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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Opposition to interfaith marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_interfaith_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Calls for segregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-LGBT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-LGBT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Anti-LGBT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-LGBT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Christianity_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Christianity_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Opposition to Christianity in Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Christianity_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_Lehava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_Lehava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition to Lehava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Lehava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lehava</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Lehava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%22%D7%94_%E2%80%93_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A9" title="להב"ה – למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="להב"ה – למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehawa" title="Lehawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lehawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lehava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лехава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лехава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish far-right organization in Israel</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Prevention of Assimilation in the Holy Land</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש</span>‎</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehava_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Lehava_logo.png/250px-Lehava_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Lehava_logo.png/330px-Lehava_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/22/Lehava_logo.png/440px-Lehava_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="214" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Lehava</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">2005</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Anti-intermarriage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Jerusalem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Michael Ben-Ari</a><br />Bentzi Gopstein<br /><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Baruch Marzel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemla (page does not exist)">Hemla</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lehava-us.com">www<wbr />.lehava-us<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lehava</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">להב"ה</span>‎ "Flame," <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">למניעת התבוללות בארץ הקודש</span> <i>LiMniat Hitbolelut B'eretz HaKodesh</i>; Prevention of Assimilation in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli far-right">far-right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish supremacist">Jewish supremacist</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organization based in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> that strictly opposes <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a>, objecting to most personal relationships between Jews and non-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">opposed</a> to the Christian presence in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an anti-intermarriage focus, denouncing marriages between Jews and non-Jews forbidden by Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has over 10,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the United States placed Lehava and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a>, on a sanctions list for their role in fomenting <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">Israeli settler violence</a> against <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, labeling Lehava "the largest violent extremist organization in Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Lehava (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">להב"ה</span>‎) is an acronym for the Hebrew phrase <i><b>L</b>iMniat <b>H</b>itbolelut <b>B'</b>eretz <b>H</b>aKodesh</i> (For the Prevention of Assimilation in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>). It is also the Hebrew word for "flame",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying a <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah#Traditional_view" title="Hanukkah">keeping of the flame</a> or faith, giving the phrase a double meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_members_and_supporters">Prominent members and supporters</h2></div> <p>Lehava's CEO is <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Gopstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Zion Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a>, a U.S.-born rabbi who promoted the forced expulsion of most Palestinians and Arab Israelis from Israel and the Palestinian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopstein had run-ins with the police for disorderly conduct while active with Kahane's movement <a href="/wiki/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach and Kahane Chai">Kach</a>, which was banned from Israeli politics as racist in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. State Department identified Kach as a terrorist organization in 1994. Its splinter group, Kahane Chai, also "condones violence as a viable method for establishing a religiously homogenous [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] state." In 2006 decision, a U.S. Federal Court determined on appeal that Kach was correctly listed as a terrorist organization.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Lehava employs a number of <a href="/wiki/Kahanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahanist">Kahanist</a> figures, including politician <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Baruch Marzel</a>, formerly of the outlawed <a href="/wiki/Kach_and_Kahane_Chai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach and Kahane Chai">Kach</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-strange_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strange-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BenGvir_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenGvir-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marzel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marzel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Michael Ben-Ari</a>, a former Israeli <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Knesset" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Knesset">Member of Knesset</a> who still views himself as Meir Kahane's follower, is Lehava's spokesman.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawyer defending Lehava members arrested in December 2014, attorney <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a>, is another one of the most prominent Kahanists in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-BenGvir_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenGvir-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A closely associated NPO called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemla (page does not exist)">Hemla</a> (Mercy), which for many years focused on "saving the daughters of Israel" from mixed marriages with Arab men, has received up to $175,000 per year from the state between 2005 and 2013. In 2011, an investigation by Haaretz first brought the issue to light. Part of the amount went as a salary to Bentzi Gopstein, Hemla's public relations director.