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} .loading { visibility: hidden; } .detail-page .post-footer .cmt_iframe_holder { padding-top: 40px !important; } /** Desktop **/ @media (max-width: 900px) { .col-right { display: none; } .col-main { margin-right: 0; min-width: initial; } .footer-outer { display: none; } .cols-wrapper { min-width: initial; } .google-footer-outer { background-color: #f5f5f5; } } /** Tablet **/ @media (max-width: 712px) { .header-outer, .cols-wrapper, .footer-outer, .google-footer-outer { padding: 0 40px; } } /* An extra breakpoint accommodating for long blog titles. */ @media (max-width: 600px) { .header-left { height: 100%; position: initial; top: inherit; margin-top: 0; -webkit-transform: initial; transform: initial; } .header-title { margin-top: 18px; } .header-inner { height: auto; margin-bottom: 32px; margin-top: 32px; } .header-desc { margin-top: 12px; } .header-inner .google-logo { height: 70px; margin-top: 3px; } .header-inner .google-logo img { height: 70px; } .header-title h2 { font-size: 32px; line-height: 76px; } } /** Mobile/small desktop window; also landscape. **/ @media (max-width: 480px), (max-height: 480px) { .header-outer, .cols-wrapper, .footer-outer, .google-footer-outer { padding: 0 16px; } .cols-wrapper { margin-top: 0; } .post-header .publishdate, .post .post-content { font-size: 16px; } .post .post-content { line-height: 28px; margin-bottom: 30px; } .post { margin-top: 30px; } .byline-author { display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 24px; margin-top: 6px; } #main .post .title a { font-weight: 500; color: #4c4c4c; color: rgba(0,0,0,.70); } #main .post .post-header { padding-bottom: 12px; } #main .post .post-header .published { margin-bottom: -8px; margin-top: 3px; } .post .read-more { display: block; margin-top: 14px; } .post .tr-caption { font-size: 12px; } #main .post .title a { font-size: 20px; line-height: 30px; } .post-content iframe { /* iframe won't keep aspect ratio when scaled down. */ max-height: 240px; } .post-content .separator img, .post-content .tr-caption-container img, .post-content iframe { margin-left: -16px; 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//]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://blog.chromium.org/'> <img alt="Chromium Blog" height="50" src="//1.bp.blogspot.com/-vkF7AFJOwBk/VkQxeAGi1mI/AAAAAAAARYo/57denvsQ8zA/s1600-r/logo_chromium.png"> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Chromium Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> News and developments from the open source browser project </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='1765996003748524559' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/making-chrome-quicer.html' itemprop='url' title='Making Chrome QUICer'> Making Chrome QUICer </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Tuesday, December 17, 2024 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <p> In October 2020, Chrome enabled <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/10/chrome-is-deploying-http3-and-ietf-quic.html">HTTP/3 by default</a>. HTTP/3 (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">RFC 9114</a>) runs over IETF QUIC (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">RFC9000</a>). Default-enabling HTTP/3 in Chrome resulted in improved performance compared not only HTTP/1 and HTTP/2, but also Google QUIC. Benefits included reduced Google search latency and fewer rebuffers for YouTube. </p> <p> The journey to optimizing performance did not end when HTTP/3 was default enabled. Recent advancements include the implementation of the HTTP/3 ORIGIN frame (<a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9412.html">RFC 9412</a>) and Server's Preferred Address (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000#name-servers-preferred-address">RFC 9000 Section 9.6</a>). The former enhances connection coalescing, while the latter reduces a connection's round trip time (RTT). Both features have been enabled by default in M131, which was released to Stable on 11/19. </p> <h3 style="text-align: left;">ORIGIN Frame</h3> <p> When a connection is established for a specific hostname, the server’s certificate typically contains numerous other hostnames for which the server is authoritative. However, a client cannot immediately send requests for those other hostnames on that connection without first performing a DNS lookup for the other hostname and verifying that the IP address of the connection matches the resolved address. This additional DNS resolution introduces latency and significantly reduces the likelihood of connection pooling due to potential IP mismatches. The metrics from Chrome indicate that nearly 20% of HTTP/3 connections would be unnecessary if not for this IP mismatch. </p> <p> Creating a new connection, even with QUIC 0-RTT, is expensive in terms of latency, memory, and CPU usage. This is because: </p> <ul> <li>DNS resolution adds latency unless cached locally in Chrome’s DNS cache.</li> <li>Both client and server must send multiple packets to complete a QUIC handshake.</li> <li>TLS necessitates CPU-intensive asymmetric cryptography on both ends.</li> <li>The congestion controller begins in its default state, potentially leading to under or over-sending.</li> <li>0-RTT might fail.</li> <li>Non-safe requests aren't sent via 0-RTT.</li> <li>More connections consume more memory.</li> </ul> <p> Additionally, features like HTTP priorities (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9218/">RFC 9218</a>) are only effective if there are multiple simultaneous responses to send. </p> <p> The HTTP/3 ORIGIN Frame (<a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9412.html">RFC 9412</a>) enables a server to indicate what domains it would like to pool onto a connection. Additionally, once the frame is received, it indicates other domains should not be pooled onto that connection, even if they are in the certificate. </p> <h3 style="text-align: left;">Server’s Preferred Address</h3> <p> In some cases, the initial server address to which the client connects is not the most efficient route. It might be behind an L4 load balancer, and connecting directly could increase stability. Particularly when using Anycast, it’s possible the server is distant from where traffic enters the network, creating a 3-legged path that increases the round trip time. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbECfw3krb6-1DM-wQBsBpPLhcLNGwGVMzEFW_XzUpumvfQzJSvVLJfZ1iwCyowq9QRE2bwl-GsQ8eArforqyyEBadmNN2iwUP59p3Rl428qWPqaJFu2JYe9o7QsuWa20R1s_isnM7efkNIMSetkmnyhFuQOtRt1-7G_e4NNb-BSfXP-DhVB_X5c6QZ0V/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-17%2012.07.47%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbECfw3krb6-1DM-wQBsBpPLhcLNGwGVMzEFW_XzUpumvfQzJSvVLJfZ1iwCyowq9QRE2bwl-GsQ8eArforqyyEBadmNN2iwUP59p3Rl428qWPqaJFu2JYe9o7QsuWa20R1s_isnM7efkNIMSetkmnyhFuQOtRt1-7G_e4NNb-BSfXP-DhVB_X5c6QZ0V/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-17%2012.07.47%20PM.png" /></a></div> <p> Once the handshake is confirmed, Server’s Preferred Address allows a server to indicate it would like the client to migrate to a different server IP. Though a QUIC connection is not bound to a single 4-tuple like TCP, this is the only type of migration in RFC9000 where the server can change its address. </p> <p> So far, only Google’s <a href="https://cloud.google.com/media-cdn/docs/overview">Media CDN</a> has widely enabled advertising an alternative address, but we expect more servers to adopt it soon. Testing has shown that this migration is successful over 99% of the time in Chrome and reduces average RTT by 40-80%. </p> <span class="post-author">Posted by Fan Yang and Ian Swett </span> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <p> In October 2020, Chrome enabled <a href="https://blog.chromium.org/2020/10/chrome-is-deploying-http3-and-ietf-quic.html">HTTP/3 by default</a>. HTTP/3 (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9114">RFC 9114</a>) runs over IETF QUIC (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000">RFC9000</a>). Default-enabling HTTP/3 in Chrome resulted in improved performance compared not only HTTP/1 and HTTP/2, but also Google QUIC. Benefits included reduced Google search latency and fewer rebuffers for YouTube. </p> <p> The journey to optimizing performance did not end when HTTP/3 was default enabled. Recent advancements include the implementation of the HTTP/3 ORIGIN frame (<a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9412.html">RFC 9412</a>) and Server's Preferred Address (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9000#name-servers-preferred-address">RFC 9000 Section 9.6</a>). The former enhances connection coalescing, while the latter reduces a connection's round trip time (RTT). Both features have been enabled by default in M131, which was released to Stable on 11/19. </p> <h3 style="text-align: left;">ORIGIN Frame</h3> <p> When a connection is established for a specific hostname, the server’s certificate typically contains numerous other hostnames for which the server is authoritative. However, a client cannot immediately send requests for those other hostnames on that connection without first performing a DNS lookup for the other hostname and verifying that the IP address of the connection matches the resolved address. This additional DNS resolution introduces latency and significantly reduces the likelihood of connection pooling due to potential IP mismatches. The metrics from Chrome indicate that nearly 20% of HTTP/3 connections would be unnecessary if not for this IP mismatch. </p> <p> Creating a new connection, even with QUIC 0-RTT, is expensive in terms of latency, memory, and CPU usage. This is because: </p> <ul> <li>DNS resolution adds latency unless cached locally in Chrome’s DNS cache.</li> <li>Both client and server must send multiple packets to complete a QUIC handshake.</li> <li>TLS necessitates CPU-intensive asymmetric cryptography on both ends.</li> <li>The congestion controller begins in its default state, potentially leading to under or over-sending.</li> <li>0-RTT might fail.</li> <li>Non-safe requests aren't sent via 0-RTT.</li> <li>More connections consume more memory.</li> </ul> <p> Additionally, features like HTTP priorities (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc9218/">RFC 9218</a>) are only effective if there are multiple simultaneous responses to send. </p> <p> The HTTP/3 ORIGIN Frame (<a href="https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc9412.html">RFC 9412</a>) enables a server to indicate what domains it would like to pool onto a connection. Additionally, once the frame is received, it indicates other domains should not be pooled onto that connection, even if they are in the certificate. </p> <h3 style="text-align: left;">Server’s Preferred Address</h3> <p> In some cases, the initial server address to which the client connects is not the most efficient route. It might be behind an L4 load balancer, and connecting directly could increase stability. Particularly when using Anycast, it’s possible the server is distant from where traffic enters the network, creating a 3-legged path that increases the round trip time. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbECfw3krb6-1DM-wQBsBpPLhcLNGwGVMzEFW_XzUpumvfQzJSvVLJfZ1iwCyowq9QRE2bwl-GsQ8eArforqyyEBadmNN2iwUP59p3Rl428qWPqaJFu2JYe9o7QsuWa20R1s_isnM7efkNIMSetkmnyhFuQOtRt1-7G_e4NNb-BSfXP-DhVB_X5c6QZ0V/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-17%2012.07.47%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="860" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPbECfw3krb6-1DM-wQBsBpPLhcLNGwGVMzEFW_XzUpumvfQzJSvVLJfZ1iwCyowq9QRE2bwl-GsQ8eArforqyyEBadmNN2iwUP59p3Rl428qWPqaJFu2JYe9o7QsuWa20R1s_isnM7efkNIMSetkmnyhFuQOtRt1-7G_e4NNb-BSfXP-DhVB_X5c6QZ0V/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-17%2012.07.47%20PM.png" /></a></div> <p> Once the handshake is confirmed, Server’s Preferred Address allows a server to indicate it would like the client to migrate to a different server IP. Though a QUIC connection is not bound to a single 4-tuple like TCP, this is the only type of migration in RFC9000 where the server can change its address. </p> <p> So far, only Google’s <a href="https://cloud.google.com/media-cdn/docs/overview">Media CDN</a> has widely enabled advertising an alternative address, but we expect more servers to adopt it soon. Testing has shown that this migration is successful over 99% of the time in Chrome and reduces average RTT by 40-80%. </p> <span class="post-author">Posted by Fan Yang and Ian Swett </span> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:Making Chrome QUICer&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/making-chrome-quicer.