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Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph 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data-edit-link="/citations?view_op=edit_citation&hl=en&user=iMHummcAAAAJ&citation_for_view=iMHummcAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC&citation_for_view=iMHummcAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC&back_view_op=view_citation"><form method="post" id="gsc_vcpb_btns" action="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ0PhvmmCPDgr8pVCig3xK6Fyny8"><input type="hidden" name="s" value="iMHummcAAAAJ:0EnyYjriUFMC"><input type="hidden" name="continue" value="/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=iMHummcAAAAJ"></form><div id="gsc_oci_title_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_title_gg"><div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/download/103843934/s11277-014-1963-020230628-1-bgsrjg.pdf" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=PpBCZ6-WBam-y9YP7_zFiAE"><span class='gsc_vcd_title_ggt'>[PDF]</span> from academia.edu</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_title"><a class="gsc_oci_title_link" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11277-014-1963-0" data-clk="hl=en&sa=T&ei=PpBCZ6-WBam-y9YP7_zFiAE">Performance analysis of microwave radio refractivity on radio field strength and radio horizon distance over Akure, Nigeria</a></div></div><div id="gsc_oci_table"><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Authors</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Adekunle Titus Adediji, Mahamod Ismail, Jit Singh Mandeep</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publication date</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">2014/12</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Journal</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Wireless personal communications</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Volume</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">79</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Pages</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">1893-1909</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Publisher</div><div class="gsc_oci_value">Springer US</div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Description</div><div class="gsc_oci_value" id="gsc_oci_descr"><div class="gsh_small"> <div class="gsh_csp">Surface radio refractivity studies are being carried out in Akure, <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" ( 7 . 15 ∘ N , 5 . 12 ∘ E ) " width="105px" height="14px" style="vertical-align:-4px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 10.50000)"><g><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 635 -508 Q 521 -418 438 -302 T 303 -53 T 225 223 T 199 512 Q 199 659 225 803 T 304 1080 T 441 1329 T 635 1532 Q 635 1536 645 1536 H 664 Q 670 1536 675 1530 T 680 1518 Q 680 1509 676 1505 Q 576 1407 509 1295 T 402 1056 T 344 794 T 326 512 Q 326 -139 674 -477 Q 680 -483 680 -494 Q 680 -499 674 -506 T 664 -512 H 645 Q 635 -512 635 -508 Z "/></g><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 388.89001, 0.00000)" d="M 356 53 Q 356 167 376 276 T 434 491 T 527 700 T 647 893 L 834 1153 H 600 Q 236 1153 225 1143 Q 198 1110 174 954 H 115 L 182 1384 H 242 V 1378 Q 242 1341 367 1330 T 612 1319 H 993 V 1266 Q 993 1264 992 1263 T 991 1260 L 709 864 Q 605 710 579 522 T 553 53 Q 553 13 524 -16 T 455 -45 Q 414 -45 385 -16 T 356 53 Z "/><g transform="translate(888.89001, 0.00000)"><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 166.66667, 0.00000)" d="M 172 113 Q 172 159 206 192 T 285 225 Q 313 225 340 210 T 382 168 T 397 113 Q 397 68 364 34 T 285 0 Q 240 0 206 34 T 172 113 Z "/></g><g transform="translate(1500.00342, 