tenien relació amb la creació i l'ús de les mateixes. Daniel Brandt, activista, va descobrir l'any 2002 que la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_Central_d%27Intel%C2%B7lig%C3%A8ncia?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agència Central d'Intel·ligència">CIA</a> havia estat definint <i>cookies</i> persistents en ordinadors durant al menys 10&nbsp;anys. Brandt ho denuncià, i la CIA va respondre dient que la creació no havia sigut intencionada, deixant d'utilitzar-les a partir d'aquell moment. Brandt va descobrir també aquestes <i>cookies</i> persistents a l'<a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_de_Seguretat_Nacional?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agència de Seguretat Nacional">Agència de Seguretat Nacional</a> en Nadal de 2005, dues galetes que apareixien degut a una actualització de software. L'agència les deshabilitaria un cop va ser informada sobre l'incompliment de la política de <i>cookies.</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>La directiva de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Europea?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unió Europea">Unió Europea</a> de l'any 2002 sobre privacitat en l'àmbit de la telecomunicació va incloure també normes sobre l'ús de les <i>cookies</i>. En el tercer paràgraf del cinquè article estableix que l'emmagatzemament de dades en l'ordinador d'un usuari només es pot fer sempre que l'usuari rebi informació sobre com s'utilitzen les dades i que l'usuari pugui rebutjar aquesta operació, sent excepció les dades que s'han d'emmagatzemar per motius tècnics. Amb aquestes mesures s'esperava que s'apliqués l'any 2003, un informe de 2004 diu que encara no s'han aplicat aquestes mesures, havent-hi casos de països que ni tan sols l'havien transposat a la seba legislació. En aquest informe es dona també la situació de cadascun dels membres a partir d'un anàlisi.</p> <p>La legislació posterior obligaria a que s'informés als usuaris de l'ús de <i>cookies</i> als llocs web.</p> <p>Google anunciaria l'any 2020 que de cara a 2022 prohibiria l'ús de <i>cookies</i> de tercers,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> però s'ha passat a aplaçar la mesura fins a mitjans de l'any 2023, promovent la utilització de la API FLoC en substitució.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tornaria a retrasar-se posteriorment aquesta mesura fins a l'any 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Inconvenients_de_les_cookies">Inconvenients de les <i>cookies</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Inconvenients de les cookies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>No només suposen les galetes un perill per a la privacitat, sinó que també comporten altres problemes com la incorrecta identificació dels usuaris i la possibilitat d'utilitzar-les per realitzar atacs de seguretat.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Identificació_inexacta"><span id="Identificaci.C3.B3_inexacta"></span>Identificació inexacta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Identificació inexacta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Si un ordinador fa ús de més d'un navegador, cadascun tindrà el seu emmagatzematge propi en quant a <i>cookies</i>. Això implica que una persona es identificada com el seu compte d'usuari, ordinador i navegador, tenint varis conjunts de <i>cookies</i> aquelles persones que utilitzin vàries comptes, ordinadors i/o navegadors.</p> <p>Les galetes no distingeixen entre diferents persones que facin ús d'un mateix ordinador o navegador si aquestes no fan ús d'un compte d'usuari.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Robatori_de_cookies">Robatori de <i>cookies</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Robatori de cookies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Normalment, les <i>cookies</i> d'un servidor són enviades en els dos sentits (servidor-ordinador de l'usuari). Pel seu valor possiblement sensible (com ara dades personals), els valors de les galetes no són accesibles des d'altres ordinadors, però si són enviades en sessions HTTP normals, aquells usuaris amb un <i>sniffer</i> de paquets les poden arribar a veure. Aquest problema es pot solucionar amb la utilització de https, que xifra la connexió amb la seguretat de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capa_de_transport?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capa de transport">capa de transport</a>.</p> <p>El scripting que hi ha entre llocs webs provoca que pugui haver un enviament del valor de les galetes a servidors que en condicions normals no rebrien. Els navegadors més actuals permeten l'execució de segments de codi rebuts del servidor. Si aquestes galetes són accesibles mentre es realitza l'execució, és possible que el seu valor pugui arribar a servidors que no haurien de poder accedir a aquesta informació. Aquest procés és el robatori de <i>cookies</i>, i no és una solució el xifrat.</p> <p>El robatori de <i>cookies</i> és explotat per atacants de llocs web els quals deixen als seus usuaris enviar contingut HTML. Amb un seguiment de codi en un d'aquests enviaments HTML, els atacants poden rebre les galetes dels usuaris. Amb aquestes galetes, els atacants podran fer-se passar per l'usuari a qui han robat les <i>cookies</i> en aquells llocs web on s'utilitzen les galetes que han robat.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Falsificació_de_cookies"><span id="Falsificaci.C3.B3_de_cookies"></span>Falsificació de <i>cookies</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Falsificació de cookies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Encara que les galetes s'emmagatzemin i s'enviïn sense ser modificades, un atacant pot modificar els valors de les <i>cookies</i> abans que aquestes s'enviïn de tornada, podent un atacant, per exemple, manipular el valor d'una compra d'un usuari emmagatzemat en un lloc web i així pagar menys l'atacant per la compra. Aquest procés s'anomena falsificació de <i>cookies.