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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Christian anthropology</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> This article is about Christian anthropology. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropology_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Anthropology (disambiguation)">Anthropology (disambiguation)</a>. </div> In the context of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>, Christian anthropology is the study of the human (anthropos) as it relates to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="God">God</a>. It differs from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Social_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Social science">social science</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, which primarily deals with the comparative study of the physical and social characteristics of humanity across times and places. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/450px-Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%2528cropped%2529.jpg/600px-Michelangelo_-_Creation_of_Adam_%2528cropped%2529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3524" data-file-height="1599"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Creation of Adam">The Creation of Adam</a>, as depicted by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michelangelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> </figcaption> </figure> One aspect of Christian anthropology studies the innate nature or constitution of the human, known as the nature of humankind. It is concerned with the relationship between notions such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human body">body</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul_(spirit)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spirit (animating force)">spirit</a> which together form a person, based on their descriptions in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a>. There are three traditional views of the human constitution – <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trichotomism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichotomism">trichotomism</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dichotomism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichotomism">dichotomism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monism">monism</a> (in the sense of anthropology).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_Christian_writers">1 Early Christian writers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gregory_of_Nyssa">1.1 Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Augustine_of_Hippo">1.2 Augustine of Hippo</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Terms_or_components">2 Terms or components</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Body">2.1 Body</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Soul">2.2 Soul</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spirit">2.3 Spirit</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Constitution_or_nature_of_the_person">3 Constitution or nature of the person</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Two_parts_(Dichotomism)">3.1 Two parts (Dichotomism)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Three_parts_(Trichotomism)">3.2 Three parts (Trichotomism)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#One_part_(Monism)">3.3 One part (Monism)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origin_of_humanity">4 Origin of humanity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#God's_image_in_the_human">4.1 God's image in the human</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origin/transmission_of_the_soul">4.2 Origin/transmission of the soul</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Human_nature">5 Human nature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Death_and_afterlife">6 Death and afterlife</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Intermediate_state">6.1 Intermediate state</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Final_state">6.2 Final state</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Early_Christian_writers">Early Christian writers</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early Christian writers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gregory_of_Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gregory of Nyssa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The reference source for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory's</a> anthropology is his treatise De opificio hominis.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> His concept of man is founded on the ontological distinction between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creatio ex nihilo">created</a> and uncreated. Man is a material creation, and thus limited, but infinite in that his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immortal_soul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortal soul">immortal soul</a> has an indefinite capacity to grow closer to the divine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Gregory believed that the soul is created simultaneous to the creation of the body (in opposition to Origen, who speculated on the soul's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preexistence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Preexistence">preexistence</a>), and that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embryo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embryo">embryos</a> were thus persons. To Gregory, the human being is exceptional being created in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image of God">image of God</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Humanity is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theomorphism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theomorphism">theomorphic</a> both in having self-awareness and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_will_in_theology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Free will in theology">free will</a>, the latter which gives each individual existential power, because to Gregory, in disregarding God one negates one's own existence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In the Song of Songs, Gregory metaphorically describes human lives as paintings created by apprentices to a master: the apprentices (the human wills) imitate their master's work (the life of Christ) with beautiful colors (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtues?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>), and thus man strives to be a reflection of Christ.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brill-42-8">[8]</a> Gregory, in stark contrast to most thinkers of his age, saw great beauty in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_Man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">the Fall</a>: from Adam's sin from two perfect humans would eventually arise myriad.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Brill-42-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Augustine_of_Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Augustine of Hippo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was one of the first Christian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Late_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Late Latin">ancient Latin</a> authors with very clear anthropological vision. He saw the human being as a perfect unity of two substances: soul and body.