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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">English Channel</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"La Manche" redirects here. For the former community on the island of Newfoundland, see <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="La Manche, Newfoundland and Labrador">La Manche, Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. For the department of France, see <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche" title="Manche">Manche</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel_(horse)" title="English Channel (horse)">English Channel (horse)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">English Channel</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EnglishChannel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="EnglishChannel.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/EnglishChannel.jpg/240px-EnglishChannel.jpg" width="240" height="143" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/EnglishChannel.jpg/360px-EnglishChannel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/EnglishChannel.jpg/480px-EnglishChannel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="677"/></a></td> </tr> <tr class="adr"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Location</th> <td class="region"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" title="Inflow (hydrology)">Primary inflows</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Exe" title="River Exe">River Exe</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Seine" title="River Seine" class="mw-redirect">River Seine</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Test" title="River Test">River Test</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tamar" title="River Tamar">River Tamar</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Somme" title="River Somme">River Somme</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Max. length</th> <td>560 km (350 mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Max. width</th> <td>240 km (150 mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Surface area</th> <td>75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Average depth</th> <td>63 m (207 ft)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Max. depth</th> <td>174 m (571 ft) at <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurd%27s_Deep" title="Hurd's Deep">Hurd's Deep</a></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></th> <td>3.4–3.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Max temperature</th> <td>15 °C (59 °F)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Min temperature</th> <td>5 °C (41 °F)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Br%C3%A9hat" title="Île de Bréhat" class="mw-redirect">Île de Bréhat</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Batz" title="Île de Batz">Île de Batz</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatihou" title="Tatihou">Tatihou</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Saint-Marcouf" title="Îles Saint-Marcouf">Îles Saint-Marcouf</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left">Settlements</th> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></td> </tr> </table> The English Channel (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Manche, "Sleeve"; <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: Mor Breizh, "Bretons Sea"; <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"), also referred to simply as the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> from northern <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and joins the southern part of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It is about 560 km (350 mi) long and varies in width from 240 km (150 mi) at its widest to 33.1 km (20.6 mi) in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1">[1]</a> It is the smallest of the shallow seas around the continental shelf of Europe, covering an area of some 75,000 km2 (29,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-eb-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography">1 Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Name">2 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Route_to_the_British_Isles">3.1 Route to the British Isles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Norsemen_and_Normans">3.2 Norsemen and Normans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#England_and_Britain:_Naval_superpower">3.3 England and Britain: Naval superpower</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#First_World_War">3.4 First World War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Second_World_War">3.5 Second World War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Population">4 Population</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#England">4.1 England</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#France">4.2 France</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Channel_Islands">4.3 Channel Islands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Shipping">5 Shipping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Ecology">6 Ecology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Transport">7 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ferry">7.1 Ferry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Channel_Tunnel">7.2 Channel Tunnel</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Economy">8 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tourism">8.1 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Culture_and_languages">9 Culture and languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Channel_crossings">10 Channel crossings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#By_boat">10.1 By boat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#By_swimming">10.2 By swimming</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#By_car">10.3 By car</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Geography[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Channel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/English_Channel.jpg/300px-English_Channel.jpg" width="300" height="269" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/English_Channel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/English_Channel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="396"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Channel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map of the English Channel</div> </div> </div> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the English Channel as follows:<a href="#cite_note-IHO-3">[3]</a> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd>On the West. A line joining <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_Vierge" title="Isle Vierge" class="mw-redirect">Isle Vierge</a> (<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=English_Channel&params=48_38_23_N_4_34_13_W_">48°38′23″N 4°34′13″W / 48.63972°N 4.57028°W / 48.63972; -4.57028</a>) to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End" title="Land's End">Lands End</a> (<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=English_Channel&params=50_04_N_5_43_W_">50°04′N 5°43′W / 50.067°N 5.717°W / 50.067; -5.717</a>).</dd> <dd>On the East. The Southwestern limit of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.</dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as "a line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)".<a href="#cite_note-IHO-3">[3]</a> The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> (<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=English_Channel&params=50_59_06_N_1_55_00_E_">50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E / 50.98500°N 1.91667°E / 50.98500; 1.91667</a>), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Bay,_Kent" title="St Margaret's Bay, Kent" class="mw-redirect">St Margaret's Bay, Kent</a> (<a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=English_Channel&params=51_10_00_N_1_24_00_E_">51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E / 51.16667°N 1.40000°E / 51.16667; 1.40000</a>). The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> (French: Pas de Calais), at the Channel's eastern end is its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_Bay" title="Lyme Bay">Lyme Bay</a> and the Gulf of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Malo" title="Saint Malo" class="mw-redirect">Saint Malo</a> near its midpoint.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-1">[1]</a> It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (148 ft) between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m (85 ft) in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Fourteens" title="Broad Fourteens">Broad Fourteens</a> where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a> and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurds_Deep" title="Hurds Deep" class="mw-redirect">Hurds Deep</a>, 48 km (30 mi) west-northwest of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The eastern region along the French coast between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect">Cherbourg</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_river" title="Seine river" class="mw-redirect">Seine river</a> at <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Baie de Seine).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_French_river_mouths.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_French_river_mouths.JPG/220px-Three_French_river_mouths.JPG" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_French_river_mouths.JPG/330px-Three_French_river_mouths.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Three_French_river_mouths.JPG/440px-Three_French_river_mouths.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_French_river_mouths.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Three French river mouths. Top to bottom: the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Somme" title="River Somme">Somme</a>, the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authie_(river)" title="Authie (river)">Authie</a> and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canche" title="Canche">Canche</a></div> </div> </div> There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> off the English coast, and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, British <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies" class="mw-redirect">Crown Dependencies</a> off the coast of France. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a> off the far southwest coast of England are not generally counted as being in the Channel. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>, are within French jurisdiction. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel channel known as the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent" title="Solent">Solent</a> between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> is to the west of the Channel. The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> period. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago by two catastrophic <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst floods</a> caused by the breaching of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald%E2%80%93Artois_anticline" title="Weald–Artois anticline" class="mw-redirect">Weald–Artois anticline</a>, a ridge that held back a large <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lake</a> in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> region, now submerged under the North Sea. The flood would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second. The cause of the breach is not known but may have been an earthquake or the build-up of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pressure" title="Water pressure" class="mw-redirect">water pressure</a> in the lake. The flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley down the length of the Channel, leaving behind streamlined islands and longitudinal erosional grooves characteristic of catastrophic <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaflood" title="Megaflood" class="mw-redirect">megaflood</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta_Nature-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-PhysToday-7">[7]</a> It destroyed the isthmus that connected Britain to continental Europe, although a land bridge across the southern <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> would have existed intermittently at later times after periods of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciation" title="Glaciation" class="mw-redirect">glaciation</a> resulted in lowering of sea levels.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, the west coast of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a> and the north cost of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanny" title="Britanny" class="mw-redirect">Britanny</a>. The time difference of about 6 hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel are indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance" title="Resonance">resonance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> For the UK <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping_Forecast" title="Shipping Forecast">Shipping Forecast</a> the Channel is divided into the following areas, from the west: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a></li> </ul> <h2>Name[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_Manche.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carte_de_la_Manche.png/220px-Carte_de_la_Manche.png" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carte_de_la_Manche.png/330px-Carte_de_la_Manche.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Carte_de_la_Manche.png/440px-Carte_de_la_Manche.png 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="465"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_Manche.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map with French nomenclature</div> </div> </div> The name English Channel has been widely used since the early 18th century, possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal (with no reference to the word "English").<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Later, it has also been known as the British Channel<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie—possibly the first recorded use of the Channel designation.