0.00000)"><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 190 0 V 72 Q 446 72 446 137 V 1212 Q 340 1161 178 1161 V 1233 Q 429 1233 557 1364 H 586 Q 593 1364 599 1358 T 606 1346 V 137 Q 606 72 862 72 V 0 H 190 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 500.00000, 0.00000)" d="M 178 233 Q 199 173 242 124 T 345 47 T 469 20 Q 617 20 673 135 T 729 414 Q 729 485 726 533 T 713 627 Q 694 699 646 753 T 530 807 Q 461 807 411 786 T 331 737 T 276 678 T 246 645 H 223 Q 218 645 210 651 T 203 664 V 1348 Q 203 1353 209 1358 T 223 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836 1319 Q 766 1226 660 1174 T 442 1122 Q 360 1122 274 1145 V 758 Q 342 813 395 836 T 532 860 Q 645 860 734 795 T 872 625 T 920 412 Q 920 289 859 184 T 695 17 T 469 -45 Q 368 -45 283 7 T 150 147 T 102 334 Q 102 380 132 409 T 207 438 Q 252 438 282 408 T 313 334 Q 313 290 282 259 T 207 229 Q 200 229 191 230 T 178 233 Z "/><g transform="translate(4437.51465, 0.00000)"><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 166.66667, 0.00000)" d="M 172 113 Q 172 159 206 192 T 285 225 Q 313 225 340 210 T 382 168 T 397 113 Q 397 68 364 34 T 285 0 Q 240 0 206 34 T 172 113 Z "/></g><g transform="translate(5048.62793, 0.00000)"><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 190 0 V 72 Q 446 72 446 137 V 1212 Q 340 1161 178 1161 V 1233 Q 429 1233 557 1364 H 586 Q 593 1364 599 1358 T 606 1346 V 137 Q 606 72 862 72 V 0 H 190 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.48828, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.48828, 500.00000, 0.00000)" d="M 102 0 V 55 Q 102 60 106 66 L 424 418 Q 496 496 541 549 T 630 671 T 699 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1327 63 1327 V 1399 H 1221 L 1278 930 H 1219 Q 1197 1107 1157 1187 T 1031 1297 T 770 1327 H 569 Q 532 1327 511 1324 T 478 1306 T 465 1262 V 762 H 616 Q 720 762 771 779 T 842 846 T 862 1001 H 922 V 451 H 862 Q 862 555 842 605 T 771 672 T 616 690 H 465 V 137 Q 465 93 490 82 T 569 72 H 786 Q 928 72 1015 94 T 1151 169 T 1226 305 T 1276 537 H 1335 L 1249 0 H 63 Z "/><g transform="translate(7138.91895, 0.00000)"><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 133 -512 Q 115 -512 115 -494 Q 115 -485 119 -481 Q 469 -139 469 512 Q 469 1163 123 1501 Q 115 1506 115 1518 Q 115 1525 120 1530 T 133 1536 H 152 Q 158 1536 162 1532 Q 309 1416 407 1250 T 550 896 T 596 512 Q 596 367 571 226 T 493 -51 T 358 -303 T 162 -508 Q 158 -512 152 -512 H 133 Z "/></g></g></g></g></svg> South-Western Nigeria, by in-situ measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity using Wireless Weather Station (Integrated Sensor Suit, ISS). Five years of measurement (January, 2007–December, 2011) were used to compute the surface radio refractivity and its diurnal, daily, seasonal and yearly variations are analyzed. The results were then used to compute radio horizon distance <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" ( R DH ) " width="39px" height="14px" style="vertical-align:-4px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 10.50000)"><g><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 635 -508 Q 521 -418 438 -302 T 303 -53 T 225 223 T 199 512 Q 199 659 225 803 T 304 1080 T 441 1329 T 635 1532 Q 635 1536 645 1536 H 664 Q 670 1536 675 1530 T 680 1518 Q 680 1509 676 1505 Q 576 1407 509 1295 T 402 1056 T 344 794 T 326 512 Q 326 -139 674 -477 Q 680 -483 680 -494 Q 680 -499 674 -506 T 664 -512 H 645 Q 635 -512 635 -508 Z "/></g><g transform="translate(388.89001, 0.00000)"><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 68 0 V 72 Q 279 72 279 137 V 1262 Q 279 1327 68 1327 V 1399 H 711 Q 826 1399 952 1357 T 1164 1231 T 1249 1028 Q 1249 942 1197 874 T 1065 761 T 901 696 Q 993 664 1062 594 T 1145 434 L 1174 252 Q 1194 129 1216 68 T 1313 8 Q 1377 8 1408 67 T 1440 197 Q 1440 204 1446 209 