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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82" title="Роман за Брут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роман за Брут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Μυθιστορία του Βρούτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μυθιστορία του Βρούτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="ブリュ物語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリュ物語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roman de Brut" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Роман о Бруте – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">12th-century Norman-French literature</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_de_Brut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_de_Brut.jpg/330px-Roman_de_Brut.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_de_Brut.jpg/495px-Roman_de_Brut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roman_de_Brut.jpg/660px-Roman_de_Brut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>The opening of the Roman de Brut in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> MS C. iv. 27. This is the earliest manuscript of the poem, and dates from the late 12th century.</figcaption></figure> The Brut or Roman de Brut (completed 1155) by the poet <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> is a loose and expanded translation in almost 15,000 lines of <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman-French</a> verse of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s Latin <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon197495–96-1">[1]</a> It was formerly known as the Brut d'Engleterre or Roman des Rois d'Angleterre, though Wace's own name for it was the Geste des Bretons, or Deeds of the Britons.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Its genre is equivocal, being more than a <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicle</a> but not quite a fully-fledged <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">romance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It narrates a largely fictional version of Britain's story from its settlement by <a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus</a>, a refugee from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, who gives the poem its name, through a thousand years of pseudohistory, including the story of king <a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir</a>, up to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest</a>, the introduction of Christianity, and the legends of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">sub-Roman Britain</a>, ending with the reign of the 7th-century king <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallader</a>. Especially prominent is its account of the life of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, the first in any vernacular language,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm199495-5">[5]</a> which instigated and influenced a whole school of French <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian romances</a> dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a> – here making its first appearance in literature – and with the adventures of its various knights. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> The Norman poet <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> was born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> around the beginning of the 12th century, and was educated first at <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> on the mainland and later in Paris, or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. He returned to Caen and there began writing narrative poems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPelan196218–19-6">[6]</a> At some point in this stage of his life he visited southern England, perhaps on business, perhaps to conduct research, perhaps even wanting to visit <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux20058–9-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1938lxxvii–lxxviii-8">[8]</a> whose Latin <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> he translated as the Roman de Brut. The Brut's subject, the history of Britain from its mythical <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojan</a> beginnings, was calculated to appeal to a secular Norman readership at a time when <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and England formed part of the same realm. Working under the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, he completed his poem in 1155, and presented a copy of it to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>, Henry's wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200118-9">[9]</a> Its success is evidenced by the large number of surviving manuscripts, and by its extensive influence on later writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWace2005xiv–xvi-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_of_sources">Treatment of sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treatment of sources">edit</a>]</div> The primary source of the Roman de Brut is Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, a pseudo-history of Britain from its settlement by the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus</a> and his band of Trojans down to the eclipse of native British power in the 7th century. It magnifies the prestige of British rulers at the expense of their Roman contemporaries, and includes an account of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s reign. Wace knew this work in two versions: the Vulgate, written by Geoffrey himself, and the Variant, a rewriting of Geoffrey's text by person or persons unknown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200589–91-11">[11]</a> Wace made two significant additions to the story on the authority, as he tells us, of <a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton tales</a> he had heard. One is King Arthur's <a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a>, which here makes its appearance in world literature for the first time, and the other is the Breton belief that <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">Arthur still remains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon197497–98-13">[13]</a> There may, however, be quite a different reason for giving Arthur a Round Table, since there is good iconographic evidence to suppose that round or semi-circular tables were commonly used before Wace's time for ostentatious feasts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatlock1950475-14">[14]</a> Other minor sources of the Brut include the Bible, <a href="/wiki/Goscelin" title="Goscelin">Goscelin</a>'s life of St. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Anglorum" title="Gesta Regum Anglorum">Gesta Regum Anglorum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gaimar" title="Geoffrey Gaimar">Geoffrey Gaimar</a>'s earlier translation of the Historia Regum Britanniae, and such <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chansons de geste</a> as the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Gormond_et_Isembart" title="Gormond et Isembart">Gormond et Isembart</a>. Certain changes he made in geographical details suggest that Wace also drew on his personal knowledge of Normandy, Brittany and southern England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon197496–97-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettGray199069-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1997xxv,_xxviii-17">[17]</a> Wace makes some omissions of controversial or politically charged passages from his source text, notably the whole of Book 7 of the Historia Regum Britanniae, <a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Merlin's prophecies</a>, which he tells us he will not translate because he does not understand them. He also shortens or cuts out some passages of church history, expressions of exaggerated sentiment, and descriptions of barbarous or brutal behaviour, and in battle scenes he omits some of the tactical details in favour of observations bringing out the pathos of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200119,_21–22-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupack200528-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon197496-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss1997xxvii-21">[21]</a> In the material he keeps he makes many changes and additions. He presents the action of Geoffrey's story with greater vividness, the characters have clearer motivation and more individuality, a certain amount of humour is added and the role of the supernatural is downplayed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshe201546-24">[24]</a> He adds a good deal of dialogue and commentary to Geoffrey's narrative, and adapts it to the royal listeners it was intended for, adding details drawn from 12th-century military and court life. The overall effect is to reconcile his story to the new chivalric and romantic ethos of his own day.