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(PDF) New York PTSD Risk Score: Development & Validation
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used in cardiovascular medicine. 16 Methods: We used data collected in New York City after the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) and other trauma data to develop a new 17 PTSD prediction tool -the New York PTSD Risk Score. We used diagnostic test methods to examine different clinical domains, including 18 PTSD symptoms, trauma exposures, sleep disturbances, suicidal thoughts, depression symptoms, demographic factors and other measures to 19 assess different PTSD prediction models.","publication_date":"2011,1,1","publication_name":"General Hospital Psychiatry","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"39464863"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A brief screening tool for assessing psychological trauma in clinical practice: development and validation of the New York PTSD Risk Score","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2858055]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39464863,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “A brief screening tool for assessing psychological trauma in clinical practice: development and validation of the New York PTSD Risk Score”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39464863/mini_magick20190222-22907-3czqqf.png?1550896247" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A brief screening tool for assessing psychological trauma in clinical practice: development and validation of the New York PTSD Risk Score</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2858055" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/CharlesFigley"><img alt="Profile image of Charles R Figley" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2858055/941034/21880724/s65_charles.figley.jpg" />Charles R Figley</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2011, General Hospital Psychiatry</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">13 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2258984; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Objective: The objective was to develop a brief posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening instrument that is useful in clinical practice, 15 similar to the Framingham Risk Score used in cardiovascular medicine. 16 Methods: We used data collected in New York City after the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) and other trauma data to develop a new 17 PTSD prediction tool -the New York PTSD Risk Score. We used diagnostic test methods to examine different clinical domains, including 18 PTSD symptoms, trauma exposures, sleep disturbances, suicidal thoughts, depression symptoms, demographic factors and other measures to 19 assess different PTSD prediction models.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39464863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2258984/A_brief_screening_tool_for_assessing_psychological_trauma_in_clinical_practice_development_and_validation_of_the_New_York_PTSD_Risk_Score"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39464863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/2258984/A_brief_screening_tool_for_assessing_psychological_trauma_in_clinical_practice_development_and_validation_of_the_New_York_PTSD_Risk_Score"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Since research suggests different PTSD risk factors and outcomes for men and women, in the current study we assessed the suitability of male and female versions of this screening instrument among 3298 adults exposed to traumatic events. Using diagnostic test methods, including receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and bootstrap techniques, we examined different prediction domains, including core PTSD symptoms, trauma exposures, sleep disturbances, depression symptoms, and other measures to assess PTSD prediction models for men and women. While the original NYPRS worked well in predicting PTSD, significant interaction was detected by gender, suggesting that separate models are warranted for men and women. Model comparisons suggested that while the overall results appeared robust, prediction results differed by gender. For example, for women, core PTSD symptoms contributed more to the prediction score than for men. For men, depression symptoms, sleep disturbance, and trauma exposure contributed more to the prediction score. Men also had higher cut-off scores for PTSD compared to women. There were other gender-specific differences as well. The NYPRS is a screener that appears to be effective in predicting PTSD status among at-risk populations. However, consistent with other medical research, this instrument appears to require male and female versions to be the most effective.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The New York PTSD risk score for assessment of psychological trauma: Male and female versions","attachmentId":31643746,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4130390/The_New_York_PTSD_risk_score_for_assessment_of_psychological_trauma_Male_and_female_versions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4130390/The_New_York_PTSD_risk_score_for_assessment_of_psychological_trauma_Male_and_female_versions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="24463527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24463527/Predicting_Future_PTSD_using_a_Modified_New_York_Risk_Score_Implications_for_Patient_Screening_and_Management">Predicting Future PTSD using a Modified New York Risk Score: Implications for Patient Screening and Management</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46743899" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JBoscarino">Joseph Boscarino</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Minerva psichiatrica, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">AIM: We previously developed a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening instrument - the New York PTSD Risk Score - that was effective in predicting PTSD. In the present study, we assessed a 12-month prospective version of this risk score, which is important for patient management, follow-up, and for emergency medicine. METHODS: Using data collected in a study of New York City adults after the World Trade Center Disaster (WTCD), we developed a new PTSD prediction tool. Using diagnostic test methods, including receiver operating curve (ROC) and bootstrap procedures, we examined different prediction variables to assess PTSD status 12 months after initial assessment among 1,681 trauma-exposed adults. RESULTS: While our original PTSD screener worked well in the short term, it was not specifically developed to predict long-term PTSD. In the current study, we found that the Primary Care PTSD Screener (PCPS), when combined with psychosocial predictors from the original NY Risk Score,...