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<span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automated_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Automated tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Recreational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptographic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptographic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cryptographic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptographic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages_of_obfuscation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages_of_obfuscation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Disadvantages of obfuscation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disadvantages_of_obfuscation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disadvantages of obfuscation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages_of_obfuscation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notifying_users_of_obfuscated_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notifying_users_of_obfuscated_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notifying users of obfuscated code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notifying_users_of_obfuscated_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obfuscation_and_copyleft_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obfuscation_and_copyleft_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Obfuscation and copyleft licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obfuscation_and_copyleft_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decompilers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decompilers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decompilers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decompilers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_obfuscation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_obfuscation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Model obfuscation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_obfuscation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Obfuscation (software)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="تعتيم (برمجة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعتيم (برمجة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofuscaci%C3%B3_de_codi" title="Ofuscació de codi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ofuscació de codi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscator" title="Obfuscator – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obfuscator" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuskation_(Software)" title="Obfuskation (Software) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obfuskation (Software)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofuscaci%C3%B3n#Informática" title="Ofuscación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ofuscación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AF" title="مبهم‌سازی کد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مبهم‌سازی کد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_imp%C3%A9n%C3%A9trable" title="Code impénétrable – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Code impénétrable" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EB%8F%85%ED%99%94" title="난독화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난독화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offuscamento_del_codice" title="Offuscamento del codice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Offuscamento del codice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C_(%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="ערפול (תוכנה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערפול (תוכנה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC)" title="ഓഫുസ്ക്കേഷൻ (സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയർ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓഫുസ്ക്കേഷൻ (സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയർ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscatie_(software)" title="Obfuscatie (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Obfuscatie (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E8%AA%AD%E5%8C%96_(%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2)" title="難読化 (ソフトウェア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="難読化 (ソフトウェア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaciemnianie_kodu" title="Zaciemnianie kodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zaciemnianie kodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Обфускация (программное обеспечение) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обфускация (программное обеспечение)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Маскирање кода – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маскирање кода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscator" title="Obfuscator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Obfuscator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%84%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Обфускація (програмне забезпечення) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обфускація (програмне забезпечення)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A2%BC%E9%9B%A3%E8%AE%80%E5%8C%96" title="代碼難讀化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代碼難讀化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E6%B7%B7%E6%B7%86" title="代码混淆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="代码混淆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1150647#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the term as used in natural language, see <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obfuscation</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, <b>obfuscation</b> is the act of creating <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> that is difficult for humans or computers to understand. Like <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obfuscation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>, it may use needlessly roundabout expressions to compose statements. Programmers may deliberately obfuscate code to conceal its purpose (<a href="/wiki/Security_through_obscurity" title="Security through obscurity">security through obscurity</a>) or its logic or implicit values embedded in it, primarily, in order to prevent tampering, deter <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a>, or even to create a <a href="/wiki/Puzzle" title="Puzzle">puzzle</a> or recreational challenge for someone reading the source code. This can be done manually or by using an automated tool, the latter being the preferred technique in industry.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architecture and characteristics of some languages may make them easier to obfuscate than others.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are some examples of languages easy to obfuscate. <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> is also quite obfuscatable<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite being quite different in structure. </p><p>The properties that make a language obfuscatable are not immediately obvious. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: explaining more obfuscation techniques in general. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Types of obfuscations include simple keyword substitution, use or non-use of whitespace to create artistic effects, and self-generating or heavily compressed programs. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nick_Montfort" title="Nick Montfort">Nick Montfort</a>, techniques may include: </p> <ol><li>naming obfuscation, which includes naming variables in a meaningless or deceptive way;</li> <li>data/code/comment confusion, which includes making some actual code look like comments or confusing syntax with data;</li> <li>double coding, which can be displaying code in poetry form or interesting shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_tools">Automated tools<span class="anchor" id="Obfuscating_software"></span><span class="anchor" id="Examples"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automated tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of tools exist to perform or assist with code obfuscation. These include experimental research tools created by academics, hobbyist tools, commercial products written by professionals, and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>. Deobfuscation tools also exist that attempt to perform the reverse transformation. </p><p>Although the majority of commercial obfuscation solutions work by transforming either program source code, or platform-independent bytecode as used by <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>, there are also some that work directly on compiled binaries. </p> <ul><li>Some <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> examples can be found in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/programming.html#is-it-possible-to-write-obfuscated-one-liners-in-python">official Python programming FAQ</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>movfuscator</i> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> for the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86_32 ISA</a> uses only the <a href="/wiki/X86_instruction_listings" title="X86 instruction listings"><i>mov</i></a> instruction in order to obfuscate.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational">Recreational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recreational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writing and reading obfuscated source code can be a <a href="/wiki/Brain_teaser" title="Brain teaser">brain teaser</a>. A number of programming contests reward the most creatively obfuscated code, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Obfuscated_C_Code_Contest" title="International Obfuscated C Code Contest">International Obfuscated C Code Contest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Obfuscated_Perl_Contest" title="Obfuscated Perl Contest">Obfuscated Perl Contest</a>. </p><p>Short obfuscated <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> programs may be used in <a href="/wiki/Signature_block" title="Signature block">signatures</a> of Perl programmers. These are JAPHs ("<a href="/wiki/Just_another_Perl_hacker" class="mw-redirect" title="Just another Perl hacker">Just another Perl hacker</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptographic">Cryptographic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cryptographic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">Indistinguishability obfuscation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black-box_obfuscation" title="Black-box obfuscation">Black-box obfuscation</a></div> <p>Cryptographers have explored the idea of obfuscating code so that reverse-engineering the code is <i>cryptographically</i> hard. This is formalized in the many proposals for <a href="/wiki/Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">indistinguishability obfuscation</a>, a cryptographic primitive that, if possible to build securely, would allow one to construct many other kinds of cryptography, including completely novel types that no one knows how to make. (A stronger notion, <a href="/wiki/Black-box_obfuscation" title="Black-box obfuscation">black-box obfuscation</a>, is known to be impossible in general.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages_of_obfuscation">Disadvantages of obfuscation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages of obfuscation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>While obfuscation can make reading, writing, and reverse-engineering a program difficult and time-consuming, it will not necessarily make it impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It adds time and complexity to the build process for the developers.</li> <li>It can make debugging issues after the software has been obfuscated extremely difficult.</li> <li>Once code is no longer maintained, hobbyists may want to maintain the program, add mods, or understand it better. Obfuscation makes it hard for end users to do useful things with the code.</li> <li>Certain kinds of obfuscation (i.e. code that isn't just a local binary and downloads mini binaries from a web server as needed) can degrade performance and/or require Internet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notifying_users_of_obfuscated_code">Notifying users of obfuscated code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notifying users of obfuscated code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some anti-virus softwares, such as <a href="/wiki/AVG_AntiVirus" title="AVG AntiVirus">AVG AntiVirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will also alert their users when they land on a website with code that is manually obfuscated, as one of the purposes of obfuscation can be to hide malicious code. However, some developers may employ code obfuscation for the purpose of reducing file size or increasing security. The average user may not expect their antivirus software to provide alerts about an otherwise harmless piece of code, especially from trusted corporations, so such a feature may actually deter users from using legitimate software. </p><p>Mozilla and Google disallow browser extensions containing obfuscated code in their add-ons store.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obfuscation_and_copyleft_licenses">Obfuscation and copyleft licenses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Obfuscation and copyleft licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been debate on whether it is illegal to skirt <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software licenses</a> by releasing source code in obfuscated form, such as in cases in which the author is less willing to make the source code available. The issue is addressed in the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> by requiring the "preferred form for making modifications" to be made available.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNU website states "Obfuscated 'source code' is not real source code and does not count as source code."