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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99hsul" title="Məhsul – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhsul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Ураджай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ураджай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendiment_en_agricultura" title="Rendiment en agricultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rendiment en agricultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgr%C3%B8de" title="Afgrøde – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afgrøde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ertrag_(Landwirtschaft)" title="Ertrag (Landwirtschaft) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ertrag (Landwirtschaft)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saagikus" title="Saagikus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saagikus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendimiento_agr%C3%ADcola" title="Rendimiento agrícola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rendimiento agrícola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="بازده محصول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازده محصول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendement_agricole" title="Rendement agricole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rendement agricole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բերքատվություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերքատվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C" title="उपज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasil_usaha_tani" title="Hasil usaha tani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hasil usaha tani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resa_agricola" title="Resa agricola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resa agricola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derlius" title="Derlius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Derlius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Газар тариалангийн ургац – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Газар тариалангийн ургац" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਫ਼ਸਲ ਪੈਦਾਵਾਰ (ਖੇਤੀ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਸਲ ਪੈਦਾਵਾਰ (ਖੇਤੀ ਉਤਪਾਦਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendimento_agr%C3%ADcola" title="Rendimento agrícola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rendimento agrícola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Урожай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урожай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sato" title="Sato – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sato" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Amount of farm product produced per unit area for a given time</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, the <b>yield</b> is a measurement of the amount of a <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crop</a> grown, or product such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land. The <b>seed ratio</b> is another way of calculating yields. </p><p>Innovations, such as the use of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, the creation of better farming tools, new methods of farming and improved <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">crop varieties</a>, have improved yields. The higher the yield and more <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive</a> use of the farmland, the higher the productivity and profitability of a farm; this increases the well-being of farming families. Surplus crops beyond the needs of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a> can be sold or bartered. The more grain or fodder a farmer can produce, the more draft animals such as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> could be supported and harnessed for labour and production of <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>. Increased crop yields also means fewer hands are needed on farm, freeing them for industry and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>. This, in turn, led to the formation and growth of cities, which then translated into an increased demand for foodstuffs or other agricultural products. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The units by which the yield of a crop is usually measured today are <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a> per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> per <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a>. </p><p>Long-term cereal yields in the United Kingdom were some 500 kg/ha in Medieval times, jumping to 2000 kg/ha in the Industrial Revolution, and jumping again to 8000 kg/ha in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each technological advance increasing the crop yield also reduces the society's <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Just as with productivity, discussed in the following paragraph, increasing crop yield - by not including all inputs - does not always reduce ecological footprint. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yields are related to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">agricultural productivity</a>, but are not synonymous. Agricultural productivity is measured in money produced per unit of land, but yields are measured in the weight of the crop produced per unit of land. A farmer can invest a large amount of money to increase his yields by a few percent, for example with an extremely expensive <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, but if that cost is so high that it does not produce a comparative <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>, his profits decline, and the higher yield can mean a lower agricultural productivity in this case. A yield is a 'partial measure of productivity', because it may fail to accurately measure the actual productivity of the farming operation by not including the totality of the inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seed_multiplication_ratio">Seed multiplication ratio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seed multiplication ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seed multiplication ratio is the ratio between the investment in seed versus the yield. For example, if three grains are <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvested</a> for each grain seeded, the resulting multiplication ratio is 1:3, which is considered by some <a href="/wiki/Agronomists" class="mw-redirect" title="Agronomists">agronomists</a> as the minimum required to sustain human life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the three seeds must be set aside for the next planting season, the remaining two either consumed by the grower, or for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> feed. In parts of Europe the seed ratio during the 9th century was merely 1:2.5, in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> it improved to 1:14 with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Three-field_system" title="Three-field system">three-field system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> around the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seed multiplication ratio is variable, subject to several factors. Agricultural improvements can raise the ratio, and revisions were recommended in 2018 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_of_physiological_relations">Law of physiological relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Law of physiological relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mitscherlich_(chemist)" title="Alexander Mitscherlich (chemist)">Alexander Mitscherlich</a> studied crop yields in 1909<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and articulated a "law of physiological relations".