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Shankar Dayal Sharma - Wikipedia

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href="#Political_career_in_Madhya_Pradesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career in Madhya Pradesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_Madhya_Pradesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliamentary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliamentary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Parliamentary career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliamentary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gubernatorial_tenures_(1984–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gubernatorial_tenures_(1984–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gubernatorial_tenures_(1984–1987)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gubernatorial_tenures_(1984–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh_(1984–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh_(1984–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Governor of Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh_(1984–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Punjab_(1985–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Punjab_(1985–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Governor of Punjab (1985–1986)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Punjab_(1985–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Maharashtra_(1986–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Maharashtra_(1986–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Governor of Maharashtra (1986–1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Maharashtra_(1986–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_President_of_India_(1987–1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_President_of_India_(1987–1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice President of India (1987–1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_President_of_India_(1987–1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_India_(1992–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_India_(1992–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>President of India (1992–1997)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_India_(1992–1997)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle President of India (1992–1997) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_India_(1992–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Narasimha_Rao_government_(1992–1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narasimha_Rao_government_(1992–1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Narasimha Rao government (1992–1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narasimha_Rao_government_(1992–1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vajpayee_government_(16_May_1996_–_28_May_1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajpayee_government_(16_May_1996_–_28_May_1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Vajpayee government (16 May 1996 – 28 May 1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajpayee_government_(16_May_1996_–_28_May_1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deve_Gowda_government_(1996–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deve_Gowda_government_(1996–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Deve Gowda government (1996–1997)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deve_Gowda_government_(1996–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I._K._Gujral_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I._K._Gujral_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>I. K. Gujral government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I._K._Gujral_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>State visits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shankar Dayal Sharma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شانكار دايال شارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شانكار دايال شارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="শঙ্কৰ দয়াল শৰ্মা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শঙ্কৰ দয়াল শৰ্মা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="শঙ্কর দয়াল শর্মা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শঙ্কর দয়াল শর্মা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шанкар Даял Шарма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шанкар Даял Шарма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C3%A1nkar_Daj%C3%A1l_%C5%A0arma" title="Šánkar Dajál Šarma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šánkar Dajál Šarma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%B0_%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ޝަންކަރް ދަޔާލް ޝަރްމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝަންކަރް ދަޔާލް ޝަރްމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cankar_Dajal_%C5%9Carma" title="Ŝankar Dajal Ŝarma – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝankar Dajal Ŝarma" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Sharma" title="Shankar Sharma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shankar Sharma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شانکار دایال شارما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شانکار دایال شارما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="શંકર દયાલ શર્મા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શંકર દયાલ શર્મા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%B9%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%96%84_%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88" title="샹카르 다얄 샤르마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샹카르 다얄 샤르마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Շանկար Դայալ Շարմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շանկար Դայալ Շարմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="שנקר דיאל שרמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנקר דיאל שרמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಶಂಕರ ದಯಾಳ ಶರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಂಕರ ದಯಾಳ ಶರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="შანკარ დაიალ შარმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შანკარ დაიალ შარმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शंकरदयाल शर्मा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE" title="ശങ്കർ ദയാൽ ശർമ്മ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശങ്കർ ദയാൽ ശർമ്മ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शंकर दयाळ शर्मा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शंकर दयाळ शर्मा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شانكار دايال شارما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شانكار دايال شارما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शङ्करदयाल शर्मा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शङ्करदयाल शर्मा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="シャンカルダヤール・シャルマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャンカルダヤール・シャルマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଶଙ୍କର ଦୟାଲ ଶର୍ମା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶଙ୍କର ଦୟାଲ ଶର୍ମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸ਼ੰਕਰ ਦਯਾਲ ਸ਼ਰਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੰਕਰ ਦਯਾਲ ਸ਼ਰਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شنکر دیال شرما – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شنکر دیال شرما" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Шарма, Шанкар Даял – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шарма, Шанкар Даял" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="शङ्कर दयाल शर्मा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शङ्कर दयाल शर्मा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱝᱠᱚᱨ ᱫᱚᱭᱟᱞ ᱥᱚᱨᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.D._Sharma" title="S.D. Sharma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="S.D. Sharma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="சங்கர் தயாள் சர்மா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சங்கர் தயாள் சர்மா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE" title="శంకర దయాళ్ శర్మ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శంకర దయాళ్ శర్మ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Шанкар Даял Шарма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шанкар Даял Шарма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Шанкар Шарму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шанкар Шарму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="شنکر دیال شرما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شنکر دیال شرما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Shankar Dayal Sharma" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%91%AA" title="沙瑪 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="沙瑪" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E4%BA%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC" title="尚卡尔·达亚尔·夏尔马 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尚卡尔·达亚尔·夏尔马" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q332157#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none"> President of India from 1992 to 1997</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Shankar Dayal Sharma</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/220px-Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/330px-Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Shri_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="477" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official Portrait, 1992</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 July 1992&#160;–&#32;25 July 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/I._K._Gujral" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">K. R. Narayanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">Vice President of India</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 September 1987&#160;–&#32;25 July 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maharashtra">Governor of Maharashtra</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 April 1986&#160;–&#32;2 September 1987</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chief Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kona_Prabhakar_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kona Prabhakar Rao">Kona Prabhakar Rao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Punjab (India)">Governor of Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_of_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Administrators of Chandigarh">Administrator of Chandigarh</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 November 1985&#160;–&#32;2 April 1986</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chief Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hokishe_Sema" title="Hokishe Sema">Hokishe Sema</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Andhra Pradesh">Governor of Andhra Pradesh</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 August 1984&#160;–&#32;26 November 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Chief Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadendla_Bhaskara_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadendla Bhaskara Rao">Nadendla Bhaskara Rao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ram_Lal" title="Thakur Ram Lal">Thakur Ram Lal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kumudben_Manishankar_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumudben Manishankar Joshi">Kumudben Manishankar Joshi</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State_(1949%E2%80%9356)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal State (1949–56)">Chief Minister of Bhopal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />31 March 1952&#160;–&#32;31 October 1956</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Cabinet Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Government of Madhya Pradesh">Government of Madhya Pradesh</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1956–1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Departments</th><td class="infobox-data">Education, Law, Public Works, Revenue, Industry and Commerce.