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<li id="toc-1897–1952_synagogue_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1897–1952_synagogue_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1897–1952 synagogue and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1897–1952_synagogue_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952–1977_apartheid-era_courtroom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952–1977_apartheid-era_courtroom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1952–1977 apartheid-era courtroom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952–1977_apartheid-era_courtroom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–present_(storage_and_vacant_state)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–present_(storage_and_vacant_state)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1977–present (storage and vacant state)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977–present_(storage_and_vacant_state)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&params=25.742589_S_28.188022_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°44′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">28°11′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.742589°S 28.188022°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.742589; 28.188022</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former Orthodox synagogue in Pretoria, South Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Old Synagogue</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Old Synagogue in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg/310px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg/465px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg/620px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(former)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Nusach Ashkenaz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical or organizational status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1898–1952)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Court_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Court house">Court house</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–1977)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Profane_use" title="Profane use">Profane use</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1977)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Pretoria Hebrew Congregation <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896–1952)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Infrastructure" title="Department of Public Works and Infrastructure">Department of Public Works and Infrastructure</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1952)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Year consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Closed</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(as a synagogue)</span>;</li><li>Repurposed</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Paul Kruger Street, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Synagogue, Pretoria is located in Pretoria"><img alt="Old Synagogue, Pretoria is located in Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png/250px-OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png/375px-OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png/500px-OpenStreetMap_Central_Pretoria.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="950" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.726%;left:45.393%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Old Synagogue, Pretoria"><img alt="Old Synagogue, Pretoria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">The location of the synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&params=25.742589_S_28.188022_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°44′33″S</span> <span class="longitude">28°11′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.742589°S 28.188022°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.742589; 28.188022</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #D3D3D3">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data note">Beardwood and Ibler</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Synagogue architecture</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data note">1897</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1898</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">Dome</a>(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Two <span style="font-size:85%;">(maybe more)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Old Synagogue</b>, also known as <b>The Pretoria Hebrew Congregation</b>, is a former <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> congregation, <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Court_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Court house">court house</a> on Paul Kruger Street in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It was consecrated in 1898 and closed as a synagogue in 1952, when the congregation moved to a larger site.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former synagogue building was subsequently expropriated and sold to the State for use as a Special Annex of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Supreme Court of South Africa</a> between 1956 and 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this period, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> was a defendant at the court in both the <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia</a> treason trials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-up_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, it was the setting for an inquest into the death of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now a Grade II Provincial Heritage Resource and protected under the National Heritage Resources Act (25 of 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building and site remains under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Infrastructure" title="Department of Public Works and Infrastructure">Department of Public Works and Infrastructure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1897–1952_synagogue_and_architecture"><span id="1897.E2.80.931952_synagogue_and_architecture"></span>1897–1952 synagogue and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1897–1952 synagogue and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>State President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kruger" title="Paul Kruger">Paul Kruger</a> gave the land to the local Jewish community to build a synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first permanent synagogue established in Pretoria, with the foundation stone laid in 1897, followed by consecration in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Kruger was invited to the consecration: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Our President was held in great respect by the Jews of the Transvaal. You will remember the story of how he was invited to open the synagogue in Pretoria. He made a little speech and then he declared the synagogue open ‘in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen’. But they didn’t hold it against him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ah,_but_Your_Land_Is_Beautiful" title="Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful">Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful</a></i>, 1983<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The building was designed by Beardwood and Ibler Architects, a <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> architecture practice.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originally had a <a href="/wiki/Polychromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychromatic">polychromatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> in an oriental style.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was based on the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilican</a> plan that was common among European synagogues, with elements of the western façade ranging from the central <a href="/wiki/Gothic_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic style">Gothic style</a> stained glass rose window to alternating horizontal bands of red and white brickwork, including the arched windows' surroundings, evocative of a <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flanking onion-shaped domes give the building its <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine Revival</a> style. The architects drew on influences from <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">Dohány Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)" title="Central Synagogue (Manhattan)">Central Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building also conformed with a stylistic vernacular of the time, "Victorian eclecticism and ZAR (Zuid-Afrikaans Republiek) style."