Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="grade-c"> <head> <title>Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance | Nature Ecology & Evolution</title> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol.rss"/> <script id="save-data-connection-testing"> function hasConnection() { return navigator.connection || navigator.mozConnection || navigator.webkitConnection || navigator.msConnection; } function createLink(src) { var preloadLink = document.createElement("link"); preloadLink.rel = "preload"; preloadLink.href = src; preloadLink.as = "font"; preloadLink.type = "font/woff2"; preloadLink.crossOrigin = ""; document.head.insertBefore(preloadLink, document.head.firstChild); } var connectionDetail = { saveDataEnabled: false, slowConnection: false }; var connection = hasConnection(); if (connection) { connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled = connection.saveData; if (/\slow-2g|2g/.test(connection.effectiveType)) { connectionDetail.slowConnection = true; } } if (!(connectionDetail.saveDataEnabled || connectionDetail.slowConnection)) { createLink("/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2"); } else { document.documentElement.classList.add('save-data'); } </script> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cmp.nature.com" crossorigin> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0,maximum-scale=5,user-scalable=yes"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="5a2dc4ab3fcb9b0393241ffbbb490480" /> <script data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"category":{"contentType":"article","legacy":{"webtrendsPrimaryArticleType":"research","webtrendsSubjectTerms":"invasive-species;macroecology","webtrendsContentCategory":null,"webtrendsContentCollection":null,"webtrendsContentGroup":"Nature Ecology & Evolution","webtrendsContentGroupType":null,"webtrendsContentSubGroup":"Article","status":null}},"article":{"doi":"10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y"},"attributes":{"cms":null,"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","copyright":{"open":false,"legacy":{"webtrendsLicenceType":null}}},"contentInfo":{"authors":["Ninad Avinash Mungi","Yadvendradev V. Jhala","Qamar Qureshi","Elizabeth le Roux","Jens-Christian Svenning"],"publishedAt":1693440000,"publishedAtString":"2023-08-31","title":"Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance","legacy":null,"publishedAtTime":null,"documentType":"aplusplus","subjects":"Invasive species,Macroecology"},"journal":{"pcode":"natecolevol","title":"nature ecology & evolution","volume":"7","issue":"10","id":41559,"publishingModel":"Hybrid Access"},"authorization":{"status":false},"features":[{"name":"furtherReadingSection","present":true}],"collection":null},"page":{"category":{"pageType":"article"},"attributes":{"template":"mosaic","featureFlags":[{"name":"nature-onwards-journey","active":false}],"testGroup":null},"search":null},"privacy":{},"version":"1.0.0","product":null,"session":null,"user":null,"backHalfContent":true,"country":"HK","hasBody":true,"uneditedManuscript":false,"twitterId":["o3xnx","o43y9","o3ef7"],"baiduId":"d38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea","japan":false}]; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-ERRNTNZ807', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-71668177-1', twitterId: ['3xnx', 'o43y9', 'o3ef7'], baiduId: 'd38bce82bcb44717ccc29a90c4b781ea', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.nature.com', imprint: 'nature' }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card--major .c-card__title,.c-card__title,.u-h2,.u-h3,h2,h3{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,.u-h3,h3{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.4rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4rem}html{text-size-adjust:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;line-height:1.15;overflow-y:scroll}body{background:#eee;color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.76;margin:0;min-height:100%}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a,sup{vertical-align:baseline}a{background-color:transparent;color:#069;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto;word-break:break-word}b{font-weight:bolder}sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;top:-.5em}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input,select{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0}button,input{overflow:visible}button,select{text-transform:none}[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=checkbox]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}h1{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0390625rem;line-height:2.25rem}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h2,.u-h3,h2{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}.c-card--major .c-card__title,.u-h2,h2{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.6rem}.u-h3{font-size:1.25rem}.c-card__title,.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h3,.u-h4,h4,h5,h6{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,.c-card__title,h3{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;font-size:1.25rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__article-title,h3{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem;line-height:1.4rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title,.u-h4,h4{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;letter-spacing:-.0117156rem}button:focus{outline:3px solid #fece3e;will-change:transform}input+label{padding-left:.5em}nav ol,nav ul{list-style:none none}p:empty{display:none}.sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.article-page{background:#fff}.c-article-header{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:40px}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}.c-article-title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;margin:0 0 16px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list svg{margin-left:4px}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#069;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-info-details{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:16px}.c-article-info-details__cite-as{border-left:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-left:8px;padding-left:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper{margin:16px 0}.c-article-metrics-bar__item{align-items:baseline;border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-right:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar__item:last-child{border-right:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__label{color:#626262;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0 10px 0 5px}.c-article-metrics-bar__details{margin:0}.c-article-main-column{font-family:Harding,Palatino,serif;margin-right:8.6%;width:60.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-main-column{margin-right:0;width:100%}}.c-article-extras{float:left;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;width:31.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-extras{display:none}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{border-bottom:2px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1.25rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.24}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title{margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-body p{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-section{clear:both}.c-article-section__content{margin-bottom:40px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-section__content{padding-left:0}}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-article-license__badge,c-card__section{margin-top:8px}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #eee;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#069;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__content--less{max-height:9.5rem;overflow:hidden}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button{background-color:#fff;border:0;color:#069;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button.hover,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:active,.c-article-editorial-summary__container .c-article-editorial-summary__button:hover{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-context-bar{box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.2);position:relative;width:100%}.c-context-bar__title{display:none}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:389px}.c-reading-companion__scroll-pane{margin:0;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden auto}.c-reading-companion__tabs{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__tabs>li{flex-grow:1}.c-reading-companion__tab{background-color:#eee;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left-width:0;color:#069;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 15px;text-align:left;width:100%}.c-reading-companion__tabs li:first-child .c-reading-companion__tab{border-left-width:1px}.c-reading-companion__tab--active{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#222;font-weight:700}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{list-style:none;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{margin:0 0 8px;min-height:50px}.c-reading-companion__section-item{font-size:1rem;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__section-item a{display:block;line-height:1.5;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 0 8px 16px;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-reading-companion__figure-full-link svg{height:.8em;margin-left:2px}.c-reading-companion__panel{border-top:none;display:none;margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.c-cod,.c-reading-companion__panel--active{display:block}.c-cod{font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-basis:75%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:2px}.c-pdf-download{display:flex;margin-bottom:16px;max-height:48px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:48px}}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download__text{text-transform:capitalize}}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:8px}}.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download{display:block;margin-bottom:0;white-space:nowrap}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download .u-sticky-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}}.c-pdf-container{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{display:flex;flex-basis:100%}}.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:16px}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{width:100%}.c-article-extras .c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download+.c-pdf-download{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:none}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.article-page--commercial .c-article-main-column .c-pdf-button__container .c-pdf-download{display:block}}.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:2px solid #00b8b0;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:8px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card{flex-basis:100%}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{align-items:baseline;flex:1 1 40%;margin:0 0 0 16px;max-width:150px}.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image img{border:1px solid #cedbe0;height:auto;min-height:0;position:static}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-recommendations-list__item .c-card__image{display:none}}.c-card__layout{display:flex;flex:1 1 auto;justify-content:space-between}.c-card__title-recommendation{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:4;display:-webkit-box;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin:0 0 8px;max-height:5.6em;overflow:hidden!important;text-overflow:ellipsis}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link{color:inherit}.c-card__title-recommendation .c-card__link:hover{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__title-recommendation .MathJax_Display{display:inline!important}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{z-index:1}.c-article-metrics__heading a,.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title a,.c-article-recommendations-card__link{color:inherit}.c-recommendations-column-switch .c-meta{margin-top:auto}.c-article-recommendations-card__meta-type,.c-meta .c-meta__item:first-child{font-weight:700}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title{font-size:1.05rem}.c-article-metrics__posts .c-card__title+span{color:#6f6f6f;font-size:1rem}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:320px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#ccc;display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-author-list{color:#6f6f6f;font-family:inherit;font-size:1rem;line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-author-list>li,.c-breadcrumbs>li,.c-footer__links>li,.js .c-author-list,.u-list-comma-separated>li,.u-list-inline>li{display:inline}.c-author-list>li:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):before{content:", "}.c-author-list>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" & "}.c-author-list--compact{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-author-list--truncated>li:not(:only-child):last-child:before{content:" ... "}.js .c-author-list__hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.js .c-author-list__hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.c-meta{color:inherit;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-meta--large{font-size:1rem}.c-meta--large .c-meta__item{margin-bottom:8px}.c-meta__item{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:4px}.c-meta__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-right:4px;padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-meta__item--block-sm-max{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-sm-max:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-meta__item--block-at-lg{display:block}.c-meta__item--block-at-lg:not(:last-child){border-right:none;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}}.c-meta__type{font-weight:700;text-transform:none}.c-skip-link{background:#069;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:link{color:#fff}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;position:relative;width:100%}.c-card__summary>p:last-child,.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #eee;border-radius:2px;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#000;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#666}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#888;height:10px;margin:4px 4px 0;width:10px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-card{background-color:transparent;border:0;box-shadow:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:14px;min-width:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:relative}.c-card--no-shape{background:0 0;border:0;box-shadow:none}.c-card__image{display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative}@supports (aspect-ratio:1/1){.c-card__image{padding-bottom:0}}.c-card__image img{left:0;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;position:absolute}@supports ((-o-object-fit:cover) or (object-fit:cover)){.c-card__image img{height:100%;object-fit:cover;width:100%}}.c-card__body{flex:1 1 auto;padding:16px}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--no-shape .c-card__body:not(:first-child){padding-top:16px}.c-card__title{letter-spacing:-.01875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:0}[lang=de] .c-card__title{hyphens:auto}.c-card__summary{line-height:1.4}.c-card__summary>p{margin-bottom:5px}.c-card__summary a{text-decoration:underline}.c-card__link:not(.c-card__link--no-block-link):before{bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}.c-card--flush .c-card__body{padding:0}.c-card--major{font-size:1rem}.c-card--dark{background-color:#29303c;border-width:0;color:#e3e4e5}.c-card--dark .c-card__title{color:#fff}.c-card--dark .c-card__link,.c-card--dark .c-card__summary a{color:inherit}.c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:5px solid #000;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px}.c-header__row{padding:0;position:relative}.c-header__row:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #eee}.c-header__split{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:space-between}.c-header__logo-container{flex:1 1 0px;line-height:0;margin:8px 24px 8px 0}.c-header__logo{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-header__logo img{max-height:32px}.c-header__container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px}.c-header__menu{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:0 1 auto;flex-wrap:wrap;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px;padding:0}@media print{.c-header__menu{display:none}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-header__menu--hide-lg-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.c-header__menu--global{font-weight:400;justify-content:flex-end}.c-header__menu--global svg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__menu--global svg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--global svg{display:block;visibility:visible}}.c-header__menu--journal{font-size:.875rem;margin:8px 0 8px -8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal{flex-wrap:nowrap;font-size:1rem}}.c-header__item{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0;position:static}.c-header__item--pipe{border-left:2px solid #eee;padding-left:8px}.c-header__item--padding{padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__item--dropdown-menu{position:relative}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-header__item--hide-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-header__item--hide-md-max{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-header__item--hide-md-max:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.c-header__link{align-items:center;color:inherit;display:inline-flex;gap:4px 4px;padding:8px;white-space:nowrap}.c-header__link svg{transition-duration:.2s}.c-header__show-text{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__show-text{display:inline;visibility:visible}}.c-header__dropdown{background-color:#000;border-bottom:1px solid #2f2f2f;color:#eee;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.2;padding:16px 0}@media print{.c-header__dropdown{display:none}}.c-header__heading{display:inline-block;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__heading--keyline{border-top:1px solid;border-color:#2f2f2f;margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;width:100%}.c-header__list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0 16px;list-style:none;margin:0 -8px}.c-header__flush{margin:0 -8px}.c-header__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}.c-header__search-form{margin-bottom:8px}.c-header__search-layout{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 16px}.c-header__search-layout>:first-child{flex:999 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout>*{flex:1 1 auto}.c-header__search-layout--max-width{max-width:720px}.c-header__search-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;cursor:pointer;display:flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.15;margin:0;padding:8px 16px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:100%}.u-button svg,.u-button--primary svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-header__input,.c-header__select{border:1px solid;border-radius:3px;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 16px;width:100%}.c-header__select{-webkit-appearance:none;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z' fill='%23333' fill-rule='evenodd' transform='matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:right .7em top 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1em;box-shadow:0 1px 0 1px rgba(0,0,0,.04);display:block;margin:0;max-width:100%;min-width:150px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:auto;right:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__menu--journal .c-header__item--dropdown-menu:last-child .c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{left:0;right:auto}}.