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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vieux perse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 55 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة الفارسية القديمة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الفارسية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_antiguu" title="Persa antiguu – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Persa antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اسکی فارس دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکی فارس دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староперсийски език – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Староперсийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_antic" title="Persa antic – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Persa antic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="زمانی پارسیی کۆن – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی پارسیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroper%C5%A1tina" title="Staroperština – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staroperština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Авалхи перс чĕлхи – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи перс чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldpersisk" title="Oldpersisk – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldpersisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altpersische_Sprache" title="Altpersische Sprache – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altpersische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία περσική γλώσσα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία περσική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Old Persian" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnovpersa_lingvo" title="Malnovpersa lingvo – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malnovpersa lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persa_antiguo" title="Persa antiguo – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Persa antiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_persiera" title="Antzinako persiera – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako persiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان فارسی باستان – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان فارسی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaispersian_kieli" title="Muinaispersian kieli – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaispersian kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פרסית עתיקה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרסית עתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन फ़ारसी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन फ़ारसी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հին պարսկերեն – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին պարսկերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Persia_Kuno" title="Bahasa Persia Kuno – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Persia Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornpersneska" title="Fornpersneska – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fornpersneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_persiana_antica" title="Lingua persiana antica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua persiana antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="古代ペルシア語 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ペルシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Көне парсы тілі – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне парсы тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="고대 페르시아어 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 페르시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farisiya_kevn" title="Farisiya kevn – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Farisiya kevn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Важ перс кыв – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ перс кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Persica_antiqua" title="Lingua Persica antiqua – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Persica antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senoji_pers%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senoji persų kalba – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senoji persų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpersie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Senpersiešu valoda – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senpersiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Сире персиень – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сире персиень" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_persana_taloha" title="Fiteny persana taloha – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny persana taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Староперсиски јазик – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Староперсиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Parsi_Kuno" title="Bahasa Parsi Kuno – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Parsi Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پارسی باستان – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پارسی باستان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammalpersisk" title="Gammalpersisk – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammalpersisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelpersisk" title="Gammelpersisk – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelpersisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8rsa_ancian" title="Pèrsa ancian – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèrsa ancian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_staroperski" title="Język staroperski – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język staroperski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قدیم فارسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدیم فارسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="لرغونې پاړسي – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونې پاړسي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_persa_antiga" title="Língua persa antiga – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua persa antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83_veche" title="Limba persană veche – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba persană veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнеперсидский язык – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнеперсидский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Persian_language" title="Old Persian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Old Persian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornpersiska" title="Fornpersiska – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fornpersiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Порсии бостон – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Порсии бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาเปอร์เซียเก่า – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเปอร์เซียเก่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_Fars%C3%A7a" title="Eski Farsça – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Farsça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньоперська мова – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньоперська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قدیم فارسی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم فارسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_fors_tili" title="Qadimgi fors tili – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi fors tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ba_T%C6%B0_c%E1%BB%95" title="Tiếng Ba Tư cổ – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Ba Tư cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古波斯語 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古波斯語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35225#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vieux_perse" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Vieux_perse" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vieux_perse"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vieux_perse"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&oldid=213418892" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Vieux_perse&id=213418892&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVieux_perse"><span>Obtenir l'URL 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accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old_Persian_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1521" hreflang="en"><span>Wikifunctions</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35225" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete bd" style="background-color:#3CB371;color:black;">Vieux perse<br /><small>(adjectif : vieux-perse)</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r160408458">.mw-parser-output .entete.bd{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><th scope="row">Période </th> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle avant Jésus-Christ"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Langues filles </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Moyen_perse" title="Moyen perse">moyen perse</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pays </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Classification par famille</th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_indo-iraniennes" title="Langues indo-iraniennes">langues indo-iraniennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_iraniennes" title="Langues iraniennes">langues iraniennes</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_iraniennes_occidentales" title="Langues iraniennes occidentales">langues iraniennes occidentales</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <a href="/wiki/Langues_iraniennes_du_Sud-Ouest" title="Langues iraniennes du Sud-Ouest">langues iraniennes du Sud-Ouest</a><ul style="margin:0.1em 0;list-style:none;list-style-image:none; line-height:normal;text-align:left"> <li style="position:relative;margin:0.1em 0;margin-left:0.8em;line-height:normal;"><span style="position:absolute;left:-0.8em;color:#AAA">-</span> <b>vieux perse</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#3CB371; color:#000000">Codes de langue</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tiquette_d%27identification_de_langues_IETF" title="Étiquette d'identification de langues IETF">IETF</a> </th> <td><code>peo</code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span> </th> <td><code>peo</code> </td> </tr> <tr><th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=peo">peo</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Étendue" title="ISO 639-3">Étendue</a> </th> <td>Langue individuelle </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3#Type" title="ISO 639-3">Type</a> </th> <td>Langue historique </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> </th> <td><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldp1254">oldp1254</a></code> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="display:none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #3CB371 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color: inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Langue" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Le <b>vieux perse</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> est la forme attestée la plus ancienne du <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a>. Il fait partie du groupe des <a href="/wiki/Langues_iraniennes" title="Langues iraniennes">langues iraniennes</a>, un sous-groupe des <a href="/wiki/Langues_indo-iraniennes" title="Langues indo-iraniennes">langues indo-iraniennes</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Langues_indo-europ%C3%A9ennes" title="Langues indo-européennes">langues indo-européennes</a>. </p><p>La langue vieux-perse était utilisée dans les inscriptions, en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_cun%C3%A9iforme_persane_ancienne" title="Écriture cunéiforme persane ancienne">écriture cunéiforme persane ancienne</a> datant des rois <a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9m%C3%A9nide" class="mw-redirect" title="Achéménide">achéménides</a>. De vieux textes perses (notamment des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pigraphie" title="Épigraphie">inscriptions</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Tablette_d%27argile" title="Tablette d'argile">tablettes</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Sceau" title="Sceau">sceaux</a>) ont été retrouvés en <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie">Turquie</a> et en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte" title="Égypte">Égypte</a>. Le vieux perse n’est pas l’ancêtre direct du persan moderne. C’était le dialecte parlé à <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A9polis" title="Persépolis">Persépolis</a> que <a href="/wiki/Darius_Ier" title="Darius Ier">Darius <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> a élevé au rang de norme. Comme ce dernier était tout à fait conscient que sa langue ne serait pas comprise de tous les sujets de son vaste empire, il a fait ériger des inscriptions bilingues ou trilingues. L'<a href="/wiki/Inscription_de_Behistun" title="Inscription de Behistun">inscription de Behistun</a>, par exemple, est une trilingue vieux-perse, <a href="/wiki/Babylonien_(langue)" title="Babylonien (langue)">babylonienne</a> et <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lamite" title="Élamite">élamite</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Écriture"><span id=".C3.89criture"></span>Écriture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Écriture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Écriture"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg/500px-Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg/960px-Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Behistun_DB1_1-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Détail de la première colonne de l'<a href="/wiki/Inscription_de_Behistun" title="Inscription de Behistun">inscription de Behistun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le vieux perse s’écrivait de gauche à droite<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et utilisait une <a href="/wiki/Graphie" title="Graphie">graphie</a> <a href="/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme" title="Cunéiforme">cunéiforme</a>. L’écriture cunéiforme du vieux perse contenait 36 signes qui représentent des <a href="/wiki/Consonne" title="Consonne">consonnes</a>, des <a href="/wiki/Voyelle" title="Voyelle">voyelles</a> ou des séquences comprenant une seule consonne et des voyelles (<a href="/wiki/Phonogramme" title="Phonogramme">phonogrammes</a>), trois nombres (1, 10 et 100), un séparateur de mots et huit <a href="/wiki/Id%C3%A9ogramme" title="Idéogramme">idéogrammes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I,_SB_2789_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg/500px-Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg/960px-Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg/1000px-Foundation_charter_of_the_palace_of_Darius_I%2C_SB_2789_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Charte de fondation du palais de Darius <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> à Suse, en vieux perse, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" title="Musée du Louvre">musée du Louvre</a>, (Sb 2789).