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<span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triplet_phosphorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triplet_phosphorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Triplet phosphorescence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Triplet_phosphorescence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Triplet phosphorescence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Triplet_phosphorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistent_phosphorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_phosphorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Persistent phosphorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_phosphorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemiluminescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemiluminescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemiluminescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemiluminescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Shadow wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Phosphorescence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فسفورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فسفورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE" title="অণুপ্রভা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণুপ্রভা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фасфарасцэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фасфарасцэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Фосфарэсцэнцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фосфарэсцэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фосфоресценция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фосфоресценция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencija" title="Fosforescencija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fosforescencija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforesc%C3%A8ncia" title="Fosforescència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fosforescència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescence" title="Fosforescence – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fosforescence" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoreszenz" title="Phosphoreszenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phosphoreszenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforestsents" title="Fosforestsents – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fosforestsents" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%83%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φωσφορισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωσφορισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencia" title="Fosforescencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fosforescencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforesko" title="Fosforesko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosforesko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforeszentzia" title="Fosforeszentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fosforeszentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فسفرتابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فسفرتابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phosphorescence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfaracht" title="Fosfaracht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fosfaracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencia" title="Fosforescencia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fosforescencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EA%B4%91" title="인광 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인광" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="स्फुरदीप्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्फुरदीप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencija" title="Fosforescencija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fosforescencija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescenza" title="Fosforescenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fosforescenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוספורסצנציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוספורסצנציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фосфоресценция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фосфоресценция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фосфоресценция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фосфоресценция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescence" title="Fosforescence – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fosforescence" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foszforeszk%C3%A1l%C3%A1s" title="Foszforeszkálás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Foszforeszkálás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്ഫുരദീപ്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഫുരദീപ്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescentie" title="Fosforescentie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fosforescentie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%87%90%E5%85%89" title="燐光 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="燐光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescens" title="Fosforescens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fosforescens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforesc%C3%A9ncia" title="Fosforescéncia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fosforescéncia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforessensiya" title="Fosforessensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fosforessensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencja" title="Fosforescencja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fosforescencja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforesc%C3%AAncia" title="Fosforescência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fosforescência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Фосфоресценция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фосфоресценция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorescence" title="Phosphorescence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phosphorescence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencia" title="Fosforescencia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fosforescencia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencija" title="Fosforescencija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fosforescencija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforescencija" title="Fosforescencija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fosforescencija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforesenssi" title="Fosforesenssi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fosforesenssi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நின்றொளிர்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நின்றொளிர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟอสฟอเรสเซนซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟอสฟอเรสเซนซ์" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phosphorescent" redirects