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/making-chrome-quicer.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/making-chrome-quicer.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='6631971075396591077' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/doubling-speedometer-scores-android.html' itemprop='url' title='How Chrome doubled its Speedometer scores on Android'> How Chrome doubled its Speedometer scores on Android </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> <span class='publishdate' itemprop='datePublished'> Wednesday, December 4, 2024 </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscHFeqCsz-nA-3e5XHLXHDD9nSRLgkL9jxZng8O_AiIn_WvC2G4x1AL4l-EgVAbPNAXQR3qZGmWzUtu6KjcagkBFKV4zg1vMWur7DaciR0i9eXaJrt6mFPM_OJcCBQBkXixZTSPh32YpsnM4LSq1y_ifhhRoIRuF5yB_so0zePYf8ko7kfnYnwsAqtu0F/s1600/Fast%20Curious_image.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscHFeqCsz-nA-3e5XHLXHDD9nSRLgkL9jxZng8O_AiIn_WvC2G4x1AL4l-EgVAbPNAXQR3qZGmWzUtu6KjcagkBFKV4zg1vMWur7DaciR0i9eXaJrt6mFPM_OJcCBQBkXixZTSPh32YpsnM4LSq1y_ifhhRoIRuF5yB_so0zePYf8ko7kfnYnwsAqtu0F/s1600/Fast%20Curious_image.png" /></a></div> <p> Today’s <em>The Fast and the Curious</em> post covers how Chrome achieved best-in-class Speedometer scores on mobile devices, resulting in faster and smoother web experiences for Android users. </p> <p> Chrome has always been about speed. Whether it's loading pages quickly, running complex web apps smoothly, or delivering a seamless browsing experience, performance is at the heart of our browser. And we're always looking for ways to make Chrome even faster. </p> <p> Over the last two years, we have been hard at work on a number of <strong>performance improvements for Android devices</strong>. We're excited to share some of the progress we've made. </p> <h1>Speedometer on Android </h1> <p> One of the key metrics we use to track Chrome's performance is the <a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer3.0/">Speedometer benchmark</a>. This benchmark is developed in collaboration with other major web browser engines and measures how quickly Chrome can complete interactions with web pages, including parsing/rendering HTML or CSS and running JavaScript. </p> <p> Since the release of Chrome M112, we've seen a <strong>significant increase in Speedometer 2.1 scores on Android devices [1]</strong>. In fact, on many devices, scores more than doubled, with the newest Snapdragon® 8 Elite Mobile Platform setting new records for Speedometer performance on mobile devices! These huge accomplishments are a testament to the work not only of the Chrome and Android teams, but also our silicon and SoC partners. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ULeiY7XhUwFlFUcyUnTZc8AorKMA5I5VhW3ENj7chwRB-Sgc_NQWPgNUBLnX7QhRIsBYH-THYueE-lg5hi4CVg_n-yrPvvCIUPXMmHagNT3Y9PpgID8nrwud7UAT5LMMkaHduXeylctnroj7aQHqOUefGucCKoW3MK6sfU1AsJshwEO2EMyfUkR1Vnm9/s1600/s2.1_rel.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1953" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ULeiY7XhUwFlFUcyUnTZc8AorKMA5I5VhW3ENj7chwRB-Sgc_NQWPgNUBLnX7QhRIsBYH-THYueE-lg5hi4CVg_n-yrPvvCIUPXMmHagNT3Y9PpgID8nrwud7UAT5LMMkaHduXeylctnroj7aQHqOUefGucCKoW3MK6sfU1AsJshwEO2EMyfUkR1Vnm9/s1600/s2.1_rel.jpg" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Since Chrome M112, Speedometer 2.1 scores have more than doubled on many Android devices. [1] </p> <h1>How Did We Do It?</h1> <p> The improvements resulted from several changes, including: </p> <ul> <li><strong>Build optimizations:</strong> We've made a number of changes to the way Chrome is built, which has resulted in faster code execution tuned to modern premium Android devices and SoCs.</li> <li><strong>V8 and Blink improvements:</strong> Many improvements to the JavaScript engine (V8) and the rendering engine (Blink) have further boosted performance.</li> <li><strong>Scheduling, OS and SoCs:</strong> We worked closely with Android partners to optimize the way Chrome interacts with the operating system and its thread scheduling to make the best use of the silicon on the devices.</li> </ul> <p> Let's take a closer look at each of these areas. </p> <h1>Build optimizations</h1> <p> The Android device ecosystem is very diverse. From entry-level phones to the newest premium ones, Chrome needs to run well on all devices. Up until last year, we shipped the same Chrome build to all these different Android devices. The memory and disk size constraints on entry-level devices resulted in Chrome having to prioritize a small binary size. Consequently, many modern build optimizations were out of reach, as they resulted in much larger binaries. </p> <p> With M113, Chrome was finally able to ship a <strong>separate higher-performance build targeting premium Android devices</strong> via the Google Play Store. While we still ship a more binary-size-constrained build to other devices, this approach allowed us to land some of those modern optimizations into the new premium build: </p> <ul> <li>By targeting 64-bit Arm instead of 32-bit Arm, we can make use of more efficient Arm instruction set features and larger 64-bit operations.</li> <li>Since binary size is less relevant on premium devices with large disks and sufficient memory, we can now compile C++ code <a href="https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/3936329">optimized for speed</a> (-O2 / -O3) rather than size (-Oz).</li> <li>Furthermore, we tweaked the inlining thresholds used by the compiler to enable more inlining in hot code (<a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/f5361ce9a99a600ec483e2694414d4fb638f1b6a">within</a> and <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/1cdd49ffd503bac5e6779d48503865bf5a5a0095">across modules</a>), while updating the model and policy used by another compiler pass (MLGO) to <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/a181985aec42c2547b774cd0e1e8903bd0c797b4">reduce inlining in cold code</a>.