</i></p> <p>Normalment els lloc webs només deixen emmagatzemat a la <i>cookie</i> l'identificador de sessió, quedan la resta de valors i informació al propi servidor, quedant gairebé eliminat el problema de falsificació.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cookies_entre_llocs"><i>Cookies</i> entre llocs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Cookies entre llocs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Cada lloc web hauria de tenir les seves galetes pròpies per evitar que llocs web dolents modifiquin les galetes de llocs web bons. Però la vulnerabilitat de les <i>cookies</i> entre llocs fa que els llocs web maliciosos puguin saltar-se aquesta norma. Això no és un atac a la web, sinó un atac concentrat a l'usuari amb un navegador vulnerable. La intenció d'un atac d'aquest tipus pot ser robar un compte d'inici de sessió.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Alternatives_a_les_cookies">Alternatives a les <i>cookies</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Alternatives a les cookies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Hi ha altres mecanismes que poden realitzar les operacions que fan les galetes, però aquests mecanismes comporten una sèrie d'inconvenients que acaben fent a les <i>cookies</i> la millor opció a escollir. Les alternatives que ara es presentaran permeten també el seguiment de l'usuari, però de manera menys fiable, sent encara la privacitat un problema per molt que el navegador i servidor rebutgin o no defineixin les galetes.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Direcció_IP"><span id="Direcci.C3.B3_IP"></span>Direcció IP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Direcció IP" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>És una técnica de baixa fiabilitat, i consisteix en emmagatzemar les <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Direccions_IP&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Direccions IP (encara no existeix)">direccions IP</a> dels ordinadors que consulten les pàgines web com a métode de seguiment de l'usuari. Des dels inicis de la <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_Wide_Web?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> ha sigut possible la utilització d'aquesta técnica ja que per a descarregar llocs web era necessari pel servidor saber quina era la direcció IP de l'ordinador que estava sol·licitant la descàrrega. Aquesta informació pot ser emmagatzemada pel servidor fins i tot sense la utilització de <i>cookies.</i></p> <p>Però aquestes direccions són bastant menys fiables que les galetes en quant a la identificació d'usuaris, ja que un mateix ordinador pot ser utilitzat per varis usuaris, tenint així diverses direccions IP en diferents sessions. Aquesta tècnica pot ser més fiable mitjançant una característica del protocol HTTP: quan un navegador sol·licita una pàgina web concreta perquè l'usuari ha seguit un enllaç, l petició que s'enviarà al servidor tindrà la URL d'aquella pàgina web on es trobi l'enllaç que l'usuari ha seguit. Així, és possible rastrejar el camí d'un usuari a través de pàgines web de forma bastant més precisa. Tot i això no supera en fiabilitat a les <i>cookies</i> (fins i tot hi ha usos que no pot substituir, només el de rastreig i sense la mateixa fiabilitat) ja que és possible que més d'un usuari consulti una mateixa pàgina des d'un mateix ordinador però que segueixi enllaços diferents.</p> <p>A més, hi ha sistemes que impossibiliten del seguiment de direcció IP, ja que permeten l'anonimat als llocs web. Amb aquests sistemes es poden utilitzar vàries direccions per a una sola sessió o varis usuaris com una sola direcció IP, fent inútil el rastreig de direcció IP.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="URL_(query_string)"><span id="URL_.28query_string.29"></span>URL (<i>query string</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: URL (query string)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Las incrustació d'informació a la URL sí que aporta més precisió, sent el mètode que <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PHP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PHP">PHP</a> utilitza si les galetes estan desactivades.</p> <p>Amb aquest mètode, el servidor afegeix cadenes de consulta als enllaços de les seves pàgines web quan els ha de servir al navegador i així, quan l'usuari segueixi un enllaç, el navegador donarà al servidor la <i>query string</i> que s'ha afegit als enllaços.</p> <p>Les <i>query strings</i> s'assemblen molt a les galetes informàtiques quan reben aquest ús, sent definides per un servidor i tornades pel navegador. Tot i així, es diferencien en el fet que la cadena de consulta és part d'una URL que si es reutilitza enviarà al servidor la mateixa informació. Per tant, si aquestes URLs s'envien entre usuaris, dos usuaris poden utilitzar les mateixes preferències.</p> <p>Un altre problema és la possibilitat que en dues consultes per separat a la página web, és possible que s'utilitzin dues <i>query strings</i> diferents, podent causar-se aquest cas per accedir a una pàgina des de diferents enllaços (per exemple, accedir-hi des d'un buscador pot causar una <i>query string</i> diferent a si s'accedeix des d'un enllaç d'una pàgina web). Això no es donaria amb les <i>cookies.</i></p> <p>Les <i>query strings</i> tenen més desavantatges, aquest cop en relació amb la privacitat, ja que emmagatzemar en elles informació d'una sessió facilita els atacs de fixació de sessió, de seguiment de referents i d'altres que deixen en vulnerabilitat a l'usuari, sent les <i>cookies</i> més segures en aquest sentit.