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{border-bottom:0;border-radius:0 0 2px 2px;left:0;position:absolute;top:100%;transform:translateY(5px);width:100%;z-index:1}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{transform:translateY(8px);width:auto}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-header__dropdown.has-tethered{min-width:225px}}.c-header__dropdown--full-width.has-tethered{padding:32px 0 24px;transform:none;width:100%}.has-tethered .c-header__heading--js-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .c-header__list--js-stack{flex-direction:column}.has-tethered .c-header__item--keyline,.has-tethered .c-header__list~.c-header__list .c-header__item:first-child{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;margin-top:8px;padding-top:8px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget{display:flex}.c-header__container{padding:0 4px}.c-header__list{padding:0 12px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:14px}.c-header__item--snid-account-widget .c-header__link{padding:8px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-header__container{padding:0 16px}.c-header__menu--journal{margin-left:-8px}.c-header__menu .c-header__link{font-size:16px}.c-header__link--search{gap:13px 13px}}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#069;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:8px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button--primary{background-color:#069;background-image:none;border:1px solid #069;color:#fff}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}@media print{.u-hide-print{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.u-hide-at-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide-at-lg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.u-clearfix:after,.u-clearfix:before{content:"";display:table}.u-clearfix:after{clear:both}.u-color-open-access{color:#b74616}.u-float-left{float:left}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-full-height{height:100%}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-16{margin-bottom:16px}.u-mb-24{margin-bottom:24px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.c-nature-box svg+.c-article__button-text,.u-ml-8{margin-left:8px}.u-pa-16{padding:16px}html *,html :after,html :before{box-sizing:inherit}.c-article-section__title,.c-article-title{font-weight:700}.c-card__title{line-height:1.4em}.c-article__button{background-color:#069;border:1px solid #069;border-radius:2px;color:#fff;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:16px;padding:13px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-article__button,.c-article__button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-article__button--inverted,.c-article__button:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#069}.c-article__button--inverted:hover{background-color:#069;color:#fff}.c-header__link{text-decoration:inherit}.grade-c-hide{display:block}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#ccc;display:none;min-height:137px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}.c-nature-box{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.1);line-height:1.3;margin-bottom:24px;padding:16px 16px 3px}.c-nature-box__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-nature-box .c-pdf-download{margin-bottom:16px!important}.c-nature-box--version{background-color:#eee}.c-nature-box__wrapper{transform:translateZ(0)}.c-nature-box__wrapper--placeholder{min-height:165px}.c-pdf-download__link{padding:13px 24px} } </style> <link data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-nature-branded-68c4876c28.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/enhanced-article-nature-branded-68c4876c28.css" media="only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)"> </noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/css/article-print-122346e276.css" media="print"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/apple-touch-icon-f39cb19454.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-48x48-b52890008c.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-32x32-3fe59ece92.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon-16x16-951651ab72.png> <link rel="manifest" href=/static/manifest.json crossorigin="use-credentials"> <link rel="mask-icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/safari-pinned-tab-69bff48fe6.svg color="#000000"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href=/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.ico> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content=/static/browserconfig.xml> <meta name="theme-color" content="#000000"> <meta name="application-name" content="Nature"> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script>  <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script>  <script> (function(w,d,t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; if (h.indexOf('preview-www.nature.com') > -1) return; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('nature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('test-www.nature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-68.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else { e.src = '/static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window,document,'script'); </script> <script id="js-position0"> (function(w, d) { w.idpVerifyPrefix = 'https://verify.nature.com'; w.ra21Host = 'https://wayf.springernature.com'; var moduleSupport = (function() { return 'noModule' in d.createElement('script'); })(); if (w.config.mustardcut === true) { w.loader = { index: 0, registered: [], scripts: [ {src: '/static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-c8a573ca90.js', test: 'global-article-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-d17603b9e9.js', test: 'global-article-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es6-bundle-606cb67187.js', test: 'shared-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/shared-es5-bundle-e919764a53.js', test: 'shared-js', nomodule: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es6-bundle-5bb959eaa1.js', test: 'header-150-js', module: true}, {src: '/static/js/header-150-es5-bundle-994fde5b1d.js', test: 'header-150-js', nomodule: true} ].filter(function (s) { if (s.src === null) return false; if (moduleSupport && s.nomodule) return false; return !(!moduleSupport && s.module); }), register: function (value) { this.registered.push(value); }, ready: function () { if (this.registered.length === this.scripts.length) { this.registered.forEach(function (fn) { if (typeof fn === 'function') { setTimeout(fn, 0); } }); this.ready = function () {}; } }, insert: function (s) { var t = d.getElementById('js-position' + this.index); if (t && t.insertAdjacentElement) { t.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', s); } else { d.head.appendChild(s); } ++this.index; }, createScript: function (script, beforeLoad) { var s = d.createElement('script'); s.id = 'js-position' + (this.index + 1); s.setAttribute('data-test', script.test); if (beforeLoad) { s.defer = 'defer'; s.onload = function () { if (script.noinit) { loader.register(true); } if (d.readyState === 'interactive' || d.readyState === 'complete') { loader.ready(); } }; } else { s.async = 'async'; } s.src = script.src; return s; }, init: function () { this.scripts.forEach(function (s) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(s, true)); }); d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { loader.ready(); var conditionalScripts; conditionalScripts = [ {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es6-bundle-464a2af269.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', module: true }, {match: 'div[data-pan-container]', src: '/static/js/pan-zoom-es5-bundle-98fb9b653b.js', test: 'pan-zoom-js', nomodule: true }, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es6-bundle-23597ae350.js', test: 'math-js', module: true}, {match: 'math,span.mathjax-tex', src: '/static/js/math-es5-bundle-6532c6f78b.js', test: 'math-js', nomodule: true} ]; if (conditionalScripts) { conditionalScripts.filter(function (script) { return !!document.querySelector(script.match) && !((moduleSupport && script.nomodule) || (!moduleSupport && script.module)); }).forEach(function (script) { loader.insert(loader.createScript(script)); }); } }, false); } }; loader.init(); } })(window, document); </script> <meta name="robots" content="noarchive"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/search"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/opensearch.xml" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="nature.com"> <link rel="search" href="https://www.nature.com/opensearch/request" type="application/sru+xml" title="nature.com"> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance","description":"While human-driven biological invasions are rapidly spreading, finding scalable and effective control methods poses an unresolved challenge. Here, we assess whether megaherbivores—herbivores reaching ≥1,000 kg of body mass—offer a nature-based solution to plant invasions. Invasive plants are generally adapted to maximize vegetative growth. Megaherbivores, with broad dietary tolerances, could remove large biomass of established plants, facilitating new plant growth. We used a massive dataset obtained from 26,838 camera stations and 158,979 vegetation plots to assess the relationships between megaherbivores, native plants and alien plants across India (~121,330 km2). We found a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant richness and abundance, and a concomitant reduction in alien plant abundance. This relationship was strongest in protected areas with midproductive ecosystem and high megaherbivore density but it was lost in areas where thicket-forming alien plants predominated (>40% cover). By incorporating the role of ecosystem productivity, plants traits and densities of megaherbivores on megaherbivore–vegetation relationships, our study highlights a function of megaherbivores in controlling alien plant proliferation and facilitating diverse native plants in invaded ecosystems. The study shows great potential for megafauna-based trophic rewilding as a nature-based solution to counteract dominance of plant invasions. Analysing camera trap data from >26,000 stations and >158,000 vegetation plots across 12 ecoregions in India, the authors find a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant species richness and abundance, but reductions in alien plant species abundance.","datePublished":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2023-08-31T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1645","pageEnd":"1653","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y","keywords":["Invasive species","Macroecology","Life Sciences","general","Ecology","Evolutionary Biology","Zoology","Paleontology","Biological and Physical Anthropology"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig1_HTML.png","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig2_HTML.png"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature Ecology & Evolution","issn":["2397-334X"],"volumeNumber":"7","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Ninad Avinash Mungi","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-0457","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University","address":{"name":"Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"},{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India","address":{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"shastri.ninad@gmail.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Yadvendradev V. Jhala","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-1384","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India","address":{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Qamar Qureshi","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India","address":{"name":"Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Elizabeth le Roux","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University","address":{"name":"Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Jens-Christian Svenning","url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University","address":{"name":"Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y"> <meta name="journal_id" content="41559"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Nature Ecology & Evolution 2023 7:10"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2023-08-31"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="While human-driven biological invasions are rapidly spreading, finding scalable and effective control methods poses an unresolved challenge. Here, we assess whether megaherbivores—herbivores reaching ≥1,000 kg of body mass—offer a nature-based solution to plant invasions. Invasive plants are generally adapted to maximize vegetative growth. Megaherbivores, with broad dietary tolerances, could remove large biomass of established plants, facilitating new plant growth. We used a massive dataset obtained from 26,838 camera stations and 158,979 vegetation plots to assess the relationships between megaherbivores, native plants and alien plants across India (~121,330 km2). We found a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant richness and abundance, and a concomitant reduction in alien plant abundance. This relationship was strongest in protected areas with midproductive ecosystem and high megaherbivore density but it was lost in areas where thicket-forming alien plants predominated (&gt;40% cover). By incorporating the role of ecosystem productivity, plants traits and densities of megaherbivores on megaherbivore–vegetation relationships, our study highlights a function of megaherbivores in controlling alien plant proliferation and facilitating diverse native plants in invaded ecosystems. The study shows great potential for megafauna-based trophic rewilding as a nature-based solution to counteract dominance of plant invasions. Analysing camera trap data from &gt;26,000 stations and &gt;158,000 vegetation plots across 12 ecoregions in India, the authors find a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant species richness and abundance, but reductions in alien plant species abundance."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="2397-334X"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Nature Ecology & Evolution"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2023-08-31"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="10"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1645"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1653"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Nature Ecology & Evolution"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Nat Ecol Evol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Nature Publishing Group"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2397-334X"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="10"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/10"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2023/08/31"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1645"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1653"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="size" content="149031"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="While human-driven biological invasions are rapidly spreading, finding scalable and effective control methods poses an unresolved challenge. Here, we assess whether megaherbivores—herbivores reaching ≥1,000 kg of body mass—offer a nature-based solution to plant invasions. Invasive plants are generally adapted to maximize vegetative growth. Megaherbivores, with broad dietary tolerances, could remove large biomass of established plants, facilitating new plant growth. We used a massive dataset obtained from 26,838 camera stations and 158,979 vegetation plots to assess the relationships between megaherbivores, native plants and alien plants across India (~121,330 km2). We found a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant richness and abundance, and a concomitant reduction in alien plant abundance. This relationship was strongest in protected areas with midproductive ecosystem and high megaherbivore density but it was lost in areas where thicket-forming alien plants predominated (&gt;40% cover). By incorporating the role of ecosystem productivity, plants traits and densities of megaherbivores on megaherbivore–vegetation relationships, our study highlights a function of megaherbivores in controlling alien plant proliferation and facilitating diverse native plants in invaded ecosystems. The study shows great potential for megafauna-based trophic rewilding as a nature-based solution to counteract dominance of plant invasions. Analysing camera trap data from &gt;26,000 stations and &gt;158,000 vegetation plots across 12 ecoregions in India, the authors find a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant species richness and abundance, but reductions in alien plant species abundance."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Mungi, Ninad Avinash"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jhala, Yadvendradev V."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Qureshi, Qamar"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="le Roux, Elizabeth"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Svenning, Jens-Christian"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Invasive species"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Macroecology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and Their Control (IPBES, 2018); https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ipbes-6-inf-10_en.pdf "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide; citation_author=C Diagne; citation_volume=592; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=571-576; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glob. Change Biol.; citation_title=Drivers of future alien species impacts: an expert-based assessment; citation_author=F Essl; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=4880-4893; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol. Rev.; citation_title=Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species; citation_author=P Pyšek; citation_volume=95; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1511-1534; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.; citation_title=Are terrestrial biological invasions different in the Tropics?; citation_author=KY Chong; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=291-314; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems; citation_author=J Barlow; citation_volume=559; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=517-526; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Defaunation in the anthropocene; citation_author=R Dirzo; citation_volume=345; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=401-406; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation; citation_author=ET Borer; citation_volume=508; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=517-520; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Trends Ecol. Evol.; citation_title=On the three major recycling pathways in terrestrial ecosystems; citation_author=JG Pausas, WJ Bond; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=767-775; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Castorena, M., Olson, M. E., Enquist, B. J. & Fajardo, A. Toward a general theory of plant carbon economics. Trends Ecol. Evol. 37, 829–837 (2022)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Owen-Smith, R. N. Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Trends Ecol. Evol.; citation_title=Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas; citation_author=JGC Hopcraft, H Olff, AR Sinclair; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=119-128; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ecography; citation_title=Megafauna in the Earth system; citation_author=FA Smith, CE Doughty, Y Malhi, J-C Svenning, J Terborgh; citation_volume=39; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=99-108; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=A continent-wide assessment of the form and intensity of large mammal herbivory in Africa; citation_author=GP Hempson, S Archibald, WJ Bond; citation_volume=350; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=1056-1061; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Appl. Ecol.; citation_title=Exploring a natural baseline for large-herbivore biomass in ecological restoration; citation_author=C Fløjgaard, PBM Pedersen, CJ Sandom, J-C Svenning, R Ejrnæs; citation_volume=59; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=18-24; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Veg. Sci.; citation_title=Large parts of the world are brown or black: a different view on the ‘Green World’ hypothesis; citation_author=WJ Bond; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=261-266; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA; citation_title=The generality of cryptic dietary niche differences in diverse large-herbivore assemblages; citation_author=J Pansu; citation_volume=119; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=e2204400119; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Commun.; citation_title=The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning; citation_author=BJ Enquist, AJ Abraham, MBJ Harfoot, Y Malhi, CE Doughty; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Ecol. Evol.; citation_title=Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion; citation_author=JA Guyton; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=712-724; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Ecol.; citation_title=Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests; citation_author=NA Mungi, Q Qureshi, YV Jhala; citation_volume=109; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_pages=3308-3321; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA; citation_title=Reintroducing bison results in long-running and resilient increases in grassland diversity; citation_author=Z Ratajczak; citation_volume=119; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=e2210433119; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nat. Ecol. Evol.; citation_title=Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity; citation_author=SE Koerner; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1925-1932; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=For. Ecol. Manag.; citation_title=Multiple invasions exert combined magnified effects on native plants, soil nutrients and alters the plant–herbivore interaction in dry tropical forest; citation_author=R Rastogi, Q Qureshi, A Shrivastava, YV Jhala; citation_volume=531; citation_publication_date=2023; citation_pages=120781; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.; citation_title=Megafauna biogeography explains plant functional trait variability in the tropics; citation_author=VL Dantas, JG Pausas; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=1288-1298; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions; citation_author=JD Parker, DE Burkepile, ME Hay; citation_volume=311; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1459-1461; citation_id=CR25"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glob. Ecol. Conserv.; citation_title=Expanding niche and degrading forests: key to the successful global invasion of Lantana camara (sensu lato); citation_author=NA Mungi, Q Qureshi, YV Jhala; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=e01080; citation_id=CR26"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S. P. Status of Leopards, Co-predators, and Megaherbivores in India, 2018 (National Tiger Conservation Authority, 2021)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Largest Camera-Trap Wildlife Survey (Guinness World Record, 2021); https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601784-largest-camera-trap-wildlife-survey "/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol. Conserv.; citation_title=Feeding behaviour of the Asiatic elephant in south-east Sri Lanka in relation to conservation; citation_author=BWB Vancuylenberg; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=1977; citation_pages=33-54; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biotropica; citation_title=Fruit, minerals, and forest elephant trails: do all roads lead to Rome?; citation_author=S Blake, C Inkamba-Nkulu; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=392-401; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Science; citation_title=The effects of defaunation on plants’ capacity to track climate change; citation_author=EC Fricke, A Ordonez, HS Rogers, J-C Svenning; citation_volume=375; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=210-214; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nature; citation_title=Determinants of woody cover in African savannas; citation_author=M Sankaran; citation_volume=438; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=846-849; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Ecography; citation_title=Top-down limits on prey populations may be more severe in larger prey species, despite having fewer predators; citation_author=E Roux; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=1115-1123; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biotropica; citation_title=Grazing lawns in Terai grasslands, Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal; citation_author=JB Karki, YV Jhala, PP Khanna; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=423-429; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jhala, Y. V. & Isvaran, K. The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia (eds Ahrestani, F. S. & Sankaran, M.) 151–176 (Springer, 2016)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Svenning, J.-C., Munk, M. & Schweiger, A. in Rewilding (ed. Pettorelli, N.) 73–89 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biologia; citation_title=Identifying knowledge gaps in the research and management of invasive species in India; citation_author=NA Mungi; citation_volume=74; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=623-629; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biotropica; citation_title=Foraging relationships between elephants and Lantana camara invasion in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India; citation_author=G Wilson, MAM Gruber, PJ Lester; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=194-201; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Sukumar, R. The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol. Conserv.; citation_title=Patterns and correlates of human–elephant conflict around a south Indian reserve; citation_author=S Gubbi; citation_volume=148; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=88-95; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BioScience; citation_title=Reinvasion is not invasion again; citation_author=PB Banks, AE Byrom, RP Pech, CR Dickman; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=792-804; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J. Arid Environ.; citation_title=The perfect storm: land use change promotes Opuntia stricta’s invasion of pastoral rangelands in Kenya; citation_author=SC Strum, G Stirling, SK Mutunga; citation_volume=118; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=37-47; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Rep.; citation_title=Feasibility of reintroducing grassland megaherbivores, the greater one-horned rhinoceros, and swamp buffalo within their historic global range; citation_author=HY Jhala, Q Qureshi, YV Jhala, SA Black; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=2021; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Sci. Adv.; citation_title=Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores; citation_author=WJ Ripple; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2015; citation_pages=e1400103; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Conserv. Lett.; citation_title=The need for a more inclusive science of elephant conservation; citation_author=L Cassidy, J Salerno; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=e12717; citation_id=CR45"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Environ. Conserv.; citation_title=Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing; citation_author=R Groom, S Harris; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=242-251; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA; citation_title=Science for a wilder Anthropocene: synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research; citation_author=J-C Svenning; citation_volume=113; citation_publication_date=2016; citation_pages=898-906; citation_id=CR47"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Curr. Biol.; citation_title=The role of large wild animals in climate change mitigation and adaptation; citation_author=Y Malhi; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=2022; citation_pages=R181-R196; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mormul, R. P. et al. Invasive alien species records are exponentially rising across the Earth. Biol. Invasions 24, 3249–3261 (2022)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Cheema, G. S., Anand, S., Qureshi, Q. & Jhala, Y. V. CaTRAT: Camera Trap Data Repository and Analysis Tool (Wildlife Institute of India, 2018)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F. & Wibisono, H. T. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. Anim. Conserv. Forum 6, 131–139 (2003)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Gopal, R. Field Guide: Monitoring Tigers, Co-predators, Prey and their Habitats (National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India, 2017)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Daubenmire, R. Plant Communities: A Textbook of Plant Synecology (Harper & Row, 1968)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Krishen, P. Jungle Trees of Central India: A Field Guide for Tree Spotters (Penguin Books, 2013)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Page, N. Endemic Woody Plants of the Western Ghats (Trail Blazer, 2017)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Jhala, Y. V. et al. Development and Implementation of MSTrIPES in Tiger Reserves (National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India, 2019)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol. Invasions; citation_title=Alien flora of India: taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic affiliations; citation_author=AA Khuroo; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=99-113; citation_id=CR57"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol. Invasions; citation_title=Naturalized alien flora of the Indian states: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness; citation_author=J Pergl; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2018; citation_pages=1625-1638; citation_id=CR58"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glob. Change Biol.; citation_title=Managing the middle: a shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient; citation_author=CM Kennedy, JR Oakleaf, DM Theobald, S Baruch-Mordo, J Kiesecker; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2019; citation_pages=811-826; citation_id=CR59"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Remote Sens. Environ.; citation_title=The New VIIRS 375m active fire detection data product: algorithm description and initial assessment; citation_author=W Schroeder, P Oliva, L Giglio, IA Csiszar; citation_volume=143; citation_publication_date=2014; citation_pages=85-96; citation_id=CR60"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Remote Sens. Environ.; citation_title=An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS; citation_author=L Giglio, J Descloitres, CO Justice, YJ Kaufman; citation_volume=87; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=273-282; citation_id=CR61"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Remote Sens. Environ.; citation_title=Mapping and sampling to characterize global inland water dynamics from 1999 to 2018 with full Landsat time-series; citation_author=AH Pickens; citation_volume=243; citation_publication_date=2020; citation_pages=111792; citation_id=CR62"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int. J. Climatol.; citation_title=WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas; citation_author=SE Fick, RJ Hijmans; citation_volume=37; citation_publication_date=2017; citation_pages=4302-4315; citation_id=CR63"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Running, S. W. & Zhao, M. Daily GPP and Annual NPP (MOD17A2/A3) Products NASA Earth Observing System MODIS Land Algorithm MOD17 User’s Guide (MODIS Land Team, 2015)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="India State of Forest Report 2009 (Forest Survey of India, 2009)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bates, D. et al. Package ‘lme4’: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. R package version 1 (2011)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R CoreTeam. Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3 (2007)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Bartoń, K. MuMIn: Multi-model inference. R package version 1.43.17 (2020)."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Mungi, N. A. et al. Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance. Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695 (2023)."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Mungi, Ninad Avinash"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jhala, Yadvendradev V."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Qureshi, Qamar"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="le Roux, Elizabeth"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Svenning, Jens-Christian"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"/> <meta name="access_endpoint" content="https://www.nature.com/platform/readcube-access"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@NatureEcoEvo"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Nature Ecology & Evolution - Analysing camera trap data from &gt;26,000 stations and &gt;158,000 vegetation plots across 12 ecoregions in India, the authors find a positive relationship..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Nature"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance - Nature Ecology & Evolution"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Analysing camera trap data from &gt;26,000 stations and &gt;158,000 vegetation plots across 12 ecoregions in India, the authors find a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant species richness and abundance, but reductions in alien plant species abundance."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/m685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig1_HTML.png"/> <script> window.eligibleForRa21 = 'true'; </script> </head> <body class="article-page"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="position-relative cleared z-index-50 background-white" data-test="top-containers"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="c-grade-c-banner u-hide"> <div class="c-grade-c-banner__container"> <p>Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="c-ad c-ad--728x90"> <div class="c-ad__inner" data-container-type="banner-advert"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1" class="div-gpt-ad advert leaderboard js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="top" data-test="top-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=top;artid=s41559-023-02181-y;doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y;subjmeta=158,2178,631,851;kwrd=Invasive+species,Macroecology"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=1014142376&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41559-023-02181-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y%26subjmeta%3D158,2178,631,851%26kwrd%3DInvasive+species,Macroecology"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article&sz=728x90&c=1014142376&t=pos%3Dtop%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41559-023-02181-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y%26subjmeta%3D158,2178,631,851%26kwrd%3DInvasive+species,Macroecology" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> <header class="c-header" id="header" data-header data-track-component="nature-150-split-header" style="border-color:#c7d530"> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__split"> <div class="c-header__logo-container"> <a href="/natecolevol" data-track="click" data-track-action="home" data-track-label="image"> <picture class="c-header__logo"> <source srcset="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/natecolevol/header-496fd09f42b831f0cda904c3701791bf.svg" media="(min-width: 875px)"> <img src="https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/natecolevol/header-f61b7c54bd87dc99e1ac2bd5cf511eeb.svg" height="32" alt="Nature Ecology & Evolution"> </picture> </a> </div> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--global"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--hide-md-max"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-test="siteindex-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open nature research index" data-track-label="link"> <span>View all journals</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link c-header__link--search" href="#search-menu" data-header-expander data-test="search-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="open search tray" data-track-label="button"> <svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="22" width="22" viewBox="0 0 18 18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M16.48 15.455c.283.282.29.749.007 1.032a.738.738 0 01-1.032-.007l-3.045-3.044a7 7 0 111.026-1.026zM8 14A6 6 0 108 2a6 6 0 000 12z"/></svg><span>Search</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--padding c-header__item--snid-account-widget c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-023-02181-y?