</li> <li>We now also apply <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/pgo.md">profile-guided optimization</a> (PGO) techniques to the build to further improve the code layout and optimization level for hot code.</li> <li>Finally, we improved cross-function code ordering by aligning Chrome's <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/orderfile.md">orderfile</a> generation with the new 64-bit build. We also now <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/1c90dc12223d10411b096a2fcda13b4a14e39ec2">include Speedometer 3</a>, the latest version of the industry-standard browser speed benchmark, in the workloads used to generate the orderfile.</li> </ul> <p> Together, these build optimizations account for more than half of the overall Speedometer score improvements. This progress was facilitated by our collaboration with Arm, who contributed valuable insights and improvements, including to identify and address inefficiencies in Chrome's PGO setup and inlining. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpBrRfRMVPKZIjnRSAo7Ea1Wsx00QrnL9VJQl7LEqMi3zWC7vLzfNlLY7tbNPjRzhhq44Yt7lxoY0sEA1OstCQKNcS3z6BWdmZpYxj-3UetcQtatu-4xusYX-LJ1sV76axpmvHvQ-dDVrOMJl4QK6tE1h_ACeK7WsWyduJXKZdkEccf7ng_WVEmygS59K/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-04%202.03.43%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="807" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpBrRfRMVPKZIjnRSAo7Ea1Wsx00QrnL9VJQl7LEqMi3zWC7vLzfNlLY7tbNPjRzhhq44Yt7lxoY0sEA1OstCQKNcS3z6BWdmZpYxj-3UetcQtatu-4xusYX-LJ1sV76axpmvHvQ-dDVrOMJl4QK6tE1h_ACeK7WsWyduJXKZdkEccf7ng_WVEmygS59K/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-04%202.03.43%20PM.png"/></a></div> <h1>V8 and Blink improvements</h1> <p> Chrome continuously improves the performance of its JavaScript and web rendering engines, V8 and Blink. Most optimizations are small in individual impact, but stacked together, these improvements add up and contributed most of the remaining Speedometer impact! Notable ones include: </p> <ul> <li>We now utilize an <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/dfbc1a660bbe3a219dbbd61365036009008188ad">optimized fast-path HTML parser</a> to parse innerHTML attributes.</li> <li>V8 launched its <em><a href="https://v8.dev/blog/sparkplug">Sparkplug</a></em> compiler tier, a super fast baseline compiler that sits right above its <em>Ignition</em> interpreter and generates non-optimized code very quickly. Later, V8 also launched <em><a href="https://v8.dev/blog/maglev">Maglev</a></em>, a new mid-tier compiler that generates semi-optimized code. It takes longer to do so than Sparkplug, but much less time than <em>Turbofan</em>, V8's ultra-optimizing compiler tier. All together, this new tiering hierarchy allows V8 to tier up more gradually, improving both performance and power consumption.</li> <li>We tuned our heuristics that decide when garbage collection occurs, targeting times <a href="https://crbug.com/333981063">when the rendering engine is idle</a> or <a href="https://crbug.com/333423696">when users navigate away from pages</a>.</li> <li>We landed many other incremental optimizations, e.g. to V8 and our parsing, style, layout, and text rendering engines.</li> </ul> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtu7_F9XtnMIHrTWHIowh8Ok8GpnlgOzz3dGInjQBVv0pD9IV3_u_keDOHQMixrpB5u3cj6rawxhPcLwMacBIYRWSiZ_UDV3VAhPkJ4K4X4KWGSE-1r5GT7sRj6i_JG8fc8ByUYymG6FfWgd6BnXitDZZJtH3w8SRU_RRd9FHvRthBnRwp-ny_9GZukMb/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-03%203.26.21%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtu7_F9XtnMIHrTWHIowh8Ok8GpnlgOzz3dGInjQBVv0pD9IV3_u_keDOHQMixrpB5u3cj6rawxhPcLwMacBIYRWSiZ_UDV3VAhPkJ4K4X4KWGSE-1r5GT7sRj6i_JG8fc8ByUYymG6FfWgd6BnXitDZZJtH3w8SRU_RRd9FHvRthBnRwp-ny_9GZukMb/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-03%203.26.21%20PM.png" /></a></div> <h1>Scheduling and OS</h1> <p> To achieve the best possible performance, Android partners invest heavily in tuning the operating system's thread scheduling and frequency scaling policies, as well as improving the performance of the Silicon itself. </p> <p> We worked closely with our partners to improve their tuning for Chrome and Speedometer. In particular, our collaboration with Qualcomm was very fruitful: By combining optimized scheduling policies with improved hardware performance, their newest Snapdragon 8 Elite mobile platform realized <a href="https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/12/need-for-speed-how-speedometer-enhances-mobile-browsing">a 60-80% improvement</a> in Speedometer 3.0 compared to its predecessor, resulting in class-leading web performance. This collaboration also highlighted important bottlenecks in Chrome's code, such as the need for improved PGO and opportunities in V8. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBrP6qtcXtpXbBPMBxAVshoG5TopQml-fHOgugFU6qvFugNR3neXsJxkHMHnRwqQAoL8MyBbszeIG5NHV-PRR2rgeVjCmjEnphZ2l_RARrdGL6oVVkO5RMjy_2yHqdTMJz4M_dMfVOGwHgU8nwqnzTgCBK8U4oau1TG3yxoPn5KJDv0iHSb8gSmRB5Ph7/s1600/s3.0_8650_vs_8750_low.gif" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="972" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBrP6qtcXtpXbBPMBxAVshoG5TopQml-fHOgugFU6qvFugNR3neXsJxkHMHnRwqQAoL8MyBbszeIG5NHV-PRR2rgeVjCmjEnphZ2l_RARrdGL6oVVkO5RMjy_2yHqdTMJz4M_dMfVOGwHgU8nwqnzTgCBK8U4oau1TG3yxoPn5KJDv0iHSb8gSmRB5Ph7/s1600/s3.0_8650_vs_8750_low.gif" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Speedometer 3.0 on Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (left) compared to Snapdragon 8 Elite (right), Chrome M131 </p> <h1>Why do these improvements matter?