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> He is especially assiduous in highlighting the splendour of the court of king Arthur, the beauty of its ladies and gallantry of its knights, the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a>, the depth of Arthur's love for Guinevere and grief over the deaths of his knights, and the knightly prowess of <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200121-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> He expands with descriptive passages of his own episodes such as Arthur's setting sail for Europe, the twelve years of peace in the middle of his reign, and his splendid conquests in Scandinavia and France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupack200528-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200121–22-30">[30]</a> By such means he expands Arthur's share of the whole story from one fifth of the Historia to one third of the Brut.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJankulak201096-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style">edit</a>]</div> Wace's chosen meter, the <a href="/wiki/Octosyllable" title="Octosyllable">octosyllabic</a> couplet, was in the 12th century considered suitable for many purposes, but especially for translations from Latin. He had already used it in earlier works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux2005103-32">[32]</a> and in the Brut managed it with facility and smoothness. His language was a literary form of <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, the dialect being <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a>, but not markedly so. He was a master of the architecture of the phrase and the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_sentence" title="Periodic sentence">period</a>, and also of rhythmic effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatlock1950466-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPelan196232,_34-34">[34]</a> The rhetorical devices he most favoured were repetition (both in the forms of <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(rhetoric)" title="Anaphora (rhetoric)">anaphora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epizeuxis" title="Epizeuxis">epizeuxis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Parallelism_(rhetoric)" title="Parallelism (rhetoric)">parallelism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antithesis" title="Antithesis">antithesis</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Sententia" title="Sententia">sententiae</a>, or gnomic sayings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1938xciii-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1996viii-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974101–102-37">[37]</a> He had a rich vocabulary, could employ an almost epigrammatic irony, and, while conforming to the conventions of poetic art, gave an appearance of spontaneity to his verse. His style was neat, lively, and essentially simple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnoldPelan196232-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETatlock1950466-33">[33]</a> His poem is sometimes garrulous, but moderately so by medieval standards, and he avoids the other medieval vice of exaggeration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1996viii-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWace2005xx-39">[39]</a> As an authorial voice he distances himself from the narrative, adding his own comments on the action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux2006100-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1965132-41">[41]</a> Often he confesses ignorance of precisely what happened, but only on very minor details, thereby buttressing his authority on the essentials of his story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux2005102–103-42">[42]</a> He conjures up his scenes with a remarkable vividness which his Latin original sometimes lacks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1965130–131-43">[43]</a> and his descriptions of bustling everyday life, maritime scenes and episodes of high drama are especially accomplished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm199496-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> The emphasis Wace placed on the rivalries between his knights and on the role of love in their lives had a profound effect on writers of his own and later generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshe201547-46">[46]</a> His influence can be seen in some of the very earliest romances, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27En%C3%A9as" title="Roman d'Enéas">Roman d'Enéas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Troie" title="Roman de Troie">Roman de Troie</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Renaud_de_Beaujeu" title="Renaud de Beaujeu">Renaud de Beaujeu</a>'s Le Bel Inconnu and the works of <a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Arras" title="Gautier d'Arras">Gautier d'Arras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1938xciv-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWace2005xv-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Britain" title="Thomas of Britain">Thomas of Britain</a>'s romance Tristan draws on the Brut for historical details, particularly the story of Gormon, and follows its example in matters of style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102–103-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitehead1974135,_141-51">[51]</a> His influence is especially evident in the field of Arthurian romance, later writers taking up his hint that many tales are told of the Round Table and that each of its members is equally renowned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshe201547-46">[46]</a> There are general resemblances between the Brut and the poems of <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, in that both are Arthurian narratives in octosyllabic couplets, as well as stylistic similarities,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102-44">[44]</a> but there are also specific signs of Chrétien's debt. He adapts Geoffrey's narrative of Mordred's last campaign against Arthur in his romance of <a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and various passages in the Brut contribute to his account of the festivities at Arthur's court in <a href="/wiki/Erec_and_Enide" title="Erec and Enide">Erec and Enide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1938xcvi-54">[54]</a> There are likewise verbal reminiscences of the Brut in Philomela and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Angleterre" title="Guillaume d'Angleterre">Guillaume d'Angleterre</a>, two poems sometimes attributed to Chrétien.