<sup id="cite_ref-strange_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strange-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-love_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-love-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lehava is closely associated with the political party <a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a>, which is led by <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a>; the party shares its headquarters with Lehava in Jerusalem, and in 2014, police raided their headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, the Israeli TV channel <a href="/wiki/Channel_2_(Israeli_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 2 (Israeli TV channel)">Channel 2</a> reported that Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a> might be preparing to categorize Lehava as a terrorist organization. Ya'alon was reported to have ordered the <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> and the Defense Ministry to assemble evidence required for the classification, although ultimately no such classification occurred. Three members of Lehava were arrested and indicted in 2014 for committing arson and spray-painting anti-Arab graffiti at the Max Rayne <a href="/wiki/Hand_in_Hand:_Center_for_Jewish_Arab_Education_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel">Hand in Hand: Center for Jewish Arab Education in Israel</a> (Yad B'Yad) Bilingual School in Jerusalem, and Lehava's leader, <a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a>, along with other group members, was arrested shortly thereafter for incitement.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arson incident received international attention. Reuters reports that government action against Lehava has only come following months of petitioning by "left-leaning Israelis and media commentators".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Gopstein issued a statement harshly critical of Ya'alon: "I suggest that [Ya'alon] aim to outlaw the Islamist Movement and then preoccupy itself with an anti-assimilation group... Instead of taking care of an enemy of Israel, the defense minister is trying to win over votes from the Left [by] taking on Lehava. The group acts to save the daughters of Israel [Jewish women] and deserves the Israel Prize."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has over 10,000 members, with chapters in every city.<sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silent_Holocaust_(Judaism)" title="Silent Holocaust (Judaism)">Silent Holocaust (Judaism)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg/220px-%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg/330px-%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg/440px-%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption>Lehava activist. The inscription on the flag reads "The Jewish Honor Guard / Fighting assimilation / With devotion and love we will protect every Jewish woman." Jerusalem 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_interfaith_marriages">Opposition to interfaith marriages</h3></div> <p>The organization gained notoriety in 2010 after sending an open letter to Israeli Jewish supermodel <a href="/wiki/Bar_Refaeli" title="Bar Refaeli">Bar Refaeli</a> urging her to break off her relationship with American actor <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>, who is Roman Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-BenGvir_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BenGvir-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marzel_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marzel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refaeli_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refaeli-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Rebbetzin" title="Rebbetzin">rebbetzins</a>, acting on behalf of Lehava, issued an open letter urging Israeli women not to associate with "non-Jews". <i>Haaretz</i> quoted the letter as saying, "Don't date non-Jews, don't work at places that non-Jews frequent, and don't do national service with non-Jews;" the letter implied that if they did so, they would be cut off from their "holy race".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter <a href="/wiki/December_2010_Israeli_rabbi_letter_controversy" title="December 2010 Israeli rabbi letter controversy">caused a controversy</a> and was denounced by other rabbis.<sup id="cite_ref-rabbis_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabbis-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabbis2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabbis2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a poll was conducted of Jewish Israelis' reaction to the letters denouncing those who rent or sell homes to non-Jews, 44 per cent of Israeli Jews supported the rabbis' call, while 48 per cent were opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organization has also spoken out against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>'s marriage to Priscilla Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, it organized hostile protests against a mixed couple from <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, objecting to the marriage of Mahmoud Mansour, an Israeli Arab, and his bride-to-be, Morel Malka, who converted from Judaism to Islam ahead of the wedding. The group was reported as saying, "Please come with positive energy and bring loudspeakers and horns. We will ask our sister to return home with us to the Jewish people who are waiting for her", by the Israeli news site <i><a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a></i>. When the couple appealed to a court to ban the demonstration, a judgement was handed down allowing the protest to proceed, but no closer than 200 metres away from the site of the ceremony in the Israeli town of <a href="/wiki/Rishon_Letzion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishon Letzion">Rishon Letzion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> reported that the protesters chanted "death to leftists" and "<a href="/wiki/Death_to_Arabs" title="Death to Arabs">death to Arabs</a>", despite one of the organizers trying to calm them down.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, it started a Facebook page with the purpose of identifying mixed Arab–Jewish couples. Still, the page was shut down in 2014 after there were numerous complaints. It had become a repository of racist comments. Liat Bar-Stav, a journalist who went undercover in the Lehava organization, described how their members looked for Jewish females who might be dating Arabs. If members thought they had discovered any, they would follow Gopstein's instructions: approach the woman, and forward her phone number to the organization for further action. "You approach the girl and say, 'Excuse me, I don't have a phone. May I make a call?' You call your phone, and that's how you get the number", Gopstein explained to the activists he coached.