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He was much closer in this anthropological view to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristotle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> than to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MAS-11">[11]</a> In his late treatise <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nicene_and_Post-Nicene_Fathers:_Series_I/Volume_III/Moral_Treatises_of_St._Augustin/On_Care_to_Be_Had_for_the_Dead/Section_5" class="extiw" title="s:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume III/Moral Treatises of St. Augustin/On Care to Be Had for the Dead/Section 5">On Care to Be Had for the Dead</a> sec. 5 (420 AD) he insisted that the body pertains to the essence of the human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Person">person</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> In no wise are the bodies themselves to be spurned. (...) For these pertain not to ornament or aid which is applied from without, but to the very nature of man.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </blockquote> Augustine's favourite figure to describe body-soul unity is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marriage">marriage</a>: caro tua, coniunx tua – your body is your wife.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Initially, the two elements were in perfect harmony. After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Original_sin" title="Augustine of Hippo">fall of humanity</a> they are now experiencing dramatic combat between one another. They are two categorically different things. The body is a three-dimensional object composed of the four elements, whereas the soul has no spatial dimensions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Soul is a kind of substance, participating in reason, fit for ruling the body.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Augustine was not preoccupied, as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Descartes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> were, with going too much into details in efforts to explain the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metaphysics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> of the soul-body union. It sufficed for him to admit that they were metaphysically distinct. To be a human is to be a composite of soul and body, and that the soul is superior to the body. The latter statement is grounded in his hierarchical classification of things into those that merely exist, those that exist and live, and those that exist, live, and have intelligence or reason.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> According to N. Blasquez, Augustine's dualism of substances of the body and soul doesn't stop him from seeing the unity of body and soul as a substance itself.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-MAS-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Following ancient philosophers he defined man as a rational mortal animal – animal rationale mortale.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Terms_or_components">Terms or components</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Terms or components" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Body">Body</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Body" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theology_of_the_body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theology of the body">Theology of the body</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_body?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human body">body</a> (Greek <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CF%2583%25E1%25BF%25B6%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:σῶμα">σῶμα</a> soma) is the corporeal or physical aspect of a human being. Christians have traditionally believed that the body will be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrected</a> at the end of the age. Rudolf Bultmann states the following:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bultmann-21">[21]</a> <dl> <dd> "That soma belongs inseparably, constitutively, to human existence is most clearly evident from the fact that Paul cannot conceive even of a future human existence after death, `when that which is perfect is come' as an existence without soma – in contrast to the view of those in Corinth who deny the resurrection (1 Cor. 15, especially vv. 35ff.)."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </dd> <dd> "Man does not have a soma; he is a soma" </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Soul">Soul</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Soul" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Christianity" title="Soul">Soul § Christianity</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soul in the Bible">Soul in the Bible</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nephesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nephesh">Nephesh</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psyche (psychology)">Psyche (psychology)</a> </div> The semantic domain of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">biblical</a> soul is based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> word <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nephesh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nephesh">nepes</a>, which presumably means "breath" or "breathing being".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This word never means an immortal soul<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> or an incorporeal part of the human being<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a> that can survive death of the body as the spirit of dead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This word usually designates the person as a whole<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> or its physical life. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> nepes is mostly translated as psyche (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CF%2588%25CF%2585%25CF%2587%25CE%25AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψυχή">ψυχή</a>) and, exceptionally, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Joshua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a> as empneon (ἔνμπεον), that is "breathing being".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> follows the terminology of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Septuagint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, and thus uses the word psyche in a manner performatively similar to that of the Hebrew semantic domain,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> that is, as an invisible power (or ever more, for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plato">Platonists</a>, immortal and immaterial) that gives life and motion to the body and is responsible for its attributes. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patristic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> thought, towards the end of the 2nd century psyche was understood in more a Greek than a Hebrew way, and it was contrasted with the body. In the 3rd century, with the influence of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Origen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Origen">Origen</a>, there was the establishing of the doctrine of the inherent immortality of the soul and its divine nature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Origen also taught the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reincarnation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reincarnation">transmigration</a> of the souls and their preexistence, but these views were officially rejected in 553 in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Ecumenical_Council?