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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Low German</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Low_German" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Low_German" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Low+German" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Low_German_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Low German (disambiguation)">Low German (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Low Saxon (disambiguation)">Low Saxon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Low German<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Language variety">language</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a> and the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The dialect of <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a> is also spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonite</a> diaspora worldwide. <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Low German</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Low Saxon</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian); Neddersassisch; Nedderdüütsch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">western</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> Eastern <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Denmark">Southern Denmark</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> Historically <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Estimated 4.35–7.15 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Status&Gebrauch_2016-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-TOLoE-4">[3]</a> Up to 10 million <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second-language speakers</a> (2001)<a href="#cite_note-ndsethnologue-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Low German</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon" title="Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/20px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/30px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/40px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"> <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/20px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/40px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750"> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> (70,000)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660"> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> (30,000)<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (8,000)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=321">nds</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nds" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nds">nds</a></code> (Dutch varieties and Westphalian have separate codes)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lowg1239">lowg1239</a></code> Low German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ACB">52-ACB</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg/320px-Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg/480px-Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg/640px-Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="520"></a><div style="text-align:left;">Present-day Low German language area in Europe</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> Low German is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, with which it forms the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Germanic" title="North Sea Germanic">North Sea Germanic</a> group of the West Germanic languages. Like <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, it has historically been spoken north of the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uerdingen_line" title="Uerdingen line">Uerdingen</a> <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isoglosses</a>, while forms of <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (of which <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> is a standardized example) have historically been spoken south of those lines. Like Frisian, English, Dutch and the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, Low German has not undergone the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard High German</a>, which is based on <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German dialects</a>. Low German evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon (Old Low German)</a>, which is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English (Anglo-Saxon)</a>. The Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands are mostly referred to as Low Saxon, those spoken in northwestern Germany (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>) as either Low German or Low Saxon, and those spoken in northeastern Germany (<a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania">Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, and Saxony-Anhalt east of the Elbe) mostly as Low German, not being part of Low Saxon. This is because northwestern Germany and the northeastern Netherlands were the area of settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Saxony" title="Old Saxony">Old Saxony</a>), while Low German spread to northeastern Germany through <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">eastward migration</a> of Low German speakers into areas with an originally <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking</a> population. This area is known as <a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Germania Slavica</a>, where the former Slavic influence is still visible in the names of settlements and physiogeographical features.<a href="#cite_note-16">[c]</a> It has been estimated that Low German has approximately 2–5 million speakers in Germany, primarily Northern Germany (ranging from well to very well),<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> and 2.15 million in the Netherlands (ranging from reasonable to very well).<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geographical_extent">1 Geographical extent</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Inside_Europe">1.1 Inside Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Germany">1.1.1 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_Netherlands">1.1.2 The Netherlands</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Outside_Europe_and_the_Mennonites">1.2 Outside Europe and the Mennonites</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nomenclature">2 Nomenclature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Classification">3 Classification</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Language_or_dialect">3.1 Language or dialect</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Legal_status">3.2 Legal status</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Varieties_of_Low_German">4 Varieties of Low German</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Old_Saxon">5.1 Old Saxon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Middle_Low_German">5.2 Middle Low German</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Contemporary">5.3 Contemporary</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Germany_2">5.3.1 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Netherlands">5.3.2 Netherlands</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Phonetic_and_grammatical_changes">6 Phonetic and grammatical changes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#High_German_consonant_shift">6.1 High German consonant shift</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ingvaeonisms">6.2 Ingvaeonisms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Other_changes">6.3 Other changes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Grammar">7 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Personal_pronouns">7.1 Personal pronouns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Verbs">7.2 Verbs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Adjectives">7.3 Adjectives</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Nouns">7.4 Nouns</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Phonology">8 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Consonants">8.