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Predicting Future PTSD using a Modified New York Risk Score: Implications for Patient Screening and Management","attachmentId":44794821,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/24463527/Predicting_Future_PTSD_using_a_Modified_New_York_Risk_Score_Implications_for_Patient_Screening_and_Management","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/24463527/Predicting_Future_PTSD_using_a_Modified_New_York_Risk_Score_Implications_for_Patient_Screening_and_Management"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="110556135" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110556135/New_York_PTSD_Risk_Score">New York PTSD Risk Score</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2858055" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/CharlesFigley">Charles R Figley</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PsycTESTS Dataset, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: The objective was to develop a brief posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening instrument that is useful in clinical practice, similar to the Framingham Risk Score used in cardiovascular medicine. Methods: We used data collected in New York City after the World Trade Center disaster (WTCD) and other trauma data to develop a new PTSD prediction tool-the New York PTSD Risk Score. We used diagnostic test methods to examine different clinical domains, including PTSD symptoms, trauma exposures, sleep disturbances, suicidal thoughts, depression symptoms, demographic factors and other measures to assess different PTSD prediction models. Results: Using receiver operating curve (ROC) and bootstrap methods, five prediction domains, including core PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbance, access to care status, depression symptoms and trauma history, and five demographic variables, including gender, age, education, race and ethnicity, were identified. For the best prediction model, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.880 for the Primary Care PTSD Screen alone (specificity=82.2%, sensitivity=93.7%). Adding care status, sleep disturbance, depression and trauma exposure increased the AUC to 0.943 (specificity=85.7%, sensitivity=93.1%), a significant ROC improvement (Pb.0001). Adding demographic variables increased the AUC to 0.945, which was not significant (P=.250). To externally validate these models, we applied the WTCD results to 705 pain patients treated at a multispecialty group practice and to 225 trauma patients treated at a Level I Trauma Center. These results validated those from the original WTCD development and validation samples. Conclusion: The New York PTSD Risk Score is a multifactor prediction tool that includes the Primary Care PTSD Screen, depression symptoms, access to care, sleep disturbance, trauma history and demographic variables and appears to be effective in predicting PTSD among patients seen in healthcare settings. This prediction tool is simple to administer and appears to outperform other screening measures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New York PTSD Risk Score","attachmentId":108339555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110556135/New_York_PTSD_Risk_Score","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110556135/New_York_PTSD_Risk_Score"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="54451973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54451973/Broadening_the_Approach_to_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_and_the_Consequences_of_Trauma">Broadening the Approach to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Consequences of Trauma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38564577" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TracySimpson2">Tracy Simpson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">JAMA, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is common for individuals to experience potentially lifethreatening traumatic events over the course of their lives and subsequently to experience psychological distress associated with the traumatic events. Although most people recover from such distress without lasting consequences, some develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which, left untreated, may result in symptoms, such as nightmares, intrusive memories, and emotional numbing, that can last for decades. 1 Military personnel are at particularly high risk of PTSD because deployments to combat zones increase the risk of exposure to trauma. The effects of PTSD on military and civilian patients, their families, and society in general can be profound. Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with increased risks of suicide, depression, substance use disorders, intimate partner violence, unemployment, and persistently low quality of life. 2 In addition, trauma and PTSD are associated with a higher risk of other health problems, including coronary artery disease, arthritis, asthma, gastrointestinal symptoms, and all-cause mortality. 3,4 There are also spiritual and moral dimensions to experiencing or committing acts of trauma, which can endure across the life span. 5 Given the marked influence of PTSD on multiple domains of health and well-being, reliable assessment tools and effective treatments for PTSD suitable for broad implementation are needed. To aid the field in identifying reliable assessment tools, Spoont et al 6 reviewed the literature on brief screening instruments and report their findings in this issue of JAMA. Based on their evaluation of 23 studies involving 15 different screening instruments for PTSD, the authors determined that 2 screening instruments, the Primary Care PTSD screener (PC-PTSD) and the PTSD Checklist (PCL), performed best. The 4-item PC-PTSD had a positive likelihood ratio of 6.9 (95% CI, 5.5-8.8) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.30 (95% CI, 0.21-0.44) using the same score indicating a positive screening result as used by the Department of Veterans Affairs in all of its primary care clinics. The 17-item PCL had a positive likelihood ratio of 5.2 (95% CI, 3.6-7.5) and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.33 (95% CI, 0.29-0.37) using scores of around 40 as indicating a positive screening result. The authors suggest that the performance characteristics of these 2 screening tools may make them reasonable for use in primary care clinics or in community settings with high-risk populations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Broadening the Approach to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Consequences of Trauma","attachmentId":70807573,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54451973/Broadening_the_Approach_to_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_and_the_Consequences_of_Trauma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54451973/Broadening_the_Approach_to_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_and_the_Consequences_of_Trauma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="100474851" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100474851/Evaluation_of_post_traumatic_stress_disorder_PTSD_and_related_comorbidities_in_clinical_studies">Evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related comorbidities in clinical studies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="114734902" href="https://ubbcluj.academia.edu/StefanaDobran">Stefana Dobran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Medicine and Life</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) of varying severities are experiencing adverse outcomes during and after rehabilitation. Besides depression and anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highly encountered in civilian and military populations. As more prospective and retrospective studies – focused on evaluating new or old psychological therapies in inpatient, outpatient, or controlled environments, targeting patients with PTSD with or without a history of TBI – are carried out, researchers are employing various scales to measure PTSD as well as other psychiatric diagnoses or cognitive impairments that might appear following TBI. We aimed to explore the literature published between January 2010 and October 2021 by querying three databases. Our preliminary results showed that several scales – such as the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Military Version (PCL-M) as well as Specific Version (PCL-S), and Civilian Ver...