<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The construction was beset by a lack of financial resources and in 1906, <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Marks" title="Sammy Marks">Sammy Marks</a> rescued the congregation by settling its mortgage on the building.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the congregation increased in size, it was apparent that a larger site would be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, the congregation relocated to a new, larger synagogue, the <b>Great Synagogue</b> on Pretorius Street.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candelabra, cornerstone and stained glass window of the main façade of the original synagogue were transferred to the new site.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952–1977_apartheid-era_courtroom"><span id="1952.E2.80.931977_apartheid-era_courtroom"></span>1952–1977 apartheid-era courtroom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1952–1977 apartheid-era courtroom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the relocation, the original site was expropriated and transferred to the ownership of the State;<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the community received £35,000 for the synagogue building and the site.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state had plans to redevelop the site as a new Supreme Court complex<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and intended to "adapt the Synagogue into a special Supreme Court" which would cater to "cases related to the security situation, the activities of the black opposition movements and socialist-communist alliances".<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In objection to plans for a court segregated on racial lines, a senior judge convinced Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd" title="Hendrik Verwoerd">Hendrik Verwoerd</a> to abandon the plans.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building instead functioned as a special annex of the Supreme Court for security-related cases.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-up_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elaborate brick façade was painted with "a coating of Public Works cream", typical of government buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional utility buildings were constructed for police accommodation, holding cells and witness waiting rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the synagogue was reconfigured for a law court, converting the altar into judicial benches, removing some of the stained glass windows and bricking up other windows.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A display of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> was also boarded up.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, the Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Louis_Isaac_Rabinowitz" title="Louis Isaac Rabinowitz">Louis Isaac Rabinowitz</a>, wrote to the Department of Justice, objecting to the new court being referred to as "the Old Synagogue", and also by the state broadcaster, the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabinowitz was dismayed at any association being made between the Treason Trial and a synagogue. He also requested that the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> symbol be removed from the building.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">1956 Treason Trial</a> was transferred to the site on 1 August 1958 and lasted until 29 March 1961. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> were among the defendants and all were acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandela returned for a second trial on 5 August 1962, in which he was received a five-year prison sentence with hard labour.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in custody, Mandela, Sisulu, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Goldberg" title="Denis Goldberg">Denis Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Govan_Mbeki" title="Govan Mbeki">Govan Mbeki</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mlangeni" title="Andrew Mlangeni">Andrew Mlangeni</a>, returned to the Old Synagogue for the hearings of the <a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were sentenced to life in prison on <a href="/wiki/Robben_Island" title="Robben Island">Robben Island</a>. This sentence was passed from the Palace of Justice and not the former synagogue. Mandela's first televised interview was also filmed in the synagogue and broadcast on January 31, 1961, by a Dutch television broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/AVRO" title="AVRO">AVRO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandela later recalled that "the synagogue was like a second home to me after four years of the Treason Trial."<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Gonville_ffrench-Beytagh" title="Gonville ffrench-Beytagh">Gonville ffrench-Beytagh</a>, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Dean_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean (religion)">Dean</a> of Johannesburg, was tried and convicted in the building on treason and terrorism charges that were later appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final legal proceedings took place between 14 November to 2 December 1977, with an inquest into the death of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Kentridge" title="Sydney Kentridge">Sydney Kentridge</a> represented ffrench-Beytagh and the Biko family in both proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977–present_(storage_and_vacant_state)"><span id="1977.E2.80.93present_.28storage_and_vacant_state.29"></span>1977–present (storage and vacant state)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1977–present (storage and vacant state)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The building was then used as storage for the <a href="/wiki/Ditsong_National_Museum_of_Cultural_History" title="Ditsong National Museum of Cultural History">National Museum of Cultural History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been vacant since 1994 and fallen into a dilapidated state. <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Hicklin" title="Madeleine Hicklin">Madeleine Hicklin</a>, shadow deputy minister of the Department of Public Works and Infrastructure, and niece of former defendant, Denis Goldberg, have called for restoration of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongane_Wally_Serote" title="Mongane Wally Serote">Mongane Wally Serote</a>'s novel, <i>To Every Birth Its Blood</i> begins with a trial in the old Pretoria Synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Synagogue in 1988"><img alt="The Old Synagogue in 1988" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/120px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/180px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg/240px-9_2_258_0020-Old_Synagogue-Pretoria-s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Old Synagogue in 1988</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roof of the Old Synagogue in 2013"><img alt="Roof of the Old Synagogue in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg/120px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg/180px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg/240px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roof of the Old Synagogue in 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior detail above the entrance in 2013"><img alt="Exterior detail above the entrance in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg/80px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg/120px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg/160px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior detail above the entrance in 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior detail in 2013"><img alt="Exterior detail in 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg/80px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg/120px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg/160px-Old_Synagogue_Paul_Kruger_Street_Pretoria_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior detail in 2013</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media 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.references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-up-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/49734/Clarke_Chapter7_2015.pdf?sequence=24&isAllowed=y">"Church Square, the Old Synagogue and the Old Government Printing Work, Three historic places for testing strategic intervention"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>. 