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Ecumenical Council">Fifth Ecumenical Council</a>. Inherent immortality of the soul was accepted among western and eastern theologians throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Ages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and after the Reformation, as evidenced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westminster_Confession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>. On the other hand, a number of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> scholars have adopted views similar to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_conditionalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian conditionalism">conditional immortality</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Fudge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Fudge">Edward Fudge</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clark_Pinnock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clark Pinnock">Clark Pinnock</a>; however the majority of adherents hold the traditional doctrine.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]> In the last six decades, conditional immortality, or better "immortality by grace" (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:κατά">κατὰ</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CF%2587%25CE%25AC%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CF%2582" class="extiw" title="wikt:χάρις">χάριν</a> ἀθανασία, kata charin athanasia), of the soul has also been widely accepted among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> theologians, by returning to the views of the late 2nd century, where immortality was still considered as a gift granted with the value of Jesus' death and resurrection.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Beliefs" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> has held to conditional immortality since the mid-19th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Spirit">Spirit</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Spirit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit (animating force)</a> </div> The spirit (Hebrew ruach, Greek <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%25CF%2580%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B5%25E1%25BF%25A6%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:πνεῦμα">πνεῦμα</a>, pneuma, which can also mean "breath") is likewise an immaterial component. It is often used interchangeably with "soul", psyche, although trichotomists believe that the spirit is distinct from the soul. <dl> <dd> "When Paul speaks of the pneuma of man he does not mean some higher principle within him or some special intellectual or spiritual faculty of his, but simply his self, and the only questions is whether the self is regarded in some particular aspect when it is called pneuma. In the first place, it apparently is regarded in the same way as when it is called psyche – viz. as the self that lives in man's attitude, in the orientation of his will."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </dd> </dl> Charles Taylor has argued in Sources of the Self: Making of Modern Identity that the attempt to reduce spirit or soul to the "self" is an anachronistic project claiming historical precedence, when in reality it is a modern, Western, secular reading of the Scriptures. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Constitution_or_nature_of_the_person">Constitution or nature of the person</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Constitution or nature of the person" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Christian theologians have historically differed over the issue of how many distinct components constitute the human being. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Two_parts_(Dichotomism)">Two parts (Dichotomism)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Two parts (Dichotomism)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bipartite_(theology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bipartite (theology)">Bipartite (theology)</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism (philosophy of mind)</a> </div> The most popular view, affirmed by a large number of lay faithful and theologians from many Christian traditions, is that the human being is formed of two components: material (body/flesh) and spiritual (soul/spirit). The soul or spirit departs from the body at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death">death</a>, and will be reunited with the body at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurrection?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Three_parts_(Trichotomism)">Three parts (Trichotomism)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Three parts (Trichotomism)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tripartite_(theology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tripartite (theology)">Tripartite (theology)</a> </div> A significant minority of theologians across the denominational and theological spectrum, in both the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Christianity">East</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, have held that human beings are made up of three distinct components: body or flesh, soul, and spirit. This is known technically as trichotomism. The biblical texts typically used to support this position are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis%3Dniv:1%2520Thessalonians%25205:23">1 Thessalonians 5:23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis%3Dniv:Hebrews%25204:12">Hebrews 4:12</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Milne-33">[33]</a> In the personhood of Jesus Christ God there are a Body, a rational Soul and the third person of the Holy Spirit God whom He received in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Christ">Baptism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="One_part_(Monism)">One part (Monism)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: One part (Monism)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monism">Monism</a> </div> Modern theologians increasingly hold to the view that the human being is an indissoluble unity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Milne-33">[33]</a> This is known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holism">holism</a> or monism. The body and soul are not considered separate components of a person, but rather as two facets of a united whole.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It is argued that this more accurately represents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hebrew?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> thought, whereas body-soul dualism is more characteristic of classical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_philosophy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platonism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platonism">Platonist</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cartesianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartesianism">Cartesian</a> thought. Monism is the official position of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Beliefs" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, which adheres to the doctrine of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul_sleep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">soul sleep</a>". Monism also appears to be more consistent with certain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Physicalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Physicalism">physicalist</a> interpretations of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuroscience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, which has indicated that the so-called "higher functions" of the mind are dependent upon or emergent from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brain">brain</a> structure, not the independent workings of an immaterial soul as was previously thought.