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ ("South Sea") as opposed to Norð-sǣ ("North Sea" = <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a>). The word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borowed from Old French chanel, variant form of chenel "canal". The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-eb-2">[2]</a> The name is usually said to refer to the Channel's sleeve (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: la manche) shape. However, it is sometimes claimed to derive from a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Minch" title="The Minch">the Minch</a> in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In Spain and most Spanish-speaking countries the Channel is referred to as el Canal de la Mancha. In Portuguese it is known as Canal da Mancha. This is not a translation from French: in Portuguese and Spanish, mancha means stain, while the word for sleeve is manga – which suggests either a phonetic borrowing from French or a common source.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Catalan, the usual form is borrowed from French regarding the meaning (Canal de la Mànega, where mànega means "sleeve").[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other languages also use this name, such as <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (Κανάλι της Μάγχης) and Italian (la Manica). The German name is Ärmelkanal, literally sleeve-channel, or more generally Atlantik. The name in Breton (Mor Breizh) means "Breton Sea", and its Cornish name (Mor Bretannek) means "British Sea". <h2>History[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</h2> Before the end of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" title="Devensian glaciation" class="mw-redirect">Devensian glaciation</a> (the most recent <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> that ended around 10,000 years ago), the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> were part of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, linked by an unbroken <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weald-Artois_Anticline" title="Weald-Artois Anticline" class="mw-redirect">Weald-Artois Anticline</a>, which acted as a natural dam that held back a large freshwater <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-glacial_lake" title="Pro-glacial lake" class="mw-redirect">pro-glacial lake</a> in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> region, now submerged under the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered with ice. The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> that joined to the north, blocking its exit. The sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower than it is today. Then, more than 200,000 years ago a single catastrophic <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">glacial lake outburst flood</a> overtopped the Weald-Artois Anticline and scoured a channel through an expanse of low-lying <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, right down to the underlying chalk bedrock. In a study published in 2007<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> high-resolution <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> revealed the unexpectedly well-preserved scourmarks and the telltale lenticular island forms characteristic of torrential flood. Through the scoured channel passed a river which now drained the combined <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames" title="Thames" class="mw-redirect">Thames</a> towards the Atlantic to the west. As the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> melted, a large freshwater lake formed in the southern part of what is now the North Sea. As the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltwater" title="Meltwater">meltwater</a> could still not escape to the north (as the northern North Sea was still frozen) the outflow channel from the lake entered the Atlantic Ocean in the region of Dover and Calais. <div class="quotebox" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.8em 1.4em; width:25%; padding: 6px; border: 1px solid #aaa; font-size: 88%; background-color: #F9F9F9;"> <div class="" style="position: relative; text-align: left;"> <div> This precious stone set in the silver sea, Which serves it in the office of a wall Or as a moat defensive to a house, Against the envy of less happier lands. </div> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a> (Act II, Scene 1)</div> </div> The Channel, which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence, halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" title="Napoleon I of France" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon</a> during the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Successful invasions include the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest" class="mw-redirect">Norman Conquest</a> in 1066 and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">invasion</a> by the Dutch in 1688, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time, the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings" title="Normandy Landings" class="mw-redirect">Normandy Landings</a> in 1944. Channel <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">naval battles</a> include the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Battle of the Downs</a> (1639), <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goodwin_Sands" title="Battle of Goodwin Sands">Battle of Goodwin Sands</a> (1652), the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Portland" title="Battle of Portland">Battle of Portland</a> (1653), the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_La_Hougue" title="Battle of La Hougue" class="mw-redirect">Battle of La Hougue</a> (1692) and the engagement between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kearsarge_(1861)" title="USS Kearsarge (1861)">USS Kearsarge</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS Alabama</a> (1864). In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> from 1135 to 1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Celts" title="Modern Celts" class="mw-redirect">Modern Celtic</a> regions and languages of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Brittany was founded by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Britons" title="Ancient Britons" class="mw-redirect">Britons</a> who fled <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as "<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornouaille" title="Cornouaille">Cornouaille</a>" (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In ancient times there was also a "<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domnonia" title="Domnonia" class="mw-redirect">Domnonia</a>" (Devon) in Brittany as well. In February 1684 (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New style</a>), ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles (4.8 km) wide off the coast of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide on the French side.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <h3>Route to the British Isles[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Route to the British Isles">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_sea_languages_900.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/North_sea_languages_900.png/220px-North_sea_languages_900.png" width="220" height="325" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/North_sea_languages_900.png/330px-North_sea_languages_900.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/North_sea_languages_900.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="514"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_sea_languages_900.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The approximate extent of Old Norse and related languages in the early 10th century around the North Sea. The red area is the distribution of the dialect <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West_Norse#Old_West_Norse" title="Old West Norse" class="mw-redirect">Old West Norse</a>, the orange area <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_East_Norse" title="Old East Norse" class="mw-redirect">Old East Norse</a>, and the green area the other Germanic languages with which Old Norse still retained some mutual intelligibility.</div> </div> </div> Remnants of a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> boatyard have been found on the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>. Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> "... Sophisticated social networks linked the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> front in southern Europe to the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> peoples of northern Europe." The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_Log_Boat" title="Hanson Log Boat">Hanson Log Boats</a> and the later <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a> could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> and Pliny<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> Britain flourished. In 55 BC <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a> against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC, but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aulus_Plautius" title="Aulus Plautius">Aulus Plautius</a> in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> in 410 AD, after which the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England" class="mw-redirect">early Anglo-Saxons</a> left less clear historical records. In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles" title="Angles">Angles</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes crossed during the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, conquering and perhaps displacing the native <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celt" title="Celt" class="mw-redirect">Celtic</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <h3>Norsemen and Normans[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Norsemen and Normans">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/220px-Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" width="220" height="273" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/330px-Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg/440px-Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1290"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermitage_St_Helier_Jersey.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The Hermitage of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helier" title="Helier">St Helier</a> lies in the bay off <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helier" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> and is accessible on foot at low tide.</div> </div> </div> The attack on <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a> in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and the continent until around 1050.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">fiefdom of Normandy</a> was created for the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking" title="Viking" class="mw-redirect">Viking</a> leader <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_of_Normandy" title="Rollo of Normandy" class="mw-redirect">Rollo</a> (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassalage</a> to the king of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Francia" title="Western Francia" class="mw-redirect">West Franks</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> through the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St.-Claire-sur-Epte" title="Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte" class="mw-redirect">Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte</a>. In exchange for his <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>, Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins. The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance language</a> and intermarried with the area's inhabitants and became the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> – a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman French</a>-speaking mixture of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavians</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Norse" title="Hiberno-Norse" class="mw-redirect">Hiberno-Norse</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orcadians</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Anglo-Danish</a>, and indigenous <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>. Rollo's descendant <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England" title="William I of England" class="mw-redirect">William, Duke of Normandy</a> became king of England in 1066 in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest" class="mw-redirect">Norman Conquest</a> beginning with the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England" title="John of England" class="mw-redirect">King John</a>, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a>, while insular Normandy (the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>) remained under English control. In 1259, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy. With the rise of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean" title="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect">Mediterranean</a> and the Orient. Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a>) are <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_dependency" title="Crown dependency" class="mw-redirect">Crown dependencies</a> of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>. Thus the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyal_toast" title="Loyal toast">Loyal toast</a> in the Channel Islands is La Reine, notre Duc ("The Queen, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris of 1259</a>, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salic_Law" title="Salic Law" class="mw-redirect">Salic Law</a> which excludes inheritance through female heirs. French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450. <h3>England and Britain: Naval superpower[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: England and Britain: Naval superpower">edit</a>]</h3> From the reign of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I" class="mw-redirect">Elizabeth I</a>, English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_power" title="Sea power" class="mw-redirect">sea power</a> of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham</a> with <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake" title="Sir Francis Drake" class="mw-redirect">Sir Francis Drake</a> second in command, and the following stormy weather. Over the centuries the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The building of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> was possible only because the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, France attempted to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_French_Invasion_of_Britain_(1759)" title="Planned French Invasion of Britain (1759)" class="mw-redirect">launch an invasion of Britain</a>. To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks, but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quiberon_Bay" title="Battle of Quiberon Bay">Battle of Quiberon Bay</a> in 1759. Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, ending <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" title="Napoleon I of France" class="mw-redirect">Napoleon</a>'s plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century. <h3>First World War[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</h3> The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fisher,_1st_Baron_Fisher" title="John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher">Admiral Fisher</a> in the years before <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. "Five keys lock up the world! Singapore, the Cape, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Gibraltar, Dover."<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However on 25 July 1909 <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Louis Blériot">Louis Blériot</a> successfully made the first Channel crossing from <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> in an aeroplane. Blériot's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies. Because the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" title="Kaiserliche Marine" class="mw-redirect">Kaiserliche Marine</a> surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germans</a> developed <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_warfare" title="Submarine warfare">submarine warfare</a>, which was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Patrol" title="Dover Patrol">Dover Patrol</a> was set up just before war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from accessing the Channel, thereby obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. On land, the German army attempted to capture Channel ports (see "<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a>"), but although the trenches are often said to have stretched "from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel", they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast. At the outset of the war, an attempt was made to block the path of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> through the Dover Strait with <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval minefields</a>. By February 1915, this had been augmented by a 25 kilometre stretch of light steel netting called the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dover_Barrage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dover Barrage (page does not exist)">Dover Barrage</a>, which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines. After initial success, the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage, aided by the unreliability of British mines.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 31 January 1917, the Germans restarted <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either World War. The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Battle of Passchendaele</a> in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast, though it was the introduction of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Patrol" title="Dover Patrol">Dover Patrol</a> carried out the famous <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a> against the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> bases. During 1917, the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets, aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights. A German attack on these vessels resulted in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dover_Strait_(1917)" title="Battle of Dover Strait (1917)">Battle of Dover Strait in 1917</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiralty_M%E2%80%93N_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Admiralty M–N Scheme (page does not exist)">Admiralty M–N Scheme</a>, but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <h3>Second World War[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Radar1940.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UK_Radar1940.JPG/220px-UK_Radar1940.JPG" width="220" height="262" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UK_Radar1940.JPG/330px-UK_Radar1940.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/UK_Radar1940.JPG/440px-UK_Radar1940.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1670"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_Radar1940.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> British radar facilities during the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> 1940</div> </div> </div> During the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War" class="mw-redirect">Second World War</a>, naval activity in the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European Theatre of World War II" class="mw-redirect">European theatre</a> was primarily <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Battle of the Atlantic (1939–1945)" class="mw-redirect">limited to the Atlantic</a>. During the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in May 1940, the Germans succeeded in capturing both <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne_(1940)" title="Battle of Boulogne (1940)">Boulogne</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a>, thereby threatening the line of retreat for the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a>. By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dynamo" title="Operation Dynamo" class="mw-redirect">Operation Dynamo</a>. More than 11,000 were evacuated from <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> during <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cycle" title="Operation Cycle">Operation Cycle</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ariel" title="Operation Ariel">Operation Ariel</a> in June 1940.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The early stages of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_Landings" title="Normandy Landings" class="mw-redirect">Normandy Landings</a> (with the exception of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a>) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. Despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> necessary for <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealion" title="Operation Sealion" class="mw-redirect">Operation Sealion</a>, the projected cross-Channel invasion. The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" title="Minesweeper (ship)" class="mw-redirect">minesweepers</a>, and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Attack_Craft" title="Fast Attack Craft" class="mw-redirect">Fast Attack Craft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/220px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg" width="220" height="143" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/330px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg/440px-NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NormandyCourcelles2JM.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> 150 mm Second World War German gun emplacement in Normandy</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/220px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg" width="220" height="158" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/330px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg/440px-German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="1089"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_World_War_II_tower_Jersey.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> As part of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a>, between 1940 and 1945 the occupying <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">German forces</a> and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a> constructed fortifications round the coasts of the Channel Islands, such as this observation tower at Les Landes, Jersey.</div> </div> </div> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect">Dieppe</a> was the site of an ill-fated <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">raid</a> by Canadian and British armed forces. More successful was the later <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day" title="D-Day" class="mw-redirect">D-Day</a>), a massive invasion of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a>-occupied France by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> troops. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect">Cherbourg</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a> and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise gap</a> between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambois" title="Chambois">Chambois</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montormel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montormel (page does not exist)">Montormel</a>, then liberation of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>. The Channel Islands were the only part of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by Germany</a> (excepting the part of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> occupied by the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> at the time of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a>, which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth). The German occupation of 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfree_labour" title="Unfree labour">slave labour</a> on the Continent; native <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> sent to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>; <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> resistance and retribution; accusations of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborationism" title="Collaborationism">collaboration</a>; and slave labour (primarily Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a>.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockaded</a> the islands from time to time, particularly following the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" title="Invasion of Normandy">liberation of mainland Normandy</a> in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross" title="Red Cross" class="mw-redirect">Red Cross</a> humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation, particularly in the final months, when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945, a few days after the final surrender in mainland Europe. <h2>Population[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</h2> The English Channel is far more densely populated on the English shore. The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel (each with more than 20,000 inhabitants, ranked in descending order; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census, 2001 UK census, and 2001 <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> census) are as follows: <h3>England[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: England">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saintmalo.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saintmalo.jpg/220px-Saintmalo.jpg" width="220" height="159" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saintmalo.jpg/330px-Saintmalo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Saintmalo.jpg/440px-Saintmalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="882"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saintmalo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The walled city of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> was a former stronghold of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">corsairs</a>.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg/220px-Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg/330px-Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spinnaker_Tower_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1255913.