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Square%2C+the+Old+Synagogue+and+the+Old+Government+Printing+Work%2C+Three+historic+places+for+testing+strategic+intervention&rft.pub=University+of+Pretoria&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.up.ac.za%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2263%2F49734%2FClarke_Chapter7_2015.pdf%3Fsequence%3D24%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fran-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuntman,_FrasnBuntman,_Barbara2010" class="citation journal cs1">Buntman, Frasn; Buntman, Barbara (2010). "Old Synagogue' and Apartheid Court: Constructing a South African Heritage Site". <i>South African Historical Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 183–201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582471003778441">10.1080/02582471003778441</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Old+Synagogue%E2%80%99+and+Apartheid+Court%3A+Constructing+a+South+African+Heritage+Site&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-201&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582471003778441&rft.au=Buntman%2C+Frasn&rft.au=Buntman%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/opinion/188864/memories-of-nelson-mandela-from-zionist-childhood/">"Memories of Nelson Mandela from Zionist Childhood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>. December 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Memories+of+Nelson+Mandela+from+Zionist+Childhood&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fopinion%2F188864%2Fmemories-of-nelson-mandela-from-zionist-childhood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/pretoria-synagogue">"The Pretoria Synagogue"</a>. <i>South African History Online</i>. April 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+History+Online&rft.atitle=The+Pretoria+Synagogue&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fplace%2Fpretoria-synagogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=esrxsvzgzZY"><i>Pretoria residents want Old Synagogue, a historical heritage promoted</i></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a> News</i>. 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pretoria+residents+want+Old+Synagogue%2C+a+historical+heritage+promoted&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DesrxsvzgzZY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N3N0WBORJl0"><i>Mandela's footsteps: The Old Synagogue</i></a>. <i>Tshwane Economic Development Agency</i>. 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandela%27s+footsteps%3A+The+Old+Synagogue&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN3N0WBORJl0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton,_Alan1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Paton, Alan</a> (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Ah,_but_Your_Land_Is_Beautiful" title="Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful">Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful</a></i>. Penguin Books. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ah%2C+but+Your+Land+Is+Beautiful&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Paton%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/349128/first-nelson-mandela-television-interview-surfaces-filmed-in-old-synagogue/">"WATCH: First Nelson Mandela Television Interview Surfaces — Filmed in Old Synagogue Building"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forward_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward (magazine)">The Forward</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+First+Nelson+Mandela+Television+Interview+Surfaces+%E2%80%94+Filmed+in+Old+Synagogue+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2F349128%2Ffirst-nelson-mandela-television-interview-surfaces-filmed-in-old-synagogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sajr.co.za/pretorias-old-synagogue-from-simcha-to-shande/">"Pretoria's Old Synagogue: from simcha to shande"</a>. <i>South African Jewish Report</i>. March 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Jewish+Report&rft.atitle=Pretoria%E2%80%99s+Old+Synagogue%3A+from+simcha+to+shande&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sajr.co.za%2Fpretorias-old-synagogue-from-simcha-to-shande%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.da.org.za/2023/07/failure-to-restore-the-old-pretoria-synagogue-lack-of-political-will-or-complete-indifference">"Failure to restore the old Pretoria Synagogue: Lack of political will or complete indifference?"</a>. <i>Democratic Alliance</i>. July 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democratic+Alliance&rft.atitle=Failure+to+restore+the+old+Pretoria+Synagogue%3A+Lack+of+political+will+or+complete+indifference%3F&rft.date=2023-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.da.org.za%2F2023%2F07%2Ffailure-to-restore-the-old-pretoria-synagogue-lack-of-political-will-or-complete-indifference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sajr.co.za/old-pretoria-shuls-revamp-meets-thundering-silence/">"Old Pretoria Shul's revamp meets 'thundering silence'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>South African Jewish Report</i>. July 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+African+Jewish+Report&rft.atitle=Old+Pretoria+Shul%E2%80%99s+revamp+meets+%E2%80%98thundering+silence%E2%80%99&rft.date=2023-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sajr.co.za%2Fold-pretoria-shuls-revamp-meets-thundering-silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Synagogue%2C+Pretoria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Synagogue,_Pretoria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Emanuel,_Johannesburg" title="Beit Emanuel, Johannesburg">Beit Emanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doornfontein_Synagogue" title="Doornfontein Synagogue">Doornfontein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Park_Synagogue_(Johannesburg)" title="Great Park Synagogue (Johannesburg)">Great Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Shul" title="Oxford Shul">Oxford Shul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Johannesburg)" title="Temple Israel (Johannesburg)">Temple Israel (J)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_the_Western_Cape" title="Category:Synagogues in the Western Cape"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Western Cape</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Midrash_Morasha" title="Beit Midrash Morasha">Beit Midrash Morasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_Shul" title="Gardens Shul">Gardens Shul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_Road_Shul" title="Marais Road Shul">Marais Road Shul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muizenberg_Shul" title="Muizenberg Shul">Muizenberg Shul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellenbosch_Synagogue" title="Stellenbosch Synagogue">Stellenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Cape_Town)" title="Temple Israel (Cape Town)">Temple Israel (CT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Synagogues_in_Durban&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Synagogues in Durban (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Durban</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durban_United_Hebrew_Congregation" title="Durban United Hebrew Congregation">Durban United Hebrew Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Jewish_Club" title="Durban Jewish Club">Durban Progressive Jewish Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhlanga_Jewish_Centre" title="Umhlanga Jewish Centre">Umhlanga Jewish Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><i>Former</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Inactive <span style="font-size:85%;">(still standing)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chassidim_Shul" title="Chassidim Shul">Chassidim Shul</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Synagogue, Pretoria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/President_Street_Synagogue" title="President Street Synagogue">President Street</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vredehoek_Shul" title="Vredehoek Shul">Vredehoek Shul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in South Africa"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jews and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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