here. For the musical act, see <a href="/wiki/Phosphorescent_(musician)" title="Phosphorescent (musician)">Phosphorescent (musician)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescence</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorescence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Phosphorescence.jpg/220px-Phosphorescence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Phosphorescence.jpg/330px-Phosphorescence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Phosphorescence.jpg/440px-Phosphorescence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1489" /></a><figcaption>Phosphorescent bird figure</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorescent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphorescent.jpg/220px-Phosphorescent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphorescent.jpg/330px-Phosphorescent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Phosphorescent.jpg/440px-Phosphorescent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Phosphorescent, <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>-doped, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> silicate-aluminate oxide powder under visible light, fluorescing/phosphorescing under long-wave <a href="/wiki/UV_light" class="mw-redirect" title="UV light">UV light</a>, and persistently phosphorescing in total darkness</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Phosphorescence</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">photoluminescence</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>. When exposed to light (radiation) of a shorter wavelength, a phosphorescent substance will glow, absorbing the light and reemitting it at a longer wavelength. Unlike fluorescence, a phosphorescent material does not immediately reemit the radiation it absorbs. Instead, a phosphorescent material absorbs some of the radiation energy and reemits it for a much longer time after the radiation source is removed. </p><p>In a general sense, there is no distinct boundary between the emission times of fluorescence and phosphorescence (i.e.: if a substance glows under a <a href="/wiki/Black_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Black light">black light</a> it is generally considered fluorescent, and if it glows in the dark it is often simply called phosphorescent).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a modern, scientific sense, the phenomena can usually be classified by the three different mechanisms that produce the light,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What are those three mechanisms? (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the typical timescales during which those mechanisms emit light. Whereas fluorescent materials stop emitting light within nanoseconds (billionths of a second) after the excitation radiation is removed, phosphorescent materials may continue to emit an afterglow ranging from a few microseconds to many hours after the excitation is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two separate mechanisms that may produce phosphorescence, called triplet phosphorescence (or simply phosphorescence) and persistent phosphorescence (or <a href="/wiki/Persistent_luminescence" title="Persistent luminescence">persistent luminescence</a>). </p> <ul><li><b>Triplet phosphorescence</b> occurs when an atom absorbs a high-energy photon, and the energy becomes locked in the <a href="/wiki/Spin_multiplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin multiplicity">spin multiplicity</a> of the electrons, generally changing from a fluorescent <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet state</a> to a slower emitting <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a>. The slower timescales of the reemission are associated with "<a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">forbidden</a>" <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy state</a> transitions in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. As these transitions occur relatively slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation is reemitted at a lower intensity, ranging from a few microseconds to as much as one second after the excitation is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Persistent phosphorescence</b> occurs when a high-energy photon is absorbed by an atom and its electron becomes trapped in a defect in the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal lattice">lattice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous materials">amorphous</a> material. A defect such as a missing atom (<a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">vacancy defect</a>) can trap an electron like a <a href="/wiki/Pitfall_trap" title="Pitfall trap">pitfall</a>, storing that electron's energy until released by a random spike of thermal (vibrational) energy. Such a substance will then emit light of gradually decreasing intensity, ranging from a few seconds to up to several hours after the original excitation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Everyday examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow-in-the-dark toys, stickers, paint, and clock dials that glow after being charged with a bright light such as in any normal reading or room light. Typically, the glow slowly fades out, sometimes within a few minutes or up to a few hours in a dark room.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This seems to imply that being in a dark room causes the glow to last longer. Is that the case, and if so, why not the opposite (which seems more intuitive)? (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#History_of_discovery" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>phosphorescence</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word <i>φῶς</i> (<i>phos</i>), meaning "light", and the Greek suffix <i>-φόρος</i> (<i>-phoros</i>), meaning "to bear", combined with the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> suffix <i>-escentem</i>, meaning "becoming of", "having a tendency towards", or "with the essence of".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, phosphorescence literally means "having a tendency to bear light". It was first recorded in 1766.