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1938xciv-47">[47]</a> It is certain that <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_France" title="Marie de France">Marie de France</a> had read Wace, but less certain how many passages in her <a href="/wiki/Lais_of_Marie_de_France" title="Lais of Marie de France">Lais</a> show its influence, only the raids by the Picts and Scots in <a href="/wiki/Lanval" title="Lanval">Lanval</a> being quite unambiguous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102–103-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoepffner1974116–117,_119-55">[55]</a> Two of the <a href="/wiki/Breton_lai" title="Breton lai">Breton lais</a> written in imitation of Marie de France also show clear signs of indebtedness to the Brut. It gave to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Biket" title="Robert Biket">Robert Biket</a>'s Lai du Cor certain elements of its style and several circumstantial details, and to the anonymous <a href="/wiki/Melion" title="Melion">Melion</a> a number of plot-points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoepffner1974114,_120-56">[56]</a> The description of <a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Folie_Tristan_d%27Oxford" title="Folie Tristan d'Oxford">Folie Tristan d'Oxford</a> included details taken from the Roman de Brut.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In the early 13th century Le Chevalier aux Deux Epees was still demonstrating the influence the Roman de Brut could exert. In this case the author seems to have been impressed by Wace's account of Arthur's birth, character, battles, and tragic death.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a> based his verse romance <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(Robert_de_Boron_poem)" title="Merlin (Robert de Boron poem)">Merlin</a>, which only survives in fragmentary form, on the Roman de Brut, with some additions from the Historia Regum Britanniae,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and also drew on the Brut for his prose romance Didot Perceval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102-44">[44]</a> The story of Robert's Merlin was continued in the prose Suite Merlin, one of the romances in the <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a> or Vulgate Cycle, which likewise takes and adapts Wace's narrative, especially when describing Arthur's Roman war.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The final sections of the Mort Artu, another Vulgate romance, take their narrative basis from Wace's account of the end of Arthur's reign, and his influence also appears in the Livre d'Artus, a romance loosely associated with the Vulgate Cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974102-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Much later, the mid-15th century Recueil des croniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Wavrin" title="Jean de Wavrin">Jean de Wavrin</a>, a compilation of earlier chronicles, takes its British history up to the beginning of the Arthurian period from an anonymous French adaptation of Wace's Brut dating from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400, though with substantial additions taken from the romances.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher1965225–231-63">[63]</a> The influence of Wace's Brut also exerted itself in England. Around the year 1200 <a href="/wiki/Layamon" title="Layamon">Layamon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> priest, produced <a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">a Middle English poem</a> on British history, largely based on Wace though with some omissions and additions. Though this was the first version of Wace in English it was not particularly influential, further Bruts, as they became generically known, taking more of their material directly from Wace.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJankulak201096–97-65">[65]</a> In the second half of the 13th century the widely-read <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> verse chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Langtoft" title="Peter Langtoft">Peter Langtoft</a>, divided into three books, presented in its first book an adaptation of Wace's Brut in over 3000 lines.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Around the end of the 13th century there appeared the <a href="/wiki/Brut_Chronicle" title="Brut Chronicle">Prose Brut</a>, written in Anglo-Norman prose and taking its material, at any rate in the earlier sections, mostly from Wace's Brut and Geoffrey Gaimar's <a href="/wiki/Estoire_des_Engleis" title="Estoire des Engleis">Estoire des Engleis</a>. It re-appeared many times in the succeeding years in revised and expanded versions, some of them in Middle English translation. In all, at least 240 manuscripts of its various recensions are known, demonstrating its immense popularity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200561-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 1338 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mannyng" title="Robert Mannyng">Robert Mannyng</a>, already known for his devotional work <a href="/wiki/Handlyng_Synne" title="Handlyng Synne">Handlyng Synne</a>, produced a long verse <a href="/wiki/Mannyng%27s_Chronicle" title="Mannyng's Chronicle">Chronicle</a> or Story of England which, for its first 13,400 lines, sticks close to Wace's Brut before starting to introduce elements from other sources, notably Langtoft's chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupack200537-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettGray199093–95-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWace2005xiv-71">[71]</a> Other Middle English Bruts deriving from Langtoft include that published in 1480 by William Caxton under the title of The Brut of England.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The chronicle that passes under the name of Thomas of Castleford, though he may not have been the author, relies on Geoffrey of Monmouth for its early history, but takes its account of King Arthur's Round Table from Wace.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Yet another translation of Wace's Brut, this time into Middle English prose, was produced in the late 14th century and is preserved in College of Arms MS. Arundel XXII.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Mannyng's Chronicle and Wace's and Layamon's Bruts are among the sources that have been suggested for the late 14th century <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_Morte_Arthure" title="Alliterative Morte Arthure">Alliterative Morte Arthure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupack200531-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Arthur, a late 14th or early 15th century romance preserved in a manuscript called the Liber Rubeus Bathoniae, seems to have been based on a version of Wace's Brut expanded with some elements from Layamon's Brut and the Alliterative Morte Arthure.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The dates of Wace manuscripts show that he remained relatively popular in England into the 14th century, but from the 15th century onward his readership faded away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon1974103-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manuscripts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/220px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/330px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/440px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>, from <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> MS <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Collection" title="Egerton Collection">Egerton</a> 3028, an early 14th century manuscript of Wace's Brut. This is the earliest known image of Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> More than thirty manuscripts of Wace's Brut, either complete or fragmentary, are known to exist, though more fragments continue to be discovered from time to time. They were produced in roughly equal numbers in England and in France, demonstrating that it was a highly popular work in both countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200585-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Nineteen of these manuscripts give a more or less complete text of the poem, of which the two oldest are <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> MS C. iv. 27 (late 12th century) and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral_Library" title="Lincoln Cathedral Library">Lincoln Cathedral</a> MS 104 (early 13th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200696-83">[83]</a> Both of these manuscripts also include Geoffrey Gaimar's Estoire des Engleis and the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Fantosme" title="Jordan Fantosme">Jordan Fantosme</a>, the three works forming in combination an almost continuous narrative of Britain's story from Brutus the Trojan's invasion up to the reign of Henry II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200586-84">[84]</a> This indicates that early readers of the Brut read it as history; however, later manuscripts tend to include Arthurian romances rather than chronicles, showing that the Brut was by then treated as fictional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELe_Saux200696–97-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLe_Roux_de_Lincy1836–1838" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Le_Roux_de_Lincy" title="Antoine Le Roux de Lincy">Le Roux de Lincy</a>, ed. (1836–1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qkZAAAAYAAJ">Le roman de Brut</a>. Rouen: Édouard Frère. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+roman+de+Brut&rft.place=Rouen&rft.pub=%C3%89douard+Fr%C3%A8re&rft.date=1836%2F1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6qkZAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1938–1940" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Ivor, ed. (1938–1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LeRomanDeBrutTome1/page/n219/mode/2up">Le roman de Brut de Wace</a>. Paris: Société des anciens textes français. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+roman+de+Brut+de+Wace&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+anciens+textes+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1938%2F1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLeRomanDeBrutTome1%2Fpage%2Fn219%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Arnold, I. D. O.; Pelan, M. M., eds. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1SxgEACAAJ">La partie arthurienne du Roman de Brut</a>. Bibliothèque française et romane. Série B: Textes et documents, 1. Paris: C. Klincksieck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2252001305" title="Special:BookSources/2252001305"><bdi>2252001305</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+partie+arthurienne+du+Roman+de+Brut&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+fran%C3%A7aise+et+romane.+S%C3%A9rie+B%3A+Textes+et+documents%2C+1&rft.pub=C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=2252001305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz1SxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> Covers those parts of the Brut that detail the life of King Arthur.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsty1978" class="citation thesis cs1">Esty, Najaria Hurst (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1487080007253198&disposition=inline">Wace's Roman de Brut and the fifteenth century Prose Brute Chronicle: A comparative study</a> (Ph.D.). Columbus: Ohio State University. Retrieved 30 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Wace%27s+Roman+de+Brut+and+the+fifteenth+century+Prose+Brute+Chronicle%3A+A+comparative+study&rft.inst=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Esty&rft.aufirst=Najaria+Hurst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2F%21etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dosu1487080007253198%26disposition%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgartnerShort1993" class="citation book cs1">Baumgartner, Emmanuèle; Short, Ian, eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wXltQgAACAAJ">La geste du roi Arthur selon le Roman de Brut de Wace et l'Historia regum Britanniae de Geoffroy de Monmouth</a>. Paris: Union générale d'éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2264012528" title="Special:BookSources/2264012528"><bdi>2264012528</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+geste+du+roi+Arthur+selon+le+Roman+de+Brut+de+Wace+et+lHistoria+regum+Britanniae+de+Geoffroy+de+Monmouth&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Union+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+d%27%C3%A9ditions&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2264012528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwXltQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> An edition of the Arthurian section of the Brut.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlamichel1995" class="citation book cs1">Alamichel, Marie-Françoise, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o6EcAQAAIAAJ">De Wace à Lawamon. Le Roman de Brut de Wace: texte originale (extraits). Le Brut de Lawamon: texte originale — traduction (extraits)</a>. Publications de l'Association des médiévistes anglicistes de l'enseignement supérieur, 20. Paris: Association des médiévistes anglicistes de l'enseignement supérieur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2901198171" title="Special:BookSources/2901198171"><bdi>2901198171</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Wace+%C3%A0+Lawamon.+Le+Roman+de+Brut+de+Wace%3A+texte+originale+%28extraits%29.+Le+Brut+de+Lawamon%3A+texte+originale+%E2%80%94+traduction+%28extraits%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Publications+de+l%27Association+des+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vistes+anglicistes+de+l%27enseignement+sup%C3%A9rieur%2C+20&rft.pub=Association+des+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vistes+anglicistes+de+l%27enseignement+sup%C3%A9rieur&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=2901198171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do6EcAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> Substantial extracts, consisting of the prologue, the reigns of Brutus, <a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">conquest of Britain</a> and the birth of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">coming of the Saxons</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a>, the boyhood of <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>, the begetting of Arthur, the murder of <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Utherpendragon</a>, the reign of Arthur, the mission of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">St Augustine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, and the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwallader</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Judith, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTNdAAAAMAAJ">Wace's Roman de Brut: A History of the British: Text and Translation</a>. Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859895910" title="Special:BookSources/9780859895910"><bdi>9780859895910</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wace%27s+Roman+de+Brut%3A+A+History+of+the+British%3A+Text+and+Translation&rft.place=Exeter&rft.series=Exeter+Medieval+English+Texts+and+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780859895910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTNdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrun2020-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianchronic00waceuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Arthurian Chronicles, Represented by Wace and Layamon</a>. Translated by [Mason, Eugene]. London: J. M. Dent. 1912. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Chronicles%2C+Represented+by+Wace+and+Layamon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianchronic00waceuoft%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> Covers the period from Constantine to Arthur.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLight1970" class="citation thesis cs1">Light, David Anthony (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lx3sAAAAMAAJ">The Arthurian portion of the Roman de Brut of Wace: A Modern English prose translation with introduction and notes</a> (Ph.D.). New York University. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Arthurian+portion+of+the+Roman+de+Brut+of+Wace%3A+A+Modern+English+prose+translation+with+introduction+and+notes&rft.inst=New+York+University&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Light&rft.aufirst=David+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlx3sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wace and Lawman: The Life of King Arthur. Translated by Weiss, Judith E.; Allen, Rosamund. London: Dent. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0460875701" title="Special:BookSources/0460875701"><bdi>0460875701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wace+and+Lawman%3A+The+Life+of+King+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0460875701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1999" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Judith, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTNdAAAAMAAJ">Wace's Roman de Brut: A History of the British: Text and Translation</a>. Exeter Medieval English Texts and Studies. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859895910" title="Special:BookSources/9780859895910"><bdi>9780859895910</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wace%27s+Roman+de+Brut%3A+A+History+of+the+British%3A+Text+and+Translation&rft.place=Exeter&rft.series=Exeter+Medieval+English+Texts+and+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780859895910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTNdAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wace (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1RlAAAAMAAJ">Le Roman de Brut: The French Book of Brutus</a>. Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 279. Translated by Glowka, Arthur Wayne. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0866983228" title="Special:BookSources/0866983228"><bdi>0866983228</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Roman+de+Brut%3A+The+French+Book+of+Brutus&rft.place=Tempe%2C+Arizona&rft.series=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Texts+and+Studies%2C+279&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0866983228&rft.au=Wace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1RlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrun2020-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulon197495–96-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulon197495–96_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoulon1974">Foulon 1974</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabory2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Labory, Gillette (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRKmJkftFS0C&pg=PA5">"Les debuts de la chronique en français (XIIe et XIIIe siècles)"</a>. In Kooper, Erik (ed.). The Medieval Chronicle III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle Doorn/Utrecht 12–17 July 2002 (in French). Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9042018348" title="Special:BookSources/9042018348"><bdi>9042018348</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+debuts+de+la+chronique+en+fran%C3%A7ais+%28XIIe+et+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cles%29&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Chronicle+III%3A+Proceedings+of+the+3rd+International+Conference+on+the+Medieval+Chronicle+Doorn%2FUtrecht+12%E2%80%9317+July+2002&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9042018348&rft.aulast=Labory&rft.aufirst=Gillette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRKmJkftFS0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraill1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Duff_Traill" title="Henry Duff Traill">Traill, H. D.</a>, ed. 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A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V2-MhvCkpi0C&pg=PA69">"The fourteenth-century Arthur"</a>. In Archibald, Elizabeth; Putter, Ad (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521860598" title="Special:BookSources/9780521860598"><bdi>9780521860598</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 8 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Library+Hub+Discover+search&rft.pub=Jisc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscover.libraryhub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsearch%3Fsort%3Dyear%26q%3Dauthor%253A%2BWace%2Blanguage%253A%2Beng%2Btitle%253A%2BBrut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1938" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnold, Ivor, ed. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3zvMgEACAAJ">Le roman de Brut de Wace. Tome 1</a> (in French). Paris: Société des anciens textes français. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+roman+de+Brut+de+Wace.+Tome+1&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+anciens+textes+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3zvMgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPelan1962" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnold, I. D. O.; Pelan, M. M., eds. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz1SxgEACAAJ">La partie arthurienne du Roman de Brut</a>. Bibliothèque française et romane. Série B: Textes et documents, 1 (in French). Paris: C. Klincksieck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2252001305" title="Special:BookSources/2252001305"><bdi>2252001305</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+partie+arthurienne+du+Roman+de+Brut&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+fran%C3%A7aise+et+romane.+S%C3%A9rie+B%3A+Textes+et+documents%2C+1&rft.pub=C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=2252001305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz1SxgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshe2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ashe" title="Laura Ashe">Ashe, Laura</a>, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0SbBwAAQBAJ">Early Fiction in England from Geoffrey of Monmouth to Chaucer</a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141392875" title="Special:BookSources/9780141392875"><bdi>9780141392875</bdi></a>. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198122284" title="Special:BookSources/0198122284"><bdi>0198122284</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Archives+de+litt%C3%A9rature+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%28ARLIMA%29&rft.atitle=Wace&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Brun&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlima.net%2Fuz%2Fwace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher1965" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Robert Huntington (1965) [1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M3W0lMsK0jUC">The Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, Especially Those of Great Britain and France</a>. New York: Haskell House. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Material+in+the+Chronicles%2C+Especially+Those+of+Great+Britain+and+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Haskell+House&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Robert+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM3W0lMsK0jUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoulon1974" class="citation book cs1">Foulon, Charles (1974) [1959]. "Wace". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger Sherman</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xvFugEACAAJ">Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 94–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198115881" title="Special:BookSources/0198115881"><bdi>0198115881</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wace&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=94-103&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0198115881&rft.aulast=Foulon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xvFugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoepffner1974" class="citation book cs1">Hoepffner, Ernest (1974) [1959]. "The Breton lais". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger Sherman</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xvFugEACAAJ">Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 112–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198115881" title="Special:BookSources/0198115881"><bdi>0198115881</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Breton+lais&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=112-121&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0198115881&rft.aulast=Hoepffner&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xvFugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankulak2010" class="citation book cs1">Jankulak, Karen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1jy5DwAAQBAJ">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>. Writers of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708321515" title="Special:BookSources/9780708321515"><bdi>9780708321515</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geoffrey+of+Monmouth&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.series=Writers+of+Wales&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780708321515&rft.aulast=Jankulak&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1jy5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_Jones_(author)" title="Gwyn Jones (author)">Jones, Gwyn</a> (1996) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTqwN0o1i6QC&pg=PR8">"Introduction"</a>. Wace and Layamon: Arthurian Chronicles. Translated by Mason, Eugene. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802071767" title="Special:BookSources/0802071767"><bdi>0802071767</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Wace+and+Layamon%3A+Arthurian+Chronicles&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0802071767&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTqwN0o1i6QC%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Saux2001" class="citation book cs1">Le Saux, Françoise (2001) [1999]. "Wace's Roman de Brut". In Barron, W. R. J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1QgAQAAIAAJ&q=%22demand+for+vernacular+versions+of+geoffrey%22">The Arthur of the English: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval English Life and Literature</a>. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, II. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 18–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708316832" title="Special:BookSources/0708316832"><bdi>0708316832</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wace%27s+Roman+de+Brut&rft.btitle=The+Arthur+of+the+English%3A+The+Arthurian+Legend+in+Medieval+English+Life+and+Literature&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.series=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+II&rft.pages=18-22&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0708316832&rft.aulast=Le+Saux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1QgAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522demand%2Bfor%2Bvernacular%2Bversions%2Bof%2Bgeoffrey%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Saux2005" class="citation book cs1">Le Saux, F. H. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qx3hzZe_CCgC">A Companion to Wace</a>. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184384043X" title="Special:BookSources/184384043X"><bdi>184384043X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Wace&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=D.+S.+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=184384043X&rft.aulast=Le+Saux&rft.aufirst=F.+H.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqx3hzZe_CCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Saux2006" class="citation book cs1">Le Saux, Françoise (2006). "Wace". In <a href="/wiki/Glyn_S._Burgess" title="Glyn S. Burgess">Burgess, Glyn S.</a>; Pratt, Karen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmFlAAAAMAAJ&q=%22outstanding+French+verse%22">The Arthur of the French: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval French and Occitan Literature</a>. Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, IV. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp. 96–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708321966" title="Special:BookSources/9780708321966"><bdi>9780708321966</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wace&rft.btitle=The+Arthur+of+the+French%3A+The+Arthurian+Legend+in+Medieval+French+and+Occitan+Literature&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.series=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+IV&rft.pages=96-101&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780708321966&rft.aulast=Le+Saux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmFlAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522outstanding%2BFrench%2Bverse%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupack2005" class="citation book cs1">Lupack, Alan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KigTAQAAIAAJ">The Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199215096" title="Special:BookSources/9780199215096"><bdi>9780199215096</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Arthurian+Literature+and+Legend&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199215096&rft.aulast=Lupack&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKigTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatlock1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Strong_Perry_Tatlock" class="mw-redirect" title="John Strong Perry Tatlock">Tatlock, J. S. P.</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCDvtgAACAAJ">The Legendary History of Britain: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and Its Early Vernacular Versions</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877521686" title="Special:BookSources/9780877521686"><bdi>9780877521686</bdi></a>. 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Tempe, Arizona: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0866983228" title="Special:BookSources/0866983228"><bdi>0866983228</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Roman+de+Brut%3A+The+French+Book+of+Brutus&rft.place=Tempe%2C+Arizona&rft.series=Medieval+and+Renaissance+Texts+and+Studies%2C+279&rft.pub=Arizona+Center+for+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0866983228&rft.au=Wace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq1RlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1997" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Judith (1997). "Introduction to Wace". Wace and Lawman: The Life of King Arthur. Translated by Weiss, Judith; Allen, Rosamund. London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0460875701" title="Special:BookSources/0460875701"><bdi>0460875701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Wace&rft.btitle=Wace+and+Lawman%3A+The+Life+of+King+Arthur&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0460875701&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead1974" class="citation book cs1">Whitehead, Frederick (1974) [1959]. "The early Tristan poems". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Loomis, Roger Sherman</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2xvFugEACAAJ">Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 134–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198115881" title="Special:BookSources/0198115881"><bdi>0198115881</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+Tristan+poems&rft.btitle=Arthurian+Literature+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=134-144&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0198115881&rft.aulast=Whitehead&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2xvFugEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1994" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, James J. (1994). "Wace: Roman de Brut". In Wilhelm, James J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6dg0D0gu0C">The Romance of Arthur: New, Expanded Edition: An Anthology of Medieval Texts in Translation</a>. New York: Garland. pp. 95–108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815315112" title="Special:BookSources/0815315112"><bdi>0815315112</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wace%3A+Roman+de+Brut&rft.btitle=The+Romance+of+Arthur%3A+New%2C+Expanded+Edition%3A+An+Anthology+of+Medieval+Texts+in+Translation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95-108&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0815315112&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN6dg0D0gu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+de+Brut" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_de_Brut&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6qkZAAAAYAAJ">Volume 