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b1d57850-de1c-49dc-b6e7-7c8071959318'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__row"> <div class="c-header__container" data-test="navigation-row"> <div class="c-header__split"> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--journal"> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="explore-content-button"> <a href="#explore" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--explore" data-track="click" data-track-action="open explore expander" data-track-label="button"> <span><span class="c-header__show-text">Explore</span> content</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu"> <a href="#about-the-journal" class="c-header__link" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--about-the-journal" data-track="click" data-track-action="open about the journal expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>About <span class="c-header__show-text">the journal</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--dropdown-menu" data-test="publish-with-us-button"> <a href="#publish-with-us" class="c-header__link c-header__link--dropdown-menu" data-header-expander data-test="menu-button--publish" data-track="click" data-track-action="open publish with us expander" data-track-label="button"> <span>Publish <span class="c-header__show-text">with us</span></span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--pipe c-header__item--hide-lg-max"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/subscribe" data-track="click" data-track-action="subscribe" data-track-label="link" data-test="menu-button-subscribe"> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__menu c-header__menu--hide-lg-max"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://idp.nature.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fmy-account%2Falerts%2Fsubscribe-journal%3Flist-id%3D378%26journal-link%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252Fnatecolevol%252F" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-label="link (desktop site header)" data-track-external> <span>Sign up for alerts</span><svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#222"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--pipe"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <nav class="u-mb-16" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> <div class="u-container"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature"><span itemprop="name">nature</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/natecolevol" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:nature ecology & evolution"><span itemprop="name">nature ecology & evolution</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" href="/natecolevol/articles?type=article" itemprop="item" data-track="click" data-track-action="breadcrumb" data-track-category="header" data-track-label="link:articles"><span itemprop="name">articles</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10" width="10" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill="#666" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li><li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb3" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="4"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Article</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2023-08-31">31 August 2023</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ninad_Avinash-Mungi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Ninad_Avinash-Mungi-Aff1-Aff2" data-author-search="Mungi, Ninad Avinash" data-corresp-id="c1">Ninad Avinash Mungi<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-0457"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-0457</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a>,<a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yadvendradev_V_-Jhala-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Yadvendradev_V_-Jhala-Aff2" data-author-search="Jhala, Yadvendradev V.">Yadvendradev V. Jhala</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-1384"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0003-3276-1384</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Qamar-Qureshi-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Qamar-Qureshi-Aff2" data-author-search="Qureshi, Qamar">Qamar Qureshi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Elizabeth-Roux-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Elizabeth-Roux-Aff1" data-author-search="le Roux, Elizabeth">Elizabeth le Roux</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 5 authors for this article" title="Show all 5 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jens_Christian-Svenning-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jens_Christian-Svenning-Aff1" data-author-search="Svenning, Jens-Christian">Jens-Christian Svenning</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-3415-0862</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/natecolevol" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Ecology & Evolution</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 7</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>1645–1653 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2023</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">2588 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">338 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/s41559-023-02181-y/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/invasive-species" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Invasive species</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/macroecology" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Macroecology</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>While human-driven biological invasions are rapidly spreading, finding scalable and effective control methods poses an unresolved challenge. Here, we assess whether megaherbivores—herbivores reaching ≥1,000 kg of body mass—offer a nature-based solution to plant invasions. Invasive plants are generally adapted to maximize vegetative growth. Megaherbivores, with broad dietary tolerances, could remove large biomass of established plants, facilitating new plant growth. We used a massive dataset obtained from 26,838 camera stations and 158,979 vegetation plots to assess the relationships between megaherbivores, native plants and alien plants across India (~121,330 km<sup>2</sup>). We found a positive relationship between megaherbivore abundance and native plant richness and abundance, and a concomitant reduction in alien plant abundance. This relationship was strongest in protected areas with midproductive ecosystem and high megaherbivore density but it was lost in areas where thicket-forming alien plants predominated (>40% cover). By incorporating the role of ecosystem productivity, plants traits and densities of megaherbivores on megaherbivore–vegetation relationships, our study highlights a function of megaherbivores in controlling alien plant proliferation and facilitating diverse native plants in invaded ecosystems. The study shows great potential for megafauna-based trophic rewilding as a nature-based solution to counteract dominance of plant invasions.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p class="c-article-access-provider__text u-sans-serif">This is a preview of subscription content, <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" data-track="click_institution_login" data-track-context="article body link" data-track-action="institution access preview subscription" data-track-label="link">access via your institution</a></p> </div> <h2 class="c-article-section__title u-h2 u-mb-24" id="access-options">Access options</h2> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side u-display-none u-hide-print" aria-hidden="true" data-component="entitlement-box" id=entitlement-box-main-column-unentitled data-force-hide-buy-button="true" data-unsubscribe-media-query-change="true" > <p class="c-nature-box__text js-text u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"></p> <div class="js-access-button u-display-none"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click_institution_login" data-track-context="article body button" data-track-action="institution access above buybox" data-track-label="button"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-change-institution-button u-display-none"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click" data-track-action="change institution above buybox" data-track-label="button"> <span class="c-article__button-text">Change institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button u-display-none"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click" data-track-action="buy or subscribe" data-track-label="button"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="LiveAreaSection"><style type="text/css">/* style specs start */ /* style specs end */</style><section class="BuyBoxSection"><div class="subscribe-buybox-nature-plus"> <div class="box-inner"> <p class="title-buybox"> Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals </p> <p class="access-buybox"> Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription </p> <div> <p class="price-buybox" id="nature-plus-subscription-price"> <span class="price-value">24,99 €<span class="price-per-period" style="font-size: 0.9rem"> / 30 days</span></span> </p> <p class="issue-buybox">cancel any time</p> </div> <div class="button-container"> <a href="https://shop.nature.com/products/plus" class="Button-505204839" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature+" data-track-label="link" data-track-category="article body" ><span class="ButtonLabel-3869432492">Learn more</span></a > </div> </div> </div><div class="subscribe-buybox"> <div class="box-inner"> <p class="title-buybox">Subscribe to this journal</p> <p class="access-buybox"> Receive 12 digital issues and online access to articles </p> <div> <p class="price-buybox" id="subscription-price">111,21 € per year</p> <p class="issue-buybox">only 9,27 € per issue</p> </div> <div class="button-container"> <a href="/natecolevol/subscribe" class="Button-1078489254" data-track="click" data-track-action="subscribe" data-track-label="link" data-track-category="article body" ><span class="ButtonLabel-3296148077">Learn more</span></a > </div> </div> </div><div class="readcube-buybox"> <div class="box-inner"> <p class="title-readcube">Buy this article</p> <ul> <li class="link-usp"><span>Purchase on SpringerLink</span></li> <li class="link-usp"> <span>Instant access to full article PDF</span> </li> </ul> <div class="button-container"> <a href="//link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y?utm_source=nature&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=buyArticle" class="btn-secondary Button-2737859108" data-track="click" data-track-action="Go to SL article page" data-track-label="link" data-track-category="article body" rel="noreferrer" ><span class="btn-secondary-label ButtonLabel-1636778223" >Buy now</span ></a > </div> </div> </div><p class="tax-buybox">Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout</p></section><style type="text/css"> /* style specs start */ style { display: none !important; } .LiveAreaSection * { align-content: stretch; align-items: stretch; align-self: auto; animation-delay: 0s; animation-direction: normal; animation-duration: 0s; animation-fill-mode: none; animation-iteration-count: 1; animation-name: none; animation-play-state: running; animation-timing-function: ease; azimuth: center; backface-visibility: visible; background-attachment: scroll; background-blend-mode: normal; background-clip: borderBox; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: paddingBox; background-position: 0 0; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; block-size: auto; border-block-end-color: currentcolor; border-block-end-style: none; border-block-end-width: medium; border-block-start-color: currentcolor; border-block-start-style: none; border-block-start-width: medium; border-bottom-color: currentcolor; border-bottom-left-radius: 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 0; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: medium; border-collapse: separate; border-image-outset: 0s; border-image-repeat: stretch; border-image-slice: 100%; border-image-source: none; border-image-width: 1; border-inline-end-color: currentcolor; border-inline-end-style: none; border-inline-end-width: medium; border-inline-start-color: currentcolor; border-inline-start-style: none; border-inline-start-width: medium; border-left-color: currentcolor; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-color: currentcolor; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-spacing: 0; border-top-color: currentcolor; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-top-right-radius: 0; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; bottom: auto; box-decoration-break: slice; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: border-box; break-after: auto; break-before: auto; break-inside: auto; caption-side: top; caret-color: auto; clear: none; clip: auto; clip-path: none; color: initial; column-count: auto; column-fill: balance; column-gap: normal; column-rule-color: currentcolor; column-rule-style: none; column-rule-width: medium; column-span: none; column-width: auto; content: normal; counter-increment: none; counter-reset: none; cursor: auto; display: inline; empty-cells: show; filter: none; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-grow: 0; flex-shrink: 1; flex-wrap: nowrap; float: none; font-family: initial; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-language-override: normal; font-size: medium; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-synthesis: weight style; font-variant: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; grid-auto-columns: auto; grid-auto-flow: row; grid-auto-rows: auto; grid-column-end: auto; grid-column-gap: 0; grid-column-start: auto; grid-row-end: auto; grid-row-gap: 0; grid-row-start: auto; grid-template-areas: none; grid-template-columns: none; grid-template-rows: none; height: auto; hyphens: manual; image-orientation: 0deg; image-rendering: auto; image-resolution: 1dppx; ime-mode: auto; inline-size: auto; isolation: auto; justify-content: flexStart; left: auto; letter-spacing: normal; line-break: auto; line-height: normal; list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; list-style-type: disc; margin-block-end: 0; margin-block-start: 0; margin-bottom: 0; margin-inline-end: 0; margin-inline-start: 0; margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; margin-top: 0; mask-clip: borderBox; mask-composite: add; mask-image: none; mask-mode: matchSource; mask-origin: borderBox; mask-position: 0 0; mask-repeat: repeat; mask-size: auto; mask-type: luminance; max-height: none; max-width: none; min-block-size: 0; min-height: 0; min-inline-size: 0; min-width: 0; mix-blend-mode: normal; object-fit: fill; object-position: 50% 50%; offset-block-end: auto; offset-block-start: auto; offset-inline-end: auto; offset-inline-start: auto; opacity: 1; order: 0; orphans: 2; outline-color: initial; outline-offset: 0; outline-style: none; outline-width: medium; overflow: visible; overflow-wrap: normal; overflow-x: visible; overflow-y: visible; padding-block-end: 0; padding-block-start: 0; padding-bottom: 0; padding-inline-end: 0; padding-inline-start: 0; padding-left: 0; padding-right: 0; padding-top: 0; page-break-after: auto; page-break-before: auto; page-break-inside: auto; perspective: none; perspective-origin: 50% 50%; pointer-events: auto; position: static; quotes: initial; resize: none; right: auto; ruby-align: spaceAround; ruby-merge: separate; ruby-position: over; scroll-behavior: auto; scroll-snap-coordinate: none; scroll-snap-destination: 0 0; scroll-snap-points-x: none; scroll-snap-points-y: none; scroll-snap-type: none; shape-image-threshold: 0; shape-margin: 0; shape-outside: none; tab-size: 8; table-layout: auto; text-align: initial; text-align-last: auto; text-combine-upright: none; text-decoration-color: currentcolor; text-decoration-line: none; text-decoration-style: solid; text-emphasis-color: currentcolor; text-emphasis-position: over right; text-emphasis-style: none; text-indent: 0; text-justify: auto; text-orientation: mixed; text-overflow: clip; text-rendering: auto; text-shadow: none; text-transform: none; text-underline-position: auto; top: auto; touch-action: auto; transform: none; transform-box: borderBox; transform-origin: 50% 50%0; transform-style: flat; transition-delay: 0s; transition-duration: 0s; transition-property: all; transition-timing-function: ease; vertical-align: baseline; visibility: visible; white-space: normal; widows: 2; width: auto; will-change: auto; word-break: normal; word-spacing: normal; word-wrap: normal; writing-mode: horizontalTb; z-index: auto; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; -ms-appearance: none; appearance: none; margin: 0; } .LiveAreaSection { width: 100%; } .LiveAreaSection .login-option-buybox { display: block; width: 100%; font-size: 17px; line-height: 30px; color: #222; padding-top: 30px; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; } .LiveAreaSection .additional-access-options { display: block; font-weight: 700; font-size: 17px; line-height: 30px; color: #222; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; } .LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li:not(:first-child)::before { transform: translateY(-50%); content: ""; height: 1rem; position: absolute; top: 50%; left: 0; border-left: 2px solid #999; } .LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li:not(:first-child) { padding-left: 10px; } .LiveAreaSection .additional-login > li { display: inline-block; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; padding-right: 10px; } .BuyBoxSection { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; flex: 1; flex-direction: row-reverse; margin: -30px -15px 0; } .BuyBoxSection .box-inner { width: 100%; height: 100%; padding: 30px 5px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: space-between; } .BuyBoxSection p { margin: 0; } .BuyBoxSection .readcube-buybox { background-color: #f3f3f3; flex-shrink: 1; flex-grow: 1; flex-basis: 255px; background-clip: content-box; padding: 0 15px; margin-top: 30px; } .BuyBoxSection .subscribe-buybox { background-color: #f3f3f3; flex-shrink: 1; flex-grow: 4; flex-basis: 300px; background-clip: content-box; padding: 0 15px; margin-top: 30px; } .BuyBoxSection .subscribe-buybox-nature-plus { background-color: #f3f3f3; flex-shrink: 1; flex-grow: 4; flex-basis: 100%; background-clip: content-box; padding: 0 15px; margin-top: 30px; } .BuyBoxSection .title-readcube, .BuyBoxSection .title-buybox { display: block; margin: 0; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px; color: #222; text-align: center; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; } .BuyBoxSection .title-asia-buybox { display: block; margin: 0; margin-right: 5%; margin-left: 5%; font-size: 24px; line-height: 32px; color: #222; text-align: center; font-family: Harding, Palatino, serif; } .BuyBoxSection .asia-link, .Link-328123652, .Link-2926870917, .Link-2291679238, .Link-595459207 { color: #069; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; font-size: 1.05em; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 1.05em6; } .BuyBoxSection .access-readcube { display: block; margin: 0; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%; font-size: 14px; color: #222; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; } .BuyBoxSection ul { margin: 0; } .BuyBoxSection .link-usp { display: list-item; margin: 0; margin-left: 20px; padding-top: 6px; list-style-position: inside; } .BuyBoxSection .link-usp span { font-size: 14px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; } .BuyBoxSection .access-asia-buybox { display: block; margin: 0; margin-right: 5%; margin-left: 5%; font-size: 14px; color: #222; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; } .BuyBoxSection .access-buybox { display: block; margin: 0; margin-right: 10%; margin-left: 10%; font-size: 14px; color: #222; opacity: 0.8px; padding-top: 10px; text-align: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; } .BuyBoxSection .price-buybox { display: block; font-size: 30px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; padding-top: 30px; text-align: center; } .BuyBoxSection .price-buybox-to { display: block; font-size: 30px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; text-align: center; } .BuyBoxSection .price-info-text { font-size: 16px; padding-right: 10px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; } .BuyBoxSection .price-value { font-size: 30px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; } .BuyBoxSection .price-per-period { font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; } .BuyBoxSection .price-from { font-size: 14px; padding-right: 10px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 20px; } .BuyBoxSection .issue-buybox { display: block; font-size: 13px; text-align: center; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 19px; } .BuyBoxSection .no-price-buybox { display: block; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center; padding-right: 10%; padding-left: 10%; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-top: 30px; color: #222; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; } .BuyBoxSection .vat-buybox { display: block; margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 20%; margin-left: 20%; font-size: 11px; color: #222; padding-top: 10px; padding-bottom: 15px; text-align: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: 17px; } .BuyBoxSection .tax-buybox { display: block; width: 100%; color: #222; padding: 20px 16px; text-align: center; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; line-height: NaNpx; } .BuyBoxSection .button-container { display: flex; padding-right: 20px; padding-left: 20px; justify-content: center; } .BuyBoxSection .button-container > * { flex: 1px; } .BuyBoxSection .button-container > a:hover, .Button-505204839:hover, .Button-1078489254:hover, .Button-2737859108:hover { text-decoration: none; } .BuyBoxSection .btn-secondary { background: #fff; } .BuyBoxSection .button-asia { background: #069; border: 1px solid #069; border-radius: 0; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 9px; outline: 0; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; min-width: 80px; margin-top: 75px; } .BuyBoxSection .button-label-asia, .ButtonLabel-3869432492, .ButtonLabel-3296148077, .ButtonLabel-1636778223 { display: block; color: #fff; font-size: 17px; line-height: 20px; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; cursor: pointer; } .Button-505204839, .Button-1078489254, .Button-2737859108 { background: #069; border: 1px solid #069; border-radius: 0; cursor: pointer; display: block; padding: 9px; outline: 0; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; min-width: 80px; max-width: 320px; margin-top: 20px; } .Button-505204839 .btn-secondary-label, .Button-1078489254 .btn-secondary-label, .Button-2737859108 .btn-secondary-label { color: #069; } .uList-2102244549 { list-style: none; padding: 0; margin: 0; } /* style specs end */</style><div></div></div> <nav class="c-access-options"> <h3 class="c-access-options__heading">Additional access options:</h3> <ul class="c-access-options__list"> <li> <a href="https://idp.nature.com/authorize/natureuser?client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Log in</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/license-options" data-track="click" data-track-action="learn-subscription" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Learn about institutional subscriptions</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://support.nature.com/en/support/home" data-track="click" data-track-action="read our faqs" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Read our FAQs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact customer support" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Contact customer support</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="u-display-none"> <div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-1"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig1" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 1: Possible relationships between megaherbivores, native plant richness, native plant cover, alien plant richness and alien plant cover.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig1_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="227"></picture></div></div></figure></div><div class="c-article-section__figure js-c-reading-companion-figures-item" data-test="figure" data-container-section="figure" id="figure-2"><figure><figcaption><b id="Fig2" class="c-article-section__figure-caption" data-test="figure-caption-text">Fig. 2: Associations between megaherbivores and vegetation parameters and their variation across the productivity gradient.</b></figcaption><div class="c-article-section__figure-content"><div class="c-article-section__figure-item"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig2_HTML.png?as=webp"><img src="//media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_Fig2_HTML.png" alt="" loading="lazy" width="312" height="185"></picture></div></div></figure></div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-019-1068-y/MediaObjects/41559_2019_1068_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1068-y?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1038/s41559-019-1068-y">Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">13 January 2020</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-024-02327-6/MediaObjects/41559_2024_2327_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02327-6?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1038/s41559-024-02327-6">Meta-analysis shows that wild large herbivores shape ecosystem properties and promote spatial heterogeneity </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">09 February 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-021-92079-1/MediaObjects/41598_2021_92079_Fig1_HTML.jpg" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92079-1?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1038/s41598-021-92079-1">Effects of large herbivore grazing on relics of the presumed mammoth steppe in the extreme climate of NE-Siberia </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">21 June 2021</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732631494, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div> <section data-title="Data availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="data-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="data-availability">Data availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="data-availability-content"> <p>Data used in the analyses are shared on Zenodo (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695</a>). Any further request regarding data should be addressed to Y.V.J. (yvjhala@gmail.com).</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Code availability"><div class="c-article-section" id="code-availability-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="code-availability">Code availability</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="code-availability-content"> <p>R scripts to reproduce analyses are shared on Zenodo (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695</a>).</p> </div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1"><i>Thematic Assessment of Invasive Alien Species and Their Control</i> (IPBES, 2018); <a href="https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ipbes-6-inf-10_en.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ipbes-6-inf-10_en.pdf">https://ipbes.net/sites/default/files/ipbes-6-inf-10_en.pdf</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Diagne, C. et al. High and rising economic costs of biological invasions worldwide. <i>Nature</i> <b>592</b>, 571–576 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXnslyju7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 2">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33790468" aria-label="PubMed reference 2">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=High%20and%20rising%20economic%20costs%20of%20biological%20invasions%20worldwide&journal=Nature&volume=592&pages=571-576&publication_year=2021&author=Diagne%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Essl, F. et al. Drivers of future alien species impacts: an expert-based assessment. <i>Glob. Change Biol.</i> <b>26</b>, 4880–4893 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Drivers%20of%20future%20alien%20species%20impacts%3A%20an%20expert-based%20assessment&journal=Glob.%20Change%20Biol.&volume=26&pages=4880-4893&publication_year=2020&author=Essl%2CF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Pyšek, P. et al. Scientists’ warning on invasive alien species. <i>Biol. Rev.</i> <b>95</b>, 1511–1534 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32588508" aria-label="PubMed reference 4">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Scientists%E2%80%99%20warning%20on%20invasive%20alien%20species&journal=Biol.%20Rev.&volume=95&pages=1511-1534&publication_year=2020&author=Py%C5%A1ek%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Chong, K. Y. et al. Are terrestrial biological invasions different in the Tropics? <i>Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.</i> <b>52</b>, 291–314 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Are%20terrestrial%20biological%20invasions%20different%20in%20the%20Tropics%3F&journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Ecol.%20Evol.%20Syst.&volume=52&pages=291-314&publication_year=2021&author=Chong%2CKY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Barlow, J. et al. The future of hyperdiverse tropical ecosystems. <i>Nature</i> <b>559</b>, 517–526 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtl2jt7rJ" aria-label="CAS reference 6">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30046075" aria-label="PubMed reference 6">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20future%20of%20hyperdiverse%20tropical%20ecosystems&journal=Nature&volume=559&pages=517-526&publication_year=2018&author=Barlow%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Dirzo, R. et al. Defaunation in the anthropocene. <i>Science</i> <b>345</b>, 401–406 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtFyks7vM" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25061202" aria-label="PubMed reference 7">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Defaunation%20in%20the%20anthropocene&journal=Science&volume=345&pages=401-406&publication_year=2014&author=Dirzo%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Borer, E. T. et al. Herbivores and nutrients control grassland plant diversity via light limitation. <i>Nature</i> <b>508</b>, 517–520 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXmslaktbs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 8">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24670649" aria-label="PubMed reference 8">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Herbivores%20and%20nutrients%20control%20grassland%20plant%20diversity%20via%20light%20limitation&journal=Nature&volume=508&pages=517-520&publication_year=2014&author=Borer%2CET"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Pausas, J. G. & Bond, W. J. On the three major recycling pathways in terrestrial ecosystems. <i>Trends Ecol. Evol.</i> <b>35</b>, 767–775 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32381268" aria-label="PubMed reference 9">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=On%20the%20three%20major%20recycling%20pathways%20in%20terrestrial%20ecosystems&journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&volume=35&pages=767-775&publication_year=2020&author=Pausas%2CJG&author=Bond%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Castorena, M., Olson, M. E., Enquist, B. J. & Fajardo, A. Toward a general theory of plant carbon economics. <i>Trends Ecol. Evol.</i> <b>37</b>, 829–837 (2022).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Owen-Smith, R. N. <i>Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Hopcraft, J. G. C., Olff, H. & Sinclair, A. R. Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas. <i>Trends Ecol. Evol.</i> <b>25</b>, 119–128 (2010).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19767121" aria-label="PubMed reference 12">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Herbivores%2C%20resources%20and%20risks%3A%20alternating%20regulation%20along%20primary%20environmental%20gradients%20in%20savannas&journal=Trends%20Ecol.%20Evol.&volume=25&pages=119-128&publication_year=2010&author=Hopcraft%2CJGC&author=Olff%2CH&author=Sinclair%2CAR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Smith, F. A., Doughty, C. E., Malhi, Y., Svenning, J.-C. & Terborgh, J. Megafauna in the Earth system. <i>Ecography</i> <b>39</b>, 99–108 (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Megafauna%20in%20the%20Earth%20system&journal=Ecography&volume=39&pages=99-108&publication_year=2016&author=Smith%2CFA&author=Doughty%2CCE&author=Malhi%2CY&author=Svenning%2CJ-C&author=Terborgh%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Hempson, G. P., Archibald, S. & Bond, W. J. A continent-wide assessment of the form and intensity of large mammal herbivory in Africa. <i>Science</i> <b>350</b>, 1056–1061 (2015).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhvFamtLrO" aria-label="CAS reference 14">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26612946" aria-label="PubMed reference 14">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20continent-wide%20assessment%20of%20the%20form%20and%20intensity%20of%20large%20mammal%20herbivory%20in%20Africa&journal=Science&volume=350&pages=1056-1061&publication_year=2015&author=Hempson%2CGP&author=Archibald%2CS&author=Bond%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Fløjgaard, C., Pedersen, P. B. M., Sandom, C. J., Svenning, J.-C. & Ejrnæs, R. Exploring a natural baseline for large-herbivore biomass in ecological restoration. <i>J. Appl. Ecol.</i> <b>59</b>, 18–24 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Exploring%20a%20natural%20baseline%20for%20large-herbivore%20biomass%20in%20ecological%20restoration&journal=J.%20Appl.%20Ecol.&volume=59&pages=18-24&publication_year=2022&author=Fl%C3%B8jgaard%2CC&author=Pedersen%2CPBM&author=Sandom%2CCJ&author=Svenning%2CJ-C&author=Ejrn%C3%A6s%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Bond, W. J. Large parts of the world are brown or black: a different view on the ‘Green World’ hypothesis. <i>J. Veg. Sci.</i> <b>16</b>, 261–266 (2005).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Large%20parts%20of%20the%20world%20are%20brown%20or%20black%3A%20a%20different%20view%20on%20the%20%E2%80%98Green%20World%E2%80%99%20hypothesis&journal=J.%20Veg.%20Sci.&volume=16&pages=261-266&publication_year=2005&author=Bond%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="17."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">Pansu, J. et al. The generality of cryptic dietary niche differences in diverse large-herbivore assemblages. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <b>119</b>, e2204400119 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisVCiu7nL" aria-label="CAS reference 17">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35994662" aria-label="PubMed reference 17">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436339" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 17">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20generality%20of%20cryptic%20dietary%20niche%20differences%20in%20diverse%20large-herbivore%20assemblages&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=119&publication_year=2022&author=Pansu%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="18."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">Enquist, B. J., Abraham, A. J., Harfoot, M. B. J., Malhi, Y. & Doughty, C. E. The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning. <i>Nat. Commun.</i> <b>11</b>, 699 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXjs1Oiurc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 18">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32019918" aria-label="PubMed reference 18">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000713" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 18">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20megabiota%20are%20disproportionately%20important%20for%20biosphere%20functioning&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=Enquist%2CBJ&author=Abraham%2CAJ&author=Harfoot%2CMBJ&author=Malhi%2CY&author=Doughty%2CCE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="19."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Guyton, J. A. et al. Trophic rewilding revives biotic resistance to shrub invasion. <i>Nat. Ecol. Evol.</i> <b>4</b>, 712–724 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31932702" aria-label="PubMed reference 19">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Trophic%20rewilding%20revives%20biotic%20resistance%20to%20shrub%20invasion&journal=Nat.%20Ecol.%20Evol.&volume=4&pages=712-724&publication_year=2020&author=Guyton%2CJA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="20."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Mungi, N. A., Qureshi, Q. & Jhala, Y. V. Role of species richness and human impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests. <i>J. Ecol.</i> <b>109</b>, 3308–3321 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Role%20of%20species%20richness%20and%20human%20impacts%20in%20resisting%20invasive%20species%20in%20tropical%20forests&journal=J.%20Ecol.&volume=109&pages=3308-3321&publication_year=2021&author=Mungi%2CNA&author=Qureshi%2CQ&author=Jhala%2CYV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="21."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Ratajczak, Z. et al. Reintroducing bison results in long-running and resilient increases in grassland diversity. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <b>119</b>, e2210433119 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisVGkurbP" aria-label="CAS reference 21">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=36037376" aria-label="PubMed reference 21">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9457053" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 21">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reintroducing%20bison%20results%20in%20long-running%20and%20resilient%20increases%20in%20grassland%20diversity&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=119&publication_year=2022&author=Ratajczak%2CZ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="22."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">Koerner, S. E. et al. Change in dominance determines herbivore effects on plant biodiversity. <i>Nat. Ecol. Evol.</i> <b>2</b>, 1925–1932 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30374174" aria-label="PubMed reference 22">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Change%20in%20dominance%20determines%20herbivore%20effects%20on%20plant%20biodiversity&journal=Nat.%20Ecol.%20Evol.