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>phosphor</i> had been used since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> to describe minerals that glowed in the dark. One of the most famous, but not the first, was Bolognian phosphor. Around 1604, Vincenzo Casciarolo discovered a "<a href="/wiki/De_Phenomenis_in_Orbe_Lunae" title="De Phenomenis in Orbe Lunae">lapis solaris</a>" near Bologna, Italy. Once <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">heated in an oxygen-rich furnace</a>, it thereafter absorbed sunlight and glowed in the dark. In 1677, <a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a> isolated a new <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> that glowed due to a chemiluminescent reaction when exposed to air, and named it "<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, the term <i>luminescence</i> (from the Latin <i>lumen</i> for "light"), was coined by Eilhardt Wiedemann in 1888 as a term to refer to "light without heat", while "fluorescence" by <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Stokes">Sir George Stokes</a> in 1852, when he noticed that, when exposing a solution of <a href="/wiki/Quinine_Sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinine Sulfate">quinine sulfate</a> to light refracted through a <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a>, the solution glowed when exposed to the mysterious invisible-light (now known to be UV light) beyond the violet end of the spectrum. Stokes formed the term from a combination of <a href="/wiki/Fluorspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorspar">fluorspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opalescence" title="Opalescence">opalescence</a> (preferring to use a mineral instead of a solution), albeit it was later discovered that fluorspar glows due to phosphorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was much confusion between the meanings of these terms throughout the late nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries. Whereas the term "fluorescence" tended to refer to luminescence that ceased immediately (by human-eye standards) when removed from excitation, "phosphorescence" referred to virtually any substance that glowed for appreciable periods in darkness, sometimes to include even chemiluminescence (which occasionally produced substantial amounts of heat). Only after the 1950s and 1960s did advances in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> provide a measure to distinguish between the various processes that emit the light, although in common speech the distinctions are still often rather vague.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JablonskiSimple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/JablonskiSimple.png/280px-JablonskiSimple.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/JablonskiSimple.png/420px-JablonskiSimple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/JablonskiSimple.png/560px-JablonskiSimple.png 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jablonski_diagram" title="Jablonski diagram">Jablonski diagram</a> of an energy scheme used to explain the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence. The excitation of molecule A to its singlet excited state (<sup>1</sup>A*) may, after a short time between absorption and emission (fluorescence lifetime), return immediately to <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>, giving off a photon via fluorescence (decay time). However, sustained excitation is followed by intersystem crossing to the triplet state (<sup>3</sup>A) that relaxes to the ground state by phosphorescence with much longer decay times.</figcaption></figure> <p>In simple terms, phosphorescence is a process in which energy absorbed by a substance is released relatively slowly in the form of light. This is in some cases the mechanism used for glow-in-the-dark materials which are "charged" by exposure to light. Unlike the relatively swift reactions in fluorescence, such as those seen in <a href="/wiki/Laser_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser medium">laser mediums</a> like the common <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>, phosphorescent materials "store" absorbed energy for a longer time, as the processes required to reemit energy occur less often. However, timescale is still only a general distinction, as there are slow-emitting fluorescent materials, for example <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranyl salt">uranyl salts</a>, and, likewise, some phosphorescent materials like <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> (in violet) are very fast. Scientifically, the phenomena are classified by the different mechanisms that produce the light, as materials that phosphoresce may be suitable for some purposes such as lighting, but may be completely unsuitable for others that require fluorescence, like lasers. Further blurring the lines, a substance may emit light by one, two, or all three mechanisms depending on the material and excitation conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What three mechanisms? (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the stored energy becomes locked in by the spin of the atomic <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a> can occur, slowing the emission of light, sometimes by several orders of magnitude. Because the atoms usually begin in a <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet state</a> of spin, favoring fluorescence, these types of phosphors typically produce both types of emission during illumination, and then a dimmer afterglow of strictly phosphorescent light typically lasting less than a second after the illumination is switched off. </p><p>Conversely, when the stored energy is due to persistent phosphorescence, an entirely different process occurs without a fluorescence precursor. When electrons become trapped within a defect in the atomic or molecular lattice, light is prevented from reemitting until the electron can escape. To escape, the electron needs a boost of thermal energy to help spring it out of the trap and back into orbit around the atom. Only then can the atom emit a photon. Thus, persistent phosphorescence is highly dependent on the temperature of the material.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triplet_phosphorescence">Triplet phosphorescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Triplet phosphorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png/330px-Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png/495px-Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png/660px-Electronic_Processes_Involving_Light.png 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption>After an electron absorbs a photon of high energy, it may undergo vibrational relaxations and intersystem crossing to another spin state. Again the system relaxes vibrationally in the new spin state and eventually emits light by phosphorescence.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most photoluminescent events, in which a chemical substrate absorbs and then re-emits a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> of light, are fast, in the order of 10 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanoseconds</a>. Light is absorbed and emitted at these fast time scales in cases where the energy of the photons involved matches the available energy states and allowed transitions of the substrate. In the special case of phosphorescence, the electron which absorbed the photon (energy) undergoes an unusual <a href="/wiki/Intersystem_crossing" title="Intersystem crossing">intersystem crossing</a> into an energy state of different (usually higher) <i>spin multiplicity</i> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">term symbol</a></i>), usually a <a href="/wiki/Triplet_state" title="Triplet state">triplet state</a>. As a result, the excited electron can become trapped in the triplet state with only <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">"forbidden" transitions</a> available