1 of Le Roux de Lincy's 1836–1838 edition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PqoZAAAAYAAJ">Volume 2 of Le Roux de Lincy's 1836–1838 edition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1487080007253198&disposition=inline">Najaria Hurst Esty's 1978 edition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianchronic00waceuoft/page/n5/mode/2up">Eugene Mason's 1912 translation of the Arthurian portion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Template talk:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geoffrey of Monmouth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophetiae_Merlini" title="Prophetiae Merlini">Prophetiae Merlini</a> (c. 1135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> (c. 1136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vita_Merlini" title="Vita Merlini">Vita Merlini</a> (c. 1150)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations_of_Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Category:Translations of Geoffrey of Monmouth">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman de Brut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Layamon's Brut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breta_s%C3%B6gur" title="Breta sögur">Breta sögur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merl%C3%ADn%C3%BAssp%C3%A1" title="Merlínússpá">Merlínússpá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Saint Alban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanactus" title="Albanactus">Albanactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhfrith_of_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhfrith of Deira">Alhfrith of Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibalus" title="Amphibalus">Amphibalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andragius" title="Andragius">Andragius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archgallo" title="Archgallo">Archgallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archmail" title="Archmail">Archmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvirargus" title="Arvirargus">Arvirargus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascanius" title="Ascanius">Ascanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Conanus" title="Aurelius Conanus">Aurelius Conanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beldgabred" title="Beldgabred">Beldgabred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_Mawr" title="Beli Mawr">Beli Mawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belinus" title="Belinus">Belinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladud" title="Bladud">Bladud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledric_ap_Custennin" title="Bledric ap Custennin">Bledric ap Custennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bledudo" title="Bledudo">Bledudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennius" title="Brennius">Brennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_Greenshield" title="Brutus Greenshield">Brutus Greenshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brutus_of_Troy" title="Brutus of Troy">Brutus of Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Budic II of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadfan_ap_Iago" title="Cadfan ap Iago">Cadfan ap Iago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadoc" title="Cadoc">Cadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwaladr" title="Cadwaladr">Cadwaladr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Cadfan" title="Cadwallon ap Cadfan">Cadwallon ap Cadfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camber (legendary king)">Camber (legendary king)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_of_Britain" title="Cap of Britain">Cap of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capetus_Silvius" title="Capetus Silvius">Capetus Silvius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoir" title="Capoir">Capoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradocus" title="Caradocus">Caradocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassivellaunus" title="Cassivellaunus">Cassivellaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catellus" title="Catellus">Catellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherin" title="Cherin">Cherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledaucus" title="Cledaucus">Cledaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotenus" title="Clotenus">Clotenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coel_Hen" title="Coel Hen">Coel Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coilus" title="Coilus">Coilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II (son of Constantine III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_Emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)">Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine (Briton)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordelia_of_Britain" title="Cordelia of Britain">Cordelia of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunedagius" title="Cunedagius">Cunedagius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunobeline" title="Cunobeline">Cunobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danius" title="Danius">Danius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digueillus" title="Digueillus">Digueillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionotus" title="Dionotus">Dionotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunvallo_Molmutius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunvallo Molmutius">Dunvallo Molmutius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebraucus" title="Ebraucus">Ebraucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edadus" title="Edadus">Edadus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edern_ap_Nudd" title="Edern ap Nudd">Edern ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol" title="Eldol">Eldol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldol,_Consul_of_Gloucester" title="Eldol, Consul of Gloucester">Eldol, Consul of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elidurus" title="Elidurus">Elidurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliud" title="Eliud">Eliud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enniaunus" title="Enniaunus">Enniaunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrildis" title="Estrildis">Estrildis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrex" title="Ferrex">Ferrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgenius" title="Fulgenius">Fulgenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerennus" title="Gerennus">Gerennus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffar_the_Pict" title="Goffar the Pict">Goffar the Pict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gogmagog (folklore)">Gogmagog (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goneril" title="Goneril">Goneril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorboduc" title="Gorboduc">Gorboduc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorbonianus" title="Gorbonianus">Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracianus_Municeps" title="Gracianus Municeps">Gracianus Municeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiderius" title="Guiderius">Guiderius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guithelin" title="Guithelin">Guithelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgintius" title="Gurgintius">Gurgintius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurguit_Barbtruc" title="Gurguit Barbtruc">Gurguit Barbtruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgustius" title="Gurgustius">Gurgustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenddydd" title="Gwenddydd">Gwenddydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Gwendolen" title="Queen Gwendolen">Queen Gwendolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Helena (empress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenus">Helenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist and Horsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humber_the_Hun" title="Humber