</figcaption></figure> <p>Bien que les signes utilisés ressemblent au <a href="/wiki/Cun%C3%A9iforme" title="Cunéiforme">cunéiforme</a> <a href="/wiki/Akkadien" title="Akkadien">akkadien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langue_s%C3%A9mitique" class="mw-redirect" title="Langue sémitique">langue sémitique</a> qui l’a emprunté au <a href="/wiki/Sum%C3%A9rien" title="Sumérien">sumérien</a>), un seul, le <i>L</i>, en est dérivé. Les chercheurs s’accordent aujourd’hui sur l’invention de cette écriture autour de 525 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> et sur son utilisation jusque vers 330 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr> Le roi <a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9m%C3%A9nide" class="mw-redirect" title="Achéménide">achéménide</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_Ier" title="Darius Ier">Darius <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> est probablement le premier roi à l’avoir utilisée pour des inscriptions sur des monuments. </p><p>Bien que basé sur un principe <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_logosyllabique" title="Écriture logosyllabique">logo-syllabique</a> (un dérivé de l’écriture <a href="/wiki/Logogramme" title="Logogramme">logographique</a>), ce système est essentiellement <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabétique</a> dans son caractère. 13 des 22 consonnes sont invariantes, quelle que soit la voyelle qui les suit (ce qui signifie qu’elles sont alphabétiques), et 6 seulement ont une forme distincte pour chaque combinaison consonne-voyelle (ce qui signifie qu’elles sont syllabiques) ; parmi ces dernières, seuls le <i>d</i> et le <i>m</i> ont trois formes différentes pour chacune des trois voyelles (le <i>k</i>, le <i>g</i>, le <i>j</i> et le <i>v</i> ont une forme distincte devant deux des trois voyelles seulement). Par ailleurs, trois consonnes, le <i>t</i>, le <i>n</i> et le <i>r</i> sont partiellement syllabiques, avec la même forme devant <i>a</i> et <i>i</i> et une forme distincte devant le <i>u</i>. Par exemple, =< peut se prononcer <i>na</i> ou <i>ni</i>, alors que <<= se prononce <i>nu</i>. Des syllabes ambiguës telles que =< (<i>na</i> ou <i>ni</i>) doivent être suivies par une voyelle pour que leur prononciation soit clarifiée, mais en pratique, même des syllabes univoques telles que <<= (<i>nu</i>), ou complètement syllabiques telles que <i>ma</i>, <i>mi</i> et <i>mu</i> sont suivies par des voyelles explicitant la prononciation. </p><p>L’effet est proche du son anglais <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[dʒ]</span>, qui s’écrit <i>g</i> devant un <i>i</i> ou un <i>e</i>, mais <i>j</i> devant d’autres voyelles (<i>gem</i> et <i>jam</i>, par exemple), ou du son espagnol <span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[θ]</span>, qui s’écrit avec un <i>c</i> devant un <i>i</i> ou un <i>e</i> et <i>z</i> devant les autres voyelles (<i>cinco</i> et <i>zapato</i>, par exemple). Il serait ainsi plus juste de dire que les consonnes du vieux perse s’écrivent avec des lettres différentes selon la voyelle qui les suit, plutôt que de classer l’écriture vieux-perse comme syllabique. Cette situation a son origine dans l’écriture cunéiforme <a href="/wiki/Assyrie" title="Assyrie">assyrienne</a>, dans laquelle de nombreuses distinctions syllabiques ont été perdues et furent souvent clarifiées grâce à des voyelles explicites. Cependant, dans le cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Assyrien" title="Assyrien">assyrien</a>, la voyelle n’était pas utilisée tout le temps, et elle n’était jamais utilisée lorsqu’elle n’était pas nécessaire, caractéristique d’un système logo-syllabique. </p><p><span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser au minimum la décennie ou l'année." style="cursor:help;">Pendant un temps</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Quand" title="Aide:Quand">[Quand ?]</a></sup>, <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser la personne ou l'organisation qui fait cette affirmation." style="cursor:help;">certains</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Qui" title="Aide:Qui">[Qui ?]</a></sup> ont pu imaginer que l’alphabet est né d’un système de ce type, une modification des signes des consonnes amenant à la constitution d’alphabets tels que l'<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_ougaritique" title="Alphabet ougaritique">alphabet ougaritique</a>. Aujourd’hui, cependant, on considère que l’alphabet sémitique est né des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_hi%C3%A9roglyphique_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Écriture hiéroglyphique égyptienne">hiéroglyphes</a> égyptiens, dans lesquels la notation des voyelles n’était pas très importante. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le nom de l’écriture n’a pas de trait d’union, mais l’adjectif dérivé en prend un : voir sur l’application <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/autorites/autorites.html">Idref</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/ABES" class="mw-redirect" title="ABES">ABES</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/027255727">http://www.idref.fr/027255727</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lecoq1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Lecoq1997">Pierre Lecoq, <cite class="italique">Les inscriptions de la Perse achéménide</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « L’Aube des peuples », <time>1997</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">22–23</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+inscriptions+de+la+Perse+ach%C3%A9m%C3%A9nide&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Lecoq&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=22%E2%80%9323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVieux+perse"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bachenheimer2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Avi_Bachenheimer2018"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Avi_Bachenheimer" title="Avi Bachenheimer">Avi <span class="nom_auteur">Bachenheimer</span></a>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Old Persian: Dictionary, Glossary and Concordance</cite>, Wiley Publishers, <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=i_tyDwAAQBAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Persian%3A+Dictionary%2C+Glossary+and+Concordance&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishers&rft.aulast=Bachenheimer&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AVieux+perse"></span></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieux_perse&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier 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cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>55 langues</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Ajouter un sujet</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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