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Britannica">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volume_25" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volume 25">Volume 25</a></span><div class="header-section-text">Sonata</div></span></div><div class="wst-header-forward searchaux wst-unknown-forward"><div class="wst-header-forward-link"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sonata_Forms" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sonata Forms">Sonata Forms</a></div><div class="wst-header-forward-arrow">→</div></div></div><div class="wst-header-notes header_notes searchaux wst-unknown-notes"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14321584">.mw-parser-output .plainSister{display:block;font-size:93%;line-height:normal;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none;list-style-position:outside;border:1px solid #AAA;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5ex 0 0.5ex 0.5ex;padding:0;background:#FFFFFF;color:#202122}.mw-parser-output .sisicon,.mw-parser-output .dabicon{padding-right:1ex}</style><ul class="plainSister"><li class="sisitem"><span class="sisicon"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix"><img alt="Sister Projects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/18px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/36px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:SiteMatrix" title="Special:SiteMatrix">sister projects</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata" class="extiw" title="w:Sonata">Wikipedia article</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sonata" class="extiw" title="wikt:sonata">definition</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84697267" class="extiw" title="d:Q84697267">Wikidata item</a></li></ul><div class="wst-header-content header_notes_content wst-header-notes-content wst-unknown-notes-content"> <p><b>See also</b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata" class="extiw" title="w:Sonata">Sonata</a> on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="w:Main Page">Wikipedia</a>; and our <a href="/wiki/Wikisource:WikiProject_1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Project_Disclaimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource:WikiProject 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Project Disclaimer">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica disclaimer</a>. </p> </div></div><div class="ws-noexport" id="ws-data" style="speak:none"><span id="ws-article-id">2952828</span><span id="ws-title"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Volume_25" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Volume 25">Volume 25</a> — Sonata</span></div></div> <div class="prp-pages-output" lang="en"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14131441/mw-parser-output/.prp-pages-output">.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder,.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder{border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid black;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder th{border-bottom:1px solid black;border-left:1px solid black;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border:1px solid black;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder th{border-left:1px solid black;border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablecolhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._tablegridhdborder td{border-left:1px solid;border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding-left:5px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output ._colcenternotfirst tr>td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .__cellpadding3 td{padding:3px}.mw-parser-output .prp-pages-output .wst-smallrefs{font-size:90%}</style><span><span class="pagenum ws-pagenum" id="394" data-page-number="394" data-page-name="Page:EB1911 - Volume 25.djvu/410" data-page-index="410" data-page-quality="3" title="Page:EB1911_-_Volume_25.djvu/410"><span id="pageindex_410" class="pagenum-inner ws-noexport"></span></span></span><b>SONATA</b> (From Ital. <i>sonare</i>, to sound), in music, originally merely a piece “played” as opposed to “cantata,” a piece sung, though the term is said to have been applied once or twice to a vocal composition. By the time of Corelli two polyphonic types of sonata were established, the <i>sonata da chiesa</i> and the <i>sonata da camera</i>. </p><p>The <i>sonata da chiesa</i>, generally for one or more violins and bass, consisted normally of a slow introduction, a loosely fugued allegro, a cantabile slow movement<sup id="cite_ref-f1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a lively finale in some such “binary” form (see <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sonata_Forms" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sonata Forms">Sonata Forms</a></span>) as suggests affinity with the dance-tunes of the <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Suite" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Suite">Suite</a></span> (<i>q.v.</i>). This scheme, however, is not very clearly defined, until the works of Bach and Handel, when it becomes the sonata <i>par excellence</i> and persists as a tradition of Italian violin music even into the early 19th century in the works of Boccherini. </p><p>The <i>sonata da camera</i> consisted almost entirely of idealized dance-tunes. By the time of Bach and Handel it had, on the one hand, become entirely separate from the sonata, and was known as the <i>suite</i>, <i>partita</i>, <i>ordre</i> or (when it had a prelude in the form of a French opera-overture) the <i>overture</i>. On the other hand, the features of <i>sonata da chiesa</i> and <i>sonata da camera</i> became freely intermixed. But Bach, who does not use those titles, yet keeps the two types so distinct that they can be recognized by style and form. Thus, in his six solo violin sonatas, Nos. 1, 3 and 5 are <i>sonate de chiesa</i>, and Nos. 2, 4 and 6 are called partitas, but are admissible among the sonatas as being <i>sonate da camera</i>. </p><p>The sonatas of <a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scarlatti,_Alessandro#Domenico" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scarlatti, Alessandro">Domenico Scarlatti</a> (<i>q.v.</i>) are a special type determined chiefly by those kinds of keyboard technique that are equally opposed, on the one hand, to contrapuntal style, and, on the other hand, to the supporting of melodies on a lifeless accompaniment. Longo’s complete collection of Scarlatti’s sonatas shows that, short of the true developed sonata-style, there is nothing between the old <i>sonata da chiesa</i> and Beethovenish experiments in unorthodox “complementary keys” that Scarlatti does not carry off with a delightfully irresponsible “impressionism” that enables him to be modern in effect without any serious modern principle. Great, however, as the variety of his forms is now known to be, and numerous as are the newly published slow movements, the normal Scarlatti sonata is that which the concert-player popularizes; fireworks in binary form, with a perfunctory opening, a crowd of pregnant ideas in the complementary key, and, after the double bar, a second part reproducing these ideas as soon as possible in the tonic. The sonatas of Paradies are mild and elongated works of this type with a graceful and melodious little second move, ment added. The manuscript on which Longo bases his edition of Scarlatti frequently shows a similar juxtaposition of movements, though without definite indication of their connexion The style is still traceable in the sonatas of the later classics., whenever a first movement is in a uniform rush of rapid motion, as in Mozart’s violin sonata in F (Köchel’s Catalogue, No. 377), and in several of Clementi’s best works. </p><p>The sonata in its main classical significance is a work for one or two instruments consisting of a group of movements, four movements being the full scheme; the last movement in the same key as the first; each movement normally in one tempo, complete in design, independent from the other movements in themes, but aptly related to them in key and style; and constructed in the <span class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><a href="/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sonata_Forms" title="1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sonata Forms">Sonata Forms</a></span> (<i>q.v.</i>). </p><p>Though, since the time of Bach (when trios were called sonatas), the term is not applied to works for more than two instruments, the full (and even the normal) characteristics of this most important of all instrumental art-forms are rarely revealed except in trios, quartets, &c, and symphonies. </p><p>  </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12988171">.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs{font-size:83%;clear:both;line-height:1.25;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs-ruled{border-top:1px solid black;padding-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references.uksi{margin-top:0;list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .wst-smallrefs ol.references.uksi li::marker{font-weight:bold}</style> <div class="prp-pages-output"><div class="reflist wst-smallrefs" style="font-size:90%;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-f1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-f1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> A <i>movement</i> is a piece of music forming a complete design, or at least not merely introductory; and within such limits as either to contain no radical change of pace or else to treat changes of pace in a simple and symmetrical alternation of episodes. 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