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related comorbidities in clinical studies","attachmentId":101289007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100474851/Evaluation_of_post_traumatic_stress_disorder_PTSD_and_related_comorbidities_in_clinical_studies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100474851/Evaluation_of_post_traumatic_stress_disorder_PTSD_and_related_comorbidities_in_clinical_studies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="96009006" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96009006/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_Manhattan_New_York_City_After_the_September_11th_Terrorist_Attacks">Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Manhattan, New York City, After the September 11th Terrorist Attacks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="83553078" href="https://washington.academia.edu/JenniferStuber">Jennifer Stuber</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Estimates of acute mental health symptoms in the general population after disasters are scarce. We assessed the prevalence and correlates of acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in residents of Manhattan 5-8 weeks after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. We used random-digit dialing to contact a representative sample of adults living in Manhattan below 110th Street. Participants were interviewed about prior life events, personal characteristics, exposure to the events of September 11th, and psychological symptoms after the attack. Among 988 eligible adults, 19.3% reported symptoms consistent with PTSD at some point in their life, and 8.8% reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of current (within the past 30 days) PTSD. Overall, 57.8% of respondents reported at least one PTSD symptom in the past month. The most common past-month symptoms were intrusive memories (27.4%) and insomnia (24.5%). Predictors of current PTSD in a multivariable model were residence below Canal Street, low social support, life stressors 12 months prior to September 11th, perievent panic attack, losing possessions in the attacks, and involvement in the rescue efforts. These findings can help guide resource planning for future disasters in densely populated urban areas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Manhattan, New York City, After the September 11th Terrorist Attacks","attachmentId":98028275,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96009006/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_Manhattan_New_York_City_After_the_September_11th_Terrorist_Attacks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96009006/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_in_Manhattan_New_York_City_After_the_September_11th_Terrorist_Attacks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="20231468" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20231468/Empirical_Examination_of_a_Proposed_Refinement_to_DSM_IV_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Symptom_Criteria_Using_the_National_Comorbidity_Survey_Replication_Data">Empirical Examination of a Proposed Refinement to DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Criteria Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Data</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27659416" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToddKashdan">Todd Kashdan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Empirical Examination of a Proposed Refinement to DSM-IV Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Criteria Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Data","attachmentId":41083713,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20231468/Empirical_Examination_of_a_Proposed_Refinement_to_DSM_IV_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Symptom_Criteria_Using_the_National_Comorbidity_Survey_Replication_Data","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20231468/Empirical_Examination_of_a_Proposed_Refinement_to_DSM_IV_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Symptom_Criteria_Using_the_National_Comorbidity_Survey_Replication_Data"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="65819874" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65819874/Long_Term_PTSD_and_Comorbidity_with_Depression_Among_World_Trade_Center_Responders">Long-Term PTSD and Comorbidity with Depression Among World Trade Center Responders</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42855751" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LuftBenjamin">Benjamin Luft</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Trade Center Pulmonary Diseases and Multi-Organ System Manifestations</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Long-Term PTSD and Comorbidity with Depression Among World Trade Center Responders","attachmentId":77250741,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65819874/Long_Term_PTSD_and_Comorbidity_with_Depression_Among_World_Trade_Center_Responders","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65819874/Long_Term_PTSD_and_Comorbidity_with_Depression_Among_World_Trade_Center_Responders"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="71399772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71399772/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Post_9_11_A_Review_of_the_Evidence_and_Implications_for_Public_Health_Policy">Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post 9/11: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Public Health Policy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="166765502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RCrupi">Robert Crupi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mass fatality incidents due to terrorism are becoming more common. Addressing the mental health needs of the general population and first responders exposed to these attacks is a pressing concern. Following the 9/11 attacks, a wide range of mental and physical health outcomes were reported, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of this paper is to provide a broad overview of the existing data on PTSD in civilian and responder samples