to return to the lower energy singlet state. These transitions, although "forbidden", will still occur in quantum mechanics but are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetically</a> unfavored and thus progress at significantly slower time scales. Most phosphorescent compounds are still relatively fast emitters, with triplet decay-times in the order of milliseconds. </p><p>Common examples include the phosphor coatings used in <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamps</a>, where phosphorescence on the order of milliseconds or longer is useful for filling in the "off-time" between <a href="/wiki/AC_current" class="mw-redirect" title="AC current">AC current</a> cycles, helping to reduce "flicker". Phosphors with faster decay times are used in applications like the pixels excited by free electrons (<a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">cathodoluminescence</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television-sets</a>, which are slow enough to allow the formation of a picture as the electron beam scans the screen, but fast enough to prevent the frames from blurring together.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even substances commonly associated with fluorescence may in fact be prone to phosphorescence, such as the liquid dyes found in <a href="/wiki/Highlighter" title="Highlighter">highlighter</a> pens, which is a common problem in liquid <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye lasers</a>. The onset of phosphorescence in this case can sometimes be reduced or delayed significantly by the use of triplet-quenching agents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equation">Equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S_{0}+h\nu \to S_{1}\to T_{1}\to S_{0}+h\nu ^{\prime }\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mi>ν</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>h</mi> <msup> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi class="MJX-variant" mathvariant="normal">′</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S_{0}+h\nu \to S_{1}\to T_{1}\to S_{0}+h\nu ^{\prime }\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c7bc403617f204ce1f9cb2d791f186190524a9fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:32.805ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S_{0}+h\nu \to S_{1}\to T_{1}\to S_{0}+h\nu ^{\prime }\ }"></span> where S is a <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet</a> and T a <a href="/wiki/Spin_triplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin triplet">triplet</a> whose subscripts denote states (0 is the ground state, and 1 the excited state). Transitions can also occur to higher energy levels, but the first excited state is denoted for simplicity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persistent_phosphorescence">Persistent phosphorescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Persistent phosphorescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persistent_luminescence" title="Persistent luminescence">Persistent luminescence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg/220px-Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg/330px-Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg/440px-Fused_silica_phosphorescence_from_a_24_million_watt_flash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>An extremely intense pulse of short-wave UV light in a <a href="/wiki/Flashtube" title="Flashtube">flashtube</a> produced this blue persistent-phosphorescence in the amorphous, <a href="/wiki/Fused_silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fused silica">fused silica</a> envelope, lasting as long as 20 minutes after the 3.5 microsecond flash.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoS2_vacancies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MoS2_vacancies.jpg/220px-MoS2_vacancies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MoS2_vacancies.jpg/330px-MoS2_vacancies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MoS2_vacancies.jpg/440px-MoS2_vacancies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a> reveals vacancy defects in a crystalline lattice of <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_disulfide" title="Molybdenum disulfide">molybdenum disulfide</a>. The missing sulfur atoms leave <a href="/wiki/Dangling_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangling bonds">dangling bonds</a> between the molybdenum atoms, creating traps in the empty spaces.</figcaption></figure> <p>Solid materials typically come in two main types: crystalline and amorphous. In either case, a lattice or network of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> form. In crystals, the lattice is a very neat, uniform assembly. However, nearly all crystals have defects in the stacking sequence of these molecules and atoms. A <a href="/wiki/Vacancy_defect" title="Vacancy defect">vacancy defect</a>, where an atom is simply missing from its place, leaving an empty "hole", is one type of defect. Sometimes atoms can move from place to place within the lattice, creating <a href="/wiki/Schottky_defect" title="Schottky defect">Schottky defects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frenkel_defect" title="Frenkel defect">Frenkel defects</a>. Other defects can occur from impurities in the lattice. For example, when a normal atom is substituted by a different atom of much larger or smaller size, a <a href="/wiki/Substitutional_defect" class="mw-redirect" title="Substitutional defect">substitutional defect</a> occurs, while an <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_defect" title="Interstitial defect">interstitial defect</a> occurs when a much smaller atom gets trapped in the "interstices", or the spaces between atoms. In contrast, amorphous materials have no "long-range order" (beyond the space of a few atoms in any direction), thus by definition are filled with defects. </p><p>When a defect occurs, depending on the type and material, it can create a hole, or a "trap". For example, a missing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atom from a <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> compound creates a hole in the lattice, surrounded by unbound zinc-atoms. This creates a net <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> or attraction that can be measured in <a href="/wiki/Electron-volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-volt">electron-volts</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="eV is a unit of energy, not force. (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When a high-energy <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> strikes one of the zinc atoms, its electron absorbs the photon and is thrown out into a higher orbit. The electron may then enter the trap and be held in place (out of its normal orbit) by the attraction. To trigger the release of the energy, a random spike in thermal energy of sufficient magnitude is needed to boost the electron out of the trap and back into its normal orbit. Once in orbit, the electron's energy can drop back to normal (ground state) resulting in the release of a photon.