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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Literary_estate" title="Special:EditPage/Literary estate">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Literary+estate%22">"Literary estate"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Literary+estate%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Literary+estate%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Literary+estate%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Literary+estate%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Literary+estate%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deceased author's copyright and intellectual property</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068,_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adrian Conan Doyle (left) executor of the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10068%2C_Schriftsteller_Conan_Doyle_mit_seinem_Sohn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Conan_Doyle" title="Adrian Conan Doyle">Adrian Conan Doyle</a> (left) son and from 1940, executor of the literary estate of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>literary estate</b> of a deceased <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> consists mainly of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights of published works, including <a href="/wiki/Film_rights" title="Film rights">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> rights, original manuscripts of published work, unpublished or partially completed work, and papers of intrinsic literary interest such as correspondence or personal diaries and records. In <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Nachlass" title="Nachlass">Nachlass</a></i> for the legacy of papers is often used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_executor">Literary executor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_estate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literary executor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Literary_estate&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Literary_estate" title="Talk:Literary estate">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>literary executor</b> is a person acting on behalf of beneficiaries (e.g. family members, a designated charity, a research library or archive) under a deceased author's <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>. The executor is responsible for entering into contracts with publishers, collecting royalties, maintaining copyrights, and (where appropriate) arranging for the deposit of letters. According to <i>Wills, Administration and Taxation: a practical guide</i> (1990, UK)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A will may appoint different executors to deal with different parts of the estate. One example of this is the appointment of a literary executor to deal with literary effects [...]". </p><p>Since the literary estate is a legacy to the author's <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heirs</a>, the management of it in financial terms is a responsibility of trust. The position of literary <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a> extends beyond the monetary aspect, though: appointment to such a position, perhaps informally, is often a matter of the author's choice during his or her lifetime. </p><p>If a sympathetic and understanding friend is in the position of literary executor, there can be conflict: what is to be managed is not just a portfolio of intellectual property but a posthumous reputation. Wishes of the deceased author may have been clearly expressed but are not always respected. Family members often express strong feelings about privacy of the dead. For example, biographical writing is likely to be of a quite different authority if it is carried out with access to private papers. The literary executor then becomes a gatekeeper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_estate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of literary executors include Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Marsh_(polymath)" title="Edward Marsh (polymath)">Edward Marsh</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Baldwin Ross">Robert Baldwin Ross</a> for <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hayward_Barlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hayward Barlow">Robert Hayward Barlow</a> for <a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">H. P. Lovecraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rush_Rhees" title="Rush Rhees">Rush Rhees</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._H._von_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="G. H. von Wright">G. H. von Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Nathan" title="Otto Nathan">Otto Nathan</a> for <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a> for <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(Crawdaddy)" title="Paul Williams (Crawdaddy)">Paul Williams</a> for <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>. </p><p>A particularly notorious example is <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche</a> for <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, as she resorted to fraud to make her brother's <i>Nachlass</i> more compatible with Nazi ideology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An exceptionally productive example is that of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>. Although he did not originally intend that the stenographs of his thousands of lectures be published, he relented and named his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Steiner-von_Sivers" title="Marie Steiner-von Sivers">Marie Steiner-von Sivers</a>, to direct his <i>Nachlass</i>, which has produced more than three hundred volumes since his death in 1925. </p><p>Older examples of such appointments, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Digby" title="Kenelm Digby">Kenelm Digby</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a>, are essentially editorial rather than legal. A contemporary case is <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s papers. </p><p>A notable example is the case of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, who left no will. His friend <a href="/wiki/Max_Brod" title="Max Brod">Max Brod</a> assumed the function of literary executor, though most of the literary estate was legally owned by Marianne Steiner and Věra Saudková.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_estate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Association_Litt%C3%A9raire_et_Artistique_Internationale" title="Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale">Association Littéraire et Artistique Internationale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlist" title="Backlist">Backlist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_protection_for_fictional_characters" title="Copyright protection for fictional characters">Copyright protection for fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_inheritance" title="Digital inheritance">Digital inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs,_Inc." title="Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.">Edgar Rice Burroughs, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klinger_v._Conan_Doyle_Estate,_Ltd." title="Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Ltd.">Klinger v. Conan Doyle Estate, Ltd.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Classics" title="Protection of Classics">Protection of Classics</a> – Provision of copyright law in Nordic countries</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Plon_et_autres_v._Pierre_Hugo_et_autres" title="Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres">Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suntrust_Bank_v._Houghton_Mifflin_Co." title="Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co.">Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co.</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_estate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarlow,_J._S.,_King,_L._C.,_King,_A._G.1990" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, J. S., King, L. C., King, A. G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA192"><i>Wills, Administration and Taxation: a practical guide</i></a>. Sweet and Maxwell, London. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780421431003" title="Special:BookSources/9780421431003"><bdi>9780421431003</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wills%2C+Administration+and+Taxation%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Sweet+and+Maxwell%2C+London&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780421431003&rft.au=Barlow%2C+J.+S.%2C+King%2C+L.+C.%2C+King%2C+A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUAOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+estate" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reed, T. J. "Pasley, Sir John Malcolm". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). 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