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnaker_Tower" title="Spinnaker Tower">Spinnaker Tower</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour" title="Portsmouth Harbour">Portsmouth Harbour</a></div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton" title="Littlehampton">Littlehampton</a>: 461,181 inhabitants, made up of: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>: 155,919</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing" title="Worthing">Worthing</a>: 96,964</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hove" title="Hove">Hove</a>: 72,335</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littlehampton" title="Littlehampton">Littlehampton</a>: 55,716</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancing,_West_Sussex" title="Lancing, West Sussex">Lancing</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sompting" title="Sompting">Sompting</a>: 30,360</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>: 442,252, including <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport" title="Gosport">Gosport</a>: 79,200</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a> & <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>: 383,713</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>: 304,400</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>: 258,700</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbay" title="Torbay">Torbay</a> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay" title="Torquay">Torquay</a>): 129,702</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill</a>: 126,386</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a>: 119,600</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>: 106,562</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bognor_Regis" title="Bognor Regis">Bognor Regis</a>: 62,141</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hythe,_Kent" title="Hythe, Kent">Hythe</a>: 60,039</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>: 56,043</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>: 39,078</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmer" title="Walmer">Walmer</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal</a>: 35,941</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth,_Devon" title="Exmouth, Devon" class="mw-redirect">Exmouth</a>: 32,972</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn,_Cornwall" title="Penryn, Cornwall">Penryn</a>: 28,801</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryde" title="Ryde">Ryde</a>: 22,806</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Austell" title="St Austell">St Austell</a>: 22,658</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaford,_East_Sussex" title="Seaford, East Sussex">Seaford</a>: 21,851</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a>: 21,635</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a>: 20,255</li> </ul> <h3>France[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>: 248,547 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>: 104,852</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>: 92,704</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect">Cherbourg</a>: 42,318</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Brieuc" title="Saint-Brieuc">Saint-Brieuc</a>: 45,879</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>: 50,675</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lannion" title="Lannion">Lannion</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perros-Guirec" title="Perros-Guirec">Perros-Guirec</a>: 48,990</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect">Dieppe</a>: 42,202</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlaix" title="Morlaix">Morlaix</a>: 35,996</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinard" title="Dinard">Dinard</a>: 25,006</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89taples" title="Étaples">Étaples</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Touquet-Paris-Plage" title="Le Touquet-Paris-Plage" class="mw-redirect">Le Touquet-Paris-Plage</a>: 23,994</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp" title="Fécamp">Fécamp</a>: 22,717</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eu,_Seine-Maritime" title="Eu, Seine-Maritime">Eu</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tr%C3%A9port" title="Le Tréport">Le Tréport</a>: 22,019</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouville-sur-Mer" title="Trouville-sur-Mer">Trouville-sur-Mer</a>–<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a>: 20,406</li> </ul> <h3>Channel Islands[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Channel Islands">edit</a>]</h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helier" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>: 28,310 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>: 16,488 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Anne,_Alderney" title="Saint Anne, Alderney">Saint Anne, Alderney</a>: 2,200 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>: 600 inhabitants</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a>: 60 inhabitants</li> </ul> <h2>Shipping[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shipping">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIS_Manche_Est.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AIS_Manche_Est.png/220px-AIS_Manche_Est.png" width="220" height="109" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AIS_Manche_Est.png/330px-AIS_Manche_Est.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/AIS_Manche_Est.png/440px-AIS_Manche_Est.png 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="455"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIS_Manche_Est.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System" title="Automatic Identification System">Automatic Identification System</a> display showing traffic in the Channel in 2006</div> </div> </div> The Channel has traffic on both the UK-Europe and North Sea-Atlantic routes, and is the world's busiest seaway, with over 500 ships per day.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> the Dover Traffic Separation System (TSS)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> the world's first <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> controlled TSS was set up by the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>. The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side, travelling south the English side. There is a separation zone between the two lanes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In December 2002 the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Tricolor" title="MV Tricolor">MV Tricolor</a>, carrying £30m of luxury cars sank 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba. The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day. There was no loss of life.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The shore-based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_Collision_Avoidance_System" title="Traffic Collision Avoidance System" class="mw-redirect">Traffic Collision Avoidance System</a>, it has reduced accidents to one or two per year.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Marine <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS" title="GPS" class="mw-redirect">GPS</a> systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Accident_Investigation_Branch" title="Marine Accident Investigation Branch">Marine Accident Investigation Branch</a> (MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would. A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs, a failure of a CCTV system, incorrect operation of the anchor, the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> in January 2002. The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The village of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsand" title="Kingsand">Kingsand</a> was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion, and the ship was stranded for 11 days.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <h2>Ecology[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</h2> As a busy shipping lane, the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Indeed over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> One of the most infamous was the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSC_Napoli" title="MSC Napoli">MSC Napoli</a>, which with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo was controversially beached in Lyme Bay, a protected World Heritage Site coastline.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ship had been damaged and was en route to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Harbour" title="Portland Harbour">Portland Harbour</a>. <h2>Transport[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg/220px-Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg" width="220" height="61" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg/330px-Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg/440px-Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="435"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baie-du-Havre_14_07_2005.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The beach of Le Havre and a part of the rebuilt city</div> </div> </div> <h3>Ferry[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ferry">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Ports" title="Channel Ports">Channel Ports</a></div> The number of ferry routes crossing the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> has reduced since the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> opened. Current cross-channel ferry routes are: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Dover" title="Port of Dover">Dover</a>-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a></li> <li>Dover-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newhaven,_East_Sussex" title="Newhaven, East Sussex">Newhaven</a>-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a></li> <li>Portsmouth-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg" class="mw-redirect">Cherbourg</a></li> <li>Portsmouth-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li>Portsmouth-Saint Malo</li> <li>Portsmouth-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> & <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole" title="Poole">Poole</a>-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Malo" title="Saint Malo" class="mw-redirect">Saint Malo</a></li> <li>Poole-Cherbourg</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>-Saint Malo</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a>-Roscoff</li> </ul> <h3>Channel Tunnel[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Channel Tunnel">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a></div> Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and London on the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostar_train" title="Eurostar train" class="mw-redirect">Eurostar train</a>. Cars can also be carried on <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurotunnel_Shuttle" title="Eurotunnel Shuttle">special trains</a> between <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. <h2>Economy[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</h2> <h3>Tourism[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg/220px-Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg" width="220" height="134" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg/330px-Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg/440px-Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4666" data-file-height="2848"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Mont_Saint-Michel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a> is one of the most visited and recognisable landmarks on the English Channel.</div> </div> </div> The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deauville" title="Deauville">Deauville</a>, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century, which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Hopping" title="Channel Hopping" class="mw-redirect">Channel Hopping</a>. <h2>Culture and languages[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture and languages">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/220px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg" width="220" height="397" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/330px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg/440px-Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1638"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norman_dictionary_1779_Kelham.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Kelham's Dictionary of the Norman or Old French Language (1779), dealing with England's <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a>, a cross-Channel relic</div> </div> </div> The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, French on the south. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name following them. <dl> <dt>Celtic Languages</dt> </dl> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> – "Mor Breizh" (Sea of Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> – "Mor Bretannek"</li> </ul> <dl> <dt>Germanic languages</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>English</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> – "het Kanaal" (the Channel)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> – "der Ärmelkanal" (the Sleeve Channel)</li> </ul> Dutch previously had a larger range, and extended into parts of modern-day France. For more information, please see <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a>. <dl> <dt>Romance languages</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>French – "La Manche"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a> – "Manche", "Grand-Mè", "Mè Bertone"<a href="#cite_note-matao-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, including the Channel Island vernaculars: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> (extinct, but fossilised in certain English law phrases)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais" class="mw-redirect">Auregnais</a> (extinct)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a> – "Maunche"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernesiais" title="Guernesiais" class="mw-redirect">Guernesiais</a> – "Ch'nal"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> – "Ch'na"</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sercquais" title="Sercquais" class="mw-redirect">Sercquais</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> </ul> Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> has "Môr Udd". <h2>Channel crossings[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Channel crossings">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="204"/></a></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013)</td> </tr> </table> As one of the narrowest but most famous international waterways lacking dangerous currents, the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea, air, and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_power" title="Human power">human powered</a> crossing technologies.