</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President of Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1972–1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devakanta_Barua" class="mw-redirect" title="Devakanta Barua">Devakanta Barua</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-08-19</span>)</span>19 August 1918<br /><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal State</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1999<span style="display:none">(1999-12-26)</span> (aged&#160;81)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Sharma" title="Vimala Sharma">Vimala Sharma</a></div>&#32;<div style="display:inline-block;">&#8203;</div>&#40;<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>&#160;1950&#41;<wbr />&#8203;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 sons, 2 daughters</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">University of Allahabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lucknow" title="University of Lucknow">University of Lucknow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> (DPA)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln&#39;s Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma&#39;s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg/128px-Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg/192px-Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg/256px-Signature_of_Shanker_Dayal_Sharma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shankar Dayal Sharma</b> (<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/05\/Sds.ogg\/Sds.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;pronunciation&quot;},&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Sds.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Sds.ogg/Sds.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sds.ogg" title="File:Sds.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 19 August 1918 – 26 December 1999) was an Indian <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> and politician from the state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> who served as the ninth <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a>, from 1992 to 1997. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, Sharma studied at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> and received a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and was a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">bar-at-law</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln&#39;s Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> and a Brandeis Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. During 1948–49, Sharma was one of the leaders of the movement for the merger of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal State</a> with India, a cause for which he served eight months' <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>. </p><p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> party, Sharma was <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">chief minister</a> (1952–56) of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State_(1949%E2%80%931956)" title="Bhopal State (1949–1956)">Bhopal State</a> and served as a cabinet minister (1956–1971) in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Government of Madhya Pradesh">government of Madhya Pradesh</a> holding several portfolios. Sharma was president of the Bhopal State Congress Committee (1950–52), <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee">Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee</a> (1966–68) and of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a> (1972–74). He served as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Union Minister for Communications</a> (1974–77) under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. Twice elected to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, Sharma served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Andhra Pradesh">governor of Andhra Pradesh</a> (1984–85), <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> (1985–86) and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (1986–87) before being elected unopposed as the eighth <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of India">vice president of India</a> in 1987. </p><p>Sharma was elected president of India in 1992 and served till 1997 during which period he dealt with four <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime ministers</a>, three of whom he appointed in the last year of his presidency. He was assertive with the <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao ministry">P. V. Narasimha Rao ministry</a>, forcing his government to sack a <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">governor</a>, instigating a strong response to the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolition of the Babri Masjid</a> and refusing to sign <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">ordinances</a> presented to him on the eve of <a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">elections</a>. His appointment of <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> as prime minister on the grounds of him being the leader of the largest party in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> attracted widespread criticism especially as Vajpayee was forced to resign in only thirteen days without facing a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of confidence</a>. Sharma's appointment of <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">I. K. Gujral</a> as prime ministers followed the assurance of support to their candidature by the Congress party but neither government lasted more than a year. Sharma chose not to seek a second term in office and was succeeded to the presidency by <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a>. </p><p>Sharma died in 1999 and was accorded a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">samadhi</a> lies at Karma Bhumi in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shankar Dayal Sharma was born on 19 August 1918 in <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, then the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaur_Brahmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaur Brahmin">Gaur Brahmin</a> family. Sharma completed his schooling in Bhopal and then studied at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Agra" title="St. John&#39;s College, Agra">St. John's College, Agra</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Allahabad" title="University of Allahabad">Allahabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lucknow" title="University of Lucknow">Lucknow</a> universities obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master&#39;s degree">MA</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">L.L.M.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eparlib.nic.in_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eparlib.nic.in-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He topped both the courses, was awarded the Chakravarty Gold Medal for social service, and was a thrice swimming champion at Lucknow University and <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country running</a> champion at <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He obtained a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> for his thesis on <i>Interpretation of Legislative Powers under Federal Constitutions</i> and received a <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eparlib.nic.in_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eparlib.nic.in-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma began practicing law at <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> from 1940 where he taught law at the university and soon joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1946, he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln&#39;s Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> and taught at Cambridge University during 1946–47. The following year, he was appointed a Brandeis Fellow at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_Madhya_Pradesh">Political career in Madhya Pradesh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Political career in Madhya Pradesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1948–49, Sharma underwent eight months' imprisonment for his leadership of the popular movement for merging the <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">princely state of Bhopal</a> with India.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha,_Parliament_of_India_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha,_Parliament_of_India-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bhopal" title="Nawabs of Bhopal">Nawab of Bhopal</a> had acceded his state to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, he had held out against signing the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a>. The popular movement had the support of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples&#39; Conference">Praja Mandal</a> and an interim government with Chatur Narain Malviya as its head was constituted by the Nawab in 1948. However, as the movement gained support, the Nawab dismissed this government. Public pressure and the intervention of <a href="/wiki/V._P._Menon" title="V. P. Menon">V. P. Menon</a> led the Nawab to merge his state with the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Indian Union</a> in 1949 with the princely state reconstituted as <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State_(1949%E2%80%931956)" title="Bhopal State (1949–1956)">Bhopal State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SRBakshi_OPRalhan_2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SRBakshi_OPRalhan_2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma was president of the Bhopal State Congress during 1950 to 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Bhopal from <a href="/wiki/Berasia_Assembly_constituency" title="Berasia Assembly constituency">Berasia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1952_Bhopal_Legislative_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Bhopal Legislative Assembly election">elections of 1952</a> and became <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_(India)" title="Chief minister (India)">chief minister</a> of Bhopal State in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1956, following the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">reorganization of states</a>, Bhopal State was merged with the new state of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma played an important role in retaining Bhopal as the capital of this new state.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the elections of <a href="/wiki/1957_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1957</a>, <a href="/wiki/1962_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1962</a> and <a href="/wiki/1967_Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">1967</a>, Sharma was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> from <a href="/wiki/Udaipura_Assembly_constituency" title="Udaipura Assembly constituency">Udaipura</a> as a candidate of the Congress party.