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> An influential exponent of this view was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal_Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal</a> theologian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oscar Cullmann">Oscar Cullmann</a> was influential in popularizing it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Origin_of_humanity">Origin of humanity</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origin of humanity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creationism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creationism">Creationism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theistic_evolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bible?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bible">Bible</a> teaches in the book of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Genesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> the humans were created by God. Some Christians believe that this must have involved a miraculous creative act, while others are comfortable with the idea that God worked through the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> process. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="God's_image_in_the_human">God's image in the human</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: God's image in the human" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Image_of_God?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Image of God">Image of God</a> </div> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Book_of_Genesis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> also teaches that human beings, male and female, were created in the image of God. The exact meaning of this has been the subject of theological debate throughout church history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origin/transmission_of_the_soul">Origin/transmission of the soul</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origin/transmission of the soul" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traducianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traducianism">Traducianism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creationism_(soul)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creationism (soul)">Creationism (soul)</a> </div> There are two opposing views about how the soul originates in each human being. Creationism teaches that God creates a "fresh" soul within each human <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embryo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embryo">embryo</a> at or some time shortly after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conception_(biology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conception (biology)">conception</a>. Note: This is not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Creationism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creationism">creationism</a> as a view of the origins of life and the universe. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traducianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traducianism">Traducianism</a>, by contrast, teaches that the soul is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heredity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heredity">inherited</a> from the individual's parents, along with his or her biological material. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Human_nature">Human nature</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Human nature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Original_sin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Original sin">Original sin</a> </div> Most Christian Theology traditionally teaches that human nature originates holy but is corrupted by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fall_of_man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fall of man">fall</a>. Part of the development of church doctrine has historically been concerned with discerning what role the human plays in "redemption" from that fall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-40">[40]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagianism">debate</a> about human nature between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pelagius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pelagius">Pelagius</a> had to do with the nature of sin and its relation to the state of the human. Pelagius believed that man's nature was inherently good and taught that all children are born "as a fresh creation of God and therefore good.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-40">[40]</a>" For Pelagius freedom is a constitute part of human nature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-A_History_of_Christian_Doctrine-41">[41]</a> Humanity's capacity to choose is inherited and therefore is untainted. Human are capable of following divine laws (such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ten_Commandments?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandment</a>) and live morally. The inherited ability to choose is itself a grace of creation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-A_History_of_Christian_Doctrine-41">[41]</a> Augustine believed that all humans are born into sin because each has inherited a sinful nature due to Adam's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Original_sin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Original sin">original sin</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Without grace from God humanity is incapable of choosing good and therefore of pursuing God.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Salvation then, becomes, either a cooperation between human will and divine grace (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Synergism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Synergism">Synergism</a>) or an act of divine will apart from human agency (see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monergism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monergism">Monergism</a>.). Pelagius's position was condemned at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Carthage_(418)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Carthage (418)">Council of Carthage (418)</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Council_of_Orange_(529)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Council of Orange (529)">Second Council of Orange</a>. However the councils did soften Augustine's position on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Predestination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Predestination">Predestination</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monergism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monergism">Monergism</a> had a resurgence through <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s devolvement of the doctrine of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Total_depravity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Total depravity">Total Depravity</a>. Within Protestant Circles a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">debate</a> happened between followers of John Calvin (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvinism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformed_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed Tradition</a>) and Followers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arminianism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arminianism">Arminians</a>) on the nature of grace in the process of salvation. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobus Arminius">Arminius</a> follow <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> in the doctrine of total depravity. However, Arminians hold that God restores humanity's free will, concerning the ability to choose salvation where as classic Calvinism holds to a strict monergism. Synergism and its affirmation of the participation of human will in salvation is the classic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patristics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patristics">Patristic</a> position as well as the position of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, as well many Arminian influenced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant Churches</a>. Whereas Monergism has become the position of most churches that are a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformed_tradition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed Tradition</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Death_and_afterlife">Death and afterlife</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Death and afterlife" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afterlife?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> </div> Christian anthropology has implications for beliefs about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death">death</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afterlife?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. The Christian church has traditionally taught that the soul of each individual separates from the body at death, to be reunited at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection</a>. This is closely related to the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. For example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westminster_Confession?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a> (chapter XXXII) states: <dl> <dd> "The bodies of men, after death, return to dust, and see corruption: but their souls, which neither die nor sleep, having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them" </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Intermediate_state">Intermediate state</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Intermediate state" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">Intermediate state (Christianity)</a> </div> The question then arises: where exactly does the disembodied soul "go" at death? Theologians refer to this subject as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> speaks of a place called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sheol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sheol">sheol</a> where the spirits of the dead reside. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Testament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hades?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hades">hades</a>, the classical Greek realm of the dead, takes the place of sheol. In particular, Jesus teaches in Luke 16:19–31 (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lazarus_and_Dives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus and Dives">Lazarus and Dives</a>) that hades consists of two separate "sections", one for the righteous and one for the unrighteous. His teaching is consistent with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Intertestamental_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Intertestamental period">intertestamental</a> Jewish thought on the subject.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Fully developed Christian theology goes a step further; on the basis of such texts as Luke 23:43 and Philippians 1:23, it has traditionally been taught that the souls of the dead are received immediately either into heaven or hell, where they will experience a foretaste of their eternal destiny prior to the resurrection. (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholicism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> teaches a third possible location, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Purgatory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>, though this is denied by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>.) <dl> <dd> "the souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens, where they behold the face of God, in light and glory, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies. And the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day." (Westminster Confession) </dd> </dl> Some Christian groups that stress a monistic anthropology deny that the soul can exist consciously apart from the body. For example, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> teaches that the intermediate state is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unconsciousness?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a> sleep; this teaching is informally known as "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul_sleep?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul sleep">soul sleep</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Final_state">Final state</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Final state" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Christian belief, both the righteous and the unrighteous will be resurrected at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Last_judgment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Last judgment">last judgment</a>. The righteous will receive incorruptible, immortal bodies (1 Corinthians 15), while the unrighteous will be sent to the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_of_Fire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake of Fire">Lake of Fire</a>" or "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gehenna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a>". Traditionally, Christians have believed that hell will be a place of eternal physical and psychological punishment. In the last two centuries, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Annihilationism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Annihilationism">annihilationism</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universalism">universalism</a> have become more popular. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Christianity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_nature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human nature">Human nature</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Person?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in anthropology">List of important publications in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_psychology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian psychology">Christian psychology</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErickson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Millard_Erickson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Millard Erickson">Erickson, Millard</a> (1998). Christian Theology (2 ed.). Baker Academic. p. 537. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2182-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2182-0"><bdi>0-8010-2182-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Theology&rft.pages=537&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8010-2182-0&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Millard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> The Greek text: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrologia Graeca">PG</a> 44, 123–256; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sources_Chr%C3%A9tiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sources Chrétiennes">SCh</a> 6, (1944) Jean-Jacques Courtiau (ed.)</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a>, p. 56</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Calian, Florin George (2020-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039">"André Scrima, , trans. Octavian Gabor, Perspectives on Philosophy and Religious Thought 17, Piscataway, New Jersey, Gorgias Press 2016, 259 p., ISBN: 978-1-4632-0565-2"</a>. Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu. 12 (3): 535–539. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039">10.2478/ress-2020-0039</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231919881">231919881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Ecumenical+Studies+Sibiu&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Scrima%2C+%2C+trans.+Octavian+Gabor%2C+Perspectives+on+Philosophy+and+Religious+Thought+17%2C+Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey%2C+Gorgias+Press+2016%2C+259+p.%2C+ISBN%3A+978-1-4632-0565-2&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=535-539&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fress-2020-0039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231919881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Calian&rft.aufirst=Florin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 38</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 39</li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 41</li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-42-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brill-42_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Brill-42_8-1">b</a> Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 42</li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> Cf. A. Gianni, pp.148–149</li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> Hendrics, E., p. 291.</li> <li id="cite_note-MAS-11">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MAS_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MAS_11-1">b</a> Massuti, E., p.98.</li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> De cura pro mortuis gerenda <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum">CSEL</a> 41, 627[13–22]; PL 40, 595: Nullo modo ipsa spernenda sunt corpora. (...)Haec enim non ad ornamentum vel adiutorium, quod adhibetur extrinsecus, sed ad ipsam naturam hominis pertinent; Contra Faustum, 22.27; PL 44,418.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> Enarrationes in psalmos, 143, 6; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 40, 2077 [46] – 2078 [74]); De utilitate ieiunii, 4,4–5; CCL 46, 234–235.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> De quantitate animae 1.2; 5.9</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> De quantitate animae 13.12: Substantia quaedam rationis particeps, regendo corpori accomodata.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/De_libero_arbitrio_(Augustine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="De libero arbitrio (Augustine)">On the free will</a> (De libero arbitrio) 2.3.7–6.13</li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> cf. W.E. Mann, p.141-142</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> El concepto del substantia segun san Agustin, pp. 305–350.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> De ordine, II, 11.31; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Christianorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Christianorum">CCL</a> 29, 124 [18]; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrologia_Latina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Patrologia Latina">PL</a> 32,1009; De quantitate animae, 25,47–49; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corpus_Scriptorum_Ecclesiasticorum_Latinorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum">CSEL</a> 89, 190–194; PL 32, 1062–1063</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> Cf. Ch. Couturier SJ, p. 543</li> <li id="cite_note-Bultmann-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bultmann_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBultmann1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann, Rudolf</a> (1953). Theologie des Neuen Testaments (in German). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: Mohr. pp. 189–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologie+des+Neuen+Testaments&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=189-249&rft.pub=Mohr&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bultmann&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"> (English translation Theology of the New Testament 2 vols, London: SCM, 1952, 1955)</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> Bultmann, I: 192</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hebrew-English Lexicon, Brown, Driver & Briggs, Hendrickson Publishers.</li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> Baker's Evangelical Dictionary of Biblical Theology.</li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> Dictionary of Biblical Theology, Father Xavier Leon Dufour, 1985.</li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> New International Dictionary.</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> New Dictionary of Biblical Theology</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> "A careful examination of the βiblical material, particularly the words nefesh, neshama, and ruaḥ, which are often too broadly translated as "soul" and "spirit," indicates that these must not be understood as referring to the psychical side of a psychophysical pair. A man did not possess a nefesh but rather was a nefesh, as Gen. 2:7 says: "wayehi ha-adam le-nefesh ḥayya" (". . . and the man became a living being"). Man was, for most of the biblical writers, what has been called "a unit of vital power," not a dual creature separable into two distinct parts of unequal importance and value. While this understanding of the nature of man dominated biblical thought, in apocalyptic literature (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) the term nefesh began to be viewed as a separable psychical entity with existence apart from body.... The biblical view of man as an inseparable psychosomatic unit meant that death was understood to be his dissolution."—Britannica, 2004.</li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament</li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> The early Hebrews apparently had a concept of the soul but did not separate it from the body, although later Jewish writers developed the idea of the soul further. Old Testament references to the soul are related to the concept of breath and establish no distinction between the ethereal soul and the corporeal body. Christian concepts of a body-soul dichotomy originated with the ancient Greeks and were introduced into Christian theology at an early date by St. Gregory of Nyssa and by St. Augustine.—Britannica, 2004</li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/immortality_soul.htm">Immortality of the Soul,</a> George Florovsky.</li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> Bultmann, I:206</li> <li id="cite_note-Milne-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Milne_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Milne_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Milne" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Milne. Know The Truth. IVP. pp. 120–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Know+The+Truth&rft.pages=120-122&rft.pub=IVP&rft.au=Bruce+Milne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> "The traditional anthropology encounters major problems in the Bible and its predominantly holistic view of human beings. Genesis 2:7 is a key verse: 'Then the LORD God formed man from the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life, and the man became a living being' (NRSV). The "living being" (traditionally, "living soul") is an attempt to translate the Hebrew nephesh hayah, which indicates a 'living person' in the context. More than one interpreter has pointed out that this text does not say that the human being has a soul but rather is a soul. H. Wheeler Robinson summarized the matter in his statement that 'The Hebrew conceived man as animated body and not as an incarnate soul.'" (Martin E. Tate, "The Comprehensive Nature of Salvation in Biblical Perspective," Evangelical review of theology, Vol. 23.)