</h1> <p> Faster Speedometer scores translate to improvements in real user interactions with web content, such as faster page loads and interactions. Back at M112, loading a Google Docs document on Pixel Tablet took more than 50% longer than it does today -- that's the effect of a doubled Speedometer score! </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY78_K7cMn77sQY1_BvMNtWkxJoH_oHD5AwBdslqMINJHhTNlNHn7C57urPKBYgKs4IrVVHQoUgs_0X9eqrHdojtiS575ZFfcJ1yPyTU1tksRTOzGikUhHcbzL-a5sS3ELvidEDaw4lGQryREwwd2dSwR0mzhQ1PNKX7ViQib13zPdPaxDQvCCv2pi4ijy/s1600/gdocs-pixel-tablet-m112-vs-m129-30fps-halfsize.gif" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY78_K7cMn77sQY1_BvMNtWkxJoH_oHD5AwBdslqMINJHhTNlNHn7C57urPKBYgKs4IrVVHQoUgs_0X9eqrHdojtiS575ZFfcJ1yPyTU1tksRTOzGikUhHcbzL-a5sS3ELvidEDaw4lGQryREwwd2dSwR0mzhQ1PNKX7ViQib13zPdPaxDQvCCv2pi4ijy/s1600/gdocs-pixel-tablet-m112-vs-m129-30fps-halfsize.gif" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Chrome M112 vs. M129 on Pixel Tablet, loading a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-8CM2KW9OWUlsgUjXRrqYQ0dbCHoDytl7_JfeuHYFFw/edit">Google Doc</a> (frame count) </p> <p> [1] Speedometer 3 was released during M122, so results from Speedometer 2.1 are provided for a full picture. Measurements shown in graphs were taken on Pixel Tablet. </p> <span class="post-author">Posted by Eric Seckler, Software Engineer, Chrome </span> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </script> <noscript> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscHFeqCsz-nA-3e5XHLXHDD9nSRLgkL9jxZng8O_AiIn_WvC2G4x1AL4l-EgVAbPNAXQR3qZGmWzUtu6KjcagkBFKV4zg1vMWur7DaciR0i9eXaJrt6mFPM_OJcCBQBkXixZTSPh32YpsnM4LSq1y_ifhhRoIRuF5yB_so0zePYf8ko7kfnYnwsAqtu0F/s1600/Fast%20Curious_image.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="166" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjscHFeqCsz-nA-3e5XHLXHDD9nSRLgkL9jxZng8O_AiIn_WvC2G4x1AL4l-EgVAbPNAXQR3qZGmWzUtu6KjcagkBFKV4zg1vMWur7DaciR0i9eXaJrt6mFPM_OJcCBQBkXixZTSPh32YpsnM4LSq1y_ifhhRoIRuF5yB_so0zePYf8ko7kfnYnwsAqtu0F/s1600/Fast%20Curious_image.png" /></a></div> <p> Today’s <em>The Fast and the Curious</em> post covers how Chrome achieved best-in-class Speedometer scores on mobile devices, resulting in faster and smoother web experiences for Android users. </p> <p> Chrome has always been about speed. Whether it's loading pages quickly, running complex web apps smoothly, or delivering a seamless browsing experience, performance is at the heart of our browser. And we're always looking for ways to make Chrome even faster. </p> <p> Over the last two years, we have been hard at work on a number of <strong>performance improvements for Android devices</strong>. We're excited to share some of the progress we've made. </p> <h1>Speedometer on Android </h1> <p> One of the key metrics we use to track Chrome's performance is the <a href="https://browserbench.org/Speedometer3.0/">Speedometer benchmark</a>. This benchmark is developed in collaboration with other major web browser engines and measures how quickly Chrome can complete interactions with web pages, including parsing/rendering HTML or CSS and running JavaScript. </p> <p> Since the release of Chrome M112, we've seen a <strong>significant increase in Speedometer 2.1 scores on Android devices [1]</strong>. In fact, on many devices, scores more than doubled, with the newest Snapdragon® 8 Elite Mobile Platform setting new records for Speedometer performance on mobile devices! These huge accomplishments are a testament to the work not only of the Chrome and Android teams, but also our silicon and SoC partners. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ULeiY7XhUwFlFUcyUnTZc8AorKMA5I5VhW3ENj7chwRB-Sgc_NQWPgNUBLnX7QhRIsBYH-THYueE-lg5hi4CVg_n-yrPvvCIUPXMmHagNT3Y9PpgID8nrwud7UAT5LMMkaHduXeylctnroj7aQHqOUefGucCKoW3MK6sfU1AsJshwEO2EMyfUkR1Vnm9/s1600/s2.1_rel.jpg" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1006" data-original-width="1953" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ULeiY7XhUwFlFUcyUnTZc8AorKMA5I5VhW3ENj7chwRB-Sgc_NQWPgNUBLnX7QhRIsBYH-THYueE-lg5hi4CVg_n-yrPvvCIUPXMmHagNT3Y9PpgID8nrwud7UAT5LMMkaHduXeylctnroj7aQHqOUefGucCKoW3MK6sfU1AsJshwEO2EMyfUkR1Vnm9/s1600/s2.1_rel.jpg" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Since Chrome M112, Speedometer 2.1 scores have more than doubled on many Android devices. [1] </p> <h1>How Did We Do It?</h1> <p> The improvements resulted from several changes, including: </p> <ul> <li><strong>Build optimizations:</strong> We've made a number of changes to the way Chrome is built, which has resulted in faster code execution tuned to modern premium Android devices and SoCs.</li> <li><strong>V8 and Blink improvements:</strong> Many improvements to the JavaScript engine (V8) and the rendering engine (Blink) have further boosted performance.</li> <li><strong>Scheduling, OS and SoCs:</strong> We worked closely with Android partners to optimize the way Chrome interacts with the operating system and its thread scheduling to make the best use of the silicon on the devices.</li> </ul> <p> Let's take a closer look at each of these areas. </p> <h1>Build optimizations</h1> <p> The Android device ecosystem is very diverse. From entry-level phones to the newest premium ones, Chrome needs to run well on all devices. Up until last year, we shipped the same Chrome build to all these different Android devices. The memory and disk size constraints on entry-level devices resulted in Chrome having to prioritize a small binary size. Consequently, many modern build optimizations were out of reach, as they resulted in much larger binaries. </p> <p> With M113, Chrome was finally able to ship a <strong>separate higher-performance build targeting premium Android devices</strong> via the Google Play Store. While we still ship a more binary-size-constrained build to other devices, this approach allowed us to land some of those modern optimizations into the new premium build: </p> <ul> <li>By targeting 64-bit Arm instead of 32-bit Arm, we can make use of more efficient Arm instruction set features and larger 64-bit operations.</li> <li>Since binary size is less relevant on premium devices with large disks and sufficient memory, we can now compile C++ code <a href="https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/c/chromium/src/+/3936329">optimized for speed</a> (-O2 / -O3) rather than size (-Oz).</li> <li>Furthermore, we tweaked the inlining thresholds used by the compiler to enable more inlining in hot code (<a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/f5361ce9a99a600ec483e2694414d4fb638f1b6a">within</a> and <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/1cdd49ffd503bac5e6779d48503865bf5a5a0095">across modules</a>), while updating the model and policy used by another compiler pass (MLGO) to <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/a181985aec42c2547b774cd0e1e8903bd0c797b4">reduce inlining in cold code</a>.