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During this time he was a <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">cabinet minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhya Pradesh government">Madhya Pradesh government</a> and variously held portfolios of education, law, <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a>, industry and commerce and revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_Bhavan,_Maharashtra_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj_Bhavan,_Maharashtra-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As minister for education, he emphasized <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> in schools and textbooks were revised to avoid <a href="/wiki/Religious_bias_in_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious bias in education">religious bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1967–68, he was president of the <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee">Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee</a> and served as general secretary of the party from 1968 to 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Raj_Bhavan,_Maharashtra_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raj_Bhavan,_Maharashtra-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the split in 1969, Sharma sided with <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> and was removed from party posts by the president <a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a> but reappointed by Gandhi in her faction of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliamentary_career">Parliamentary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Parliamentary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma was elected to the Lok Sabha from <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency">Bhopal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_general_election" title="1971 Indian general election">general elections of 1971</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The following year, he was made the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">president of the Indian National Congress</a> by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prior to his appointment as president, Sharma had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a> since 1967 and general secretary of the Congress party from 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Lok_Sabha,_Parliament_of_India_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lok_Sabha,_Parliament_of_India-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> As president, Sharma launched a public campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> accusing it of being actively involved in fomenting <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in India">violence in India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1974, Sharma was appointed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Minister of Communications</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Indira_Gandhi_ministry" title="Second Indira Gandhi ministry">Indira Gandhi ministry</a> and was succeeded as president of the Congress by <a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He remained in that post until his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1977_Indian_general_election" title="1977 Indian general election">general election of 1977</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arif_Beg" title="Arif Beg">Arif Baig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma was <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">reelected</a> from Bhopal in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election" title="1980 Indian general election">general election of 1980</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gubernatorial_tenures_(1984–1987)"><span id="Gubernatorial_tenures_.281984.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Gubernatorial tenures (1984–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh_(1984–1985)"><span id="Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh_.281984.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Governor of Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of Andhra Pradesh (1984–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">15 August</a> 1984, <a href="/wiki/N._T._Rama_Rao" title="N. T. Rama Rao">N. T. Rama Rao</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh">chief minister of Andhra Pradesh</a> who led the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_Desam_Party" title="Telugu Desam Party">Telugu Desam Party</a> (TDP) to victory in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">state assembly election of 1983</a>, was dismissed from that post by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Andhra Pradesh">governor of Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ram_Lal" title="Thakur Ram Lal">Thakur Ram Lal</a>. He appointed <a href="/wiki/N._Bhaskara_Rao" title="N. Bhaskara Rao">N. Bhaskara Rao</a>, who had been the <a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of finance ministers of Andhra Pradesh">finance minister</a> under Rama Rao, as the new chief minister and gave him a month's time to prove his majority in the Assembly despite the ousted chief minister's claim of being able to prove his own majority in two days' time and evidence that he had the support of the majority of legislators in the assembly. Following widespread protests, Ram Lal resigned on 24 August 1984 and was replaced by Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma convened a session of the Assembly on 11 September 1984 but as Bhaskara Rao failed to prove his majority within the period of one month stipulated by Ram Lal, Sharma suggested that he resign with effect from 16 September. Bhaskar Rao refused to do so seeking the reconvening of the Assembly a few days later. Sharma then dismissed him and reappointed Rama Rao as chief minister. Rama Rao won the vote of confidence when the Assembly reconvened on 20 September 1984. Soon after, the Rama Rao government called for fresh elections and Sharma dissolved the Assembly in November 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1985_Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">Assembly election of 1985</a>, TDP was returned to power with a two-thirds majority with Rama Rao returning as the chief minister. A few months later, Sharma refused to <a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">repromulgate</a> three <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">ordinances</a> sent to him by the <a href="/wiki/Second_N._T._Rama_Rao_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second N. T. Rama Rao ministry">Rama Rao's government</a> stating that ordinances are required to be ratified by the legislature and that their repromulgation would be a constitutional impropriety. His refusal to repromulgate these ordinances, pertaining to the abolition of offices of part-time village officers, formation of districts and payment of salaries and removal of disqualifications of government employees, a fourth time soured his relation with the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1985, Sharma's daughter Gitanjali and his son-in-law, the Congress politician <a href="/wiki/Lalit_Maken" title="Lalit Maken">Lalit Maken</a>, were killed by Sikh militants in retaliation for Maken's alleged role in the <a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">anti-Sikh riots of 1984</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma was thereafter transferred to <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> as governor and was succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kumudben_Joshi" title="Kumudben Joshi">Kumudben Joshi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Punjab_(1985–1986)"><span id="Governor_of_Punjab_.281985.E2.80.931986.29"></span>Governor of Punjab (1985–1986)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Governor of Punjab (1985–1986)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma succeeded <a href="/wiki/Hokishe_Sema" title="Hokishe Sema">Hokishe Sema</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Punjab (India)">governor of Punjab</a> in November 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His appointment came after the <a href="/wiki/1985_Punjab_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election">assembly elections</a> in that state and in the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/Rajiv%E2%80%93Longowal_Accord" title="Rajiv–Longowal Accord">Rajiv–Longowal Accord</a> which sought to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">insurgency in Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma's tenure was characterized by continued violence and he was replaced in April 1986 by <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Maharashtra_(1986–1987)"><span id="Governor_of_Maharashtra_.281986.E2.80.931987.29"></span>Governor of Maharashtra (1986–1987)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Governor of Maharashtra (1986–1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maharashtra" title="List of governors of Maharashtra">governor of Maharashtra</a> in April 1986 and served until September 1987 when he was elected <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of India">vice president of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_President_of_India_(1987–1992)"><span id="Vice_President_of_India_.281987.E2.80.931992.29"></span>Vice President of India (1987–1992)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Vice President of India (1987–1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma was nominated by the Congress party for the <a href="/wiki/1987_Indian_vice_presidential_election" title="1987 Indian vice presidential election">vice-presidential election of 1987</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although 27 candidates had filed nominations, only the nomination filed by Sharma was found valid by the <a href="/wiki/Returning_officer" title="Returning officer">returning officer</a>. After the last date of withdrawal of candidates was over, Sharma was declared elected unanimously on 21 August 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma was sworn in as the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_India" title="Vice President of India">vice president</a> on 3 September 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was only the third person to be elected unopposed to the vice-presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma, who was also the <a href="/wiki/Ex_officio_member" title="Ex officio member">ex-officio</a> chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, offered to quit in February 1988 after his ruling admitting a discussion in the house of the purported extravagance of the then governor of Andhra Pradesh was vociferously objected to by members of the government. Several ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rajiv_Gandhi_ministry" title="Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry">council of ministers</a> led the protests against Sharma's ruling even as Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>, who was present in the house, chose not to intervene or restrain the members of his party. Sharma's response chastened the protesting members but their request to have the proceedings expunged from Parliament records was turned down by Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi">assassination of Rajiv Gandhi</a>, Sharma was first offered the presidentship of the Congress party and the post of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">prime minister</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a>. He however refused citing ill health and advanced age. Thereafter, <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> was chosen to lead the Congress party.