&volume=2&pages=1925-1932&publication_year=2018&author=Koerner%2CSE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="23."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Rastogi, R., Qureshi, Q., Shrivastava, A. & Jhala, Y. V. Multiple invasions exert combined magnified effects on native plants, soil nutrients and alters the plant–herbivore interaction in dry tropical forest. <i>For. Ecol. Manag.</i> <b>531</b>, 120781 (2023).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Multiple%20invasions%20exert%20combined%20magnified%20effects%20on%20native%20plants%2C%20soil%20nutrients%20and%20alters%20the%20plant%E2%80%93herbivore%20interaction%20in%20dry%20tropical%20forest&journal=For.%20Ecol.%20Manag.&volume=531&publication_year=2023&author=Rastogi%2CR&author=Qureshi%2CQ&author=Shrivastava%2CA&author=Jhala%2CYV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="24."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Dantas, V. L. & Pausas, J. G. Megafauna biogeography explains plant functional trait variability in the tropics. <i>Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr.</i> <b>29</b>, 1288–1298 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Megafauna%20biogeography%20explains%20plant%20functional%20trait%20variability%20in%20the%20tropics&journal=Glob.%20Ecol.%20Biogeogr.&volume=29&pages=1288-1298&publication_year=2020&author=Dantas%2CVL&author=Pausas%2CJG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="25."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Parker, J. D., Burkepile, D. E. & Hay, M. E. Opposing effects of native and exotic herbivores on plant invasions. <i>Science</i> <b>311</b>, 1459–1461 (2006).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XitVyjsLg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 25">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16527979" aria-label="PubMed reference 25">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 25" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Opposing%20effects%20of%20native%20and%20exotic%20herbivores%20on%20plant%20invasions&journal=Science&volume=311&pages=1459-1461&publication_year=2006&author=Parker%2CJD&author=Burkepile%2CDE&author=Hay%2CME"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="26."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Mungi, N. A., Qureshi, Q. & Jhala, Y. V. Expanding niche and degrading forests: key to the successful global invasion of <i>Lantana camara</i> (sensu lato). <i>Glob. Ecol. Conserv.</i> <b>23</b>, e01080 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Expanding%20niche%20and%20degrading%20forests%3A%20key%20to%20the%20successful%20global%20invasion%20of%20Lantana%20camara%20%28sensu%20lato%29&journal=Glob.%20Ecol.%20Conserv.&volume=23&publication_year=2020&author=Mungi%2CNA&author=Qureshi%2CQ&author=Jhala%2CYV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="27."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S. P. <i>Status of Leopards, Co-predators, and Megaherbivores in India, 2018</i> (National Tiger Conservation Authority, 2021).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="28."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28"><i>Largest Camera-Trap Wildlife Survey</i> (Guinness World Record, 2021); <a href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601784-largest-camera-trap-wildlife-survey" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601784-largest-camera-trap-wildlife-survey">https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601784-largest-camera-trap-wildlife-survey</a></p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="29."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Vancuylenberg, B. W. B. Feeding behaviour of the Asiatic elephant in south-east Sri Lanka in relation to conservation. <i>Biol. Conserv.</i> <b>12</b>, 33–54 (1977).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Feeding%20behaviour%20of%20the%20Asiatic%20elephant%20in%20south-east%20Sri%20Lanka%20in%20relation%20to%20conservation&journal=Biol.%20Conserv.&volume=12&pages=33-54&publication_year=1977&author=Vancuylenberg%2CBWB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="30."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Blake, S. & Inkamba-Nkulu, C. Fruit, minerals, and forest elephant trails: do all roads lead to Rome? <i>Biotropica</i> <b>36</b>, 392–401 (2004).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fruit%2C%20minerals%2C%20and%20forest%20elephant%20trails%3A%20do%20all%20roads%20lead%20to%20Rome%3F&journal=Biotropica&volume=36&pages=392-401&publication_year=2004&author=Blake%2CS&author=Inkamba-Nkulu%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="31."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Fricke, E. C., Ordonez, A., Rogers, H. S. & Svenning, J.-C. The effects of defaunation on plants’ capacity to track climate change. <i>Science</i> <b>375</b>, 210–214 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvV2lt70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 31">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35025640" aria-label="PubMed reference 31">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20effects%20of%20defaunation%20on%20plants%E2%80%99%20capacity%20to%20track%20climate%20change&journal=Science&volume=375&pages=210-214&publication_year=2022&author=Fricke%2CEC&author=Ordonez%2CA&author=Rogers%2CHS&author=Svenning%2CJ-C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="32."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Sankaran, M. et al. Determinants of woody cover in African savannas. <i>Nature</i> <b>438</b>, 846–849 (2005).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1ynsrrP" aria-label="CAS reference 32">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16341012" aria-label="PubMed reference 32">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Determinants%20of%20woody%20cover%20in%20African%20savannas&journal=Nature&volume=438&pages=846-849&publication_year=2005&author=Sankaran%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="33."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Le Roux, E. et al. Top-down limits on prey populations may be more severe in larger prey species, despite having fewer predators. <i>Ecography</i> <b>42</b>, 1115–1123 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Top-down%20limits%20on%20prey%20populations%20may%20be%20more%20severe%20in%20larger%20prey%20species%2C%20despite%20having%20fewer%20predators&journal=Ecography&volume=42&pages=1115-1123&publication_year=2019&author=Roux%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="34."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Karki, J. B., Jhala, Y. V. & Khanna, P. P. Grazing lawns in Terai grasslands, Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal. <i>Biotropica</i> <b>32</b>, 423–429 (2000).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Grazing%20lawns%20in%20Terai%20grasslands%2C%20Royal%20Bardia%20National%20Park%2C%20Nepal&journal=Biotropica&volume=32&pages=423-429&publication_year=2000&author=Karki%2CJB&author=Jhala%2CYV&author=Khanna%2CPP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="35."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Jhala, Y. V. & Isvaran, K. <i>The Ecology of Large Herbivores in South and Southeast Asia</i> (eds Ahrestani, F. S. & Sankaran, M.) 151–176 (Springer, 2016).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="36."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Svenning, J.-C., Munk, M. & Schweiger, A. in <i>Rewilding</i> (ed. Pettorelli, N.) 73–89 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="37."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Mungi, N. A. et al. Identifying knowledge gaps in the research and management of invasive species in India. <i>Biologia</i> <b>74</b>, 623–629 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Identifying%20knowledge%20gaps%20in%20the%20research%20and%20management%20of%20invasive%20species%20in%20India&journal=Biologia&volume=74&pages=623-629&publication_year=2019&author=Mungi%2CNA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="38."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Wilson, G., Gruber, M. A. M. & Lester, P. J. Foraging relationships between elephants and <i>Lantana camara</i> invasion in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, India. <i>Biotropica</i> <b>46</b>, 194–201 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Foraging%20relationships%20between%20elephants%20and%20Lantana%20camara%20invasion%20in%20Mudumalai%20Tiger%20Reserve%2C%20India&journal=Biotropica&volume=46&pages=194-201&publication_year=2014&author=Wilson%2CG&author=Gruber%2CMAM&author=Lester%2CPJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="39."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Sukumar, R. <i>The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management</i> (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="40."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Gubbi, S. Patterns and correlates of human–elephant conflict around a south Indian reserve. <i>Biol. Conserv.</i> <b>148</b>, 88–95 (2012).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Patterns%20and%20correlates%20of%20human%E2%80%93elephant%20conflict%20around%20a%20south%20Indian%20reserve&journal=Biol.%20Conserv.&volume=148&pages=88-95&publication_year=2012&author=Gubbi%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="41."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Banks, P. B., Byrom, A. E., Pech, R. P. & Dickman, C. R. Reinvasion is not invasion again. <i>BioScience</i> <b>68</b>, 792–804 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Reinvasion%20is%20not%20invasion%20again&journal=BioScience&volume=68&pages=792-804&publication_year=2018&author=Banks%2CPB&author=Byrom%2CAE&author=Pech%2CRP&author=Dickman%2CCR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="42."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Strum, S. C., Stirling, G. & Mutunga, S. K. The perfect storm: land use change promotes <i>Opuntia stricta</i>’s invasion of pastoral rangelands in Kenya. <i>J. Arid Environ.</i> <b>118</b>, 37–47 (2015).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20perfect%20storm%3A%20land%20use%20change%20promotes%20Opuntia%20stricta%E2%80%99s%20invasion%20of%20pastoral%20rangelands%20in%20Kenya&journal=J.%20Arid%20Environ.&volume=118&pages=37-47&publication_year=2015&author=Strum%2CSC&author=Stirling%2CG&author=Mutunga%2CSK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="43."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Jhala, H. Y., Qureshi, Q., Jhala, Y. V. & Black, S. A. Feasibility of reintroducing grassland megaherbivores, the greater one-horned rhinoceros, and swamp buffalo within their historic global range. <i>Sci. Rep.</i> <b>11</b>, 4469 (2021).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXltlygtbs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 43">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33627691" aria-label="PubMed reference 43">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7904804" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 43">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Feasibility%20of%20reintroducing%20grassland%20megaherbivores%2C%20the%20greater%20one-horned%20rhinoceros%2C%20and%20swamp%20buffalo%20within%20their%20historic%20global%20range&journal=Sci.%20Rep.&volume=11&publication_year=2021&author=Jhala%2CHY&author=Qureshi%2CQ&author=Jhala%2CYV&author=Black%2CSA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="44."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Ripple, W. J. et al. Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores. <i>Sci. Adv.</i> <b>1</b>, e1400103 (2015).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26601172" aria-label="PubMed reference 44">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640652" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 44">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Collapse%20of%20the%20world%E2%80%99s%20largest%20herbivores&journal=Sci.%20Adv.&volume=1&publication_year=2015&author=Ripple%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="45."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Cassidy, L. & Salerno, J. The need for a more inclusive science of elephant conservation. <i>Conserv. Lett.</i> <b>13</b>, e12717 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20need%20for%20a%20more%20inclusive%20science%20of%20elephant%20conservation&journal=Conserv.%20Lett.&volume=13&publication_year=2020&author=Cassidy%2CL&author=Salerno%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="46."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Groom, R. & Harris, S. Conservation on community lands: the importance of equitable revenue sharing. <i>Environ. Conserv.</i> <b>35</b>, 242–251 (2008).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Conservation%20on%20community%20lands%3A%20the%20importance%20of%20equitable%20revenue%20sharing&journal=Environ.%20Conserv.&volume=35&pages=242-251&publication_year=2008&author=Groom%2CR&author=Harris%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="47."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Svenning, J.-C. et al. Science for a wilder Anthropocene: synthesis and future directions for trophic rewilding research. <i>Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA</i> <b>113</b>, 898–906 (2016).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhslWks7%2FM" aria-label="CAS reference 47">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26504218" aria-label="PubMed reference 47">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Science%20for%20a%20wilder%20Anthropocene%3A%20synthesis%20and%20future%20directions%20for%20trophic%20rewilding%20research&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=113&pages=898-906&publication_year=2016&author=Svenning%2CJ-C"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="48."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Malhi, Y. et al. The role of large wild animals in climate change mitigation and adaptation. <i>Curr. Biol.</i> <b>32</b>, R181–R196 (2022).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XlsVGms7s%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 48">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=35231416" aria-label="PubMed reference 48">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20role%20of%20large%20wild%20animals%20in%20climate%20change%20mitigation%20and%20adaptation&journal=Curr.%20Biol.&volume=32&pages=R181-R196&publication_year=2022&author=Malhi%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="49."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Mormul, R. P. et al. Invasive alien species records are exponentially rising across the Earth. <i>Biol. Invasions</i> <b>24</b>, 3249–3261 (2022).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="50."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Cheema, G. S., Anand, S., Qureshi, Q. & Jhala, Y. V. <i>CaTRAT: Camera Trap Data Repository and Analysis Tool</i> (Wildlife Institute of India, 2018).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="51."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">O’Brien, T. G., Kinnaird, M. F. & Wibisono, H. T. Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape. <i>Anim. Conserv. Forum</i> <b>6</b>, 131–139 (2003).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="52."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q. & Gopal, R. <i>Field Guide: Monitoring Tigers, Co-predators, Prey and their Habitats</i> (National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India, 2017).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="53."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Daubenmire, R. <i>Plant Communities: A Textbook of Plant Synecology</i> (Harper & Row, 1968).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="54."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Krishen, P. <i>Jungle Trees of Central India: A Field Guide for Tree Spotters</i> (Penguin Books, 2013).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="55."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Page, N. <i>Endemic Woody Plants of the Western Ghats</i> (Trail Blazer, 2017).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="56."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Jhala, Y. V. et al. <i>Development and Implementation of MSTrIPES in Tiger Reserves</i> (National Tiger Conservation Authority & Wildlife Institute of India, 2019).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="57."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Khuroo, A. A. et al. Alien flora of India: taxonomic composition, invasion status and biogeographic affiliations. <i>Biol. Invasions</i> <b>14</b>, 99–113 (2012).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Alien%20flora%20of%20India%3A%20taxonomic%20composition%2C%20invasion%20status%20and%20biogeographic%20affiliations&journal=Biol.%20Invasions&volume=14&pages=99-113&publication_year=2012&author=Khuroo%2CAA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="58."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Pergl, J. et al. Naturalized alien flora of the Indian states: biogeographic patterns, taxonomic structure and drivers of species richness. <i>Biol. Invasions</i> <b>20</b>, 1625–1638 (2018).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Naturalized%20alien%20flora%20of%20the%20Indian%20states%3A%20biogeographic%20patterns%2C%20taxonomic%20structure%20and%20drivers%20of%20species%20richness&journal=Biol.%20Invasions&volume=20&pages=1625-1638&publication_year=2018&author=Pergl%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="59."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Kennedy, C. M., Oakleaf, J. R., Theobald, D. M., Baruch-Mordo, S. & Kiesecker, J. Managing the middle: a shift in conservation priorities based on the global human modification gradient. <i>Glob. Change Biol.</i> <b>25</b>, 811–826 (2019).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Managing%20the%20middle%3A%20a%20shift%20in%20conservation%20priorities%20based%20on%20the%20global%20human%20modification%20gradient&journal=Glob.%20Change%20Biol.&volume=25&pages=811-826&publication_year=2019&author=Kennedy%2CCM&author=Oakleaf%2CJR&author=Theobald%2CDM&author=Baruch-Mordo%2CS&author=Kiesecker%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="60."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">Schroeder, W., Oliva, P., Giglio, L. & Csiszar, I. A. The New VIIRS 375m active fire detection data product: algorithm description and initial assessment. <i>Remote Sens. Environ.</i> <b>143</b>, 85–96 (2014).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 60" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20New%20VIIRS%20375m%20active%20fire%20detection%20data%20product%3A%20algorithm%20description%20and%20initial%20assessment&journal=Remote%20Sens.%20Environ.&volume=143&pages=85-96&publication_year=2014&author=Schroeder%2CW&author=Oliva%2CP&author=Giglio%2CL&author=Csiszar%2CIA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="61."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Giglio, L., Descloitres, J., Justice, C. O. & Kaufman, Y. J. An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS. <i>Remote Sens. Environ.</i> <b>87</b>, 273–282 (2003).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 61" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20enhanced%20contextual%20fire%20detection%20algorithm%20for%20MODIS&journal=Remote%20Sens.