</li> <li>We now also apply <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/refs/heads/main/docs/pgo.md">profile-guided optimization</a> (PGO) techniques to the build to further improve the code layout and optimization level for hot code.</li> <li>Finally, we improved cross-function code ordering by aligning Chrome's <a href="https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/main/docs/orderfile.md">orderfile</a> generation with the new 64-bit build. We also now <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/1c90dc12223d10411b096a2fcda13b4a14e39ec2">include Speedometer 3</a>, the latest version of the industry-standard browser speed benchmark, in the workloads used to generate the orderfile.</li> </ul> <p> Together, these build optimizations account for more than half of the overall Speedometer score improvements. This progress was facilitated by our collaboration with Arm, who contributed valuable insights and improvements, including to identify and address inefficiencies in Chrome's PGO setup and inlining. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpBrRfRMVPKZIjnRSAo7Ea1Wsx00QrnL9VJQl7LEqMi3zWC7vLzfNlLY7tbNPjRzhhq44Yt7lxoY0sEA1OstCQKNcS3z6BWdmZpYxj-3UetcQtatu-4xusYX-LJ1sV76axpmvHvQ-dDVrOMJl4QK6tE1h_ACeK7WsWyduJXKZdkEccf7ng_WVEmygS59K/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-04%202.03.43%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0; text-align: center; "><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="807" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDpBrRfRMVPKZIjnRSAo7Ea1Wsx00QrnL9VJQl7LEqMi3zWC7vLzfNlLY7tbNPjRzhhq44Yt7lxoY0sEA1OstCQKNcS3z6BWdmZpYxj-3UetcQtatu-4xusYX-LJ1sV76axpmvHvQ-dDVrOMJl4QK6tE1h_ACeK7WsWyduJXKZdkEccf7ng_WVEmygS59K/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-04%202.03.43%20PM.png"/></a></div> <h1>V8 and Blink improvements</h1> <p> Chrome continuously improves the performance of its JavaScript and web rendering engines, V8 and Blink. Most optimizations are small in individual impact, but stacked together, these improvements add up and contributed most of the remaining Speedometer impact! Notable ones include: </p> <ul> <li>We now utilize an <a href="https://chromiumdash.appspot.com/commit/dfbc1a660bbe3a219dbbd61365036009008188ad">optimized fast-path HTML parser</a> to parse innerHTML attributes.</li> <li>V8 launched its <em><a href="https://v8.dev/blog/sparkplug">Sparkplug</a></em> compiler tier, a super fast baseline compiler that sits right above its <em>Ignition</em> interpreter and generates non-optimized code very quickly. Later, V8 also launched <em><a href="https://v8.dev/blog/maglev">Maglev</a></em>, a new mid-tier compiler that generates semi-optimized code. It takes longer to do so than Sparkplug, but much less time than <em>Turbofan</em>, V8's ultra-optimizing compiler tier. All together, this new tiering hierarchy allows V8 to tier up more gradually, improving both performance and power consumption.</li> <li>We tuned our heuristics that decide when garbage collection occurs, targeting times <a href="https://crbug.com/333981063">when the rendering engine is idle</a> or <a href="https://crbug.com/333423696">when users navigate away from pages</a>.</li> <li>We landed many other incremental optimizations, e.g. to V8 and our parsing, style, layout, and text rendering engines.</li> </ul> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtu7_F9XtnMIHrTWHIowh8Ok8GpnlgOzz3dGInjQBVv0pD9IV3_u_keDOHQMixrpB5u3cj6rawxhPcLwMacBIYRWSiZ_UDV3VAhPkJ4K4X4KWGSE-1r5GT7sRj6i_JG8fc8ByUYymG6FfWgd6BnXitDZZJtH3w8SRU_RRd9FHvRthBnRwp-ny_9GZukMb/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-03%203.26.21%20PM.png" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="574" data-original-width="1235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxtu7_F9XtnMIHrTWHIowh8Ok8GpnlgOzz3dGInjQBVv0pD9IV3_u_keDOHQMixrpB5u3cj6rawxhPcLwMacBIYRWSiZ_UDV3VAhPkJ4K4X4KWGSE-1r5GT7sRj6i_JG8fc8ByUYymG6FfWgd6BnXitDZZJtH3w8SRU_RRd9FHvRthBnRwp-ny_9GZukMb/s1600/Screenshot%202024-12-03%203.26.21%20PM.png" /></a></div> <h1>Scheduling and OS</h1> <p> To achieve the best possible performance, Android partners invest heavily in tuning the operating system's thread scheduling and frequency scaling policies, as well as improving the performance of the Silicon itself. </p> <p> We worked closely with our partners to improve their tuning for Chrome and Speedometer. In particular, our collaboration with Qualcomm was very fruitful: By combining optimized scheduling policies with improved hardware performance, their newest Snapdragon 8 Elite mobile platform realized <a href="https://www.qualcomm.com/news/onq/2024/12/need-for-speed-how-speedometer-enhances-mobile-browsing">a 60-80% improvement</a> in Speedometer 3.0 compared to its predecessor, resulting in class-leading web performance. This collaboration also highlighted important bottlenecks in Chrome's code, such as the need for improved PGO and opportunities in V8. </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBrP6qtcXtpXbBPMBxAVshoG5TopQml-fHOgugFU6qvFugNR3neXsJxkHMHnRwqQAoL8MyBbszeIG5NHV-PRR2rgeVjCmjEnphZ2l_RARrdGL6oVVkO5RMjy_2yHqdTMJz4M_dMfVOGwHgU8nwqnzTgCBK8U4oau1TG3yxoPn5KJDv0iHSb8gSmRB5Ph7/s1600/s3.0_8650_vs_8750_low.gif" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="972" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBBrP6qtcXtpXbBPMBxAVshoG5TopQml-fHOgugFU6qvFugNR3neXsJxkHMHnRwqQAoL8MyBbszeIG5NHV-PRR2rgeVjCmjEnphZ2l_RARrdGL6oVVkO5RMjy_2yHqdTMJz4M_dMfVOGwHgU8nwqnzTgCBK8U4oau1TG3yxoPn5KJDv0iHSb8gSmRB5Ph7/s1600/s3.0_8650_vs_8750_low.gif" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Speedometer 3.0 on Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (left) compared to Snapdragon 8 Elite (right), Chrome M131 </p> <h1>Why do these improvements matter?