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was compared to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_diminishing_returns" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of diminishing returns">law of diminishing returns</a> in 1942, when <a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's law of the minimum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Limiting_factor" title="Limiting factor">limiting factors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Blackman" title="Frederick Blackman">Frederick Blackman</a> were also noted: </p> <dl><dd>Liebig's Law of the Minimum was the formulation of an idea that yield of a crop was determined primarily by the amounts of plant food that were present in minimum quantities. His idea was discussed later as the Limiting Factor by BLACKMAN and again by MITSCHERLICH as the Law of Physiological Relations. The latter was expressed as a logarithmic function between yield and the quantity of plant food constituents, which is virtually the Law of Diminishing Returns.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The relation was reviewed by Hans Schneeberger in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="grain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/28px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/42px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg/56px-Noto_Emoji_Oreo_1f33e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture_and_Agronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Agriculture and Agronomy">Agriculture and Agronomy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_Production_History" title="Actual Production History">Actual Production History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_productivity" title="Agricultural productivity">Agricultural productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_yield_monitor" title="Grain yield monitor">Grain yield monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_(wine)" title="Yield (wine)">Yield (wine)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Roser" title="Max Roser">Max Roser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Ritchie" title="Hannah Ritchie">Hannah Ritchie</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/long-term-cereal-yields-in-the-united-kingdom?time=1270..2014">Yields and Land Use in Agriculture</a>, 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPreckelHertelArndtNin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Preckel, Paul V.; Hertel, Thomas W.; Arndt, Channing; Nin, Alejandro (2003-11-01). "Bridging the Gap between Partial and Total Factor Productivity Measures Using Directional Distance Functions". <i>American Journal of Agricultural Economics</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 928–942. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8276.00498">10.1111/1467-8276.00498</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10.1111%2F1467-8276.00498">10.1111/1467-8276.00498</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9092">0002-9092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154456202">154456202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Agricultural+Economics&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+Gap+between+Partial+and+Total+Factor+Productivity+Measures+Using+Directional+Distance+Functions&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=928-942&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10.1111%2F1467-8276.00498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154456202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-9092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8276.00498&rft.aulast=Preckel&rft.aufirst=Paul+V.&rft.au=Hertel%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Arndt%2C+Channing&rft.au=Nin%2C+Alejandro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrop+yield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pipes, Richard (1974) <i>Russia under the Old Regime</i> (Charles Scribner's Sons, NY) p.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bornewasser, J.A. (1977): Winkler Prins Geschiedenis der Nederlanden Prehistorie tot 1500, Amsterdam/Brussel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-1001-744-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-1001-744-3">90-1001-744-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krishi Bhavan (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aicrp.icar.gov.in/nsp/revision-of-seed-multiplication-ratio-smr/">Revision of Seed Multiplication Ratio</a> from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitscherlich, E. A. (1909.) "Das Gesetz des Minimums und das Gesetz des abnehmenden Bodenertrags", <i>Land. Jahrb.</i>, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward Chesworth (editor)(2008) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EOYYM0-DAGQC&pg=PA434">Encyclopedia of Soil Science</a></i>, p. 434, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard S. Reed (1942) <i>A Short History of the Plant Sciences</i>, page 247, Chronica Botanica Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneeberger2009" class="citation web cs1">Schneeberger, Hans (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soil-statistic.de/mitscherlichs-law/mitscherlich.html">"Mitscherlich's Law: Sum of Two Exponential Processes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mitscherlich%27s+Law%3A+Sum+of+Two+Exponential+Processes&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Schneeberger&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoil-statistic.de%2Fmitscherlichs-law%2Fmitscherlich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrop+yield" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crop_yield&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieRosadoRoser2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/crop-yields">"Crop yields"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Crop+yields&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Rosado%2C+Pablo&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fcrop-yields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrop+yield" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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