%20Environ.&volume=87&pages=273-282&publication_year=2003&author=Giglio%2CL&author=Descloitres%2CJ&author=Justice%2CCO&author=Kaufman%2CYJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="62."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Pickens, A. H. et al. Mapping and sampling to characterize global inland water dynamics from 1999 to 2018 with full Landsat time-series. <i>Remote Sens. Environ.</i> <b>243</b>, 111792 (2020).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 62" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mapping%20and%20sampling%20to%20characterize%20global%20inland%20water%20dynamics%20from%201999%20to%202018%20with%20full%20Landsat%20time-series&journal=Remote%20Sens.%20Environ.&volume=243&publication_year=2020&author=Pickens%2CAH"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="63."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Fick, S. E. & Hijmans, R. J. WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. <i>Int. J. Climatol.</i> <b>37</b>, 4302–4315 (2017).</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 63" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=WorldClim%202%3A%20new%201-km%20spatial%20resolution%20climate%20surfaces%20for%20global%20land%20areas&journal=Int.%20J.%20Climatol.&volume=37&pages=4302-4315&publication_year=2017&author=Fick%2CSE&author=Hijmans%2CRJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="64."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Running, S. W. & Zhao, M. <i>Daily GPP and Annual NPP (MOD17A2/A3) Products NASA Earth Observing System MODIS Land Algorithm</i> MOD17 User’s Guide (MODIS Land Team, 2015).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="65."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65"><i>India State of Forest Report 2009</i> (Forest Survey of India, 2009).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="66."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Bates, D. et al. Package ‘lme4’: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes. <i>R package version 1</i> (2011).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="67."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & R CoreTeam. Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. <i>R package version 3</i> (2007).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="68."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Bartoń, K. MuMIn: Multi-model inference. <i>R package version 1.43.17</i> (2020).</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="69."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Mungi, N. A. et al. Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance. <i>Zenodo</i> <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="10.5281/zenodo.8128695">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8128695</a> (2023).</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>We consider this work a contribution to the Danish National Research Foundation Center for Ecological Dynamics in a New Biosphere (ECONOVO) and J-CS’ VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’. We thank National Tiger Conservation Authority, India, Wildlife Institute of India, Indian State Forest Departments, frontline forest staff and researchers for coordinating and participating in data collection. This work was supported by VILLUM Investigator project ‘Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World’ funded by VILLUM FONDEN (grant no. 16549 to J.-C.S.); Center for Ecological Dynamics in a New Biosphere (ECONOVO), funded by Danish National Research Foundation (grant no. DNRF173 to J.-C.S.); Independent Research Fund Denmark | Natural Sciences project MegaComplexity (grant no. 0135-00225B to J.-C.S.); and National Tiger Conservation Authority, New Delhi, India (Y.V.J. and Q.Q.).</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for Ecological Dynamics in a Novel Biosphere (ECONOVO) & Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ninad Avinash Mungi, Elizabeth le Roux & Jens-Christian Svenning</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ninad Avinash Mungi, Yadvendradev V. Jhala & Qamar Qureshi</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Ninad_Avinash-Mungi-Aff1-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Ninad Avinash Mungi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Ninad%20Avinash%20Mungi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ninad%20Avinash%20Mungi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ninad%20Avinash%20Mungi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Yadvendradev_V_-Jhala-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Yadvendradev V. Jhala</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Yadvendradev%20V.%20Jhala" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Yadvendradev%20V.%20Jhala" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Yadvendradev%20V.%20Jhala%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Qamar-Qureshi-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Qamar Qureshi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Qamar%20Qureshi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Qamar%20Qureshi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Qamar%20Qureshi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Elizabeth-Roux-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Elizabeth le Roux</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Elizabeth%20le%20Roux" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Elizabeth%20le%20Roux" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Elizabeth%20le%20Roux%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Jens_Christian-Svenning-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jens-Christian Svenning</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Jens-Christian%20Svenning" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jens-Christian%20Svenning" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jens-Christian%20Svenning%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="contributions">Contributions</h3><p>J.-C.S., Y.V.J., Q.Q. and N.A.M. conceived the work. N.A.M., Y.V.J. and J.-C.S. developed the methodology. N.A.M., J.-C.S. and E.L.R. conducted the investigations. N.A.M. and J.-C.S. prepared the visualizations. J.-C.S., Y.V.J. and Q.Q. acquired funding. N.A.M. and J.-C.S. wrote the original draft. E.L.R., Y.V.J., Q.Q., J.-C.S. and N.A.M. reviewed and edited the final manuscript.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:shastri.ninad@gmail.com">Ninad Avinash Mungi</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Peer review"><div class="c-article-section" id="peer-review-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="peer-review">Peer review</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="peer-review-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Peer review information</h3> <p><i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i> thanks the anonymous reviewers for their contribution to the peer review of this work. <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="supplementary material anchor" href="/articles/s41559-023-02181-y#MOESM3">Peer reviewer reports</a> are available.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Additional information"><div class="c-article-section" id="additional-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="additional-information">Additional information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="additional-information-content"><p><b>Publisher’s note</b> Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec10-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec10">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec10-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary information" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_MOESM1_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Information</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Supplementary Figs. 1–8, Tables 1–9 and references.</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM2"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="reporting summary" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_MOESM2_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Reporting Summary</a></h3></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM3"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="peer review file" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y/MediaObjects/41559_2023_2181_MOESM3_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Peer Review File</a></h3></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p>Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</p><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Megaherbivores%20provide%20biotic%20resistance%20against%20alien%20plant%20dominance&author=Ninad%20Avinash%20Mungi%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41559-023-02181-y&copyright=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=2397-334X&publicationDate=2023-08-31&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Mungi, N.A., Jhala, Y.V., Qureshi, Q. <i>et al.</i> Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance. <i>Nat Ecol Evol</i> <b>7</b>, 1645–1653 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2022-08-16">16 August 2022</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-07-26">26 July 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-08-31">31 August 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2023-10">October 2023</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </div> </article> </main> <aside class="c-article-extras u-hide-print" aria-label="Article navigation" data-component-reading-companion data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-desktop" data-track-context="reading companion"> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="c-nature-box__wrapper c-nature-box__wrapper--placeholder"> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side u-display-none u-hide-print" aria-hidden="true" data-component="entitlement-box" id=entitlement-box-right-column > <p class="c-nature-box__text js-text u-display-none" aria-hidden="true"></p> <div class="js-access-button u-display-none"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click_institution_login" data-track-context="reading companion" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-change-institution-button u-display-none"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41559-023-02181-y" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click" data-track-action="change institution" data-track-label="button"> <span class="c-article__button-text">Change institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button u-display-none"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" aria-hidden="true" data-test="ra21" data-track="click" data-track-action="buy or subscribe" data-track-label="button"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu> <div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-right-2" class="div-gpt-ad advert medium-rectangle js-ad text-center hide-print grade-c-hide" data-ad-type="right" data-test="right-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="type=article;pos=right;artid=s41559-023-02181-y;doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y;subjmeta=158,2178,631,851;kwrd=Invasive+species,Macroecology"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article&sz=300x250&c=-2106679634&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41559-023-02181-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y%26subjmeta%3D158,2178,631,851%26kwrd%3DInvasive+species,Macroecology"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/285/natecolevol.nature.com/article&sz=300x250&c=-2106679634&t=pos%3Dright%26type%3Darticle%26artid%3Ds41559-023-02181-y%26doi%3D10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y%26subjmeta%3D158,2178,631,851%26kwrd%3DInvasive+species,Macroecology" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"></a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Explore-content" data-test="Explore-content" id="explore" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Explore-content" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Explore content</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/research-articles" data-track="click" data-track-action="research articles" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Research articles </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/reviews-and-analysis" data-track="click" data-track-action="reviews & analysis" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Reviews & Analysis </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/news-and-comment" data-track="click" data-track-action="news & comment" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> News & Comment </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/videos" data-track="click" data-track-action="videos" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Videos </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/current-issue" data-track="click" data-track-action="current issue" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Current issue </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/collections" data-track="click" data-track-action="collections" data-track-label="link" data-test="explore-nav-item"> Collections </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.facebook.com/natecolevol" data-track="click" data-track-action="facebook" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Facebook </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://twitter.com/NatureEcoEvo" data-track="click" data-track-action="twitter" data-track-label="link">Follow us on Twitter </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a data-test="subscribe-button" class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/subscribe" data-track="click" data-track-action="subscribe" data-track-label="link"> <span>Subscribe</span> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/my-account/alerts/subscribe-journal?list-id=378" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="Sign up for alerts" data-track-external data-track-label="link (mobile dropdown)">Sign up for alerts<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--hide-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol.rss" data-track="click" data-track-action="rss feed" data-track-label="link"> <span>RSS feed</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="About-the-journal" id="about-the-journal" data-test="about-the-journal" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="About-the-journal" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">About the journal</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/aims" data-track="click" data-track-action="aims & scope" data-track-label="link"> Aims & Scope </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/journal-information" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal information" data-track-label="link"> Journal Information </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/journal-impact" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal metrics" data-track-label="link"> Journal Metrics </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/editors" data-track="click" data-track-action="about the editors" data-track-label="link"> About the Editors </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/research-cross-journal-editorial-team" data-track="click" data-track-action="research cross-journal editorial team" data-track-label="link"> Research Cross-Journal Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/our-publishing-models" data-track="click" data-track-action="our publishing models" data-track-label="link"> Our publishing models </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/reviews-cross-journal-editorial-team" data-track="click" data-track-action="reviews cross-journal editorial team" data-track-label="link"> Reviews Cross-Journal Editorial Team </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/editorial-values-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial values statement" data-track-label="link"> Editorial Values Statement </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/editorial-policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link"> Editorial Policies </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/content" data-track="click" data-track-action="content types" data-track-label="link"> Content Types </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/conferences" data-track="click" data-track-action="conferences" data-track-label="link"> Conferences </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/contact" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact" data-track-label="link"> Contact </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav class="c-header__dropdown" aria-labelledby="Publish-with-us-label" id="publish-with-us" data-test="publish-with-us" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 id="Publish-with-us-label" class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--js-hide">Publish with us</h2> <ul class="c-header__list c-header__list--js-stack"> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/submission-guidelines" data-track="click" data-track-action="submission guidelines" data-track-label="link"> Submission Guidelines </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/natecolevol/for-reviewers" data-track="click" data-track-action="for reviewers" data-track-label="link"> For Reviewers </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a class="c-header__link" data-test="nature-author-services" data-track="nav_language_services" data-track-context="header publish with us dropdown menu" data-track-action="manuscript author services" data-track-label="link manuscript author services" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=For+Authors&utm_medium=Website_Nature&utm_campaign=Platform+Experimentation+2022&utm_id=PE2022"> Language editing services </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item c-header__item--keyline"> <a class="c-header__link" href="https://mts-natecolevol.nature.com/cgi-bin/main.plex" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="submit link in Nature header dropdown menu" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link (publish with us dropdown menu)" data-track-external>Submit manuscript<svg role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" height="18" viewBox="0 0 18 18" width="18" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v5.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-5.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h7.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-7.