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_India_(1992–1997)"><span id="President_of_India_.281992.E2.80.931997.29"></span>President of India (1992–1997)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: President of India (1992–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/220px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/330px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/440px-Swearing-in_ceremony_of_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption>Shankar Dayal Sharma being <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">sworn in</a> as president by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Hiralal_Kania" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhukar Hiralal Kania">M. H. Kania</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1992, Sharma was chosen by the Congress party as its candidate for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Indian_presidential_election" title="1992 Indian presidential election">presidential election of 1992</a> to succeed <a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His nomination was also supported by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties_in_India" title="List of communist parties in India">communist parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The election was held on 13 July 1992 and votes counted three days later. Sharma won 675,804 votes against the 346,485 votes polled by his main opponent <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Swell" title="George Gilbert Swell">George Gilbert Swell</a>, who was the nominee of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_India_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_India-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Two other candidates – <a href="/wiki/Ram_Jethmalani" title="Ram Jethmalani">Ram Jethmalani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaka_Joginder_Singh" title="Kaka Joginder Singh">Kaka Joginder Singh</a> – won a small number of votes. Sharma was declared elected on 16 July 1992 and was sworn in as president on 25 July 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Election_Commission_of_India_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Election_Commission_of_India-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newspapers.com_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newspapers.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In his inaugural address, Sharma stated that "<a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> has little meaning without <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality</a> and equality has little meaning without <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>" and committed himself to combating <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_India" title="Terrorism in India">terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_in_India" title="Health in India">disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communalism</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The validity of the election <a href="/wiki/Election_petition" title="Election petition">was challenged</a> unsuccessfully before the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narasimha_Rao_government_(1992–1996)"><span id="Narasimha_Rao_government_.281992.E2.80.931996.29"></span>Narasimha Rao government (1992–1996)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Narasimha Rao government (1992–1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Sharma's victory was seen as a victory for the Congress party and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> who headed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Although seen as a largely ceremonial post, the office of the president is key since the incumbent gets to nominate a head of government in the event of <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">no party gaining a majority</a> in Parliament after national elections or after a government had lost a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">vote of confidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newspapers.com_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newspapers.com-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Rao ministry faced three no-confidence motions during its tenure the third of which, held in July 1993, was marred by allegations of <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">criminal indictment</a> against Rao himself.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/220px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/330px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg/440px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1697" /></a><figcaption>Shankar Dayal Sharma addressing the recipients of Press India Award at <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a></figcaption></figure><p>On 6 December 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> was <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">demolished</a> by a fanatic Hindu mob which led to widespread rioting across India. Sharma expressed his deep anguish and pain at the demolition and condemned the action as being contrary to the traditional ethos of India of respecting all religions and as opposed to the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma's strong condemnation of the incident forced the Rao government to dismiss the <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">state government</a> and impose <a href="/wiki/President%27s_rule" title="President&#39;s rule">President's rule</a> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, the state in which Ayodhya is located, the same evening.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India_Today_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Today-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, by way of a <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(India)" title="Ordinance (India)">presidential ordinance</a>, acquired 67 acres (27&#160;ha) of land in and around the spot where the mosque had stood and provided that all litigation relating to the disputed area would stand dissolved following the acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In January 1993, a reference was made by Sharma to India's <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> as to whether a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> or religious structure had existed prior to the construction of the Babri Masjid at the <a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi" title="Ram Janmabhoomi">disputed area</a> where the mosque stood. In 1994, by a majority decision, the Court refused to answer the reference as it held it to be contrary to the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> and likely to favour a religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President_of_India,_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14,_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg/220px-The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg/330px-The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg/440px-The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_addressing_the_Nation_on_the_eve_of_Independence_Day%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_August_14%2C_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>President Sharma <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_addresses" title="List of national addresses">addressing the nation</a> on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a>, 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1995, Sharma dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a> the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. At the dedication ceremony, Sharma stated that all religions taught the same lesson of unity and placed humanism above all else. The construction of the temple had lasted for fifty years. Questions about its financing, the role of the state in its reconstruction and the presence of constitutional functionaries during the installation of the idol had been marked by debates on secularism in the years following <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The same year, even as the Narasimha Rao government dithered on acting against <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Kaul" title="Sheila Kaul">Sheila Kaul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Himachal Pradesh">governor of Himachal Pradesh</a>, after the Supreme Court expressed its concern that she was using her <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution_(international_law)" title="Immunity from prosecution (international law)">gubernatorial immunity</a> to avoid criminal proceedings, Sharma forced the government to get her to resign immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-India_Today_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_Today-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubber_stamp_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubber_stamp-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma largely enjoyed cordial ties with Narasimha Rao government. In 1996, however, two ordinances sent to him by the Rao government seeking to extend the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Reservation_in_India" title="Reservation in India">reservations</a> in state employment and education for <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Christian" title="Dalit Christian">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Muslim" title="Dalit Muslim">Muslim Dalits</a> and to reduce the time allowed for campaigning in elections, were returned by Sharma on the grounds that elections were imminent and therefore such decisions should be left to the incoming government.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rubber_stamp_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubber_stamp-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajpayee_government_(16_May_1996_–_28_May_1996)"><span id="Vajpayee_government_.2816_May_1996_.E2.80.93_28_May_1996.29"></span>Vajpayee government (16 May 1996 – 28 May 1996)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Vajpayee government (16 May 1996 – 28 May 1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1996_Indian_general_election" title="1996 Indian general election">general elections of 1996</a>, no party got a majority in Parliament but the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> emerged the largest party winning 160 seats out of 543.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ruling Congress party came second with 139 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 15 May 1996, Sharma invited Atal Bihari Vajpayee, as the leader of the single largest party, to be the prime minister on the condition that he prove his majority on the floor of the house before 31 May. Vajpayee and a cabinet of 11 ministers were sworn in the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> President Sharma addressed the new parliament on 24 May.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The motion for vote of confidence was taken up and discussed on 27 and 28 May.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, before the motion could be put to vote, Vajpayee announced his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The government lasted only 13 days, the shortest in India's history.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Sharma's decision of selecting Vajpayee as prime minister drew criticism from several quarters. Unlike presidents <a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a> who had asked prime ministerial candidates to produce lists of their supporting <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(India)" title="Member of Parliament (India)">MPs</a>, thus satisfying themselves that the prime ministers appointed would be able to win a vote of confidence, Sharma had made no such demands of Vajpayee and had appointed him solely by the principle of inviting the leader of the largest party in Parliament. Also, unlike President Venkataraman, Sharma issued no <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press communiqués</a> outlining the rationale for his decision.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.in_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Communist parties criticized Sharma's decision as he had been elected president with their backing but had chosen to invite their ideological opponent to be the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharma's decision to invite Vajpayee has been attributed to the fact that no party had staked their claim to form the government and the <a href="/wiki/United_Front_(India,_1996)" title="United Front (India, 1996)">United Front</a>, a coalition of thirteen parties, took time to decide on their leader and in getting the Congress party to extend its support to them.