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Date</th> <th style="text-align:left">Crossing</th> <th style="text-align:left">Participant(s)</th> <th style="text-align:left">Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <td>7 January 1785<a href="#cite_note-EB-50">[50]</a></td> <td>First crossing by air (in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)" title="Balloon (aircraft)" class="mw-redirect">balloon</a>, from Dover to Calais)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blanchard" title="Jean-Pierre Blanchard">Jean Pierre François Blanchard</a> (France) <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jeffries" title="John Jeffries">John Jeffries</a> (US)</td> <td>—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>15 June 1785</td> <td>First air crash (in combination hydrogen / <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-air_balloon" title="Hot-air balloon" class="mw-redirect">hot-air balloon</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pil%C3%A2tre_de_Rozier" title="Pilâtre de Rozier" class="mw-redirect">Pilâtre de Rozier</a> (France) <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Romain" title="Pierre Romain" class="mw-redirect">Pierre Romain</a> (France)</td> <td>Attempted crossing similar to Blanchard/Jeffries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>March 1816</td> <td>the French paddle steamer <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_ship_%C3%89lise" title="Steam ship Élise">Élise</a> (ex Scottish-built Margery or Margory) was the first steamer to cross the Channel.</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>9 May 1816</td> <td>Paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland<a href="#cite_note-Mariner_Mirror-51">[51]</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>10 June 1821</td> <td>Paddle steamer Rob Roy, first passenger ferry to cross channel</td> <td></td> <td>The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>June 1843</td> <td>First ferry connection through Folkestone-Boulogne</td> <td></td> <td>Commanding officer <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hayward" title="Captain Hayward">Captain Hayward</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 August 1875</td> <td>First person known to swim the channel (Dover to Calais, 21 hrs, 45 min)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Webb" title="Matthew Webb">Matthew Webb</a> (UK)</td> <td>Attempted crossing on 12 August the same year; forced to abandon swim because of strong winds/rough sea conditions</td> </tr> <tr> <td>27 March 1899</td> <td>First radio transmission across the Channel (from <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a> to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Foreland_Lighthouse" title="South Foreland Lighthouse">South Foreland Lighthouse</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (Italy)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 July 1909</td> <td>First person to cross the channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft (the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9riot_XI" title="Blériot XI">Blériot XI</a>) (Calais to Dover, 37 minutes)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Louis Blériot">Louis Blériot</a> (France)</td> <td>Encouraged by £1000 prize offered by the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> for first successful flight across the Channel</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 June 1910</td> <td>First person to make a double crossing of the Channel in a heavier-than-air aircraft (a Short Wright biplane)<a href="#cite_note-Humphreys-52">[52]</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Rolls" title="Charles Stewart Rolls" class="mw-redirect">Charles Stewart Rolls</a> (UK)</td> <td>From <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swingfield (page does not exist)">Swingfield Downs</a>, Kent to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangatte" title="Sangatte">Sangatte</a>, France, returning to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastchurch" title="Eastchurch">Eastchurch</a>, Kent.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23 August 1910</td> <td>First aircraft flight with passengers</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bevins_Moisant" title="John Bevins Moisant" class="mw-redirect">John Bevins Moisant</a> (US)</td> <td>Passengers were mechanic Albert Fileux and Moisant's cat</td> </tr> <tr> <td>16 April 1912</td> <td>First woman to fly across the Channel (Dover to Calais, 59 minutes)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Quimby" title="Harriet Quimby">Harriet Quimby</a> (US)</td> <td>Her accomplishment did not receive much media attention, as the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic</a> sank the evening before.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>January 1915</td> <td>First <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a> crossing</td> <td></td> <td>Part of Germany's War effort and discontinued in 1918</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23 August 1926</td> <td>First woman to swim across the channel (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_Gris_Nez" title="Cap Gris Nez">Cap Gris Nez</a> to <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsdown,_Kent" title="Kingsdown, Kent">Kingsdown</a>, 14 hours 39 minutes)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a> (US)</td> <td>Five men had swum the channel before Ederle. Ederle beat their best time by two hours, creating a record for a female swimmer that stood until <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Chadwick" title="Florence Chadwick">Florence Chadwick</a> swam it in 13 hours 20 minutes in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>18 September 1928</td> <td>First flight across the Channel by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyro</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cierva" title="Juan de la Cierva">Juan de la Cierva</a> (SPA)</td> <td>Achieved as part of the first flight by autogyro between London and Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Times190928-54">[54]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>19 June 1931</td> <td>First crossing in a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_aircraft" title="Glider aircraft" class="mw-redirect">glider</a></td> <td>Lissant Beardmore (UK)</td> <td>Aero-tow from <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lympne_Airport" title="Lympne Airport">Lympne</a> to an altitude of 14,000 feet (4,300 m). Landed at <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Inglevert_Airfield" title="Saint-Inglevert Airfield">Saint-Inglevert Airfield</a>, Pas-de-Calais.<a href="#cite_note-Times200631-55">[55]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>6 September 1949</td> <td>Helicopter crossing (Cherbourg to RAF Beaulieu) in the V14 (A <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Achgelis_Fa_223" title="Focke-Achgelis Fa 223">Focke-Achgelis Fa 223</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helmut_Gerstenhauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helmut Gerstenhauer (page does not exist)">Helmut Gerstenhauer</a></td> <td>accompanied by two R.A.F observers</td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 July 1959</td> <td>Hovercraft crossing (Calais to Dover, 2 hours 3 minutes)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-N1" title="SR-N1" class="mw-redirect">SR-N1</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cockerell" title="Christopher Cockerell">Sir Christopher Cockerell</a> was on board</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22 August 1972</td> <td>First solo hovercraft crossing (same route as SR-N1; 2 hours 20 minutes)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></td> <td>Nigel Beale (UK)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1974</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a> (13 and a half hours)</td> <td>Bernard Thomas (UK)</td> <td>As part of a publicity stunt, the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>12 June 1979</td> <td>First <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">human-powered aircraft</a> to fly over the Channel (in 55-pound (25 kg) <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossamer_Albatross" title="Gossamer Albatross">Gossamer Albatross</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Allen_(cyclist)" title="Bryan Allen (cyclist)" class="mw-redirect">Bryan Allen</a> (US)</td> <td>Won a £100,000 <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremer_prizes" title="Kremer prizes" class="mw-redirect">Kremer Prize</a>; Allen pedalled for three hours</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14 September 1995</td> <td>Fastest crossing by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>, 22 minutes by "Princess Anne"</td> <td>MCH SR-N4 MkIII</td> <td>Craft was designed as a ferry</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1997</td> <td>First vessel to complete a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-power" title="Solar-power" class="mw-redirect">solar-powered</a> crossing using <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_cell" title="Photovoltaic cell" class="mw-redirect">photovoltaic cells</a></td> <td>SB Collinda</td> <td>—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>30 August 1998</td> <td>First Channel swim by a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegic</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maclean_(sportsperson)" title="John Maclean (sportsperson)">John Maclean</a></td> <td>Completed crossing in 12 hours and 55 minutes. An attempt earlier that month was aborted because of bad weather.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>31 July 2003</td> <td>Crossing in a 20-mile (32 km) long <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freefall" title="Freefall" class="mw-redirect">freefall</a> using a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingsuit" title="Wingsuit" class="mw-redirect">wingsuit</a> and a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fibre" title="Carbon fibre" class="mw-redirect">carbon fibre</a> wing</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Baumgartner" title="Felix Baumgartner">Felix Baumgartner</a> (Austria)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>14 June 2004</td> <td>New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle (the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibbs_Aquada" title="Gibbs Aquada">Gibbs Aquada</a>, three-seater open-top <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a>)</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson" title="Richard Branson">Richard Branson</a> (UK)</td> <td>Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds – previous record was 6 hours.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>26 July 2006</td> <td>New record time for crossing in <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil</a> car (the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinspeed_Splash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinspeed Splash (page does not exist)">Rinspeed Splash</a>, two-seater open-top <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a>)</td> <td>Frank M. Rinderknecht (Switzerland)</td> <td>Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>25 September 2006</td> <td>First crossing on a towed inflatable object (not a powered <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">inflatable boat</a>)</td> <td>Stephen Preston (UK)</td> <td>Completed crossing in 180 min<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>July 2007</td> <td>BBC <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_Series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV Series)" class="mw-redirect">Top Gear</a> presenters "drive" to France in amphibious cars</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond" title="Richard Hammond">Richard Hammond</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_May" title="James May">James May</a> (UK)</td> <td>Completed the crossing in a 1996 <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Hardbody_Truck" title="Nissan Hardbody Truck" class="mw-redirect">Nissan D21</a> pick-up (the "Nissank"), fitted with a Honda outboard engine.<a href="#cite_note-imcdb.org-61">[61]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>26 September 2008</td> <td>First crossing with a <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetpack" title="Jetpack" class="mw-redirect">jetpack</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Rossy" title="Yves Rossy">Yves Rossy</a> (Switzerland)</td> <td>Crossing completed in less than ten minutes<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>12 March 2010</td> <td>First crossing by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing" class="mw-redirect">water ski</a>.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Bleakley" title="Christine Bleakley">Christine Bleakley</a> (UK)</td> <td>Completed in just over 1 hour 40 minutes. She completed the challenge for BBC <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Relief" title="Sport Relief">Sport Relief</a>, falling eight times during the crossing.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>28 May 2010</td> <td>First crossing by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Trappe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan Trappe (page does not exist)">Jonathan Trappe</a> (US)</td> <td>Completed in 4 hours. He crossed the Channel dangling beneath a cloud of coloured helium balloons and controlled his altitude by cutting the balloons free one by one with a pair of scissors.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>20 August 2011</td> <td>First Crossing by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_Scooters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sea Scooters (page does not exist)">Sea Scooters</a></td> <td>A four-man relay team from Scarborough, North Yorkshire, headed by Heath Samples, crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant.[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record.</td> </tr> </table> <h3>By boat[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: By boat">edit</a>]</h3> Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_ship_%C3%89lise" title="Steam ship Élise">Élise</a>, ex the Scottish p.s. "Margery" in March 1816, one of the earliest seagoing voyages by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steam ship</a>. The paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland, arriving there on 9 May 1816.