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Vowels">8.2 Vowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Writing_system">9 Writing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Spoken_examples">10 Spoken examples</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Notable_Low_German_writers_and_performers">11 Notable Low German writers and performers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Low_German_culture">12 Low German culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Notes">14 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#References">15 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Bibliography">16 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#External_links">17 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Online_dictionaries">17.1 Online dictionaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Information">17.2 Information</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Organisations">17.3 Organisations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Geographical_extent">Geographical extent</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographical extent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inside_Europe">Inside Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inside Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook,_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg/170px-Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg/170px-Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg/255px-Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg/340px-Oortsschild_von_Olenbrook%2C_Landkreis_Cuxhoben_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>City limit sign in Lower Saxony showing that Low German is closer to English: "Altenbruch" (Standard German) "Olenbrook" (Low German), meaning "old bog/swamp" (incorporated village of <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a>).</figcaption></figure> It has been estimated that Low German has approximately two to five million speakers (depending on the definition of 'native speaker') in Germany, primarily in Northern Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Gechattet_wird_auf_Plattdeusch-19">[16]</a> Variants of Low German are spoken in most parts of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>, for instance in the states of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. Small portions of northern <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> are traditionally Low Saxon-speaking too. Historically, Low German was also spoken in formerly German parts of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (e.g., Pomerania and <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>), as well as in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and the Baltic provinces (modern <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> spoke a distinct Low German dialect, which has influenced the vocabulary and phonetics of both Estonian and Latvian. The historical <a href="/wiki/Sprachraum" title="Sprachraum">sprachraum</a> of Low German also included contemporary northern Poland, East Prussia (the modern <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> of Russia), a part of western <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and the German communities in Estonia and Latvia, most notably their Hanseatic cities. German speakers in this area fled the Red Army or were forcibly expelled after the border changes at the end of World War II. The language was also formerly spoken in the outer areas of what is now the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, but in the course of urbanisation and national centralisation in that city, the language has vanished (the Berlin dialect itself is a northern outpost of <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a>, though it has some Low German features). Today, there are still speakers outside Germany to be found in the coastal areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (minority of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">ethnic German</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> speakers who were not expelled from <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a>, as well as the regions around <a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braniewo</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the Southern <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> region of Denmark there may still be some Low German speakers in some <a href="/wiki/German_as_a_minority_language" class="mw-redirect" title="German as a minority language">German minority</a> communities, but the Low German dialects of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> can be considered <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a> at this time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ls-dialects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Ls-dialects.jpg" decoding="async" width="576" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="281"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 576px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Ls-dialects.jpg" data-width="576" data-height="281" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Low German-speaking area before the <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expulsion of almost all Low German- and German-speakers</a> from east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a> in 1945. Low German-speaking provinces of Germany east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, before 1945, were <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Pomerania</a> with its capital Stettin (now <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, Poland), where east of the Oder <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pomeranian">East Pomeranian</a> dialects were spoken, and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> with its capital <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Russia), where <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Prussian">Low Prussian</a> dialects were spoken. Danzig (now <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland) was also a Low German-speaking city before 1945, and its former dialect <a href="/wiki/Danzig_German" title="Danzig German">Danzig German</a> is also classified as <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Prussian">Low Prussian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Self-reported Low German speakers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th> <th colspan="2">'Well' or 'very well'<a href="#cite_note-ins-bremen.de-20">[17]</a></th> <th colspan="2">'Very well' only<a href="#cite_note-ins-bremen.de-20">[17]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>% of pop.</th> <th>Numbers</th> <th>% of pop.</th> <th>Numbers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td>24.5%</td> <td>694,085</td> <td>16.5%</td> <td>467,445 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td>11.8%</td> <td>2,103,940</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>927,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td>15.4%</td> <td>1,218,756</td> <td>4.7%</td> <td>371,958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>9.5%</td> <td>169,860</td> <td>3.2%</td> <td>57,216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td> <td>17.6%</td> <td>116,336</td> <td>9.9%</td> <td>65,439 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td>2.8%</td> <td>70,000</td> <td>2.6%</td> <td>65,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td>20.7%</td> <td>339,273</td> <td>5.9%</td> <td>96,701 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td> <td>11.8%</td> <td>275,058</td> <td>2.2%</td> <td>51,282 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Entire Low German dialect area</th> <th>15.7%</th> <th>4,987,308</th> <th>6.2%</th> <th>2,197,205 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Netherlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dialects of Low German are spoken in the northeastern area of the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Dutch Low Saxon</a>) by approximately 1.6 million speakers.