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</ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX_(identifier)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX (identifier)</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/CiteSeerX" title="Special:EditPage/CiteSeerX">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22CiteSeerX%22">"CiteSeerX"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22CiteSeerX%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22CiteSeerX%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22CiteSeerX%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22CiteSeerX%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22CiteSeerX%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></b> (formerly called <b>CiteSeer</b>) is a public <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_(computing)" title="Search engine (computing)">search engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a> for scientific and academic papers, primarily in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">Bibliographic database</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">Español</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a> College of Information Sciences and Technology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">Revenue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">citeseerx<wbr></wbr>.ist<wbr></wbr>.psu<wbr></wbr>.edu</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2715061#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Optional</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">2008<span class="noprint">; 16 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2008</span>)</span> / 1997<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Content license</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a><sup id="cite_ref-CC-license_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-license-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>CiteSeer's goal is to improve the dissemination and access of academic and scientific literature. As a non-profit service that can be freely used by anyone, it has been considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access (publishing)">open access</a> movement that is attempting to change <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic and scientific publishing</a> to allow greater access to scientific literature. CiteSeer freely provided <a href="/wiki/Open_Archives_Initiative" title="Open Archives Initiative">Open Archives Initiative</a> <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> of all indexed documents and links indexed documents when possible to other sources of metadata such as <a href="/wiki/DBLP" title="DBLP">DBLP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ACM_Portal" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM Portal">ACM Portal</a>. To promote <a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">open data</a>, <b>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></b> shares its data for non-commercial purposes under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CC-license_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CC-license-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CiteSeer is considered a predecessor of academic search tools such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search" title="Microsoft Academic Search">Microsoft Academic Search</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CiteSeer-like engines and archives usually only harvest documents from publicly available websites and do not crawl publisher websites. For this reason, authors whose documents are freely available are more likely to be represented in the index. </p><p>CiteSeer changed its name to ResearchIndex at one point and then changed it back.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#CiteSeer_and_CiteSeer.IST"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#CiteSeerX"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Current_features"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Current features</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Automated_information_extraction"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Automated information extraction</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Focused_crawling"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Focused crawling</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Usage"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Usage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Data"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Data</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Other_SeerSuite-based_search_engines"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Other SeerSuite-based search engines</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CiteSeer_and_CiteSeer.IST">CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CiteSeer and CiteSeer.IST" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>CiteSeer was created by researchers <a href="/wiki/Lee_Giles" title="Lee Giles">Lee Giles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Bollacker" title="Kurt Bollacker">Kurt Bollacker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lawrence_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Lawrence (computer scientist)">Steve Lawrence</a> in 1997 while they were at the <a href="/wiki/NEC_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC Research Institute">NEC Research Institute</a> (now <a href="/wiki/NEC_Laboratories_America" title="NEC Laboratories America">NEC Labs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>, US. CiteSeer's goal was to actively crawl and harvest academic and scientific documents on the web and use autonomous <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indexing</a> to permit querying by citation or by document, ranking them by <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">citation impact</a>. At one point, it was called ResearchIndex. </p><p>CiteSeer became public in 1998 and had many new features unavailable in academic search engines at that time. These included: </p> <ul><li>Autonomous Citation Indexing automatically created a citation index that can be used for literature search and evaluation.</li> <li>Citation statistics and related documents were computed for all articles cited in the database, not just the indexed articles.</li> <li>Reference linking, allowing browsing of the database using citation links.</li> <li>Citation context showed the context of citations to a given paper, allowing a researcher to quickly and easily see what other researchers have to say about an article of interest.</li> <li>Related documents were shown using citation and word based measures, and an active and continuously updated bibliography is shown for each document.</li></ul> <p>CiteSeer was granted a United States <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> # 6289342, titled "<i>Autonomous citation indexing and literature browsing using citation context</i>", on September 11, 2001. The patent was filed on May 20, 1998, and has priority to January 5, 1998. A continuation patent (US Patent # 6738780) was filed on May 16, 2001, and granted on May 18, 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After NEC, in 2004 it was hosted as CiteSeer.IST on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> at the College of Information Sciences and Technology, The <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, and had over 700,000 documents. For enhanced access, performance and research, similar versions of CiteSeer were supported at universities such as the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>. However, these versions of CiteSeer proved difficult to maintain and are no longer available. Because CiteSeer only indexes freely available papers on the web and does not have access to publisher metadata, it returns fewer citation counts than sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, that have publisher metadata. </p><p>CiteSeer had not been comprehensively updated since 2005 due to limitations in its architecture design. It had a representative sampling of research documents in computer and information science but was limited in coverage because it was limited to papers that are publicly available, usually at an author's homepage, or those submitted by an author. To overcome some of these limitations, a modular and open source architecture