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decompilers">Decompilers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decompilers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Decompiler" title="Decompiler">decompiler</a> can reverse-engineer source code from an executable or library. Decompilation is sometimes called a man-in-the-end (mite) attack, based on the traditional cryptographic attack known as "<a href="/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack" title="Man-in-the-middle attack">man-in-the-middle</a>". It puts source code in the hands of the user, although this source code is often difficult to read. The source code is likely to have random function and variable names, incorrect variable types, and use different logic than the original source code (due to compiler optimizations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_obfuscation">Model obfuscation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Model obfuscation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Model obfuscation</b> is a technique to hide the internal structure of a <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obfuscation turns a model into a black box. It is contrary to <a href="/wiki/Explainable_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Explainable AI">explainable AI</a>. Obfuscation models can also be applied to training data before feeding it into the model to add random noise. This hides sensitive information about the properties of individual and groups of samples.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AARD_code" title="AARD code">AARD code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_code" title="Spaghetti code">Spaghetti code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompilation">Decompilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_programming_language" title="Esoteric programming language">Esoteric programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quine_(computing)" title="Quine (computing)">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_instructions" class="mw-redirect" title="Overlapping instructions">Overlapping instructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphic_code" title="Polymorphic code">Polymorphic code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_obfuscation" title="Hardware obfuscation">Hardware obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underhanded_C_Contest" title="Underhanded C Contest">Underhanded C Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-to-source_compiler" title="Source-to-source compiler">Source-to-source compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProGuard_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="ProGuard (software)">ProGuard (Java Obfuscator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotfuscator" title="Dotfuscator">Dotfuscator (.Net Obfuscator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indistinguishability_obfuscation" title="Indistinguishability obfuscation">Indistinguishability obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_code_beautification" class="mw-redirect" title="Source code beautification">Source code beautification</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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"Privacy-preserving Machine Learning through Data Obfuscation". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1807.01860">1807.01860</a></span> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/cs.CR">cs.CR</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Privacy-preserving+Machine+Learning+through+Data+Obfuscation&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1807.01860&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Tianwei&rft.au=He%2C+Zecheng&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ruby+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObfuscation+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Seyyedhamzeh, Javad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121227220116/http://www.csi.org.ir/paper?conf=30&author_name=&paper_name=&abstract=&page=14">ABCME: A Novel Metamorphic Engine</a>, 17th National Computer Conference, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, 2012.</li> <li>B. Barak, O. Goldreich, R. Impagliazzo, S. Rudich, A. Sahai, S. Vadhan and K. Yang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109155736/http://math.ias.edu/~boaz/Papers/obfuscate.ps">"On the (Im)possibility of Obfuscating Programs"</a>. <i>21st Annual International Cryptology Conference</i>, Santa Barbara, California, USA. Springer Verlag LNCS Volume 2139, 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateasNick_Montfort" class="citation conference cs1">Mateas, Michael; Nick Montfort. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nickm.com/cis/a_box_darkly.pdf">"A Box, Darkly: Obfuscation, Weird Languages, and Code Aesthetics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 6th Digital Arts and Culture Conference, IT University of Copenhagen, 1–3 December 2005</i>. pp. 144–153. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623200755/http://nickm.com/cis/a_box_darkly.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=A+Box%2C+Darkly%3A+Obfuscation%2C+Weird+Languages%2C+and+Code+Aesthetics&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+6th+Digital+Arts+and+Culture+Conference%2C+IT+University+of+Copenhagen%2C+1%E2%80%933+December+2005&rft.pages=144-153&rft.aulast=Mateas&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Nick+Montfort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnickm.com%2Fcis%2Fa_box_darkly.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObfuscation+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obfuscation_(software)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ioccc.org/">The International Obfuscated C Code Contest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050308231232/http://www.cs.arizona.edu/~collberg/Research/Students/DouglasLow/obfuscation.html">Protecting Java Code Via Code Obfuscation</a>, ACM Crossroads, Spring 1998 issue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124025132/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~boaz/Papers/obf_informal.html">Can we obfuscate programs?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yury.name/obfuscation.html">Yury Lifshits. Lecture Notes on Program Obfuscation (Spring'2005)</a></li> <li><a href="https://wiki.c2.com/?BlackBoxComputation" class="extiw" title="c2:BlackBoxComputation">c2:BlackBoxComputation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">Arbitrary code execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backdoor_(computing)" title="Backdoor (computing)">Backdoors</a></li> <li>Bombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_bomb" title="Fork bomb">Fork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_bomb" title="Logic bomb">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(software)" title="Time bomb (software)">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_bomb" title="Zip bomb">Zip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_backdoor" title="Hardware backdoor">Hardware backdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_injection" title="Code injection">Code injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimeware" title="Crimeware">Crimeware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_scripting" title="Cross-site scripting">Cross-site scripting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leaks" title="Cross-site leaks">Cross-site leaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOM_clobbering" title="DOM clobbering">DOM 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