</p> <p>A més, les <i>query strings</i> es veuen afectades pel disseny del lloc web i haurien de referenciar sempre a un recurs, perdent-se això si s'utilitza una cadena de consulta, ja que no representaria la ubicació real del recurs.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Autenticació_HTTP"><span id="Autenticaci.C3.B3_HTTP"></span>Autenticació HTTP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Autenticació HTTP" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Per la realització de l'autenticació, el protocol HTTP utilitza mecanismes com poden ser el <i>digest access authentication</i>, que només permet l'accés a l'usuari al introduir un nom d'usuari i la seva corresponent contrasenya, utilitzant-les el navegador per accedir a les pàgines següents després d'emmagatzemar-les. Per a l'usuari, el funcionament és el mateix que amb les <i>cookies</i>, però internament, el nom d'usuari i contrasenya són enviats al servidor amb cada petició, permetent llegir aquesta informació a algú que estigués escoltant aquest tràfic. Tot i això, les sessions es solen tancar després d'un període d'inactivitat, sent impossible tornar al punt on ho havia deixat l'usuari quan estava navegant.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Objectes_Macromedia_Flash_emmagatzemats_localment">Objectes Macromedia Flash emmagatzemats localment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Objectes Macromedia Flash emmagatzemats localment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Quan un navegadir té el complement <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Macromedia_Flash_Player&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Macromedia Flash Player (encara no existeix)">Macromedia Flash Player</a>, pot utilitzar-se la funció d'objectes compartits de forma local de forma similar a les galetes. Els objectes emmagatzemats localment o <i><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Local_stored_objects&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Local stored objects (encara no existeix)">local stored objects</a></i> poden resultar una opció ben interessant per als desenvolupadors web, ja que la majoria d'usuaris que utilitzen <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Microsoft_Windows?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> disposen de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flash_Player?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash Player">Flash Player</a>, la mida màxim dels objectes és de 100 <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kilobyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kilobyte">kilobytes</a> i els conrtols de seguretat disten dels controls d'usuari que duen a terme les <i>cookies</i>, podent estar els objectes emmagatzemats localment actius quan les <i>cookies</i> no ho estan.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Persistència_en_el_client"><span id="Persist.C3.A8ncia_en_el_client"></span>Persistència en el client</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Persistència en el client" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Alguns navegadors donen suport a un mecanisme de persistència el qual es basa en un script que permet emmagatzemar a una pàgina informació de forma local per utilitzar-la en un altre moment, com pot ser l'historial de Internet Explorer o el seu apartat de favorits</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Propietat_window.name_de_JavaScript">Propietat <i>window.name</i> de <i>JavaScript</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Propietat window.name de JavaScript" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Si s'habilita l'ús de <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JavaScript?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, és possible fer ús de la propietat <code>window.name</code> del objecte <code>window</code> amb el propòsit de guardar informació de manera persistent, quedant inalterada durant la càrrega d'altres pàgines web. Això no és conegut per molts no considerant-se una errada de seguretat. I no només això, la utilització de <code>window.name</code> té certs problemes en quant a compatibilitat amb els navegadors, com pot ser <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a>, el qual no dona suport la persistència de JavaScript amb l'ús de <code>window.name</code>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Referències" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.termcat.cat/ca/Cercaterm/Fitxa/galeta/NTkyOTE1/%23.WNN_UQAkCYw.link">TERMCAT - Cercaterm - galeta</a>» (en castellà). [Consulta: 4 setembre 2017].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSchwartz2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Schwartz</span>, John «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/04/business/giving-web-a-memory-cost-its-users-privacy.html">Giving Web a Memory Cost Its Users Privacy</a>» (en anglès). <i>The New York Times</i>, 04-09-2001. <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKesanShah2004"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kesan</span>, Jay P.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Shah</span>, Rajiv C. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract%3D597543">Deconstructing Code</a>» (en anglès). <i>Social Science Research Network</i> [Rochester, NY], 19-11-2004.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPress2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Press</span>, The Associated «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/29/us/spy-agency-removes-illegal-tracking-files.html">Spy Agency Removes Illegal Tracking Files</a>» (en anglès). <i>The New York Times</i>, 29-12-2005. <a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHuertos2020"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Huertos</span>, Alejandro Alcolea. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://computerhoy.com/noticias/tecnologia/google-mata-cookies-terceros-chrome-privacidad-562631">Chrome matará las cookies de terceros para 2022</a>» (en castellà), 15-01-2020. [Consulta: 12 desembre 2022].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.20minutos.es/tecnologia/actualidad/google-retrasa-el-bloqueo-de-las-cookies-de-terceros-en-chrome-hasta-2023-que-significa-esto-para-tu-privacidad-4742901/">Google retrasa el bloqueo de las cookies de terceros en Chrome hasta 2023: ¿qué significa esto para tu privacidad?</a>» (en espanyol europeu), 25-06-2021. [Consulta: 12 desembre 2022].</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMarquez2022"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Marquez</span>, Javier. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.xataka.com/privacidad/google-retrasa-nuevo-adios-definitivo-cookies-terceros-chrome">Google retrasa (de nuevo) el adiós definitivo de las cookies de terceros en Chrome</a>» (en castellà), 27-07-2022. [Consulta: 12 desembre 2022].</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifica</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galetes_entre_llocs?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galetes entre llocs">Galetes entre llocs</a></li> <li><a href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publicitat_personalitzada?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publicitat personalitzada">Publicitat personalitzada</a></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A0gina_principal?uselang%3Dca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:HTTP_cookies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:HTTP cookies">Galeta</a></b></i> </div> </div> </div> <p><span style="display: none;" class="interProject"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wiktionary.org/wiki/galeta" class="extiw" title="wikt:galeta">Viccionari</a></span></p><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐865694c9b9‐8ntmk Cached time: 20241113164739 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.175 seconds Real time usage: 0.352 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1793/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 10788/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3799/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6155/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.059/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1900913/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 167.697 1 -total 53.31% 89.404 1 Plantilla:Referències 37.39% 62.701 4 Plantilla:Ref-web 26.36% 44.208 1 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.010 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGaleta_(inform%C3%A0tica)%26oldid%3D33437986">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(informàtica)&amp;oldid=33437986</a>» </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ca-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Galeta_(inform%C3%A0tica)&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Isurus88" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1714321078"> <span>Darrera modificació: 28 abr 2024 a les 17:17</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Llengües</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koekie_(rekenaarwetenskap)" title="Koekie (rekenaarwetenskap) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koekie (rekenaarwetenskap)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2581_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2581_%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B7" title="ملف تعريف ارتباط - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملف تعريف ارتباط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_(internet)" title="Kuki (internet) - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuki (internet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_HTTP" title="Kuki HTTP - balinès" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kuki HTTP" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D1%2591%25D1%2580" title="Маркёр - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маркёр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="HTTP бисквитка - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="HTTP бисквитка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%258F%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580" title="एचटीटीपी कुकी - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एचटीटीपी कुकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-Cookie" title="HTTP-Cookie - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="HTTP-Cookie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookies" title="HTTP cookies - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="HTTP cookies" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuketo" title="Kuketo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(inform%25C3%25A1tica)" title="Cookie (informática) - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cookie (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-k%25C3%25BCpsis" title="HTTP-küpsis - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="HTTP-küpsis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25A9%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C_%25D8%25A7%25DA%2586%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C" title="کوکی اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوکی اچ‌تی‌تی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ev%25C3%25A4ste" title="Eväste - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eväste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(informatique)" title="Cookie (informatique) - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cookie (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastro" title="Rastro - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rastro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A2%25D7%2595%25D7%2592%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2594_(%25D7%2590%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A0%25D7%2598)" title="עוגייה (אינטרנט) - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוגייה (אינטרנט)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%258F%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%259F%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%2580" title="एचटीटीपी कुकी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एचटीटीपी कुकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kola%25C4%258Di%25C4%2587_(ra%25C4%258Dunarstvo)" title="Kolačić (računarstvo) - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolačić (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP-s%25C3%25BCti" title="HTTP-süti - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HTTP-süti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki" title="Kuki - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kuki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vafrakaka" title="Vafrakaka - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vafrakaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_%25EC%25BF%25A0%25ED%2582%25A4" title="HTTP 쿠키 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="HTTP 쿠키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscott_(Scenza_di_urdinaduur)" title="Biscott (Scenza di urdinaduur) - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biscott (Scenza di urdinaduur)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapukas" title="Slapukas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slapukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%25C4%25ABkdatne" title="Sīkdatne - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sīkdatne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%258E%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B5%258D.%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BF.%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BF.%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25BF._%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="എച്ച്.ടി.ടി.പി. കുക്കി - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ടി.ടി.പി. കുക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki_HTTP" title="Kuki HTTP - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kuki HTTP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koekien_(internet)" title="Koekien (internet) - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koekien (internet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(internet)" title="Cookie (internet) - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cookie (internet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonskapsel" title="Informasjonskapsel - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Informasjonskapsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasjonskapsel" title="Informasjonskapsel - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Informasjonskapsel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(inform%25C3%25A1tica)" title="Cookie (informática) - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cookie (informática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%25C5%25A1kotek" title="Piškotek - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Piškotek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(internet)" title="Cookie (internet) - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cookie (internet)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_kola%25C4%258Di%25C4%2587" title="HTTP kolačić - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="HTTP kolačić" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbkaka" title="Webbkaka - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Webbkaka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuki" title="Kuki - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%259E%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B8%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%2581%25E0%25B8%25B5%25E0%25B9%2589" title="เอชทีทีพีคุกกี้ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอชทีทีพีคุกกี้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2587erez_(%25C4%25B0nternet)" title="Çerez (İnternet) - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çerez (İnternet)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%2583%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596_(%25D1%2596%25D0%25BD%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582)" title="Кукі (інтернет) - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кукі (інтернет)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(tin_h%25E1%25BB%258Dc)" title="Cookie (tin học) - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cookie (tin học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A7%25D7%2595%25D7%25A7%25D7%2599" title="קוקי - ídix" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוקי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ídix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Cookie" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="HTTP cookie" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" alt="Viquipèdia" width="120" height="23" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 28 abr 2024 a les 17:17.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El contingut està disponible sota la llicència <a class="external" rel="nofollow" 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