</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAJ_Gijsbers2003" class="citation web cs1">AJ Gijsbers (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726131016/http://www.iscast.org/rough_diamonds/past_papers/Gijsbers_A_2003-07_Neuroscience_and_Theology.pdf">"The Dialogue between Neuroscience and Theology"</a> (PDF). ISCAST. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iscast.org/rough_diamonds/past_papers/Gijsbers_A_2003-07_Neuroscience_and_Theology.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dialogue+between+Neuroscience+and+Theology&rft.pub=ISCAST&rft.date=2003&rft.au=AJ+Gijsbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iscast.org%2Frough_diamonds%2Fpast_papers%2FGijsbers_A_2003-07_Neuroscience_and_Theology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartine_C.L._Oldhoff2018" class="citation book cs1">Martine C.L. Oldhoff (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120143812/https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ejt/27-2_147.pdf">The Soul in the Bible: Monism in Biblical Scholarship? Analysing Biblical Studies from a Systematic Point of View</a> (PDF). p. 154. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/PDF/ejt/27-2_147.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2023-01-20. Retrieved 2023-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+in+the+Bible%3A+Monism+in+Biblical+Scholarship%3F+Analysing+Biblical+Studies+from+a+Systematic+Point+of+View&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Martine+C.L.+Oldhoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2FPDF%2Fejt%2F27-2_147.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuis_Ivan_Martinez-Toledo2016" class="citation book cs1">Luis Ivan Martinez-Toledo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D1UwJDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11">The Naked State of Human Being: The Meaning of Gymnos in 2 Corinthians 5:3 and its Theological Implications</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 11–12. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-998-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-998-0"><bdi>978-1-62564-998-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naked+State+of+Human+Being%3A+The+Meaning+of+Gymnos+in+2+Corinthians+5%3A3+and+its+Theological+Implications&rft.pages=11-12&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-998-0&rft.au=Luis+Ivan+Martinez-Toledo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UwJDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillich,_Paul,_1886-1965.1972" class="citation book cs1">Tillich, Paul, 1886-1965. (1972). A history of Christian thought : from its Judaic and Hellenistic origins to existentialism. Braaten, Carl E., 1929-. New York. p. 122. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-21426-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-21426-8"><bdi>0-671-21426-8</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/871159">871159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Christian+thought+%3A+from+its+Judaic+and+Hellenistic+origins+to+existentialism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F871159&rft.isbn=0-671-21426-8&rft.au=Tillich%2C+Paul%2C+1886-1965.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Calian, Florin George (2020-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039">"André Scrima, , trans. Octavian Gabor, Perspectives on Philosophy and Religious Thought 17, Piscataway, New Jersey, Gorgias Press 2016, 259 p., ISBN: 978-1-4632-0565-2"</a>. Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu. 12 (3): 535–539. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039">10.2478/ress-2020-0039</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231919881">231919881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Ecumenical+Studies+Sibiu&rft.atitle=Andr%C3%A9+Scrima%2C+%2C+trans.+Octavian+Gabor%2C+Perspectives+on+Philosophy+and+Religious+Thought+17%2C+Piscataway%2C+New+Jersey%2C+Gorgias+Press+2016%2C+259+p.%2C+ISBN%3A+978-1-4632-0565-2&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=535-539&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fress-2020-0039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231919881%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Calian&rft.aufirst=Florin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fress-2020-0039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_40-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of Christian Doctrine. Cunliffe-Jones, Hubert., Drewery, Benjamin., Fisher, George Park, 1827-1909. (1st Fortress Press ed.). Philadelphia: Fortress Press. 1980. p. 160. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-0626-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-0626-4"><bdi>0-8006-0626-4</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5447623">5447623</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=1st+Fortress+Press&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5447623&rft.isbn=0-8006-0626-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-A_History_of_Christian_Doctrine-41">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-A_History_of_Christian_Doctrine_41-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-A_History_of_Christian_Doctrine_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of Christian Doctrine. Cunliffe-Jones, Hubert. London. 16 March 2006. p. 159. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6"><bdi>978-0-567-35921-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882503323">882503323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=159&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882503323&rft.isbn=978-0-567-35921-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of Christian Doctrine. Cunliffe-Jones, Hubert. London. 16 March 2006. p. 162. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6"><bdi>978-0-567-35921-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882503323">882503323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=162&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882503323&rft.isbn=978-0-567-35921-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of Christian Doctrine. Cunliffe-Jones, Hubert. London. 16 March 2006. p. 166. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6"><bdi>978-0-567-35921-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882503323">882503323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=166&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882503323&rft.isbn=978-0-567-35921-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A History of Christian Doctrine. Cunliffe-Jones, Hubert. London. 16 March 2006. p. 169. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-35921-6"><bdi>978-0-567-35921-6</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882503323">882503323</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=London&rft.pages=169&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882503323&rft.isbn=978-0-567-35921-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_anthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> D. K. Innes, "Sheol" in New Bible Dictionary, IVP 1996.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgaësse,_Paul,_SJ2004" class="citation book cs1">Agaësse, Paul, SJ (2004). L'anthropologie chrétienne selon saint Augustin : image, liberté, péché et grâce. Paris: Médiasèvres. p. 197. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-900388-68-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/2-900388-68-6"><bdi>2-900388-68-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27anthropologie+chr%C3%A9tienne+selon+saint+Augustin+%3A+image%2C+libert%C3%A9%2C+p%C3%A9ch%C3%A9+et+gr%C3%A2ce&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=M%C3%A9dias%C3%A8vres&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-900388-68-6&rft.au=Aga%C3%ABsse%2C+Paul%2C+SJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li>Blasquez, N, El concepto de substantia segun san Agustin, ""Augustinus" 14 (1969), pp. 305–350; 15 (1970), pp. 369–383; 16 (1971), pp. 69–79.