<a href="#cite_note-Mariner_Mirror-51">[51]</a> On 10 June 1821, English-built <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamer</a> Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In June 1843, because of difficulties with Dover harbour, the South Eastern Railway company developed the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>-<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a> route as an alternative to Calais-Dover. The first ferry crossed under the command of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Hayward" title="Captain Hayward">Captain Hayward</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 13½ hours. The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Boat" title="Bull Boat">Bull Boats</a> of the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a> Indians of <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> could have been copied from coracles introduced by <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Madog" title="Prince Madog" class="mw-redirect">Prince Madog</a> in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountbatten_class_hovercraft" title="Mountbatten class hovercraft" class="mw-redirect">Mountbatten class hovercraft</a> (MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968, initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate" title="Ramsgate">Ramsgate</a> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegwell_Bay" title="Pegwell Bay">Pegwell Bay</a>) to Calais. The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day at peak times. The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <h3>By swimming[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: By swimming">edit</a>]</h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_successful_English_Channel_swimmers" title="List of successful English Channel swimmers">List of successful English Channel swimmers</a></div> The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Webb" title="Matthew Webb">Matthew Webb</a> made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover, swimming from England to France on 24–25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes. In 1927, at a time when fewer than ten swimmers had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made, the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channel_Swimming_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Channel Swimming Association (page does not exist)">Channel Swimming Association</a> (CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations: <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CSA_(Ltd)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSA (Ltd) (page does not exist)">CSA (Ltd)</a> and the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Channel_Swimming_and_Piloting_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (page does not exist)">Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation</a> (CSPF). Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover. The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings. The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the International <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Sri Chinmoy</a> Marathon Team, with 35 crossings by 25 members (by 2005).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> By the end of 2005, 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA, the CSA (Ltd), the CSPF and Butlins. The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people. This includes 24 two-way crossings and three three-way crossings. The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people (456 men, 214 women). There have been 16 two-way crossings (9 by men and 7 by women). There have been three three-way crossings (2 by men and 1 by a woman). (It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only.) The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world. It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> It states: "[In] exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast, on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities." The CCA, CSA, and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims, because their pilots have the experience, qualifications, and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort. The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trent_Grimsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trent Grimsey (page does not exist)">Trent Grimsey</a> on 8 September 2012, in 6 hours 55 minutes,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Stoychev" title="Petar Stoychev">Petar Stoychev</a>. <h3>By car[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: By car">edit</a>]</h3> On 16 September 1965, two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais. One was crewed by two British Army officers, Captain Mike Bailey REME and Captain Peter Tappenden RAOC, the other by Tim Dill-Russell and Sgt Joe Minto RASC. The crossing took 7 hours 20 minutes, with mid-Channel wind conditions reaching force 5 on the <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale" title="Beaufort scale">Beaufort scale</a>. The cars went on to the Frankfurt Motor Show that year, where they were put on display.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2007, the presenters of the BBC programme <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_Series)" title="Top Gear (2002 TV Series)" class="mw-redirect">Top Gear</a> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson" title="Jeremy Clarkson">Jeremy Clarkson</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond" title="Richard Hammond">Richard Hammond</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_May" title="James May">James May</a>) "drove" across the Channel from England to France. They did it by designing "amphibious cars" that could be driven on land and also operate in water. After four attempts – twice failing to leave Dover Harbour – they reached the coast of France in a Nissan pick-up with an outboard motor and oil drums attached to the back to aid stability in open water.<a href="#cite_note-imcdb.org-61">[61]</a> The other two vehicles that attempted the crossing (a Triumph Herald with a sail and a Volkswagen Campervan with a propeller attached to the flywheel) both sank.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Clarkson believed it might be possible to break the world record for crossing the Channel in this manner, but the team was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a> claimed that the BBC received criticism from a coastguard who claimed that they had not been told that the stunt was going to take place, and allegedly branded it "completely irresponsible"; however this was not reported by any other media sources and the aired episode showed the full co-operation of the coastguard.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <h2>See also[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booze_cruise" title="Booze cruise">Booze cruise</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_firsts_in_aviation" title="List of firsts in aviation">List of firsts in aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_breakwaters" title="Phoenix breakwaters">Phoenix breakwaters</a></li> </ul> <h2>References[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_1-1">b</a> "English Channel". The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2004.</li> <li id="cite_note-eb-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_2-1">b</a> "English Channel." Encyclopædia Britannica 2007.</li> <li id="cite_note-IHO-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHO_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.iho-ohi.net/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S23_1953.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections"</a> (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1971. pp. 42 [corrections to page 13] and 6. Retrieved 25 September 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition+%2B+corrections&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iho-ohi.net%2Fiho_pubs%2Fstandard%2FS-23%2FS23_1953.pdf&rft.pages=42+corrections+to+page+13+and+6&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "English Channel." The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas. 2005.</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" title="File:Allied Invasion Force.jpg">File:Allied Invasion Force.jpg</a> + <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carte_de_la_Manche.png" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Carte de la Manche.png">French map of Channel</a></li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta_Nature-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_Nature_6-0">^</a> Gupta, Sanjeev; Jenny S. Collier, Andy Palmer-Felgate & Graeme Potter; Palmer-Felgate, Andy; Potter, Graeme (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/full/nature06018.html">"Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> 448 (7151): 342–345. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448..342G">2007Natur.448..342G</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06018">10.1038/nature06018</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637667">17637667</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19833064/">Lay summary</a> – <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msnbc.com" title="Msnbc.com" class="mw-redirect">msnbc.com</a> (18 July 2007).<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=Catastrophic+flooding+origin+of+shelf+valley+systems+in+the+English+Channel&rft.aufirst=Sanjeev&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Sanjeev&rft.au=Jenny+S.+Collier%2C+Andy+Palmer-Felgate+%26++Graeme+Potter&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.au=Palmer-Felgate%2C+Andy&rft.au=Potter%2C+Graeme&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv448%2Fn7151%2Ffull%2Fnature06018.html&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.448..342G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17637667&rft.issue=7151&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=342-345&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=448" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhysToday-7"><a href="#cite_ref-PhysToday_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/englishchannelfloods/physicstoday.pdf">"GPG Cambridge.ac Physics Today, Sonar mapping suggests that the English Channel was created by two megafloods, (extract of Gupta Potter), Freely downloadabe PDF"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=GPG+Cambridge.ac+Physics+Today%2C+Sonar+mapping+suggests+that+the+English+Channel+was+created+by+two+megafloods%2C+%28extract+of+Gupta+Potter%29%2C+Freely+downloadabe+PDF&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fenglishchannelfloods%2Fphysicstoday.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Professor Bryony Coles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://humanities.exeter.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/title,89282,en.html">"The Doggerland project"</a>. University of Exeter. Retrieved 3 January 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.aulast=Professor+Bryony+Coles&rft.au=Professor+Bryony+Coles&rft.btitle=The+Doggerland+project&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.exeter.ac.uk%2Farchaeology%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Ftitle%2C89282%2Cen.html&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Thompson, LuAnne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://faculty.washington.edu/luanne/pages/ocean420/notes/tidedynamics.pdf">"Tide Dynamics – Dynamic Theory of Tides."</a> (PDF). University of Washington. Retrieved 14 April 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.aufirst=LuAnne&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.au=Thompson%2C+LuAnne&rft.btitle=Tide+Dynamics+%E2%80%93+Dynamic+Theory+of+Tides.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fluanne%2Fpages%2Focean420%2Fnotes%2Ftidedynamics.pdf&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://taaladvies.net/taal/aardrijkskundige_namen/land/UK">"Buitenlandse Aardrijkskundige Namen" [Foreign Geographical Names]</a> (in Dutch). Nederlandse Taalunie. 2012. 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Retrieved 27 April 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=A+chart+of+the+British+Channel%2C+Jefferys%2C+Thomas%2C+1787&rft.date=22+February+1999&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidrumsey.com%2Fmaps6489.html&rft.pub=Davidrumsey.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/unvbrit/m/001hrl000003686u00013000.html">"Map Of Great Britain, Ca. 1450"</a>. The unveiling of Britain. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2013. <q>This may also be the first map to name the English Channel: "britanicus oceanus nunc canalites Anglie"</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=Map+Of+Great+Britain%2C+Ca.+1450&rft.date=26+March+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Funvbrit%2Fm%2F001hrl000003686u00013000.html&rft.jtitle=The+unveiling+of+Britain&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Room A. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7151/abs/nature06018.html">Sanjeev Gupta et al. "Catastrophic flooding origin of shelf valley systems in the English Channel" Nature448, 342–345 (19 July 2007) (abstract)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070718140833.htm">"Catastrophic Flooding Changed The Course Of British History"</a>, Science Daily (19 July 2007).</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> " Researchers speculate that the flooding induced changes in topography creating barriers to migration which led to a complete absence of humans in Britain 100,000 years ago." (ScienceDaily (19 July 2007).</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> cf. "Kernow", the Cornish for Cornwall.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=w0pAEI6AWLgC&pg=PA46&lpg=PA46&dq=1684+channel+ice&source=bl&ots=Md4yEs4n4U&sig=FGTVc3FnwOv5wGz-q6YJduG7PS0&hl=en&ei=Gr_4TJSnOJK1hAfAufihCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=1684%20channel%20ice&f=false">Hermann Flohn, Roberto Fantechi, The Climate of Europe, past, present, and future, 1984, ISBN 90-277-1745-1, p.46</a></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.pastpresented.info/frost1683.htm">PastPresented,info: The Great Frost of 1683–4</a></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Balter, Michael (2/26/15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/2015/02/dna-recovered-underwater-british-site-may-rewrite-history-farming-europe?intcmp=highwire">"DNA recovered from underwater British site may rewrite history of farming in Europe"</a>. Science.