</h1> <p> Faster Speedometer scores translate to improvements in real user interactions with web content, such as faster page loads and interactions. Back at M112, loading a Google Docs document on Pixel Tablet took more than 50% longer than it does today -- that's the effect of a doubled Speedometer score! </p> <div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY78_K7cMn77sQY1_BvMNtWkxJoH_oHD5AwBdslqMINJHhTNlNHn7C57urPKBYgKs4IrVVHQoUgs_0X9eqrHdojtiS575ZFfcJ1yPyTU1tksRTOzGikUhHcbzL-a5sS3ELvidEDaw4lGQryREwwd2dSwR0mzhQ1PNKX7ViQib13zPdPaxDQvCCv2pi4ijy/s1600/gdocs-pixel-tablet-m112-vs-m129-30fps-halfsize.gif" style="display: block; padding: 1em 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY78_K7cMn77sQY1_BvMNtWkxJoH_oHD5AwBdslqMINJHhTNlNHn7C57urPKBYgKs4IrVVHQoUgs_0X9eqrHdojtiS575ZFfcJ1yPyTU1tksRTOzGikUhHcbzL-a5sS3ELvidEDaw4lGQryREwwd2dSwR0mzhQ1PNKX7ViQib13zPdPaxDQvCCv2pi4ijy/s1600/gdocs-pixel-tablet-m112-vs-m129-30fps-halfsize.gif" /></a></div> <p style="text-align: center;"> Chrome M112 vs. M129 on Pixel Tablet, loading a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-8CM2KW9OWUlsgUjXRrqYQ0dbCHoDytl7_JfeuHYFFw/edit">Google Doc</a> (frame count) </p> <p> [1] Speedometer 3 was released during M122, so results from Speedometer 2.1 are provided for a full picture. Measurements shown in graphs were taken on Pixel Tablet. </p> <span class="post-author">Posted by Eric Seckler, Software Engineer, Chrome </span> <span itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </span> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Chromium Blog:How Chrome doubled its Speedometer scores on Android&url=https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/doubling-speedometer-scores-android.html&via=ChromiumDev'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </span> <span class='fb-custom social-wrapper' data-href='https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://blog.chromium.org/2024/12/doubling-speedometer-scores-android.html'> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' 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</li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Lite%20pages'> Lite pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20interventions'> loading interventions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/loading%20optimizations'> loading optimizations </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/lock%20icon'> lock icon </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/long-tail'> long-tail </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mac'> mac </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/manifest%20v3'> manifest v3 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/metrics'> metrics </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/microsoft%20edge'> microsoft edge </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mixed%20forms'> mixed forms </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/mobile'> mobile </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/na'> na </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20client'> native client </a> <span dir='ltr'> 8 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/native%20file%20system'> native file system </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/New%20Features'> New Features </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/notifications'> notifications </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/octane'> octane </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/open%20web'> open web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/origin%20trials'> origin trials </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeed%20insights'> pagespeed insights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pagespeedinsights'> pagespeedinsights </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/passwords'> passwords </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20handler'> payment handler </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payment%20request'> payment request </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/payments'> payments </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance'> performance </a> <span dir='ltr'> 20 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/performance%20tools'> performance tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permission%20UI'> permission UI </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/permissions'> permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/play%20store'> play store </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/portals'> portals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/prefetching'> prefetching </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy'> privacy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/privacy%20sandbox'> privacy sandbox </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/private%20prefetch%20proxy'> private prefetch proxy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/profile%20guided%20optimization'> profile guided optimization </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/progressive%20web%20apps'> progressive web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Project%20Strobe'> Project Strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/protection'> protection </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/pwa'> pwa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/QUIC'> QUIC </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/quieter%20permissions'> quieter permissions </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/releases'> releases </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/removals'> removals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/rlz'> rlz </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/root%20program'> root program </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/safe%20browsing'> safe browsing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/Secure%20DNS'> Secure DNS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/security'> security </a> <span dir='ltr'> 36 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/site%20isolation'> site isolation </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/slow%20loading'> slow loading </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/sms%20receiver'> sms receiver </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spam%20policy'> spam policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spdy'> spdy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/spectre'> spectre </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/speed'> speed </a> <span dir='ltr'> 4 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/ssl'> ssl </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/store%20listing'> store listing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/strobe'> strobe </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/subscription%20pages'> subscription pages </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/suspicious%20site%20reporter%20extension'> suspicious site reporter extension </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TCP'> TCP </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/the%20fast%20and%20the%20curious'> the fast and the curious </a> <span dir='ltr'> 23 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/TLS'> TLS </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tools'> tools </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/tracing'> tracing </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/transparency'> transparency </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/trusted%20web%20activities'> trusted web activities </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/twa'> twa </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20agent%20string'> user agent string </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/user%20data%20policy'> user data policy </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/v8'> v8 </a> <span dir='ltr'> 6 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/video'> video </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/wasm'> wasm </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web'> web </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20apps'> web apps </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20assembly'> web assembly </a> <span dir='ltr'> 2 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20developers'> web developers </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20intents'> web intents </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20packaging'> web packaging </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20payments'> web payments </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20platform'> web platform </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20request%20api'> web request api </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web%20vitals'> web vitals </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web.dev'> web.dev </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/web.dev%20live'> web.dev live </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webapi'> webapi </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webassembly'> webassembly </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webaudio'> webaudio </a> <span dir='ltr'> 3 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webgl'> webgl </a> <span dir='ltr'> 7 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/webkit'> webkit </a> <span dir='ltr'> 5 </span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://blog.chromium.org/search/label/WebM'> WebM </a> <span dir='ltr'> 1 </span> </li> 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none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/'> 2023 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2023/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/'> 2022 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2022/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> 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</li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/'> 2021 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2021/05/'> May </a> 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class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/'> 2020 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2020/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/'> 2019 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2019/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/'> 2018 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2018/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/'> 2017 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> 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</li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/04/'> Apr </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2017/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/'> 2016 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2016/11/'> Nov </a> 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class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/'> 2015 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/11/'> Nov </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/10/'> Oct </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/09/'> Sep </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/08/'> Aug </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/07/'> Jul </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/06/'> Jun </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2015/05/'> May </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' 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class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/03/'> Mar </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2014/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/'> 2013 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/02/'> Feb </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2013/01/'> Jan </a> </div> <div class='items'> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class='intervalToggle'> <span class='new-toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <i class='material-icons arrow'>  </i> </span> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)' style='display: none'> <span class='zippy'> <i class='material-icons'>  </i>   </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/'> 2012 </a> </div> <div class='items'> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <div class=''> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://blog.chromium.org/2012/12/'> Dec </a> </div> <div class='items'> 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