for CiteSeer was designed – CiteSeer<sup>X</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CiteSeerX">CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: CiteSeerX" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><b>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup></b> replaced CiteSeer and all queries to CiteSeer were redirected. CiteSeer<sup>X</sup><sup id="cite_ref-about-page_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-page-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a public <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_repository" title="Disciplinary repository">repository</a> for scientific and academic papers, primarily with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-about-page_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-page-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recently CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> has been expanding into other scholarly domains such as economics, physics and others. Released in 2008, it was loosely based on the previous CiteSeer search engine and digital library and is built with a new <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> infrastructure, SeerSuite, and new algorithms and their implementations. It was developed by researchers Isaac Councill and C. <a href="/wiki/Lee_Giles" title="Lee Giles">Lee Giles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_College_of_Information_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology">the College of Information Sciences and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>. It continues to support the goals outlined by CiteSeer to actively crawl and harvest academic and scientific documents on the public web and to use a citation inquiry by citations and ranking of documents by the impact of citations. Currently, Lee Giles, Prasenjit Mitra, Susan Gauch, Min-Yen Kan, Pradeep Teregowda, Juan Pablo Fernández Ramírez, Pucktada Treeratpituk, Jian Wu, Douglas Jordan, Steve Carman, Jack Carroll, Jim Jansen, and Shuyi Zheng are or have been actively involved in its development. Recently, a table search feature was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a>. </p><p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> continues to be rated as one of the world's top repositories, and was rated number 1 in July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It currently has over 6 million documents with nearly 6 million unique authors and 120 million citations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (June 2023)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> also shares its software, data, databases and metadata with other researchers, currently by <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Rsync" title="Rsync">rsync</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its new modular open source architecture and software (available previously on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a> but now on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>) is built on <a href="/wiki/Apache_Solr" title="Apache Solr">Apache Solr</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache</a> and open source tools, which allows it to be a testbed for new algorithms in document harvesting, ranking, indexing, and information extraction. </p><p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> caches some PDF files that it has scanned. As such, each page includes a <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> link which can be used to report copyright violations.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Current_features">Current features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Current features" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_information_extraction">Automated information extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Automated information extraction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> uses automated <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">information extraction</a> tools, usually built on machine learning methods such ParsCit, to extract scholarly document metadata such as title, authors, abstract, citations, etc. As such, there are sometime errors in authors and titles. Other academic search engines have similar errors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focused_crawling">Focused crawling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Focused crawling" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> crawls publicly available scholarly documents primarily from author webpages and other open resources, and does not have access to publisher metadata. As such, citation counts in CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> are usually less than those in Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search who have access to publisher metadata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> has nearly one million users worldwide based on unique IP addresses and has millions of hits daily. Annual downloads of document PDFs were nearly 200 million for 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data">Data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>CiteSeer<sup>X</sup> data is regularly shared under a <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a> with researchers worldwide and has been and is used in many experiments and competitions. </p><p>Thanks to its <a href="/wiki/OAI-PMH" class="mw-redirect" title="OAI-PMH">OAI-PMH</a> endpoint,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CiteSeerX is an <a href="/wiki/Open_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archive">open archive</a> and its content is indexed like an <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repository</a> in <a href="/wiki/Academic_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic search engines">academic search engines</a>, for instance <a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a> consumers. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Other_SeerSuite-based_search_engines">Other SeerSuite-based search engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other SeerSuite-based search engines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The CiteSeer model had been extended to cover academic documents in business with <a href="/wiki/SmealSearch" title="SmealSearch">SmealSearch</a> and in e-business with <a href="/w/index.php?title=EBizSearch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EBizSearch (page does not exist)">eBizSearch</a>. However, these were not maintained by their sponsors. An older version of both of these could be once found at <a href="/w/index.php?title=BizSeer.IST&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BizSeer.IST (page does not exist)">BizSeer.IST</a> but is no longer in service. </p><p>Other Seer-like search and repository systems have been built for chemistry, <a href="/wiki/ChemXSeer" title="ChemXSeer">Chem<sub>X</sub>Seer</a> and for archaeology, ArchSeer. Another had been built for robots.txt file search, <a href="/wiki/BotSeer" title="BotSeer">BotSeer</a>. All of these are built on the open source tool <a href="/w/index.php?title=SeerSuite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SeerSuite (page does not exist)">SeerSuite</a>, which uses the open source indexer <a href="/wiki/Lucene" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucene">Lucene</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnetminer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnetminer">Arnetminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Computer_Science_Bibliographies" title="Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies">Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBLP" title="DBLP">DBLP</a> (Digital Bibliography & Library Project)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_repository" title="Disciplinary repository">Disciplinary repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Papers_in_Economics" title="Research Papers in Economics">Research Papers in Economics</a> (RePEc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CC-license-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CC-license_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CC-license_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105193216/https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data">"CiteSeerX Data Policy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data">the original</a> on 2012-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CiteSeerX+Data+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsxstatic.ist.psu.edu%2Fabout%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodakateri_PudhiyaveetilGauchLuongEno2009" class="citation book cs1">Kodakateri Pudhiyaveetil, Ajith; Gauch, Susan; Luong, Hiep; Eno, Josh (2009). "Conceptual recommender system for CiteSeerX". <i>Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Recommender systems</i>. New York, New York, US: ACM Press. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1639714.1639758">10.1145/1639714.1639758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-435-5"><bdi>978-1-60558-435-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13900679">13900679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptual+recommender+system+for+CiteSeerX&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+third+ACM+conference+on+Recommender+systems&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York%2C+US&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=ACM+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13900679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1639714.1639758&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-435-5&rft.aulast=Kodakateri+Pudhiyaveetil&rft.aufirst=Ajith&rft.au=Gauch%2C+Susan&rft.au=Luong%2C+Hiep&rft.au=Eno%2C+Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2001" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Steve (2001). "ResearchIndex: Inside the world's largest free full-text index of scientific literature". <i>Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge capture - K-CAP 2001</i>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F500737.500740">10.1145/500737.500740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58113-380-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58113-380-4"><bdi>1-58113-380-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19592721">19592721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ResearchIndex%3A+Inside+the+world%27s+largest+free+full-text+index+of+scientific+literature&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+international+conference+on+Knowledge+capture+-+K-CAP+2001&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19592721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F500737.500740&rft.isbn=1-58113-380-4&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-page-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about-page_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about-page_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/about/site">"About CiteSeerX"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722162718/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/about/site">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+CiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fabout%2Fsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726034438/https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/team">"The CiteSeerX Team"</a>. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu:80/about/team">the original</a> on 2018-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CiteSeerX+Team&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsxstatic.ist.psu.edu%3A80%2Fabout%2Fteam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724004342/https://repositories.webometrics.info/top800_rep.asp">"Ranking Web of World Repositories: Top 800 Repositories"</a>. Cybermetrics Lab. July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.webometrics.info/top800_rep.asp">the original</a> on 2010-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+Web+of+World+Repositories%3A+Top+800+Repositories&rft.pub=Cybermetrics+Lab&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositories.webometrics.info%2Ftop800_rep.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105193216/https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data">"About CiteSeerX Data"</a>. Pennsylvania State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://csxstatic.ist.psu.edu/about/data">the original</a> on 2012-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+CiteSeerX+Data&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcsxstatic.ist.psu.edu%2Fabout%2Fdata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318075713/https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.4916">"CiteSeerx – DMCA Notice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.4916">10.1.1.604.4916</a></span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.604.4916">the original</a> on 2022-03-18. <q>The document with the identifier "10.1.1.604.4916" has been removed due to a DMCA takedown notice. If you believe the removal has been in error, please contact us through the feedback page, along with the identifier mentioned in this page.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CiteSeerx+%E2%80%93+DMCA+Notice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.604.4916%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.604.4916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst2011" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, Tony (2011-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ouseful.info/2011/12/08/using-oai-pmh-as-a-query-interface-to-citeseer/">"Using OAI-PMH as a Single Record Level Query Interface to Citeseer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124112703/https://blog.ouseful.info/2011/12/08/using-oai-pmh-as-a-query-interface-to-citeseer/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+OAI-PMH+as+a+Single+Record+Level+Query+Interface+to+Citeseer&rft.date=2011-12-08&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ouseful.info%2F2011%2F12%2F08%2Fusing-oai-pmh-as-a-query-interface-to-citeseer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesBollackerLawrence1998" class="citation book cs1">Giles, C. Lee; Bollacker, Kurt D.; Lawrence, Steve (1998). "CiteSeer: an automatic citation indexing system". <i>Proceedings of the Third ACM Conference on Digital Libraries</i>. pp. 89–98. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.30.6847">10.1.1.30.6847</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F276675.276685">10.1145/276675.276685</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-965-4"><bdi>978-0-89791-965-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:514080">514080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CiteSeer%3A+an+automatic+citation+indexing+system&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+ACM+Conference+on+Digital+Libraries&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.30.6847%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A514080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F276675.276685&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-965-4&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=C.+Lee&rft.au=Bollacker%2C+Kurt+D.&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACiteSeerX" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 4px;height: 4px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="4" data-height="4" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P3784" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P3784">CiteSeerX article ID (former scheme) (P3784)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP3784%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P3784%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2715061#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&oldid=1221864764">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&oldid=1221864764</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=CiteSeerX&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Doremo" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1714655492"> <span>Last edited on 2 May 2024, at 13:11</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سايت سير إكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سايت سير إكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="سایت‌سیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سایت‌سیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeer" title="CiteSeer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="CiteSeer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeer" title="CiteSeer – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="CiteSeer" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="CiteSeerX" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 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