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=DNA+recovered+from+underwater+British+site+may+rewrite+history+of+farming+in+Europe&rft.au=Balter%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.date=2%2F26%2F15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sciencemag.org%2Farchaeology%2F2015%2F02%2Fdna-recovered-underwater-british-site-may-rewrite-history-farming-europe%3Fintcmp%3Dhighwire&rft.jtitle=Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Check date values in: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Larson, Greger (2/26/15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6225/945.summary">"How wheat came to Britain"</a>. Science.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=How+wheat+came+to+Britain&rft.aufirst=Greger&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.date=2%2F26%2F15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F347%2F6225%2F945.summary&rft.jtitle=Science&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  Check date values in: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Smith, Oliver; Momber, Garry; Bates, Richard; Garwood, Paul (2/27/15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/347/6225/998">"Sedimentary DNA from a submerged site reveals wheat in the British Isles 8000 years ago"</a>. Science 347 (6225): 998–1001.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=Sedimentary+DNA+from+a+submerged+site+reveals+wheat+in+the+British+Isles+8000+years+ago&rft.au=Bates%2C+Richard&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Garwood%2C+Paul&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.au=Momber%2C+Garry&rft.au=Smith%2C+Oliver&rft.date=2%2F27%2F15&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F347%2F6225%2F998&rft.issue=6225&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=998-1001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=347" class="Z3988">  Check date values in: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.history-compass.com/images/store/HICO/chapters/523.pdf">"History Compass"</a> (PDF). History Compass. Retrieved 27 April 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=History+Compass&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-compass.com%2Fimages%2Fstore%2FHICO%2Fchapters%2F523.pdf&rft.pub=History+Compass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-58084/Germany">"Germany The migration period"</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Germany+The+migration+period&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-58084%2FGermany&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Nick Attwood MA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.lindisfarne.org.uk/793/index.htm">"The Holy Island of Lindisfarne – The Viking Attack"</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.aulast=Nick+Attwood+MA&rft.au=Nick+Attwood+MA&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Island+of+Lindisfarne+%E2%80%93+The+Viking+Attack&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lindisfarne.org.uk%2F793%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> britishbattles.com (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.britishbattles.com/spanish-war/spanish-armada.htm">"The Spanish Armada: Sir Francis Drake"</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.au=britishbattles.com&rft.aulast=britishbattles.com&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armada%3A+Sir+Francis+Drake&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishbattles.com%2Fspanish-war%2Fspanish-armada.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Geoffrey Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.manorhouse.clara.net/book3/chapter2.htm">The Millstone: Chapter 2</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.au=Geoffrey+Miller&rft.aulast=Geoffrey+Miller&rft.btitle=The+Millstone%3A+Chapter+2&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manorhouse.clara.net%2Fbook3%2Fchapter2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  quoting Fisher, Naval Necessities I, p. 219</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/doverbarrage.htm">firstworldwar.com – Encyclopedia – The Dover Barrage</a></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://web.archive.org/web/20080612084614/http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat.shtml">"U-Boat warfare at the Atlantic during World War I"</a>. German Notes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat.shtml">the original</a> on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=U-Boat+warfare+at+the+Atlantic+during+World+War+I&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germannotes.com%2Fhist_ww1_uboat.shtml&rft.pub=German+Notes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E_TE_ARPXdMC&pg=PA74&dq=%22Dover+Barrage%22+1917&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mPqnT6ayB6WX0QXlrJmlBg&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Dover%20Barrage%22%201917&f=false">Robert M. Grant, U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918, Periscope Publishing Ltd 2002, ISBN 1-904381-00-6 (pp. 74–75)</a></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.sotonwss.org.uk/blackjack/Sep09BJ.pdf">Black Jack (Quarterly Magazine Southampton Branch World Ship Society) Issue No: 152 Autumn 2009: (p.6) SHOREHAM TOWERS – One of the Admiralty’s greatest engineering secrets, Reproduced from Engineering & Technology IET Magazine May 2009</a></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://uboat.net/history/wwi/part6.htm">"His Imperial German Majesty's U-boats in WWI: 6. Finale"</a>. uboat.net. Retrieved 13 September 2009.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=His+Imperial+German+Majesty%27s+U-boats+in+WWI%3A+6.+Finale&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuboat.net%2Fhistory%2Fwwi%2Fpart6.htm&rft.pub=uboat.net&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/operation_cycle.html">"Operation Cycle, the evacuation from Havre, 10-13 June 1940"</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2014.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Operation+Cycle%2C+the+evacuation+from+Havre%2C+10-13+June+1940&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofwar.org%2Farticles%2Foperation_cycle.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/operation_aerial.html">Operation Aerial, the evacuation from north western France, 15–25 June 1940</a>. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1057330.shtml?sectionId=2&articleId=1057330">"Fact File: Battle of Britain"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Fact+File%3A+Battle+of+Britain&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fww2peopleswar%2Ftimeline%2Ffactfiles%2Fnonflash%2Fa1057330.shtml%3FsectionId%3D2%26articleId%3D1057330&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Campaigns of World War II, Naval History Homepage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsStartEurope.htm">"Atlantic, WW2, U-boats, convoys, OA, OB, SL, HX, HG, Halifax, RCN ..."</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2007.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.au=Campaigns+of+World+War+II%2C+Naval+History+Homepage&rft.aufirst=Naval+History+Homepage&rft.aulast=Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.btitle=Atlantic%2C+WW2%2C+U-boats%2C+convoys%2C+OA%2C+OB%2C+SL%2C+HX%2C+HG%2C+Halifax%2C+RCN+...&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FWW2CampaignsStartEurope.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/the_dover_strait.htm">"The Dover Strait, navigation rules"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=The+Dover+Strait%2C+navigation+rules&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fmcga07-home%2Femergencyresponse%2Fmcga-searchandrescue%2Fmcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem%2Fchannel_navigation_information_service__cnis_%2Fthe_dover_strait.htm&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/history_of_cnis.htm">"History of CNIS"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=History+of+CNIS&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fmcga07-home%2Femergencyresponse%2Fmcga-searchandrescue%2Fmcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem%2Fchannel_navigation_information_service__cnis_%2Fhistory_of_cnis.htm&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/dops_-_dover_strait_tss_chartlet.htm">"Dover Strait TSS"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Dover+Strait+TSS&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fmcga07-home%2Femergencyresponse%2Fmcga-searchandrescue%2Fmcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem%2Fchannel_navigation_information_service__cnis_%2Fdops_-_dover_strait_tss_chartlet.htm&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.worldmarineguide.com/marina/united-kingdom/uk-south-coast/article-english-channel">"World Marine Guide – English Channel"</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2011.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=World+Marine+Guide+%E2%80%93+English+Channel&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldmarineguide.com%2Fmarina%2Funited-kingdom%2Fuk-south-coast%2Farticle-english-channel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/dops_-_dover_strait_tss_chartlet.htm">Chartlets published by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.maib.gov.uk/cms_resources/SB_%202_2001_%20Ash_and_Dutch_Aquamarin.pdf">"Safety Bulletin 2"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Accident_Investigation_Branch" title="Marine Accident Investigation Branch">Marine Accident Investigation Branch</a>. 2001. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Safety+Bulletin+2&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maib.gov.uk%2Fcms_resources%2FSB_%25202_2001_%2520Ash_and_Dutch_Aquamarin.pdf&rft.pub=Marine+Accident+Investigation+Branch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.maib.gov.uk/cms_resources/willy.pdf">"Report on the Investigation of the grounding of MV Willy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Accident_Investigation_Branch" title="Marine Accident Investigation Branch">Marine Accident Investigation Branch</a>. October 2002. 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Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Picture+gallery%3A+Cornwall%27s+stranded+tanker&rft.date=5+January+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F1742910.stm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1745945.stm">"Salvage team hunts for leak"</a>. London: BBC. 6 January 2002. 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Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Stranded+tanker+safe+in+port&rft.date=14+January+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2F1759670.stm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/guernsey/4668664.stm">"Tanker wreck starts leaking oil"</a>. London: BBC. 1 February 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Tanker+wreck+starts+leaking+oil&rft.date=1+February+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fguernsey%2F4668664.stm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/pacops_final_report_2006.pdf">"Annual Survey of Reported Discharges"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Annual+Survey+of+Reported+Discharges&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fpacops_final_report_2006.pdf&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-matao-49"><a href="#cite_ref-matao_49-0">^</a> Auffray, Régis (2007). Le Petit Matao. Rue des Scribes. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2906064645" title="Special:BookSources/2906064645">2906064645</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.au=Auffray%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&rft.aulast=Auffray&rft.btitle=Le+Petit+Matao&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=2906064645&rft.pub=Rue+des+Scribes&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-50"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_50-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9015591">Blanchard, Jean-Pierre-François</a>." <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online. Retrieved 17 October 2009.</li> <li id="cite_note-Mariner_Mirror-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mariner_Mirror_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mariner_Mirror_51-1">b</a> Dawson, Charles (February 1998). "P. S. Defiance, the first steamer to Holland, 9 May 1816". The Mariner's Mirror (The Society for Nautical Research) 84 (1): 84.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=P.+S.+Defiance%2C+the+first+steamer+to+Holland%2C+9+May+1816&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.date=February+1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=The+Society+for+Nautical+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=84" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys_52-0">^</a> Humphreys, Roy (2001). Kent Aviation, a Century of Flight. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. p. 189. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2790-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2790-9">0-7509-2790-9</a>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Humphreys%2C+Roy&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.btitle=Kent+Aviation%2C+a+Century+of+Flight&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7509-2790-9&rft.pages=189&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Severo, Richard (1 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/01/sports/gertrude-ederle-the-first-woman-to-swim-across-the-english-channel-dies-at-98.html">"Gertrude Ederle, the First Woman to Swim Across the English Channel, Dies at 98"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 11 August 2009. <q>Gertrude Ederle, who was called America's best girl by President Calvin Coolidge in 1926 after she became the first woman to swim across the English Channel, died yesterday at a nursing home in Wyckoff, N.J. She was 98.</q><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=Gertrude+Ederle%2C+the+First+Woman+to+Swim+Across+the+English+Channel%2C+Dies+at+98&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Severo&rft.au=Severo%2C+Richard&rft.date=1+December+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F12%2F01%2Fsports%2Fgertrude-ederle-the-first-woman-to-swim-across-the-english-channel-dies-at-98.