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title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ureteric+stricture%22">"Ureteric stricture"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ureteric+stricture%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ureteric+stricture%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ureteric+stricture%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ureteric+stricture%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ureteric+stricture%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ureteric stricture (ureteral stricture)</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Pathological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathological">pathological</a> narrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a> which may lead to serious complications such as <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> failure. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several conditions have been identified to cause <a href="/wiki/Strictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Strictures">strictures</a> such as impacted ureteric stones, <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iatrogenic">iatrogenic</a> injuries, tumours and radiotherapy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iatrogenic_injuries">Iatrogenic injuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iatrogenic injuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endoscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endoscopic">Endoscopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Urological" class="mw-redirect" title="Urological">urological</a> procedures are common with the advancement of medical <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> which allows endoscopic procedures to be among the main operative modalities in <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">complications</a> can occur, and iatrogenic injury is disruption of healthy tissue which might lead to local <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> in the process of healing and scarring which can result in ureteric stricture. </p><p>Non-endoscopic open surgical procedures such as colon surgery where the operation field is very close to the adjacent retro<a href="/wiki/Peritoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Peritoneal">peritoneal</a> ureter is a well-known procedure where ureters can be injured, especially when surgical plans are distorted in conditions such as tethered <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a> or advanced <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. In the same way <a href="/wiki/Gynaecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynaecological">gynaecological</a> operations near the ureters can lead to their injury, one of the common conditions where surgical plans are not clear is the presence of advanced <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radiotherapy">Radiotherapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Radiotherapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotherapy">Radiotherapy</a> had been identified as a cause of ureteric strictures formation. Damage occur as a result of both direct and indirect insults such as direct injury to <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> proteins and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> of the DNA which leads to future insults respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not surprising as in the same way radiotherapy is expected to treat cancer and hence collateral damage can occur hence it can be challenging to treat as blood supply and vascularity are believed to be affected when stricture repair is intended.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Radiotherapy of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> can cause ureteric stricture in 2.2% of patients at 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiotherapy had been identified as a modality of treatment of several cancers in the pelvis and the abdomen which may lead to ureteric stricture formation among other urological adverse effects too such as radiation induced <a href="/wiki/Cystitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cystitis">cystitis</a>. Among those cancers are; /<a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">colon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anorectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorectal">Anorectal</a> cancer, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endometrial_cancer" title="Endometrial cancer">endometrial cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacted_ureteric_stones">Impacted ureteric stones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impacted ureteric stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kidney_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stones">Kidney stones</a> are becoming more common with time, and their incidence is believed to increase recently due to unhealthy diet habits. The passage of kidney stones into ureters might lead to their impaction and the development of local <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory process">inflammatory process</a> around the stone in addition to the obstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Ipsilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipsilateral">ipsilateral</a> kidney and build up of pressure manifested as hydronephrosis. Several studies were conducted to find stricture rates which varies from one to another but it seems that modern technology and treatment approaches are minimising the chances for stricture development post impacted stone treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">symptoms</a> of ureteric stricture varies from one patient to another, onset; <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic</a>, mode of injury or concurrent complications play a significant role as most other conditions. It can be associated with <a href="/wiki/Ipsilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipsilateral">ipsilateral</a> (same side) kidney obstruction and <a href="/wiki/Hydronephrosis" title="Hydronephrosis">hydronephrosis</a>, hence loin pain resulting from hydronephrosis and building up of pressure in the renal pelvis from obstructed urine flow which leads to its statics and pain. </p><p>Other symptoms related to ureteric strictures can be those related to complications such as recurrent UTI. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ureteric strictures can be diagnosed using both imaging modalities and under direct vision through endoscopic procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Ureteroscopy" title="Ureteroscopy">Ureteroscopy</a>. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Radiological_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiological studies">radiological studies</a> can be used to detect such a stricture. <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasound scan">Ultrasound Scans</a> can show signs of obstruction such as <a href="/wiki/Hydronephrosis" title="Hydronephrosis">hydronephrosis</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/CT_scans" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scans">CT scans</a> can show the same and can locate the stricture or narrowing especially if used with <a href="/wiki/CT_contrast" class="mw-redirect" title="CT contrast">contrast</a> (CT Urogram), it can delineate other <a href="/wiki/Pathologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologies">pathologies</a> that might contribute to stricture such as <a href="/wiki/Tumours" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumours">Tumours</a> or impacted stones. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear imaging">Nuclear imaging</a> plays a significant role to diagnose difficult cases and to evaluate the ipsilateral <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">kidney function</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/MAG3" class="mw-redirect" title="MAG3">MAG3</a> studies. Dynamic imaging are well known to play an essential diagnostic rule too such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitaker_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitaker test (page does not exist)">Whitaker test</a>. Overall, national and local guidelines, surgeon preferences and availability of the diagnostic modality plays a rule in choosing the diagnostic modalities used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Treatment of ureteric strictures varies from one patient to another depending on the level, cause and extent of stricture in addition to patient factors such as comorbidities and preferences. Treatment options include <a href="/wiki/Minimally_invasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimally invasive">minimally invasive</a> <a href="/wiki/Palliative" class="mw-redirect" title="Palliative">palliative</a> procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Nephrostomy" title="Nephrostomy">Nephrostomy</a> tube insertion or <a href="/wiki/Ureteric_stent" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureteric stent">ureteric stents</a> insertion or <a href="/wiki/Ureteric_balloon_catheter" title="Ureteric balloon catheter">ureteral balloon</a> catheter dilatation. Procedures such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rendezvous_surgery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rendezvous surgery (page does not exist)">Rendez-vous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgeries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flap_(surgery)" title="Flap (surgery)">flaps</a> or using <a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">ileum</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reconstruct ureters are used and had various success rates. </p><p>Technology is driving more hope finding more treatment options, laparoscopic assisted robotic techniques are developing and been reported while <a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">tissue engineering</a> for reconstruction is not developed yet as it is in other urological reconstruction topics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ureteric_stricture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLibermanMehusElliott2014" class="citation journal cs1">Liberman, D; 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"Long term outcomes in the use of ileal ureter for radiation-induced ureteral strictures". <i>International Urology and Nephrology</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 1375–1380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1904-z">10.1007/s11255-018-1904-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29948867">29948867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49428729">49428729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urology+and+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Long+term+outcomes+in+the+use+of+ileal+ureter+for+radiation-induced+ureteral+strictures.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1375-1380&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49428729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29948867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1904-z&rft.aulast=Monn&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Roth%2C+JD&rft.au=Bihrle%2C+R&rft.au=Mellon%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUreteric+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyreEifelLevenbackOswald1995" class="citation journal cs1">McIntyre, JF; Eifel, PJ; Levenback, C; Oswald, MJ (1 February 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819950201%2975%3A3%3C836%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820750315%3E3.0.co%3B2-a">"Ureteral stricture as a late complication of radiotherapy for stage IB carcinoma of the uterine cervix"</a>. <i>Cancer</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 836–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819950201%2975%3A3%3C836%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820750315%3E3.0.co%3B2-a">10.1002/1097-0142(19950201)75:3<836::aid-cncr2820750315>3.0.co;2-a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7828135">7828135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Ureteral+stricture+as+a+late+complication+of+radiotherapy+for+stage+IB+carcinoma+of+the+uterine+cervix.&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=836-43&rft.date=1995-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-0142%2819950201%2975%3A3%3C836%3A%3Aaid-cncr2820750315%3E3.0.co%3B2-a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7828135&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Eifel%2C+PJ&rft.au=Levenback%2C+C&rft.au=Oswald%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F1097-0142%252819950201%252975%253A3%253C836%253A%253Aaid-cncr2820750315%253E3.0.co%253B2-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUreteric+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonnRothBihrleMellon2018" class="citation journal cs1">Monn, MF; Roth, JD; Bihrle, R; Mellon, MJ (August 2018). "Long term outcomes in the use of ileal ureter for radiation-induced ureteral strictures". <i>International Urology and Nephrology</i>. <b>50</b> (8): 1375–1380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1904-z">10.1007/s11255-018-1904-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29948867">29948867</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49428729">49428729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Urology+and+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Long+term+outcomes+in+the+use+of+ileal+ureter+for+radiation-induced+ureteral+strictures.&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1375-1380&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49428729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29948867&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11255-018-1904-z&rft.aulast=Monn&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Roth%2C+JD&rft.au=Bihrle%2C+R&rft.au=Mellon%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUreteric+stricture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelRinkFisch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, O; Rink, M; Fisch, M (July 2015). "Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury and techniques for ureteral reconstruction". <i>Current Opinion in Urology</i>. <b>25</b> (4): 331–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMOU.0000000000000175">10.1097/MOU.0000000000000175</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26049877">26049877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23296015">23296015</a>.</cite><span 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