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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22">"Indentured servitude in Virginia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Indentured+servitude+in+Virginia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a> in continental North America began in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> in 1609.<sup id="cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galenson1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially created as means of funding voyages for European workers to the New World, the institution dwindled over time as the labor force was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Virginia">enslaved Africans</a>. Servitude became a central institution in the economy and society of many parts of <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">colonial British America</a>. Abbot Emerson Smith, a leading historian of <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servitude</a> during the colonial period, estimated that between one-half and two-thirds of all white immigrants to the British colonies between the <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan migration">Puritan migration</a> of the 1630s and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> came under <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indenture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galenson1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the colony of Virginia, specifically, more than two-thirds of all white immigrants (male and female) arrived as indentured servants or transported <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convict</a> bond servants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indentured servitude first appeared in use in Virginia in 1609. Lands newly acquired from <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> Indians by white settlers required large amounts of tedious labor in order to transform into profit-producing tobacco farms.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen1973_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen1973-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most critical economic problem facing early investors in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company" title="Virginia Company">Virginia Company</a> and the settlers they sent to North America was recruiting and motivating an adequate labor force. Initial efforts to build a labor force yielded disappointing results. Passage fares to Virginia in the early seventeenth century were high relative to the annual wages of English servants in husbandry or hired agricultural laborers. Few prospective migrants were able to pay the cost of their voyage out of their own accumulated savings. To resolve this issue, the Virginia Company decided to use its own funds to advance the cost of passage to prospective settlers. The company's advance took the form of a loan to the migrants, who contracted to repay this debt out of their net earnings in America. The company went on to design three different forms of servitude contracts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_forms_of_servitude_contracts">Three forms of servitude contracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Three forms of servitude contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first indentured servitude contract, 1609–1619: The first form of indentured servitude contract was designed and implemented in 1609 and was used until 1619. Under this contract, the Virginia Company's funds were used to pay transportation costs for immigrants. In exchange, the immigrants were required to work directly for the company once they arrived in Virginia. The contracts also stipulated that in return for their labor in Virginia, the immigrants would become investors in the company enterprise, with claim to a share in the division of the company's profits. Immigrants would receive their share at the end of their seven-year labor contract. This arrangement was largely unpopular amongst laborers due to the living and working conditions. The men were required to live and work communally under "quasi-military" conditions. The tasks assigned to the laborers were arduous and the food was "scanty". Some workers chose to run away to live with the Indians. The company felt that this action threatened the continued survival of their enterprise and reacted forcefully to the crime. Recaptured laborers were subject to capital punishments that included being hung, burned to death, or shot. </p><p>The second indentured servitude contract, 1619–1620: By 1619, however, a new system had been introduced. The Virginia Company still paid for the transportation costs of the laborers, but the laborers were no longer contracted to work exclusively for the company once they arrived. Instead, free <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> in the colony would rent the new laborers from the company for a year at a fixed rate, in addition to covering their maintenance costs during that year. The Company believed that this system would yield a number of advantages. The new immigrants’ placement with established planters would provide them with a place to live immediately after arrival, so the company would not be responsible for funding their maintenance once in Virginia any longer. Additionally, the established planters would train the laborers so that when their year of private service expired, they would have the skills necessary to provide for themselves in these new conditions and socio-political structure. Issues arose however, when the value of labor rose sharply due to the tobacco boom. Private employers began trying to acquire additional labor for their tobacco farms by enticing laborers on other farms with promises of shorter terms of service. The prevalence of this practice became so severe that in 1619 the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">general assembly</a> had issued an order that stipulated that indentured servants had to remain in service to the original planter who rented them for their entire contracted term of service. The company's new rental policies also introduced an additional principal-agent relationship between the company and the private planters. The company became concerned that there were insufficient incentives for the planters to adequately maintain the health and wellbeing of laborers, since they only rented them for one year. High rates of mortality and instances of runaways became the economic burden of the company, which maintained legal ownership of the servants during their rental tenures. </p><p>The third indentured servitude contract, 1620-early 1700s: The company created a third form of indentured servitude in which immigrants transported at the company's expense from England to Virginia. The contracts of the immigrants were then sold outright to planters. These contracts bound the immigrants to labor for fixed terms of years. Once the planters purchased these contracts from the importer at the docks, they could either keep the servants as a source of labor for the full contract term or they could sell the contract to another planter. <sup id="cite_ref-Breen1973_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen1973-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_the_role_of_African_slavery">Decline and the role of African slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline and the role of African slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1650, there were about 300 Africans living in Virginia. They were still considered to be <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>, like the approximately 4000 white indentured people, since a slave law was not passed in the colony until 1661.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the century, an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> enabled planters to purchase enslaved labor, in lieu of bonded labor (indentured servants and convict bond servants). As demand for skilled indentured servants increased, attitudes about the institution also changed. Skilled indentures were able to sell their craftsmanship once they became <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>, and therefore earned more income than the unskilled indentures who came before them. These new indentured servants were therefore less likely to cause revolts and the concerns of the gentry then shifted from white bond laborers to black enslaved laborers. This marks the early eighteenth century as not only a shift in the composition of the labor force but also as a shift in perceptions of black laborers, who by this point in time were predominantly enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galenson1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servitude in the Americas">Indentured servitude in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redemptioner" title="Redemptioner">Redemptioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_slave_trade_in_the_American_Southeast" title="Indian slave trade in the American Southeast">Indian slave trade in the American Southeast</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Galenson1984-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galenson1984_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGalenson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Galenson, David W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=C08ADF1B4D3F2E995933EA30C28896AD.journals?fromPage=online&aid=4142924">"The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 1–26 [20]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002205070003134X">10.1017/S002205070003134X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154682898">154682898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Indentured+Servitude+in+the+Americas%3A+An+Economic+Analysis&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26+20&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002205070003134X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154682898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Galenson&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3Bjsessionid%3DC08ADF1B4D3F2E995933EA30C28896AD.journals%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D4142924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentured+servitude+in+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen1973-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Breen1973_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Breen1973_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen1973" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, T.H. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsh.oxfordjournals.org/content/7/1/3.full.pdf">"A Changing Labor Force and Race Relations in Virginia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 3–25 [4]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F7.1.3">10.1353/jsh/7.1.3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=A+Changing+Labor+Force+and+Race+Relations+in+Virginia&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-25+4&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F7.1.3&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsh.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F7%2F1%2F3.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentured+servitude+in+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/indentured-servants-in-the-us">"Indentured Servants In The U.S."</a> <i>History Detectives: Special Investigations</i>. Public Broadcasting Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Detectives%3A+Special+Investigations&rft.atitle=Indentured+Servants+In+The+U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fopb%2Fhistorydetectives%2Ffeature%2Findentured-servants-in-the-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentured+servitude+in+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Indentured_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia">"Indentured Servants in Colonial Virginia"</a>. <i>www.encyclopediavirginia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopediavirginia.org&rft.atitle=Indentured+Servants+in+Colonial+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediavirginia.org%2FIndentured_Servants_in_Colonial_Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndentured+servitude+in+Virginia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804), freed 450 slaves</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Virginia laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_act_concerning_Servants_and_Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="An act concerning Servants and Slaves">An act concerning Servants and Slaves</a>, 1705</li></ul></li> <li>Federal laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a>, 1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States" title="Black land loss in the United States">Black land loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Early history of food regulation in the United States">Early history of food regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas" title="List of food plants native to the Americas">List of food plants native to the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia" title="Native American agriculture in Virginia">Native American in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains" title="Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains">Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/100px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/150px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/200px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States" title="Banana production in the United States">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States" title="Blackcurrant production in the United States">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States" title="Hemp in the United States">Hemp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry production in the United States">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States" title="Christmas tree production in the United States">Christmas tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States" title="Hop production in the United States">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States" title="Poultry farming in the United States">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States" title="Rice production in the United States">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States" title="Spinach in the United States">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Tobacco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut shade tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, commonwealth,<br /> or territory-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Alabama">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska" title="Agriculture in Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona" title="Cannabis in Arizona">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas" title="Rice cultivation in Arkansas">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almonds_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds in California">almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnuts_in_California" title="Walnuts in California">walnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Colorado">Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut" title="Agriculture in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut" title="Cannabis in Connecticut">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Delaware <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware" title="Cannabis in Delaware">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida" title="Tomato production in Florida">tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida" title="Mango production in Florida">mango</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Agriculture in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii" title="Coffee production in Hawaii">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" title="Genetically modified food in Hawaii">genetically modified food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho" title="Agriculture in Idaho">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Illinois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois" title="Cannabis in Illinois">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Indiana">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky" title="Agriculture in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine" title="Cannabis in Maine">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland" title="Agriculture in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland" title="Cannabis in Maryland">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts" title="Cannabis in Massachusetts">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan" title="Cherry production in Michigan">cherries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mississippi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Missouri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri" title="Cannabis in Missouri">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Montana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana" title="Cannabis in Montana">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nebraska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nevada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada" title="Cannabis in Nevada">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Hampshire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey" title="Cannabis in New Jersey">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York" title="Agriculture in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York" title="Cannabis in New York">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico" title="Cannabis in New Mexico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon" title="Cannabis in Oregon">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cannabis in Puerto Rico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Coffee production in Puerto Rico">coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhode Island <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island" title="Cannabis in Rhode Island">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tennessee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Utah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vermont <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia" title="Cannabis in Virginia">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virgin Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_apples" title="Washington apples">apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>West Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin" title="Agriculture in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wyoming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Guam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam" title="Cannabis in Guam">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Mariana Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas" title="Agriculture in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_rice_production" title="Texas rice production">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Belt" title="Fruit Belt">Fruit Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry" title="Pacific Northwest oyster industry">Pacific Northwest oyster industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service" title="National Agricultural Statistics Service">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture" title="United States Census of Agriculture">United States Census of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000">Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment" title="Children's Act for Responsible Employment">Children's Act for Responsible Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_farm_bill" title="United States farm bill">Farm bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990" title="Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990">Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996" title="Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996">Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act" title="Grain Futures Act">Grain Futures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act" title="Packers and Stockyards Act">Packers and Stockyards Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934" title="Taylor Grazing Act of 1934">Taylor Grazing Act of 1934</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and<br /> environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers" title="Mental health in United States agricultural workers">Agricultural workers mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">Farmer suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States" title="Genetically modified food in the United States">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States" title="Adulterated food in the United States">Adulterated food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_nut_crimes" title="California nut crimes">California nut crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle raiding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States" title="Farmworkers in the United States">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">Farm Labor Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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