T 1460 215 H 1479 Q 1499 215 1499 188 Q 1499 132 1477 78 T 1413 -10 T 1315 -45 Q 1167 -45 1060 28 T 954 244 V 426 Q 954 528 883 601 T 709 674 H 463 V 137 Q 463 72 674 72 V 0 H 68 Z M 463 727 H 682 Q 852 727 941 795 T 1030 1028 Q 1030 1191 942 1259 T 682 1327 H 567 Q 530 1327 509 1324 T 476 1306 T 463 1262 V 727 Z "/><g transform="translate(736.10999, 150.00000)"><g><path transform="scale(0.34180, -0.34180)" d="M 115 0 V 82 Q 326 82 326 143 V 1255 Q 326 1317 115 1317 V 1399 H 926 Q 1068 1399 1195 1342 T 1417 1185 T 1564 956 T 1616 686 Q 1616 544 1562 420 T 1413 202 T 1192 54 T 926 0 H 115 Z M 520 143 Q 520 102 546 92 T 627 82 H 868 Q 1051 82 1169 158 T 1342 371 T 1397 686 Q 1397 826 1370 941 T 1270 1143 Q 1200 1227 1093 1272 T 868 1317 H 627 Q 572 1317 546 1307 T 520 1255 V 143 Z "/><path transform="matrix(0.34180, 0.00000, 0.00000, -0.34180, 602.07697, 0.00000)" d="M 111 0 V 82 Q 322 82 322 143 V 1255 Q 322 1317 111 1317 V 1399 H 735 V 1317 Q 524 1317 524 1255 V 768 H 1200 V 1255 Q 1200 1317 989 1317 V 1399 H 1614 V 1317 Q 1403 1317 1403 1255 V 143 Q 1403 82 1614 82 V 0 H 989 V 82 Q 1200 82 1200 143 V 686 H 524 V 143 Q 524 82 735 82 V 0 H 111 Z "/></g></g></g></g><g transform="translate(2367.37305, 0.00000)"><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 133 -512 Q 115 -512 115 -494 Q 115 -485 119 -481 Q 469 -139 469 512 Q 469 1163 123 1501 Q 115 1506 115 1518 Q 115 1525 120 1530 T 133 1536 H 152 Q 158 1536 162 1532 Q 309 1416 407 1250 T 550 896 T 596 512 Q 596 367 571 226 T 493 -51 T 358 -303 T 162 -508 Q 158 -512 152 -512 H 133 Z "/></g></g></g></g></svg> and examine the field strength (FSV) variability. Results obtained show that the surface radio refractivity, <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" N s " width="16px" height="12px" style="vertical-align:-2px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 9.56200)"><g><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 63 0 V 72 Q 274 72 274 193 V 1315 Q 207 1327 63 1327 V 1399 H 455 Q 465 1399 469 1391 L 1194 324 V 1206 Q 1194 1327 983 1327 V 1399 H 1470 V 1327 Q 1260 1327 1260 1206 V 18 Q 1260 12 1252 6 T 1239 0 H 1214 Q 1204 0 1200 8 L 340 1274 V 193 Q 340 72 551 72 V 0 H 63 Z "/><g transform="translate(750.00000, 150.00000)"><path transform="scale(0.34180, -0.34180)" d="M 92 2 V 313 Q 92 320 100 328 T 115 336 H 147 Q 166 336 170 319 Q 198 192 270 118 T 463 45 Q 563 45 637 84 T 711 213 Q 711 259 683 292 T 615 346 T 526 377 L 356 406 Q 252 426 172 490 T 92 655 Q 92 728 124 779 T 211 859 T 329 900 T 463 913 Q 584 913 666 860 L 729 911 Q 732 912 734 912 T 739 913 H 754 Q 762 913 769 906 T 776 891 V 643 Q 776 637 769 629 T 754 621 H 721 Q 713 621 705 628 T 698 643 Q 698 712 667 760 T 582 832 T 461 856 Q 365 856 290 826 T 215 715 Q 215 658 268 626 T 389 582 L 557 551 Q 629 537 691 499 T 794 402 T 834 270 Q 834 120 727 50 T 463 -20 Q 318 -20 221 66 L 143 -14 Q 137 -20 129 -20 H 115 Q 108 -20 100 -12 T 92 2 Z "/></g></g></g></g></g></svg>, varies with the time of the day as well as the seasons of the year. High values of <svg class="gs_fsvg" aria-label=" N s " width="16px" height="12px" style="vertical-align:-2px;"><g transform="matrix(0.01400, 0.00000, 0.00000, 0.01400, 0.00000, 9.56200)"><g><g><g><path transform="scale(0.48828, -0.48828)" d="M 63 0 V 72 Q 274 72 274 193 V 1315 Q 207 1327 63 1327 V 1399 H 455 Q 465 1399 469 1391 L 1194 324 V 1206 Q 1194 1327 983 1327 V 1399 H 1470 V 1327 Q 1260 1327 1260 1206 V 18 Q 1260 12 1252 6 T 1239 0 H 1214 Q 1204 0 1200 8 L 340 1274 V 193 Q 340 72 551 72 V 0 H 63 Z "/><g transform="translate(750.00000, 150.00000)"><path transform="scale(0.34180, -0.34180)" d="M 92 2 V 313 Q 92 320 100 328 T 115 336 H 147 Q 166 336 170 319 Q 198 192 270 118 T 463 45 Q 563 45 637 84 T 711 213 Q 711 259 683 292 T 615 346 T 526 377 L 