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma's deadline of two weeks given to Vajpayee to prove his majority was much shorter than the time given to prime ministers in previous instances and was a move to discourage <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse trading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-indiatoday.in_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiatoday.in-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deve_Gowda_government_(1996–1997)"><span id="Deve_Gowda_government_.281996.E2.80.931997.29"></span>Deve Gowda government (1996–1997)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Deve Gowda government (1996–1997)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Vajpayee's resignation, Sharma asked him to continue as <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker prime minister</a> and appointed <a href="/wiki/H._D._Deve_Gowda" title="H. D. Deve Gowda">H. D. Deve Gowda</a> as prime minister on 28 May 1996 after being assured of the support of the Congress party for his candidature.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gowda and a 21 member <a href="/wiki/Deve_Gowda_ministry" title="Deve Gowda ministry">council of ministers</a> sworn in on 1 June and won a vote of confidence within the deadline of twelve days set by Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Eleventh_Lok_Sabha:_A_Momentous-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gowda, a former <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_Karnataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief minister of Karnataka">chief minister of Karnataka</a>, was India's third prime minister in as many weeks and headed a diverse coalition comprising <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regional parties</a>, leftists and <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">lower caste</a> Hindu politicians. He was also India's first prime minister not conversant in its <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-India&#39;s_Deve_Gowda_becomes_PM_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India&#39;s_Deve_Gowda_becomes_PM-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The government lasted ten months and was dependent on the Congress party which, under its new president <a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a>, withdrew support in April 1997 alleging failure on the part of the prime minister in preventing the growth of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_nationalist_political_parties" title="List of Hindu nationalist political parties">Hindu nationalist political parties</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-India&#39;s_Deve_Gowda_becomes_PM_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India&#39;s_Deve_Gowda_becomes_PM-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sharma then directed Gowda to seek a vote of confidence in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gowda lost the vote of confidence on 11 April 1997 and continued to head a caretaker government as President Sharma considered a further course of action.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I._K._Gujral_government">I. K. Gujral government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: I. K. Gujral government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg/220px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg/330px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg/440px-President_of_India_Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_administering_the_oath_of_office_of_Prime_Minister_of_India_to_Shri_I._K._Gujral_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>I. K. Gujral was sworn in as prime minister on April 21, 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 April 1997, <a href="/wiki/Inder_Kumar_Gujral" title="Inder Kumar Gujral">Inder Kumar Gujral</a>, who had been the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">foreign minister</a> under Deve Gowda, was sworn in as prime minister and was given two days time win a vote of confidence in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was the third prime minister to be sworn in by Sharma and his government would last 322 days when the Congress party again withdrew support to the United Front ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_visits">State visits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: State visits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_President_of_India,_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_being_received_by_the_Sultan_of_Oman,_H.M._Sultan_Qaboos_Bin_Said_at_Muscat_airport,_in_Oman_on_October_03,_1996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_being_received_by_the_Sultan_of_Oman%2C_H.M._Sultan_Qaboos_Bin_Said_at_Muscat_airport%2C_in_Oman_on_October_03%2C_1996.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_being_received_by_the_Sultan_of_Oman%2C_H.M._Sultan_Qaboos_Bin_Said_at_Muscat_airport%2C_in_Oman_on_October_03%2C_1996.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr._Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_being_received_by_the_Sultan_of_Oman%2C_H.M._Sultan_Qaboos_Bin_Said_at_Muscat_airport%2C_in_Oman_on_October_03%2C_1996.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>President Sharma being received at the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">Muscat Airport</a> by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">sultan of Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> during his state visit in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As president, Sharma led state visits to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bulgaria–India relations">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chile–India relations">Chile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Czech Republic–India relations">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Greece–India relations">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hungary–India relations">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="India–Italy relations">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="India–Namibia relations">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="India–Oman relations">Oman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="India–Romania relations">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="India–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="India–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="India–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="India–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At the end of his tenure, he chose not to seek a second term in office and was succeeded to the presidency by Vice President <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma died due to heart attack at the Escorts Heart Institute, Delhi on 26 December 1999. He was married to Vimala and had two sons and a daughter. The Government of India declared seven days of <a href="/wiki/National_day_of_mourning" title="National day of mourning">national mourning</a> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a> was accorded to him and he was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a> on 27 December 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(shrine)" title="Samadhi (shrine)">samadhi</a> lies at <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Karma Bhumi</a>, Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma was made an <a href="/wiki/Bencher" title="Bencher">honorary bencher</a> and Master of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln&#39;s Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was conferred an honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">doctor of law</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was also conferred with <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorates</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv</a> and several Indian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharma was the author of several books in English and Hindi. These include <i>The Congress Approach to International Affairs</i>, <i>Studies in Indo-Soviet cooperation</i>, <i>Rule of Law and Role of Police</i>, <i>Jawaharlal Nehru: The Maker of Modern Commonwealth</i>, <i>Eminent Indians</i>, <i>Chetna Ke Strot</i> and <i>Hindi Bhasha Aur Sanskriti</i>. He was also editor of the <i>Lucknow Law Journal</i>, <i>Socialist India</i>, <i>Jyoti</i> and the <i>Ilm-o-Nur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Shankar_Dayal_Sharma_2000_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>A commemorative postage stamp of India featuring President Sharma</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma</i>, a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">short</a> <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary feature</a> by A. K. Goorha covers his life and presidency. It was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Films_Division_of_India" title="Films Division of India">Films Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2000, a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_postage_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative postage stamp">commemorative postage stamp</a> was issued in his honour by <a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In Bhopal, the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Ayurvedic College &amp; Hospital and the Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma College are named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Institute of Democracy under the University of Lucknow was inaugurated in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shankar Dayal Sharma Gold Medal, awarded annually at several universities in India, was instituted in 1994 from endowments made by Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upon the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence of India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> under the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> had the choice of joining either <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> or of remaining independent since the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a> only provided for the termination of British suzerainty. With the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Kashmir</a>, none of the other princely states opted to be independent owing to geopolitical considerations. The accession of these states to either of the dominions was achieved through an <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a> which they signed with the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">dominion government</a> thus surrendering their control over defence, communications and foreign relations to the dominion government. By the Instrument of Merger, the princely states surrendered “full and exclusive authority, jurisdiction and powers in relation to the governance of their States” to the dominion government and settled matters pertaining to their privy purse. The last regnant Nawab of Bhopal, <a href="/wiki/Hamidullah_Khan" title="Hamidullah Khan">Hamidullah Khan</a>, had signed the Instrument of Accession with the Government of India in August 1947 but not the Instrument of Merger, wanting to retain his state as a separate unit within India. Following the merger agitation, the Nawab signed the Instrument of Merger on 30 April 1949. Thereafter, Bhopal State was formed as a <a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">part ‘C' State</a> of Indian Union and came under the administration of a <a href="/wiki/Chief_commissioner" title="Chief commissioner">Chief Commissioner</a> on June 1, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The three men involved in the murder - Ranjit Gill 'Kuki', <a href="/wiki/Harjinder_Singh_Jinda" title="Harjinder Singh Jinda">Harjinder Singh Jinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Sukha" title="Sukhdev Singh Sukha">Sukhdev Singh Sukha</a> were eventually apprehended. Jinda and Sukha were convicted for their involvement in the murder of <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">A. S. Vaidya</a>, who had led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a>, and were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Article 72 of the Indian Constitution grants the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">Governor of a state</a> the power to <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>, remit or <a href="/wiki/Commutation_(law)" title="Commutation (law)">commute</a> sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a twist of fate, the mercy petitions filed by duo came up before President Sharma in 1992 and were rejected. Consequently, both were <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ranjit Gill was arrested in 2003 and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a>, which was later commuted with the consent of Maken's daughter Avantika.