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times190928-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Times190928_54-0">^</a> "Channel Flight By Autogiro. Spanish Airman's Success." The Times (London). Wednesday, 19 September 1928. 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Autoblog. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.aulast=Stuart+Waterman&rft.au=Stuart+Waterman&rft.btitle=Rinspeed+%22Splash%22+sets+English+Channel+record&rft.date=27+July+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.autoblog.com%2F2006%2F07%2F27%2Frinspeed-splash-sets-english-channel-record%2F&rft.pub=Autoblog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.stupidsteve.co.uk/inflatable.html">"Inflatable Drag"</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Inflatable+Drag&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stupidsteve.co.uk%2Finflatable.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imcdb.org-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imcdb.org_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imcdb.org_61-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://imcdb.org/vehicle_132991-Nissan-Pickup-D21-1996.html">"1996 Nissan Truck [D21] in "Top Gear, 2002–2010""</a>. IMCDb.org. Retrieved 27 April 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=1996+Nissan+Truck+%5BD21%26%2393%3B+in+%22Top+Gear%2C+2002%E2%80%932010%22&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimcdb.org%2Fvehicle_132991-Nissan-Pickup-D21-1996.html&rft.pub=IMCDb.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7637327.stm">"Pilot completes jetpack challenge"</a>. London: BBC. 26 September 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Pilot+completes+jetpack+challenge&rft.date=26+September+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7637327.stm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2010/may/28/american-channel-helium-balloons">American crosses Channel carried by helium balloons</a>, <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2010</li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.sailingandboating.co.uk/history-channel-ferry.html">The History of the Channel Ferry</a></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/ferries.htm">[1]</a> Channel ferries & ferry ports</li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.britannia.com/celtic/wales/facts/facts7.html">Wales on Britannia: Facts About Wales & the Welsh</a></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> John, Gilbert (5 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/south_west/7331209.stm">"'Coracle king' to hang up paddle"</a>. BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 10 January 2015.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=%27Coracle+king%27+to+hang+up+paddle&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rft.au=John%2C+Gilbert&rft.aulast=John&rft.date=5+April+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fwales%2Fsouth_west%2F7331209.stm&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/15/newsid_3025000/3025267.stm">"Hovercraft deal opens show"</a>. London: BBC News. 15 June 1966. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Hovercraft+deal+opens+show&rft.date=15+June+1966&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F15%2Fnewsid_3025000%2F3025267.stm&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> srichinmoyraces.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.srichinmoyraces.org/channel/channel_swimmers/channel_swimmers_list">"Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team Channel Swim List"</a>. Retrieved 25 October 2013.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Sri+Chinmoy+Marathon+Team+Channel+Swim+List&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srichinmoyraces.org%2Fchannel%2Fchannel_swimmers%2Fchannel_swimmers_list&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/emergencyresponse/mcga-searchandrescue/mcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem/channel_navigation_information_service__cnis_/dops_-_all-sar_cnis_unorthodox_crossings.htm">"Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme"</a>. <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency" title="Maritime and Coastguard Agency">Maritime and Coastguard Agency</a>. Retrieved 1 November 2008.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.btitle=Unorthodox+Crossing+of+the+Dover+Strait+Traffic+Separation+Scheme&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcga.gov.uk%2Fc4mca%2Fmcga07-home%2Femergencyresponse%2Fmcga-searchandrescue%2Fmcga-hmcgsar-sarsystem%2Fchannel_navigation_information_service__cnis_%2Fdops_-_all-sar_cnis_unorthodox_crossings.htm&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Coastguard+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://news.theage.com.au/breaking-news-sport/trent-grimsey-breaks-channel-swim-record-20120909-25lsh.html">Trent Grimsey breaks channel swim record, The Age, 13 September 2012</a></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.dover.uk.com/channelswimming/records.php">Channel swimming records</a></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Autocar article entitled Cars Ahoy published 10 December 1965</li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_challenges#s10e2" title="Top Gear challenges">Series Ten, Episode Two</a></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> BBC Top Gear Series 10 Episode 2</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-469782/Coastguards-fury-Top-Gear-stars-attempt-drive-Channel.html">"Coastguards' fury as Top Gear stars attempt to 'drive' across the Channel | Mail Online"</a>. Daily Mail. 20 July 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2010.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnglish+Channel&rft.atitle=Coastguards%27+fury+as+Top+Gear+stars+attempt+to+%27drive%27+across+the+Channel+%26%23124%3B+Mail+Online&rft.date=20+July+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Ftvshowbiz%2Farticle-469782%2FCoastguards-fury-Top-Gear-stars-attempt-drive-Channel.html&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mail&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> <h2>External links[<a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_Channel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ferry_routes_to_British_Mainland" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ferry routes to British Mainland">Ferry routes to British Mainland</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/English_Channel" class="extiw" title="commons:English Channel">English Channel</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.dover.uk.com/channelswimming/">Full Channel swim lists and swimmer information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~genmaps/genfiles/COU_files/ENG/aaEng/ortelius_anglia-epitome-det3_1595.jpg">Oceanus Britannicus or British Sea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.thechannelswimmers.com/">Channel swimmers website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.soloswims.com/">Archives of long distance swimming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.channelswimming.net/">Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.channelswimmingassociation.com/">Channel Swimming Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.readagainbooks.com/airbattleovertheenglishchannel.htm">World War II Eye Witness Account – Audio Recording</a> Air Battle over the English Channel (1940)</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">v</a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas">t</a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:List_of_seas&action=edit">e</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a> and <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_seas" title="List of seas">seas</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Gustav_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustav Adolf Sea">Prince Gustav Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li>English Channel</li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tadjoura" title="Gulf of Tadjoura">Gulf of Tadjoura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceram_Sea" title="Ceram Sea">Ceram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Landlocked seas</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Seas" title="Book:Seas">Book</a> · <img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <a href="/web/20150524022202/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=English_Channel&params=50_N_02_W_type:waterbody_scale:2500000">50°N 02°W / 50°N 2°W / 50; -2</a>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a 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hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7" title="Լա Մանշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="इंग्लिश चैनल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche" title="La Manche – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Inggris" title="Selat Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermarsund" title="Ermarsund – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manica" title="La Manica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A9" title="תעלת למאנש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла-Манш – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94" title="ლა-მანშის სრუტე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла-Манш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Bretannek" title="Mor Bretannek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfereji_wa_Kiingereza" title="Mfereji wa Kiingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche" title="La Manche – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Britannicus" title="Oceanus Britannicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman%C5%A1s" title="Lamanšs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ermelkanal" title="Äermelkanal – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman%C5%A1o_s%C4%85siauris" title="Lamanšo sąsiauris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27t_Kanaal" title="'t Kanaal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_la_Manega" title="Canal de la Manega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche" title="La Manche – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ламанш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD" title="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് ചാനൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="इंग्लिश खाडी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="المانش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selat_Inggeris" title="Selat Inggeris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ла-Маншийн хоолой – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_Kanaal" title="Het Kanaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="イギリス海峡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelsk_Kanool" title="Ingelsk Kanool – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_engelske_kanal" title="Den engelske kanal – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_engelske_kanalen" title="Den engelske kanalen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maunche_(m%C3%A9)" title="Maunche (mé) – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marga_(mar)" title="Marga (mar) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manche" title="Manche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_dla_Mania" title="Canal dla Mania – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche" title="La Manche – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_da_Mancha" title="Canal da Mancha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalul_M%C3%A2necii" title="Canalul Mânecii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла-Манш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglis_Chainel" title="Inglis Chainel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeuwekanoal" title="Sleeuwekanoal – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanali_i_la_Manshit" title="Kanali i la Manshit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canali_d%C3%A2_M%C3%A0nica" title="Canali dâ Mànica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman%C5%A1sk%C3%BD_prieliv" title="Lamanšský prieliv – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokavski_preliv" title="Rokavski preliv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ламанш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manche" title="La Manche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_kanaali" title="Englannin kanaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska_kanalen" title="Engelska kanalen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangbang_Inggles" title="Bangbang Inggles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆங்கிலக் கால்வாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла-Манш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ช่องแคบอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла манш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C5%9F_Denizi" title="Manş Denizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88" title="Ла-Манш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رودبار انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_%C5%82a_M%C3%A0nega" title="Canal de ła Mànega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eo_bi%E1%BB%83n_Manche" title="Eo biển Manche – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_La_Mancha" title="Kanal La Mancha – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ענגלישער קאנאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%80%AB%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="英倫海峽 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal%C3%AA_Man%C5%9Fi" title="Kanalê Manşi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%90%89%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="英吉利海峡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150524022202/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34640#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li 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