following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon to provide guidance for resource planning purposes. We examine the prevalence and course of illness, including evidence on the persistence and late onset of symptoms among a proportion of the population, and review both personal and event-related risk factors across groups. We discuss brief screening instruments necessary for ongoing monitoring, and review interventions focusing on building resilience, preventing symptom development, and treating PTSD symptoms. Overall, the literature suggests a substantial burden of PTSD following mass fatality incidents. The epidemiological evidence highlights the importance of managing the health risks associated with volunteering in response to terror attacks. There is relatively clear guidance for the treatment of PTSD in the general public, although there is a need for greater dissemination of treatments and better access to care. Less is known about prevention and treatment for responders. There is empirical support for several psychotherapeutic interventions for PTSD among these responders, but there is less evidence available to guide primary prevention programs for the public or responders. Planners will need to provide resources for long-term support for mental health following terror events and use a flexible approach for delivering available resources.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Post 9/11: A Review of the Evidence and Implications for Public Health Policy","attachmentId":80758727,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71399772/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Post_9_11_A_Review_of_the_Evidence_and_Implications_for_Public_Health_Policy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71399772/Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_Post_9_11_A_Review_of_the_Evidence_and_Implications_for_Public_Health_Policy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="94599937" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94599937/Typologies_of_posttraumatic_stress_disorder_in_the_U_S_adult_population">Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. adult population</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="252517543" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilippKuwert">Philipp Kuwert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Affective Disorders, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by heterogeneous clusters of reexperiencing, avoidance, numbing, and hyperarousal symptoms. However, data are lacking regarding the predominant, population-based typologies of this disorder, and how they are linked to trauma-related characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, and health-related quality of life. Methods: We used latent class analyses (LCAs) to evaluate predominant typologies of PTSD in a nationally representative sample of 2463 U.S. adults with PTSD. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were then conducted to evaluate trauma-related characteristics, psychiatric comorbidities, and health-related quality of life variables associated with these typologies. Results: LCAs revealed three predominant typologies of PTSD-Anxious-Re-experiencing (weighted prevalence ¼32.2%), Dysphoric (32.8%), and High Symptom (35.0%). Compared to the Dysphoric class, the Anxious-Re-experiencing and High Symptom classes were more likely to report sexual assault, physical assault, and military combat as their worst traumatic events; had an earlier age of onset and longer duration of PTSD; and were more likely to be diagnosed with nicotine dependence and borderline personality disorder, to have attempted suicide, and had poorer physical health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The High Symptom class had increased odds of all disorders, suicide attempts, and the poorest HRQoL. Limitations: Diagnoses were based on DSM-IV criteria and cross-sectional analyses preclude examination of how PTSD typologies are temporally related to other variables. Conclusion: PTSD in the general U.S. adult population is characterized by three predominant typologies, which are differentially linked to trauma and clinical characteristics. These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches to the assessment, monitoring, and treatment of PTSD that take into consideration the heterogeneous manifestations of this disorder.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Typologies of posttraumatic stress disorder in the U.S. adult population","attachmentId":97012270,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94599937/Typologies_of_posttraumatic_stress_disorder_in_the_U_S_adult_population","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94599937/Typologies_of_posttraumatic_stress_disorder_in_the_U_S_adult_population"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39464863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39464863,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39464863" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="15322886" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15322886/Comparing_Screening_Instruments_to_Predict_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder">Comparing Screening Instruments to Predict Posttraumatic Stress Disorder</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34433094" href="https://umcu.academia.edu/JohannesReitsma">Johannes Reitsma</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button 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data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The challenge of assessing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): An umbrella review on the PTSD prevalence following different types of traumatic events","attachmentId":108498044,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110788669/The_challenge_of_assessing_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD_An_umbrella_review_on_the_PTSD_prevalence_following_different_types_of_traumatic_events","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110788669/The_challenge_of_assessing_Posttraumatic_Stress_Disorder_PTSD_An_umbrella_review_on_the_PTSD_prevalence_following_different_types_of_traumatic_events"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View 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DiGrande, Y. Neria, RM. Brackbill, P. Pulliam, S. Galea. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among 3,271 Civilian World Trade Center Tower Survivors of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks. American Journal Of Epidemiology, Vol 173, 2011 (pp 271-281). DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwq372</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6957225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertBrackbill">Robert Brackbill</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Epidemiology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"L. DiGrande, Y. Neria, RM. Brackbill, P. Pulliam, S. Galea. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among 3,271 Civilian World Trade Center Tower Survivors of the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attacks. 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