<sup id="cite_ref-Ynetnews_Inside_Lehava_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynetnews_Inside_Lehava-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calls_for_segregation">Calls for segregation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg/220px-%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg/330px-%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg/440px-%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%97_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%97_13_%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> member <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Itamar Ben-Gvir</a> and radical right political activist <a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Jarrah" title="Sheikh Jarrah">Sheikh Jarrah</a>. February 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to opposing interfaith marriages, Lehava has encouraged Israelis to report to the organization the names of Jews who rent to Arabs, so that they can be "named and shamed" publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-report_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-report-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the group distributed flyers in east Jerusalem warning Arabs not to visit the mostly Jewish western side of the city. It also campaigned against Jews and Arabs mixing on beaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2014, four activists in the group were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> after they distributed propaganda material, then attacked and wounded police.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liat Bar-Stav described a meeting that Gopstein led for his followers, in which he said to them, "Some 45 years ago, Rabbi Kahane said, shouted, and cried out that the enemies within us are a cancer, and that if we don't take this cancer and get rid of it, we won't continue to exist. Unfortunately, this dangerous cancer of co-existence has metastasized everywhere. There are various ministers in the government who are encouraging co-existence, who are giving them jobs, allowing them into the hi-tech world, allowing them to become doctors." As the crowd responded with booing and cheering, Gopstein continued: "The cancer we spoke about in the beginning has offshoots in the Knesset of Israel too. Thirty years ago, Rabbi Kahane stood up in the Knesset and took out a hangman's noose for traitors, a noose for the Arab MK who was there. It's not a threat, it's a promise, the rabbi said when attacked for doing so. So this is what I want to wish (former MK Azmi) Bishara on behalf of all of you." At this point, Gopstein waved a noose. "Your day will come, Azmi! We are waiting for the Israeli government to come and hang you from the tallest tree! Azmi, only thanks to Rabbi Kahane will we make sure you are hanged one day."<sup id="cite_ref-Ynetnews_Inside_Lehava_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ynetnews_Inside_Lehava-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, three members of Lehava were arrested and charged with the 29 November arson at an integrated Arab-Jewish school. The suspects, Yitzhak Gabbai, and brothers Nahman Twito and Shlomo Twito, attacked the school, according to Shin Bet, "because Jews and Arabs learn together at the school, and the goal was to put opposition to co-existence and assimilation in the public eye".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In courtroom photos, the three members of the radical group are shown smiling and smirking as they faced charges.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within days of their arrest, police completed a raid on the homes of several Lehava members. Lehava's chairman, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Gopstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Zion Gopstein">Bentzi Gopstein</a>, was among those arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-LGBT">Anti-LGBT</h3></div> <p>In 2017, Lehava protested the Jerusalem gay pride parade.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 2018 march, Gopstein called LGBT activists "terrorists" and urged supporters to counterdemonstrate with banners saying "Jerusalem is not <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">Sodom</a>". Four Lehava supporters were arrested during the parade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Lehava urged its supporters to infiltrate the parade.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg/220px-Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg/330px-Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg/440px-Lehava_protest_against_Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Lehava protest against <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_gay_pride_parade" title="Jerusalem gay pride parade">Jerusalem gay pride parade</a> 2023. Signs: "Don't give them children" and "Jerusalem is not Sedom"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Christianity_in_Israel">Opposition to Christianity in Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></div> <p>Lehava had organized demonstrations protesting the presence of Christians in Israel, and in late 2015 demonstrated before the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_International_YMCA" title="Jerusalem International YMCA">Jerusalem International YMCA</a>, with the crowd shouting: "The Arabs won't defeat us with knives, and the Christians won't buy us with presents!"<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopstein wrote an article for a local website, Kooker, in which he declared: "Missionary work must not be given a foothold... Let's throw the vampires out of our land before they drink our blood again."<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also called for a ban on the <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> holiday.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_Lehava">Opposition to Lehava</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Religious_Action_Center" title="Israel Religious Action Center">Israel Religious Action Center</a> (IRAC), the Israeli liberal Judaism primary advocacy organization, asserts that Lehava is racist, and maintains a public relations campaign against Lehava and Gopstein. In May 2016, IRAC stepped up the campaign, releasing statistics showing that Lehava's social media efforts were generating approximately 200,000 anti-Arab hate postings per year to Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, about a quarter of which call for physical violence against Arabs. Facebook deleted seven Lehava accounts because of improper conduct, but Lehava continues to generate Facebook postings via other accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> sent a letter to Israel's Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Avichai_Mendelblit" class="mw-redirect" title="Avichai Mendelblit">Avichai Mendelblit</a>, encouraging action to be taken to curb Lehava and Gopstein. In the letter, the ADL says that Gopstein calls Christians "bloodsucking vampires", condoned burning Christian churches, and that his Facebook page includes anti-LGBT posts, as well as ones the ADL calls "extremely abusive, racist, inflammatory, and violent". The ADL protested Israel's ongoing acceptance of Lehava's "hateful discourse" as detrimental to the country, and that it gives "a weapon [to] Israel's enemies, who use it as a basis for their rushed conclusions and generalizations about Israeli society".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, the US imposed sanctions on the organization and its leader Bentzi Gopstein, according to this announcement Lehva is "the largest violent extremist organization in Israel ... LEHAVA’s members have engaged in acts of violence against Palestinians, affecting the West Bank".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multiple sources: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKershner2021" class="citation web cs1">Kershner, Isabel (23 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/23/world/middleeast/israelis-palestinians-clash-jerusalem-old-city.html">"Israelis and Palestinians Clash Around Jerusalem's Old City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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