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-.5442863 8.18867991 3.3545404 3.35454039c.2508994.2508994.2538696.6596433.0035959.909917-.2429543.2429542-.6561449.2462671-.9065387-.0089489l-2.2609825-2.3045251.0010427 7.2231989c0 .3569916-.2898381.6371378-.6473715.6371378-.3470771 0-.6473715-.2852563-.6473715-.6371378l-.0010428-7.2231995-2.2611222 2.3046654c-.2531661.2580415-.6562868.2592444-.9065605.0089707-.24295423-.2429542-.24865597-.6576651.0036132-.9099343l3.3546673-3.35466731c.2509089-.25090888.6612706-.25227691.9135302-.00001728zm-.9557137-3.18867991c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-8.5-3.587-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1zm8.5 1.587c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill="#fff"/></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="search-menu" class="c-header__dropdown c-header__dropdown--full-width" data-track-component="nature-150-split-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <h2 class="c-header__visually-hidden">Search</h2> <form class="c-header__search-form" action="/search" method="get" role="search" autocomplete="off" data-test="inline-search"> <label class="c-header__heading" for="keywords">Search articles by subject, keyword or author</label> <div class="c-header__search-layout c-header__search-layout--max-width"> <div> <input type="text" required="" class="c-header__input" id="keywords" name="q" value=""> </div> <div class="c-header__search-layout"> <div> <label for="results-from" class="c-header__visually-hidden">Show results from</label> <select id="results-from" name="journal" class="c-header__select"> <option value="" selected>All journals</option> <option value="natecolevol">This journal</option> </select> </div> <div> <button type="submit" class="c-header__search-button">Search</button> </div> </div> </div> </form> <div class="c-header__flush"> <a class="c-header__link" href="/search/advanced" data-track="click" data-track-action="advanced search" data-track-label="link"> Advanced search </a> </div> <h3 class="c-header__heading c-header__heading--keyline">Quick links</h3> <ul class="c-header__list"> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="explore articles by subject" data-track-label="link">Explore articles by subject</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/naturecareers" data-track="click" data-track-action="find a job" data-track-label="link">Find a job</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="guide to authors" data-track-label="link">Guide to authors</a></li> <li><a class="c-header__link" href="/authors/editorial_policies/" data-track="click" data-track-action="editorial policies" data-track-label="link">Editorial policies</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <footer class="composite-layer" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Periodical"> <meta itemprop="publisher" content="Springer Nature"> <div class="u-mt-16 u-mb-16"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-wrap u-justify-content-space-between"> <p class="c-meta u-ma-0 u-flex-shrink"> <span class="c-meta__item"> Nature Ecology & Evolution (<i>Nat Ecol Evol</i>) </span> <span class="c-meta__item"> <abbr title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</abbr> <span itemprop="onlineIssn">2397-334X</span> (online) </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer"> <div class="u-hide-print" data-track-component="footer"> <h2 class="u-visually-hidden">nature.com sitemap</h2> <div class="c-footer__container"> <div class="c-footer__grid c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">About Nature Portfolio</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/company_info/index.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="about us" data-track-label="link">About us</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/npg_/press_room/press_releases.html" data-track="click" data-track-action="press releases" data-track-label="link">Press releases</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://press.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="press office" data-track-label="link">Press office</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://support.nature.com/support/home" data-track="click" data-track-action="contact us" data-track-label="link">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Discover content</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/siteindex" data-track="click" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/subjects" data-track="click" data-track-action="article by subject" data-track-label="link">Articles by subject</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.protocols.io/" data-track="click" data-track-action="protocols.io" data-track-label="link">protocols.io</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureindex.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature index" data-track-label="link">Nature Index</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Publishing policies</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/authors/editorial_policies" data-track="click" data-track-action="Nature portfolio policies" data-track-label="link">Nature portfolio policies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-research/open-access" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link">Open access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Author & Researcher services</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/reprints" data-track="click" data-track-action="reprints and permissions" data-track-label="link">Reprints & permissions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors/research-data" data-track="click" data-track-action="data research service" data-track-label="link">Research data</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/language-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="language editing" data-track-label="link">Language editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/scientific-editing/" data-track="click" data-track-action="scientific editing" data-track-label="link">Scientific editing</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://masterclasses.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature masterclasses" data-track-label="link">Nature Masterclasses</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://solutions.springernature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="research solutions" data-track-label="link">Research Solutions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Libraries & institutions</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/tools-services" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian service and tools" data-track-label="link">Librarian service & tools</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/manage-your-account/librarianportal" data-track="click" data-track-action="librarian portal" data-track-label="link">Librarian portal</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/openresearch/about-open-access/information-for-institutions" data-track="click" data-track-action="open research" data-track-label="link">Open research</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/recommend-to-your-library" data-track="click" data-track-action="Recommend to library" data-track-label="link">Recommend to library</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Advertising & partnerships</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/digital-advertising/" data-track="click" data-track-action="advertising" data-track-label="link">Advertising</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/" data-track="click" data-track-action="partnerships and services" data-track-label="link">Partnerships & Services</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/media-kits/" data-track="click" data-track-action="media kits" data-track-label="link">Media kits</a> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://partnerships.nature.com/product/branded-content-native-advertising/" data-track-action="branded content" data-track-label="link">Branded content</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Professional development</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/naturecareers/" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature careers" data-track-label="link">Nature Careers</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://conferences.nature.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature conferences" data-track-label="link">Nature<span class="u-visually-hidden"> </span> Conferences</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="c-footer__group"> <h3 class="c-footer__heading u-mt-0">Regional websites</h3> <ul class="c-footer__list"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natafrica" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature africa" data-track-label="link">Nature Africa</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="http://www.naturechina.com" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature china" data-track-label="link">Nature China</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nindia" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature india" data-track-label="link">Nature India</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/natitaly" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature Italy" data-track-label="link">Nature Italy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature japan" data-track-label="link">Nature Japan</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/nmiddleeast" data-track="click" data-track-action="nature middle east" data-track-label="link">Nature Middle East</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <ul class="c-footer__links"> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy" data-track="click" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-label="link">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/cookies" data-track="click" data-track-action="use of cookies" data-track-label="link">Use of cookies</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"> <button class="optanon-toggle-display c-footer__link" onclick="javascript:;" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="click" data-track-action="manage cookies" data-track-label="link">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies </button> </li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/legal-notice" data-track="click" data-track-action="legal notice" data-track-label="link">Legal notice</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/accessibility-statement" data-track="click" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/info/terms-and-conditions" data-track="click" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-label="link">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li class="c-footer__item"><a class="c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/ccpa" data-track="click" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-footer__container"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="c-footer__link"> <img src="/static/images/logos/sn-logo-white-ea63208b81.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature Limited</p> </div> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.462 0c1.413 0 2.538 1.184 2.538 2.619v12.762c0 1.435-1.125 2.619-2.538 2.619h-16.924c-1.413 0-2.538-1.184-2.538-2.619v-12.762c0-1.435 1.125-2.619 2.538-2.619zm.538 5.158-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1 -3.253-.008l-7.369-6.248v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619zm-.538-3.158h-16.924c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7.49754099 11.9178212c.38955542-.3895554.38761957-1.0207846-.00290473-1.4113089-.39324695-.3932469-1.02238878-.3918247-1.41130883-.0029047l-4.10273549 4.1027355.00055454-3.5103985c.00008852-.5603185-.44832171-1.006032-1.00155062-1.0059446-.53903074.0000852-.97857527.4487442-.97866268 1.0021075l-.00093318 5.9072465c-.00008751.553948.44841131 1.001882 1.00174994 1.0017946l5.906983-.0009331c.5539233-.0000875 1.00197907-.4486389 1.00206646-1.0018679.00008515-.5390307-.45026621-.9784332-1.00588841-.9783454l-3.51010549.0005545zm3.00571741-5.83449376c-.3895554.38955541-.3876196 1.02078454.0029047 1.41130883.393247.39324696 1.0223888.39182478 1.4113089.00290473l4.1027355-4.10273549-.0005546 3.5103985c-.0000885.56031852.4483217 1.006032 1.0015506 1.00594461.5390308-.00008516.9785753-.44874418.9786627-1.00210749l.0009332-5.9072465c.0000875-.553948-.4484113-1.00188204-1.0017499-1.00179463l-5.906983.00093313c-.5539233.00008751-1.0019791.44863892-1.0020665 1.00186784-.0000852.53903074.4502662.97843325 1.0058884.97834547l3.5101055-.00055449z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M48.854 0C21.839 0 0 22 0 49.217c0 21.756 13.993 40.172 33.405 46.69 2.427.49 3.316-1.059 3.316-2.362 0-1.141-.08-5.052-.08-9.127-13.59 2.934-16.42-5.867-16.42-5.867-2.184-5.704-5.42-7.17-5.42-7.17-4.448-3.015.324-3.015.324-3.015 4.934.326 7.523 5.052 7.523 5.052 4.367 7.496 11.404 5.378 14.235 4.074.404-3.178 1.699-5.378 3.074-6.6-10.839-1.141-22.243-5.378-22.243-24.283 0-5.378 1.94-9.778 5.014-13.2-.485-1.222-2.184-6.275.486-13.038 0 0 4.125-1.304 13.426 5.052a46.97 46.97 0 0 1 12.214-1.63c4.125 0 8.33.571 12.213 1.63 9.302-6.356 13.427-5.052 13.427-5.052 2.67 6.763.97 11.816.485 13.038 3.155 3.422 5.015 7.822 5.015 13.2 0 18.905-11.404 23.06-22.324 24.283 1.78 1.548 3.316 4.481 3.316 9.126 0 6.6-.08 11.897-.08 13.526 0 1.304.89 2.853 3.316 2.364 19.412-6.52 33.405-24.935 33.405-46.691C97.707 22 75.788 0 48.854 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path d="M12 0c1.10457 0 2 .895431 2 2v5c0 .276142-.223858.5-.5.5S13 7.276142 13 7V2c0-.512836-.38604-.935507-.883379-.993272L12 1H6v3c0 1.10457-.89543 2-2 2H1v8c0 .512836.38604.935507.883379.993272L2 15h6.5c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H2c-1.104569 0-2-.89543-2-2V5.828427c0-.530433.210714-1.039141.585786-1.414213L4.414214.585786C4.789286.210714 5.297994 0 5.828427 0H12Zm3.41 11.14c.250899.250899.250274.659726 0 .91-.242954.242954-.649606.245216-.9-.01l-1.863671-1.900337.001043 5.869492c0 .356992-.289839.637138-.647372.637138-.347077 0-.647371-.285256-.647371-.637138l-.001043-5.869492L9.5 12.04c-.253166.258042-.649726.260274-.9.01-.242954-.242954-.252269-.657731 0-.91l2.942184-2.951303c.250908-.250909.66127-.252277.91353-.000017L15.41 11.14ZM5 1.413 1.413 5H4c.552285 0 1-.447715 1-1V1.413ZM11 3c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Zm0 2c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></symbol></svg> </div> </footer> <div class="c-site-messages message u-hide u-hide-print c-site-messages--nature-briefing c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant c-site-messages--nature-briefing-redesign-2020 sans-serif " data-component-id="nature-briefing-banner" data-component-expirydays="30" data-component-trigger-scroll-percentage="15" data-track="in-view" data-track-action="in-view" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner visible: Flagship"> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-large"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__form-container"> <div class="grid grid-12 last"> <div class="grid grid-4"> <img alt="Nature Briefing" src="/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-d81c9da3ec.svg" width="250" height="40"> <p class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline extra-tight-line-height">Sign up for the <em>Nature Briefing</em> newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.</p> </div> <div class="grid grid-8 last"> <form action="https://www.nature.com/briefing/briefing" method="post" data-location="banner" data-track="signup_nature_briefing_banner" data-track-action="transmit-form" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner submit: Flagship"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-originReferralPoint" type="hidden" name="track_originReferralPoint" value="MainBriefingBanner"> <input id="briefing-banner-signup-form-input-track-formType" type="hidden" name="track_formType" value="DirectEmailBanner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="gdpr_tick" id="gdpr_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing" id="marketing_input_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="false" name="marketing_tick" id="marketing_tick_banner"> <input type="hidden" value="MainBriefingBanner" name="brieferEntryPoint" id="brieferEntryPoint_banner"> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__email-label" for="emailAddress">Email address</label> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__email-wrapper"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__email-input box-sizing text14" type="email" id="emailAddress" name="emailAddress" value="" placeholder="e.g. jo.smith@university.ac.uk" required data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-email-input"> <input type="hidden" value="true" name="N:nature_briefing_daily" id="defaultNewsletter_banner"> <button type="submit" class="nature-briefing-banner__submit-button box-sizing text14" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-signup-button">Sign up</button> </div> <div class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-wrapper grid grid-12 last"> <input class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-checkbox" id="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox" type="checkbox" name="gdpr" value="true" data-test-element="briefing-emailbanner-gdpr-checkbox" required> <label class="nature-briefing-banner__checkbox-label box-sizing text13 sans-serif block tighten-line-height" for="gdpr-briefing-banner-checkbox">I agree my information will be processed in accordance with the <em>Nature</em> and Springer Nature Limited <a href="https://www.nature.com/info/privacy">Privacy Policy</a>.</label> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__banner-small"> <div class="c-site-messages__close-container"> <button class="c-site-messages__close" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Briefing banner dismiss: Flagship"> <svg width="25px" height="25px" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 25 25" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <title>Close banner</title> <defs></defs> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <rect opacity="0" x="0" y="0" width="25" height="25"></rect> <path d="M6.29679575,16.2772478 C5.90020818,16.6738354 5.90240728,17.3100587 6.29617427,17.7038257 C6.69268654,18.100338 7.32864195,18.0973145 7.72275218,17.7032043 L12,13.4259564 L16.2772478,17.7032043 C16.6738354,18.0997918 17.3100587,18.0975927 17.7038257,17.7038257 C18.100338,17.3073135 18.0973145,16.671358 17.7032043,16.2772478 L13.4259564,12 L17.7032043,7.72275218 C18.0997918,7.32616461 18.0975927,6.68994127 17.7038257,6.29617427 C17.3073135,5.89966201 16.671358,5.90268552 16.2772478,6.29679575 L12,10.5740436 L7.72275218,6.29679575 C7.32616461,5.90020818 6.68994127,5.90240728 6.29617427,6.29617427 C5.89966201,6.69268654 5.90268552,7.32864195 6.29679575,7.72275218 L10.5740436,12 L6.29679575,16.2772478 Z" fill="#ffffff"></path> </g> </svg> <span class="visually-hidden">Close</span> </button> </div> <div class="c-site-messages__content text14"> <span class="c-site-messages--nature-briefing__strapline strong">Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox.</span> <a class="nature-briefing__link text14 sans-serif" data-track="click" data-track-category="nature briefing" data-track-label="Small-screen banner CTA to site" data-test-element="briefing-banner-link" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.nature.com/briefing/signup/?brieferEntryPoint=MainBriefingBanner">Sign up for Nature Briefing </a> </div> </div> </div> <noscript> <img hidden src="https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.png" width="0" height="0" style="display: none" alt=""> </noscript> <script src="//content.readcube.com/ping?doi=10.1038/s41559-023-02181-y&format=js&last_modified=2023-08-31" async></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Megaherbivores provide biotic resistance against alien plant dominance | Nature Ecology & Evolution