the Hun">Humber the Hun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iago_ap_Beli" title="Iago ap Beli">Iago ap Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idvallo" title="Idvallo">Idvallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenius_of_Britain" title="Ingenius of Britain">Ingenius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innogen" title="Innogen">Innogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jago_of_Britain" title="Jago of Britain">Jago of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Aaron" title="Julius and Aaron">Julius and Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Sir Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keredic" title="Keredic">Keredic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimarcus" title="Kimarcus">Kimarcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinarius" title="Kinarius">Kinarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia" title="Lavinia">Lavinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leil" title="Leil">Leil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leir_of_Britain" title="Leir of Britain">Leir of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrinus" title="Locrinus">Locrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">King Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lud_son_of_Heli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lud son of Heli">Lud son of Heli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maddan" title="Maddan">Maddan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maelgwn_Gwynedd" title="Maelgwn Gwynedd">Maelgwn Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandubracius" title="Mandubracius">Mandubracius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Marcia" title="Queen Marcia">Queen Marcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus" title="Marganus">Marganus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marganus_II" title="Marganus II">Marganus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_of_Britain" title="Marius of Britain">Marius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mempricius" title="Mempricius">Mempricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merianus" title="Merianus">Merianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millus" title="Millus">Millus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvidus" title="Morvidus">Morvidus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrddin_Wyllt" title="Myrddin Wyllt">Myrddin Wyllt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius_of_Britain" title="Nennius of Britain">Nennius of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octa_of_Kent" title="Octa of Kent">Octa of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenus" title="Oenus">Oenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_of_Northumbria" title="Oswald of Northumbria">Oswald of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswiu_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswiu of Northumbria">Oswiu of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandrasus" title="Pandrasus">Pandrasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penda_of_Mercia" title="Penda of Mercia">Penda of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredur" title="Peredur">Peredur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredurus" title="Peredurus">Peredurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_the_Britons" title="Pir of the Britons">Pir of the Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_I" title="Porrex I">Porrex I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porrex_II" title="Porrex II">Porrex II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Laberius_Durus" title="Quintus Laberius Durus">Quintus Laberius Durus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redechius" title="Redechius">Redechius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redon_of_Britain" title="Redon of Britain">Redon of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regan_(King_Lear)" title="Regan (King Lear)">Regan (King Lear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhydderch_Hael" title="Rhydderch Hael">Rhydderch Hael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivallo" title="Rivallo">Rivallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud_Hud_Hudibras" title="Rud Hud Hudibras">Rud Hud Hudibras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runo_(legendary_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runo (legendary king)">Runo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyl_Penuchel" title="Sawyl Penuchel">Sawyl Penuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvius_(mythology)" title="Silvius (mythology)">Silvius (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_I" title="Sisillius I">Sisillius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_II" title="Sisillius II">Sisillius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisillius_III" title="Sisillius III">Sisillius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Gorbonianus" title="Son of Gorbonianus">Son of Gorbonianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasciovanus" title="Tasciovanus">Tasciovanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trahern" title="Trahern">Trahern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnus" title="Turnus">Turnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urianus" title="Urianus">Urianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venissa" title="Venissa">Venissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortimer" title="Vortimer">Vortimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortiporius" title="Vortiporius">Vortiporius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfhere_of_Mercia" title="Wulfhere of Mercia">Wulfhere of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Ywain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Æthelfrith of Northumbria">Æthelfrith of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%92thelwald_of_Deira" title="Œthelwald of Deira">Œthelwald of Deira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arfderydd" title="Battle of Arfderydd">Battle of Arfderydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph" title="Battle of Guoloph">Battle of Guoloph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Tywysogion" title="Brut y Tywysogion">Brut y Tywysogion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Regum_Britanniae" title="Gesta Regum Britanniae">Gesta Regum Britanniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lailoken" title="Lailoken">Lailoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">List of legendary kings of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_rulers_of_Cornwall" title="List of legendary rulers of Cornwall">List of legendary rulers of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molmutine_Laws" title="Molmutine Laws">Molmutine Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Malvam" title="River Malvam">River Malvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)" title="Siege of Exeter (c. 630)">Siege of Exeter (c. 630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Locations associated with Arthurian legend">Locations associated with Arthurian legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Treason of the Long Knives">Treason of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinovantum" title="Trinovantum">Trinovantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_genealogy_of_Nennius" title="Trojan genealogy of Nennius">Trojan genealogy of Nennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_historia_de_morte_Arthuri" title="Vera historia de morte Arthuri">Vera historia de morte Arthuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Oxford" title="Walter of Oxford">Walter of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Geoffrey of Monmouth">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Author:Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Author:Geoffrey of Monmouth">Wikisource texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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