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> These dialects are written with an unstandardized orthography based on Standard Dutch orthography. The position of the language is, according to UNESCO, vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[19]</a> Between 1995 and 2011 the numbers of parent speakers dropped from 34% in 1995 to 15% in 2011. Numbers of child speakers dropped from 8% to 2% in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[20]</a> According to a 2005 study 53% speak Low Saxon or Low Saxon and Dutch at home and 71% could speak it in the researched area.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> The total number of speakers is estimated at 1.7 million speakers.<a href="#cite_note-TOLoE-4">[3]</a> There are speakers in the Dutch north and eastern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellingwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingwarfs">Stellingwerf</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>), <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>, in several dialect groups per province. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Europe_and_the_Mennonites">Outside Europe and the Mennonites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outside Europe and the Mennonites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a></div> There are also immigrant communities where Low German is spoken in the Western hemisphere, including Canada, the United States, Mexico, Belize, Venezuela, Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. In some of these countries, the language is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> religion and culture.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> There are Mennonite communities in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> which use Low German in their religious services and communities. These Mennonites are descended from primarily Dutch settlers that had initially settled in the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula delta">Vistula delta</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries before moving to newly acquired Russian territories in Ukraine in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The types of Low German spoken in these communities and in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a> region of the United States have diverged since emigration. The survival of the language is tenuous in many places, and has died out in many places where assimilation has occurred. Members and friends of the Historical Society of North German Settlements in western New York (<a href="/wiki/Bergholz,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergholz, New York">Bergholz, New York</a>), a community of Lutherans who trace their immigration from Pomerania in the 1840s, hold quarterly "Plattdeutsch lunch" events, where remaining speakers of the language gather to share and preserve the dialect. Mennonite colonies in Paraguay, Belize, and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, Mexico, have made Low German a "co-official language" of the community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG/220px-ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG/220px-ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG/330px-ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG/440px-ColegioWitmarsumPR.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A public school in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witmarsum_Colony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witmarsum Colony (page does not exist)">Witmarsum Colony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">Southern Brazil</a>) teaches in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> and in Plautdietsch.<a href="#cite_note-colw-26">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> is also spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">southeastern</a> Brazil, in the latter especially in the state of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, being official in five municipalities, and spoken among its <a href="/wiki/European_immigration_to_Brazil" title="European immigration to Brazil">ethnically European</a> migrants elsewhere, primarily in the states of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. East Pomeranian-speaking regions of Southern Brazil are often assimilated into the general <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Brazilian">German Brazilian</a> population and culture, for example celebrating the <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, and there can even be a language shift from it to <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Riograndenser Hunsrückisch</a> in some areas. In Espírito Santo, nevertheless, Pomeranian Brazilians are more often proud of their language, and particular religious traditions and culture,<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> and not uncommonly inheriting the nationalism of their ancestors, being more likely to accept marriages of its members with Brazilians of origins other than a Germanic Central European one than to assimilate with Brazilians of <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Brazilian">Swiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian Brazilian">Austrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Brazilian">Czech</a>, and non-East Pomeranian-speaking German and Prussian heritage[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] – that were much more numerous immigrants to both Brazilian regions (and whose language almost faded out in the latter, due to assimilation and internal migration)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>], by themselves less numerous than the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian</a> ones (with only Venetian communities in areas of highly Venetian presence conserving <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a>, and other Italian languages and dialects fading out elsewhere).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Speakers of low German outside Europe </th></tr> <tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Approximate distribution of <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native speakers</a> of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German or a German variety</a> outside Europe (according to Ethnologue 2016 unless referenced otherwise) Numbers of speakers should not be summed up per country, as they most likely overlap considerably. Table includes varieties with disputed statuses as separate language. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German">Hunsrik/Hunsrückisch</a> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Low German</a> & <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina</td> <td>400,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>4,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia</td> <td>79,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>9,360</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia</td> <td>160,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>60,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil</td> <td>1,500,000</td> <td>3,000,000</td> <td>8,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td>430,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>80,000</td> <td>15,000</td> <td>23,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile</td> <td>35,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel</td> <td>200,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan</td> <td>30,400</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>100,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>40,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia</td> <td>22,500</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand</td> <td>36,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay</td> <td>166,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>40,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru</td> <td>2,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>5,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa</td> <td>12,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay</td> <td>28,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>2,000</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>1,104,354<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>12,000</td> <td>118,000</td> <td>10,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sum</td> <td>4,599,392</td> <td>3,000,000</td> <td>362,360</td> <td>133,000</td> <td>34,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nomenclature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Low_German" title="Special:EditPage/Low German">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The language grouping of Low German is referred to, in the language itself as well as in its umbrella languages of German and Dutch, in several different ways, ranging from official names such as Niederdeutsche and Nederduits to more general characterisations such as "dialect". The proliferation of names or characterisations is due in part to the grouping stretching mainly across two different countries and to it being a collection of varieties rather than a standardised language. There are different uses of the term "Low German": <ul><li>A specific name of any <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> that neither have taken part in the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> nor classify as <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a>; this is the scope discussed in this article.