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The release of energy in this way is a completely random process, governed mostly by the average temperature of the material versus the "depth" of the trap, or how many electron-volts it exerts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="If the process depends on some variables, such as temperature of the material or nature of the trap, then it cannot be "completely random". (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A trap that has a depth of 2.0 electron-volts would require a great amount of thermal energy (very high temperature) to overcome the attraction, while at a depth of 0.1 electron-volts very little heat (very cold temperature) is needed for the trap to even hold an electron. Generally, higher temperatures cause a faster release of energy, resulting in a brighter yet short-lived emission, while lower temperatures produce a dimmer but longer-lasting glow. Temperatures that are too hot or cold, depending on the substance, may not allow the accumulation or release of energy at all. The ideal depth of trap for persistent phosphorescence at room temperature is typically between 0.6 and 0.7 electron-volts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the phosphorescent <a href="/wiki/Quantum_yield" title="Quantum yield">quantum yield</a> is high, that is, if the substance has a large number of traps of the correct depth, this substance will release a significant amount of light over a long period of time, creating a so-called "glow in the dark" material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemiluminescence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescence</a></div> <p>Some examples of glow-in-the-dark materials do not glow by phosphorescence. For example, <a href="/wiki/Glow_sticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow sticks">glow sticks</a> glow due to a <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescent</a> process which is commonly mistaken for phosphorescence. In chemiluminescence, an excited state is created via a chemical reaction. The light emission tracks the kinetic progress of the underlying chemical reaction. The excited state will then transfer to a dye molecule, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemical_processes#Photosensitization" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoelectrochemical processes">sensitizer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fluorophor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorophor">fluorophor</a>, and subsequently fluoresce back to the ground state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">Phosphor</a></div> <p>Common pigments used in phosphorescent materials include <a href="/wiki/Zinc_sulfide" title="Zinc sulfide">zinc sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strontium_aluminate" title="Strontium aluminate">strontium aluminate</a>. Use of zinc sulfide for safety related products dates back to the 1930s. </p><p>The development of strontium aluminate pigments in 1993 was spurred on by the need to find a substitute for glow-in-the-dark materials with high luminance and long phosphorescence, especially those that used <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the discovery by Yasumitsu Aoki (Nemoto & Co.) of materials with luminance approximately 10 times greater than zinc sulfide and phosphorescence approximately 10 times longer.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has relegated most zinc sulfide based products to the novelty category. Strontium aluminate based pigments are now used in exit signs, pathway marking, and other safety related signage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorescent_pigments,_in_light,_in_dark,_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zinc sulfide (left) and strontium aluminate (right), in visible light, in darkness, and after 4 minutes in the dark."><img alt="Zinc sulfide (left) and strontium aluminate (right), in visible light, in darkness, and after 4 minutes in the dark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg/79px-Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg/119px-Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg/158px-Phosphorescent_pigments%2C_in_light%2C_in_dark%2C_after_4_min_-_zinc_sulfide_and_strontium_aluminate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="917" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zinc sulfide (left) and strontium aluminate (right), in visible light, in darkness, and after 4 minutes in the dark.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate,_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcium sulfide (left) and metal-earth silicate (right) phosphoresce in red and blue respectively."><img alt="Calcium sulfide (left) and metal-earth silicate (right) phosphoresce in red and blue respectively." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg/120px-Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg/180px-Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg/240px-Phosphorescent_pigment_calcium_sulfide_and_silicate%2C_emitting_red_and_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Calcium sulfide (left) and metal-earth silicate (right) phosphoresce in red and blue respectively.</div> </li> </ul> <p>Since both phosphorescence (transition from T<sub>1</sub> to S<sub>0</sub>) and the generation of T<sub>1</sub> from an excited singlet state (e.g., S<sub>1</sub>) via intersystem crossing (ISC) are spin-forbidden processes, most organic materials exhibit insignificant phosphorescence as they mostly fail to populate the excited triplet state, and, even if T<sub>1</sub> is formed, phosphorescence is most frequently outcompeted by non-radiative pathways. One strategy to enhance the ISC and phosphorescence is the incorporation of heavy atoms, which increase spin-orbit coupling (SOC).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the SOC (and therefore the ISC) can be promoted by coupling n-π* and π-π* transitions with different angular momenta, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_El-Sayed" title="Mostafa El-Sayed">Mostafa El-Sayed</a>'s rule. Such transitions are typically exhibited by carbonyl or triazine derivatives, and most organic room-temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) materials incorporate such moieties. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, to inhibit competitive non-radiative deactivation pathways, including vibrational relaxation and oxygen quenching and triplet-triplet annihilations, organic phosphors have to be embedded in rigid matrices such as polymers, and molecular solids (crystals,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> covalent organic frameworks,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg/220px-BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg/330px-BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg/440px-BWG9_lume_on_a_Rolex_Submariner_Date_style_Steeldive_homage_watch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Phosphorescent elements of a wrist watch that had been exposed to bright (<a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>) light</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1974 <a href="/wiki/Becky_Schroeder" title="Becky Schroeder">Becky Schroeder</a> was given a US patent for her invention of the "Glow Sheet" which used phosphorescent lines under writing paper to help people write in low-light conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glow in the dark material is added to the plastic blend used in injection molds to make some <a href="/wiki/Disc_golf" title="Disc golf">disc golf</a> discs, which allow the game to be played at night. </p><p>Often clock faces of watches are painted with phosphorescent colours. Therefore, they can be used in absolute dark environments for several hours after having been exposed to bright light. </p><p>A common use of phosphorescence is decoration. Stars made of glow-in-the-dark plastic are placed on walls, ceilings, or hanging from strings make a room look like the night sky.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other objects like figurines, cups, posters,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lamp fixtures, toys<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bracelet beads may also glow.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">blacklights</a> makes these things glow brightly, common at <a href="/wiki/Raves" class="mw-redirect" title="Raves">raves</a>, bedrooms, theme parks, and festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shadow_wall">Shadow wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shadow wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A shadow wall is created when a light flashes upon a person or object in front of a phosphorescent screen which temporarily captures the shadow. The screen or wall is painted with a glow-in-the-dark product that contains phosphorescent compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publicly, these shadow walls can be found at certain science museums.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Wall_-_before.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A phosphorescent wall is being illuminated; shadows are present."><img alt="A phosphorescent wall is being illuminated; shadows are present." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shadow_Wall_-_before.png/79px-Shadow_Wall_-_before.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shadow_Wall_-_before.png/118px-Shadow_Wall_-_before.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Shadow_Wall_-_before.png/158px-Shadow_Wall_-_before.png 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A phosphorescent wall is being illuminated; shadows are present.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Wall_-_after.png" class="mw-file-description" title="After removing the light source, shadows are visible on the wall."><img alt="After removing the light source, shadows are visible on the wall." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shadow_Wall_-_after.png/76px-Shadow_Wall_-_after.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shadow_Wall_-_after.png/115px-Shadow_Wall_-_after.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Shadow_Wall_-_after.png/153px-Shadow_Wall_-_after.png 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">After removing the light source, shadows are visible on the wall.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_paint" title="Luminous paint">Luminous paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsphere">Microsphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_luminescence" title="Persistent luminescence">Persistent luminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">Phosphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoroscope" title="Phosphoroscope">Phosphoroscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorescence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Illuminating Engineering</i> -- Illuminating Engineering Society 1954 Page 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Persistent Phosphors: From Fundamentals to Applications</i> by Jianrong Qiu, Yang Li, Yongchao Jia -- Elsevier 2020 Page 1--25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Persistent Phosphors: From Fundamentals to Applications</i> by Jianrong Qiu, Yang Li, Yongchao Jia -- Elsevier 2020 Page 1--25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Persistent Phosphors: From Fundamentals to Applications</i> by Jianrong Qiu, Yang Li, Yongchao Jia -- Elsevier 2020 Page 1--25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl A. Franz, Wolfgang G. Kehr, Alfred Siggel, Jürgen Wieczoreck, and Waldemar Adam "Luminescent Materials" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Were+Blacklight+Posters+So+Popular+in+the+%2770s%3F&rft.pub=Groovy+History&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroovyhistory.com%2Fwhy-were-70s-blacklight-posters-so-popular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunting2015" class="citation web cs1">Bunting, Geoffrey (19 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumofplay.org/blog/glow-in-the-dark-toys/">"Glowing in the Dark"</a>. Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glowing+in+the+Dark&rft.pub=Historical+Association&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofplay.org%2Fblog%2Fglow-in-the-dark-toys%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studiousguy.com/phosphorescent-light-examples/">"Phosphorescent Light Examples in Daily Life"</a>. Studious Guy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phosphorescent+Light+Examples+in+Daily+Life&rft.pub=Studious+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudiousguy.com%2Fphosphorescent-light-examples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiaverina" class="citation web cs1">Chiaverina, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoveriescience.com/Phosphorescence_Expoalration.pdf">"Experimenting with Phosphorescence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DiscoverieScience.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DiscoverieScience.com&rft.atitle=Experimenting+with+Phosphorescence&rft.aulast=Chiaverina&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveriescience.com%2FPhosphorescence_Expoalration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/shadow-box">"Shadow Box | Exploratorium Museum Exhibits"</a>. 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shadow+Box+%26%23124%3B+Exploratorium+Museum+Exhibits&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploratorium.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshadow-box&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glow.glowinc.com/shadow-wall/">"Shadow Wall"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shadow+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglow.glowinc.com%2Fshadow-wall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphorescence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorescence" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:phosphorescence">phosphorescence</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glowing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:glowing">glowing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div 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