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainvel" class="citation book cs1">Bainvel, J. "Ame. Doctrine des trois premiers siècles; Développement de la doctrine du IVe au XIIIe s.". Dictionnaire de Théologie Catholique. Vol. 1. pp. 977–1006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ame.+Doctrine+des+trois+premiers+si%C3%A8cles%3B+D%C3%A9veloppement+de+la+doctrine+du+IVe+au+XIIIe+s.&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+Th%C3%A9ologie+Catholique&rft.pages=977-1006&rft.aulast=Bainvel&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBultmann1953" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann, Rudolf</a> (1953). Theologie des Neuen Testaments (in German). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>: Mohr. pp. 189–249.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologie+des+Neuen+Testaments&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=189-249&rft.pub=Mohr&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Bultmann&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"> (English translation Theology of the New Testament 2 vols, London: SCM, 1952, 1955). The leading scholarly reference supporting a holistic anthropology</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullmann" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oscar_Cullmann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oscar Cullmann">Cullmann, Oscar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026200705/http://geocities.com/pastorkeith/cullmann.html">Immortality of the soul or resurrection of the dead?: the witness of the New Testament</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.geocities.com/pastorkeith/cullmann.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortality+of+the+soul+or+resurrection+of+the+dead%3F%3A+the+witness+of+the+New+Testament&rft.aulast=Cullmann&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fpastorkeith%2Fcullmann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson, Étienne</a>, Gregory of Nyssa, Anthropology, in: History of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages, (1980 reprinted 1985), London: Sheed & Ward, pp. 56–59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7220-4114-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7220-4114-4">0-7220-4114-4</a>.</li> <li>Couturier, Charles, SJ, La structure métaphysique de l'homme d'après saint Augustin, in: Augustinus Magister. Congrès International Augustinien. Communications, (1954), Paris, vol. 1, pp. 543–550</li> <li>Hendrics, E. Platonisches und Biblisches Denken bei Augustinus, in: 'Augustinus Magister. Congrès International Augustinien. Communications, (1954), Paris, vol. 1.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewitt1971" class="citation book cs1">Jewitt, R. (1971). Paul's Anthropological Terms. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leiden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brill_Publishers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%27s+Anthropological+Terms&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Jewitt&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel1948" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kümmel, W. G. (1948). Das Bild des Menschen im Neuen Testament (in German). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>: Zwingli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Bild+des+Menschen+im+Neuen+Testament&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pub=Zwingli&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"> (English translation Man in the NT. London: Epworth, 1963)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadd1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Eldon_Ladd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Eldon Ladd">Ladd, George Eldon</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/theologyofnewtes00ladd">A Theology of the New Testament</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan">MI</a>: Eerdmans. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/theologyofnewtes00ladd/page/457">457–78</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3443-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3443-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theology+of+the+New+Testament&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=457-78&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3443-0&rft.aulast=Ladd&rft.aufirst=George+Eldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheologyofnewtes00ladd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpp,_Heinrich1950" class="citation book cs1">Karpp, Heinrich (1950). Probleme altchristlicher Anthropologie. Biblische Anthropologie und philosophische Psychologie bei den Kirchen-vatern des dritten Jahrhunderts. Gütersloh: G. Bertelsmann Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Probleme+altchristlicher+Anthropologie.+Biblische+Anthropologie+und+philosophische+Psychologie+bei+den+Kirchen-vatern+des+dritten+Jahrhunderts&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pub=G.+Bertelsmann+Verlag&rft.date=1950&rft.au=Karpp%2C+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mann, W. E., Inner-Life Ethics, in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1999" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, G. B., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/augustiniantradi0000unse/page/138">The Augustinian Tradition</a>. Philosophical Traditions. Berkeley-Los Angeles-London: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/augustiniantradi0000unse/page/138">138–152</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20999-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20999-0"><bdi>0-520-20999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustinian+Tradition&rft.place=Berkeley-Los+Angeles-London&rft.series=Philosophical+Traditions&rft.pages=138-152&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-20999-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustiniantradi0000unse%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Masutti, Egidio, Il problema del corpo in San Agostino, Roma: Borla, 1989, p. 230, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-263-0701-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/88-263-0701-6">88-263-0701-6</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRondeau1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rondeau, Marie Josèphe (1962). "Remarques sur l'anthropologie de saint Hilaire". Studia Patristica. 6 (Papers presented to the Third International Conference on Patristic Studies held at Christ Church, Oxford, 1959, Part IV Theologica, Augustiniana, ed. F. L. Cross). Berlin: Akademie-Verlag: 197–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Patristica&rft.atitle=Remarques+sur+l%27anthropologie+de+saint+Hilaire&rft.volume=6+%28Papers+presented+to+the+Third+International+Conference+on+Patristic+Studies+held+at+Christ+Church%2C+Oxford%2C+1959%2C+Part+IV+Theologica%2C+Augustiniana%2C+ed.+F.+L.+Cross%29&rft.pages=197-210&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Rondeau&rft.aufirst=Marie+Jos%C3%A8phe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteenberg,_M._C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Steenberg, M. C. (2009). Of God and Man : theology as anthropology from Irenaeus to Athanasius. London: T & T Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+God+and+Man+%3A+theology+as+anthropology+from+Irenaeus+to+Athanasius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Steenberg%2C+M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+anthropology" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christian_anthropology&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>Mick Pope, <a rel="nofollow" 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