356 406 Q 252 426 172 490 T 92 655 Q 92 728 124 779 T 211 859 T 329 900 T 463 913 Q 584 913 666 860 L 729 911 Q 732 912 734 912 T 739 913 H 754 Q 762 913 769 906 T 776 891 V 643 Q 776 637 769 629 T 754 621 H 721 Q 713 621 705 628 T 698 643 Q 698 712 667 760 T 582 832 T 461 856 Q 365 856 290 826 T 215 715 Q 215 658 268 626 T 389 582 L 557 551 Q 629 537 691 499 T 794 402 T 834 270 Q 834 120 727 50 T 463 -20 Q 318 -20 221 66 L 143 -14 Q 137 -20 129 -20 H 115 Q 108 -20 100 -12 T 92 2 Z "/></g></g></g></g></g></svg> were recorded in the morning and evening hours while the values were minima around 1,500 h local time. An average value of surface radio refractivity of 364.74 N-units was obtained for this location. The annual maximum …</div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Total citations</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div style="margin-bottom:1em"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5">Cited by 17</a></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_wrapper"><div id="gsc_oci_graph" style="width:261px;"><div id="gsc_oci_graph_x"></div><div id="gsc_oci_graph_bars"><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:0px">2017</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:33px">2018</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:66px">2019</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:99px">2020</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:132px">2021</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:165px">2022</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:198px">2023</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:231px">2024</span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2017&as_yhi=2017" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:5px;height:29px;top:28px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">2</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2018&as_yhi=2018" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:38px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2019&as_yhi=2019" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:71px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">4</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2020&as_yhi=2020" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:104px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2021&as_yhi=2021" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:137px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">4</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2022&as_yhi=2022" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:170px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">4</span></a><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5&as_ylo=2024&as_yhi=2024" class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:236px;height:14px;top:43px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_oci_g_al">1</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_scl"><div class="gsc_oci_field">Scholar articles</div><div class="gsc_oci_value"><div class="gsc_oci_merged_snippet"><div><a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&cluster=8009616391209723582&btnI=1&hl=en">Performance analysis of microwave radio refractivity on radio field strength and radio horizon distance over Akure, Nigeria</a></div><div>AT Adediji, M Ismail, JS Mandeep - Wireless personal communications, 2014</div><div><a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=8009616391209723582&as_sdt=5">Cited by 17</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&q=related:vqYzyavfJ28J:scholar.google.com/">Related articles</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cluster=8009616391209723582">All 8 versions</a> </div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>