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Indian_Express_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Indian_Express-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During his presidency, Sharma rejected all mercy petitions put for his consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 87 of India's constitution provides for the president to address both houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">joint sitting</a> at the commencement of the first <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">session</a> of each year and at the commencement of the first session after each <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. The speech is a statement of the government's policy and plans for the year ahead and the government of the day is responsible for its contents.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The speech is then put to a motion of thanks which allows the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">opposition</a> to critique it and also to suggest amendments.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1996, the Vajpayee government resigned before it could propose a motion of thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">president's address</a> and the Deve Gowda ministry disagreed with the contents of the address. In the event it was decided by consensus that no motion of thanks would be moved on the president's address of 1996 to avoid a political crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On his visit to <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Sultan Qaboos</a> personally received Sharma at the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_International_Airport" title="Muscat International Airport">airport</a> setting aside <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">protocol</a>. Qaboos silenced critics stating that he had only come to receive his <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a>. Qaboos had received his <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> where he had been tutored privately by Sharma.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (June 2023)">self-published source</span></a></i>&#93;</sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> made the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_gift" title="Diplomatic gift">diplomatic gift</a> of a pair of <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephants</a> which arrived in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1998. The male, named Shankar in honour of President Sharma, lived alone in the <a href="/wiki/National_Zoological_Park_Delhi" title="National Zoological Park Delhi">Delhi Zoo</a> after its companion Bombai, named after the wife of the then <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)" title="High commissioner (Commonwealth)">ambassador</a> of Zimbabwe to India, died in 2005. After the elephant's plight was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activists, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a> ordered the zoo to explore the possibility of getting Shankar a mate. As of October 2022, the Delhi Zoo had shortlisted <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> as a source for procuring a female companion for Shankar.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThampu2017" class="citation book cs1">Thampu, Valson (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6N45DwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=st+johns+college+agra+shankar+dayal+sharma&amp;pg=PT95"><i>On A Stormy Course: In the Hot Seat at St. Stephen's</i></a>. New Delhi: Hachette India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5195-211-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5195-211-4"><bdi>978-93-5195-211-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=On+A+Stormy+Course%3A+In+the+Hot+Seat+at+St.+Stephen%27s&amp;rft.place=New+Delhi&amp;rft.pub=Hachette+India&amp;rft.date=2017-11-07&amp;rft.isbn=978-93-5195-211-4&amp;rft.aulast=Thampu&amp;rft.aufirst=Valson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6N45DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dst%2Bjohns%2Bcollege%2Bagra%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma%26pg%3DPT95&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eparlib.nic.in-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eparlib.nic.in_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eparlib.nic.in_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/764749/1/jpi_september_1992.pdf">"DR. SHANKER DAYAL SHARMA: A PROFILE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Parliamentary Information</i>. <b>XXXVIII</b> (3): 339. September 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Parliamentary+Information&amp;rft.atitle=DR.+SHANKER+DAYAL+SHARMA%3A+A+PROFILE&amp;rft.volume=XXXVIII&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=339&amp;rft.date=1992-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feparlib.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F764749%2F1%2Fjpi_september_1992.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4lFQAQAAMAAJ&amp;dq=biography+shankar+dayal+sharma&amp;pg=RA5-PA38"><i>Assam Information</i></a>. Directorate of Information &amp; Public Relations. 1989. p.&#160;38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Assam+Information&amp;rft.pages=38&amp;rft.pub=Directorate+of+Information+%26+Public+Relations.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4lFQAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dbiography%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma%26pg%3DRA5-PA38&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/how-successive-indian-presidents-patronised-sports-and-became-champions-too-7335717/">"How successive Indian presidents patronised sports and became champions too"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 30 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&amp;rft.atitle=How+successive+Indian+presidents+patronised+sports+and+became+champions+too&amp;rft.date=2021-05-30&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexpress-sunday-eye%2Fhow-successive-indian-presidents-patronised-sports-and-became-champions-too-7335717%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/CABINATE%20SECRETARIATE/1977%20CABINET%20SECTT%20JAN%20DEC/CAB-1973-02-01_128.pdf">"Bio-data of Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>archive.pib.gov.in</i>. Press Information Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=archive.pib.gov.in&amp;rft.atitle=Bio-data+of+Dr.+Shankar+Dayal+Sharma&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.pib.gov.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FCABINATE%2520SECRETARIATE%2F1977%2520CABINET%2520SECTT%2520JAN%2520DEC%2FCAB-1973-02-01_128.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoiberg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoiberg, Dale (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&amp;dq=shankar+dayal+sharma++britannica&amp;pg=PA196"><i>Students' Britannica India</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p.&#160;389. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-760-5"><bdi>978-0-85229-760-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Students%27+Britannica+India&amp;rft.pages=389&amp;rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-85229-760-5&amp;rft.aulast=Hoiberg&amp;rft.aufirst=Dale&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISFBJarYX7YC%26dq%3Dshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma%2B%2Bbritannica%26pg%3DPA196&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajbhavan-maharashtra.gov.in/en/previous-governors/dr-shanker-dayal-sharma/">"Previous Governors: Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma (03.04.1986 – 02.09.1987)"</a>. Raj Bhavan, Maharashtra<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Regency Publications. pp.&#160;242–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87498-65-0"><bdi>978-81-87498-65-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi: Anmol Publications. p.&#160;9<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.indianembassyusa.gov.in&amp;rft.atitle=Former+President+Dr.+Shankar+Dayal+Sharma+passes+away&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianembassyusa.gov.in%2FArchivesDetails%3Fid%3D231&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec28/nation.htm#1">"S. D. Sharma's cremation today"</a>. <i>www.tribuneindia.com</i>. 27 December 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&amp;rft.atitle=Cambridge+Evening+News+26+Jul+1993%2C+page+3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F818624759%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522shanker%2520dayal%2520sharma%2522%26match%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1996" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Shankar Dayal (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TEJAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=university+of+sofia+shankar+dayal+sharma"><i>President Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma: July 1992-December 1994</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.&#160;275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0510-2"><bdi>978-81-230-0510-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=President+Dr.+Shanker+Dayal+Sharma%3A+July+1992-December+1994&amp;rft.pages=275&amp;rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-230-0510-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Shankar+Dayal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TEJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Duniversity%2Bof%2Bsofia%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1996" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Shankar Dayal (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TEJAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=university+of+bucharest+shankar+dayal+sharma"><i>President Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma: July 1992-December 1994</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.&#160;278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0510-2"><bdi>978-81-230-0510-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=President+Dr.+Shanker+Dayal+Sharma%3A+July+1992-December+1994&amp;rft.pages=278&amp;rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-230-0510-2&amp;rft.aulast=Sharma&amp;rft.aufirst=Shankar+Dayal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TEJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Duniversity%2Bof%2Bbucharest%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2008" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, M. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnJ0MwbAsEAC&amp;q=biography+shankar+dayal+sharma"><i>Freedom Fighters of India (in Four Volumes)</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. pp.&#160;111–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-468-4"><bdi>978-81-8205-468-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Freedom+Fighters+of+India+%28in+Four+Volumes%29&amp;rft.pages=111-113&amp;rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-8205-468-4&amp;rft.aulast=Agrawal&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnJ0MwbAsEAC%26q%3Dbiography%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgrawal2008" class="citation book cs1">Agrawal, M. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnJ0MwbAsEAC&amp;q=books+by+shankar+dayal+sharma"><i>Freedom Fighters of India (in Four Volumes)</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. pp.&#160;112–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-468-4"><bdi>978-81-8205-468-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Freedom+Fighters+of+India+%28in+Four+Volumes%29&amp;rft.pages=112-113&amp;rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-81-8205-468-4&amp;rft.aulast=Agrawal&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnJ0MwbAsEAC%26q%3Dbooks%2Bby%2Bshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Home/FormerChairmanDetails/8">"Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma"</a>. Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dr.+Shanker+Dayal+Sharma&amp;rft.pub=Rajya+Sabha%2C+Parliament+of+India&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frajyasabha.nic.in%2FHome%2FFormerChairmanDetails%2F8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmsdivision.org/shop/dr-shankar-dayal-sharma">"DR. SHANKAR DAYAL SHARMA | Films Division"</a>. <i>filmsdivision.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=filmsdivision.org&amp;rft.atitle=DR.+SHANKAR+DAYAL+SHARMA+%7C+Films+Division&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmsdivision.org%2Fshop%2Fdr-shankar-dayal-sharma&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/COMMUNICATION/2000-JULY-DEC-COMMUNICATION-II/COM-2000-10-13_101.pdf">"PRESIDENT TO RELEASE COMMEMORATWE POSTAGE STAMP ON DR. SHANKER DAYAL SHARMA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Press Information Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PRESIDENT+TO+RELEASE+COMMEMORATWE+POSTAGE+STAMP+ON+DR.+SHANKER+DAYAL+SHARMA&amp;rft.pub=Press+Information+Bureau&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.pib.gov.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FCOMMUNICATION%2F2000-JULY-DEC-COMMUNICATION-II%2FCOM-2000-10-13_101.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drsdscollegebhopal.com/index.php">"Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Smriti Mahavidyalaya"</a>. <i>drsdscollegebhopal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=drsdscollegebhopal.com&amp;rft.atitle=Dr.+Shankar+Dayal+Sharma+Smriti+Mahavidyalaya&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrsdscollegebhopal.com%2Findex.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsdsach.in/index.php">"Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Ayurvedic College &amp; Hospital"</a>. <i>www.drsdsach.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.drsdsach.in&amp;rft.atitle=Dr.+Shankar+Dayal+Sharma+Ayurvedic+College+%26+Hospital&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drsdsach.in%2Findex.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/en/article/dr-shanker-dayal-sharma-institute">"University of Lucknow / Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma Institute of Democracy (SDSID)"</a>. <i>www.lkouniv.ac.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.lkouniv.ac.in&amp;rft.atitle=University+of+Lucknow+%2F+Dr+Shanker+Dayal+Sharma+Institute+of+Democracy+%28SDSID%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lkouniv.ac.in%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdr-shanker-dayal-sharma-institute&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2021" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Rajendra (1 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kmj3DAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=shankar+dayal+sharma+gold+medal&amp;pg=PA1987"><i>President and Prime Minister of India</i></a>. Prabhat Prakashan. p.&#160;1987<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=President+and+Prime+Minister+of+India&amp;rft.pages=1987&amp;rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&amp;rft.date=2021-01-01&amp;rft.aulast=Kumar&amp;rft.aufirst=Rajendra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKmj3DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshankar%2Bdayal%2Bsharma%2Bgold%2Bmedal%26pg%3DPA1987&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aryabhattacollege.ac.in/notices/gceyle552g2rly45w1j0wujfPorforma%20for%20Dr.%20Shankar%20Dayal%20Sharma%20(Gold%20Medal)-2021.pdf">"Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma Gold Medal 2021"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Aryabhatta College, University of Delhi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dr.+Shankar+Dayal+Sharma+Gold+Medal+2021&amp;rft.pub=Aryabhatta+College%2C+University+of+Delhi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faryabhattacollege.ac.in%2Fnotices%2Fgceyle552g2rly45w1j0wujfPorforma%2520for%2520Dr.%2520Shankar%2520Dayal%2520Sharma%2520%28Gold%2520Medal%29-2021.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iitb.ac.in/newacadhome/medaldetails.jsp#:~:text=Shankar%20Dayal%20Sharma%20Gold%20Medal,Shankar%20Dayal%20Sharma%20Gold%20Medal.">"Description of Awards"</a>. <i>www.iitb.ac.in</i>. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.iitb.ac.in&amp;rft.atitle=Description+of+Awards&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iitb.ac.in%2Fnewacadhome%2Fmedaldetails.jsp%23%3A~%3Atext%3DShankar%2520Dayal%2520Sharma%2520Gold%2520Medal%2CShankar%2520Dayal%2520Sharma%2520Gold%2520Medal.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShankar+Dayal+Sharma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Dayal_Sharma&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jagannathrao_Joshi" title="Jagannathrao Joshi">Jagannathrao Joshi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bhopal</a> </b><br />1971 – 1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arif_Beg" title="Arif Beg">Arif Beg</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arif_Beg" title="Arif Beg">Arif Beg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament<br />for <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhopal (Lok Sabha constituency)">Bhopal</a> </b><br />1980 – 1984 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/K._N._Pradhan" title="K. N. Pradhan">K. N. Pradhan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ram_Lal" title="Thakur Ram Lal">Thakur Ram Lal</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Andhra Pradesh">Governor of Andhra Pradesh</a> </b><br />29 August 1984 – 26 November 1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kumudben_Manishankar_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumudben Manishankar Joshi">Kumudben Manishankar Joshi</a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hokishe_Sema" title="Hokishe Sema">Hokishe Sema</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Punjab (India)">Governor of Punjab</a> </b><br />26 November 1985 – 2 April 1986 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Shankar_Ray" title="Siddhartha Shankar Ray">Siddhartha Shankar Ray</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Administrators_of_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Administrators of Chandigarh">Administrator of Chandigarh</a> </b><br />1985–1986 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kona_Prabhakar_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kona Prabhakar Rao">Kona Prabhakar Rao</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maharashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Maharashtra">Governor of Maharashtra</a> </b><br />3 April 1986 – 2 September 1987 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of India">Vice-President of India</a> </b><br />3 September 1987 – 25 July 1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded&#160;by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> </b><br />25 July 1992 – 25 July 1997 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">Presidents of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_India" title="List of presidents of India">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Ali_Ahmed" title="Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed">Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zail_Singh" title="Zail Singh">Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">Presidency</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibha_Patil" title="Pratibha Patil">Pratibha Patil</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Pratibha_Patil" title="Presidency of Pratibha Patil">Presidency</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Presidency of Pranab Mukherjee">Presidency</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Ram Nath Kovind">Ram Nath Kovind</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ram_Nath_Kovind" title="Presidency of Ram Nath Kovind">Presidency</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droupadi_Murmu" title="Droupadi Murmu">Droupadi Murmu</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Incumbent)</span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Droupadi_Murmu" title="Presidency of Droupadi Murmu">Presidency</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/60px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/90px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/120px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah" title="Mohammad Hidayatullah">Mohammad Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_presidents_of_India" title="List of things named after presidents of India">Things named after presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastrapati_Bhavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastrapati Bhavan">Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_India" title="First ladies and gentlemen of India">Spouse</a></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_India" title="Category:Presidents of India">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=India&amp;#124;link=India_Vice_presidents_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Template:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=India&amp;#124;link=India_Vice_presidents_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vice_presidents_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice presidents of India">Vice presidents of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_India" title="List of vice presidents of India">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._V._Giri" title="V. V. Giri">V. V. Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Swarup_Pathak" title="Gopal Swarup Pathak">Gopal Swarup Pathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._D._Jatti" title="B. D. Jatti">B. D. Jatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah" title="Mohammad Hidayatullah">Mohammad Hidayatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kant" title="Krishan Kant">Krishan Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairon_Singh_Shekhawat" title="Bhairon Singh Shekhawat">Bhairon Singh Shekhawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hamid_Ansari" title="Mohammad Hamid Ansari">Mohammad Hamid Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdeep_Dhankhar" title="Jagdeep Dhankhar">Jagdeep Dhankhar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/31px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/63px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Enclave" title="Vice President&#39;s Enclave">Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_of_India" title="Second ladies of India">Spouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional <br />Congress <br /> Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students&#39; Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_Governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template:Governor of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Governor of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governor_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governor of Andhra Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&amp;#124;_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_Governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></span> &#160;<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Andhra Pradesh">Governors of Andhra Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">C. M. Trivedi </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhim_Sen_Sachar" title="Bhim Sen Sachar">B S Sachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._Shrinagesh" title="S. M. Shrinagesh">S. M. Shrinagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattom_A._Thanu_Pillai" title="Pattom A. Thanu Pillai">Pattom A. Thanu Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandubhai_Kasanji_Desai" title="Khandubhai Kasanji Desai">Khandubhai Kasanji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Obul_Reddy" title="S. Obul Reddy">S. Obul Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohan_Lal_Sukhadia" title="Mohan Lal Sukhadia">Mohan Lal Sukhadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_D_Bhandare" class="mw-redirect" title="R D Bhandare">R D Bhandare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_B.J._Diwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice B.J. Diwan">Justice B.J. Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharda_Mukherjee" title="Sharda Mukherjee">Sharda Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._C._Abraham" title="K. C. Abraham">K. C. Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Ram_Lal" title="Thakur Ram Lal">Thakur Ram Lal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumudben_Joshi" title="Kumudben Joshi">Kumudben Joshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishan_Kant" title="Krishan Kant">Krishan Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Ramanujam" title="Gopala Ramanujam">Gopala Ramanujam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rameshwar_Thakur" title="Rameshwar Thakur">Rameshwar Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._D._Tiwari" title="N. D. Tiwari">N. D. Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._S._L._Narasimhan" title="E. S. L. Narasimhan">E. S. L. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biswabhusan_Harichandan" title="Biswabhusan Harichandan">Biswabhusan Harichandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abdul_Nazeer" title="Syed Abdul Nazeer">Syed Abdul Nazeer</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=India&amp;#124;link=India_Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_(India)" title="Ministry of Communications (India)">Ministry of Communications (India)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Disputes_Settlement_and_Appellate_Tribunal" title="Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal">Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal</a> (TDSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Regulatory_Authority_of_India" title="Telecom Regulatory Authority of India">Telecom Regulatory Authority of India</a> (TRAI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller General of Communication Accounts (CGCA)</li> <li>Director General Telecom (DGT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Engineering_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication Engineering Center">Telecommunication Engineering Center</a> (TEC)</li> <li>Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinate Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Centre for Communication Security (NCCS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Monitoring_Organisation" title="Wireless Monitoring Organisation">Wireless Monitoring Organisation</a> (WMO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Field Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Controller of Communication Accounts (CCA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_of_Telematics" title="Centre for Development of Telematics">Centre for Development of Telematics</a> (C-DOT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Training Institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>National Telecommunications Institute for Policy Research Innovation Training (NTIPRIT)</li> <li>National Institute of Communication Finance (NICF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Excellence_in_Telecom_Technology_and_Management" title="Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management">Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management</a></li> <li>Digital Communications Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecom_Enforcement_Resource_and_Monitoring" title="Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring">Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring</a> (TERM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Advisory_Committees" title="Telephone Advisory Committees">Telephone Advisory Committees</a> (TAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Planning_%26_Coordination_Wing" title="Wireless Planning &amp; Coordination Wing">Wireless Planning &amp; Coordination Wing</a> (WPC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PSUs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Broadband_Network" title="Bharat Broadband Network">Bharat Broadband Network Limited</a> (BBNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a> (BSNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telephone_Industries_Limited" title="Indian Telephone Industries Limited">Indian Telephone Industries Limited</a> (ITI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanagar_Telephone_Nigam_Limited" title="Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited">Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited</a> (MTNL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Consultants_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications Consultants India Limited">Telecommunications Consultants India Limited</a> (TCIL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecommunication_Service" title="Indian Telecommunication Service">Indian Telecommunication Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Radio_Regulatory_Service" title="Indian Radio Regulatory Service">Indian Radio Regulatory Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of India"><img alt="Emblem of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/47px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/71px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_India.svg/94px-Emblem_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Department of Posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Postal_Service_(India)" title="Army Postal Service (India)">Army Postal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post" title="India Post">India Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Post_Payments_Bank" title="India Post Payments Bank">India Post Payments Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Telegraph_Act,_1885" title="Indian Telegraph Act, 1885">The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885</a></li> <li>The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1940</li> <li>The Indian Post Office Act, 1898</li> <li>The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Bahadur" title="Raj Bahadur">Raj Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._K._Patil" title="S. K. Patil">S. K. Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Subbarayan" title="P. Subbarayan">P. Subbarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoke_Kumar_Sen" title="Ashoke Kumar Sen">Ashoke Kumar Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Subhag_Singh" title="Ram Subhag Singh">Ram Subhag Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemvati_Nandan_Bahuguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna">Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasu_Brahmananda_Reddy" title="Kasu Brahmananda Reddy">Kasu Brahmananda Reddy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_Varma" title="Brij Lal Varma">Brij Lal Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charan_Singh" title="Charan Singh">Charan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyam_Nandan_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shyam Nandan Mishra">Shyam Nandan Mishra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishma_Narain_Singh" title="Bhishma Narain Singh">Bhishma Narain Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">C. M. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anant_Prasad_Sharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Anant Prasad Sharma">Anant Prasad Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._N._Gadgil" class="mw-redirect" title="V. N. Gadgil">V. N. Gadgil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(politician,_born_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (politician, born 1962)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Sathe" title="Vasant Sathe">Vasant Sathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Bahadur_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bir Bahadur Singh">Bir Bahadur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._P._Singh" title="V. P. Singh">V. P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._P._Unnikrishnan" title="K. P. Unnikrishnan">K. P. Unnikrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar" title="Chandra Shekhar">Chandra Shekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beni_Prasad_Verma" title="Beni Prasad Verma">Beni Prasad Verma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Singh" title="Buta Singh">Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Vilas_Paswan" title="Ram Vilas Paswan">Ram Vilas Paswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramod_Mahajan" title="Pramod Mahajan">Pramod Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayanidhi_Maran" title="Dayanidhi Maran">Dayanidhi Maran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Raja" title="A. Raja">A. Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapil_Sibal" title="Kapil Sibal">Kapil Sibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_Prasad" title="Ravi Shankar Prasad">Ravi Shankar Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashwini_Vaishnaw" title="Ashwini Vaishnaw">Ashwini Vaishnaw</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Sinha" title="Manoj Sinha">Manoj Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Shamrao_Dhotre" title="Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre">Sanjay Shamrao Dhotre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devusinh_Jesingbhai_Chauhan" title="Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan">Devusinh Jesingbhai Chauhan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(incumbent)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Preceding Ministry:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information_Technology_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)">Ministry of Communications and Information Technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332157#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332157#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332157#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyRvwWf9kKqKkvyhfq4v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119154498">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82149592">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jx20060502007&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p14237220X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007300214305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119154498.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐5566db54f9‐8pt68 Cached time: 20241127151735 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.575 seconds Real time usage: 2.877 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 24519/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 530403/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 84584/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive 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