</li> <li>A broader term for the closely related, continental <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> unaffected by the High German consonant shift, nor classifying as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a>, and thus including <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian" title="Low Franconian">Low Franconian</a> varieties.</li></ul> In Germany, native speakers of Low German call their language Platt, Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian), or Nedderdüütsch. In the Netherlands, native speakers refer to their language as dialect, plat, Nedersaksisch, or the name of their village, town or district. Officially, Low German is called niederdeutsche Sprache or plattdeutsche Sprache (Nether or Low German language), Niederdeutsch or Plattdeutsch (Nether or Low German) in High German by the German authorities, nedderdüütsche Spraak (Nether or Low German language), Nedderdüütsch or Plattdüütsch (Nether or Low German) in Low German by the German authorities and Nedersaksisch (Nether or Low Saxon) by the Dutch authorities. Plattdeutsch, Niederdeutsch and Platduits, Nedersaksisch are seen in linguistic texts from the German and Dutch linguistic communities respectively. In Danish it is called Plattysk, Nedertysk or, rarely, Lavtysk. Mennonite Low German is called <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a>. "Low" refers to the flat plains and coastal area of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_European_Lowlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern European Lowlands">northern European lowlands</a>, contrasted with the mountainous areas of central and southern Germany, Switzerland, and Austria, where <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> (Highland German) is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The colloquial term Platt denotes both Low German dialects and any non-<a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a> Western variety of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>; this use is chiefly found in northern and Western Germany and is not considered to be <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistically</a> correct.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> language code for Low German has been nds (niedersächsisch or nedersaksisch, neddersassisch) since May 2000. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Low_German" title="Special:EditPage/Low German">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (June 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Low German is a part of the continental <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. To the West, it blends into the <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>. A distinguishing feature between the Low Franconian varieties and Low German varieties is the plural of the verbs. Low German varieties have a common verbal plural ending, whereas Low Franconian varieties have a different form for the second person plural. This is complicated in that in most Low Franconian varieties, including standard <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, the original second-person plural form has replaced the singular. Some dialects, including again standard Dutch, innovated a new second-person plural form in the last few centuries, using the other plural forms as the source. To the South, Low German blends into the <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Central_German" title="Central German">Central German</a> that have been affected by the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a>. The division is usually drawn at the <a href="/wiki/Benrath_line" title="Benrath line">Benrath line</a> that traces the maken – machen <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a>. To the East, it abuts the <a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian language</a> (the only remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian language</a>) and, since the expulsion of nearly all Germans from the Polish part of <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> following the Second World War, also by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a> are dialects of Low German. To the North and Northwest, it abuts the <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a>. In Germany, Low German has replaced the Danish and Frisian languages in many regions. <a href="/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a> is the only remnant of East Frisian language and is surrounded by Low German, as are the few remaining <a href="/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> varieties, and the Low German dialects of those regions have influences from Frisian substrates. Most linguists classify the dialects of Low German together with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> as the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> Germanic or <a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingvaeonic</a> languages. However, most exclude Low German from the group often called <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a> because some distinctive features of that group of languages are only partially preserved in Low German, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a> (some dialects have us, os for "us" whereas others have uns, ons), and because other distinctive features almost do not occur in Low German at all, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> and assibilation of /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ (compare palatalized forms such as English cheese, Frisian tsiis to non-palatalized forms such as Low German Kees or Kaise, Dutch kaas, German Käse but Low German Sever/Sebber while German Käfer<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a>) However, since Anglo-Frisian features occur in Low German and especially in its older language stages, there is a tendency to prefer the Ingvaeonic classification instead of the Anglo-Frisian one, which also takes Low German into account. Because Old Saxon came under strong Old High German and Old Low Franconian influence early on and therefore lost many Ingvaeonic features that were to be found much more extensively in earlier language states.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_or_dialect">Language or dialect</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Language or dialect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The question of whether today's Low German should be considered a separate language or a dialect of <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> has been a point of contention. Although Low German is mostly regarded as an independent language<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> offers no simple, generally accepted criterion to decide the question. Scholarly arguments have been put forward for classifying Low German as a German dialect.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> As stated above, the arguments are not linguistic but rather sociopolitical and revolve mainly around the fact that Low German has no official standard form or use in sophisticated media. The situation of Low German may thus be considered a "pseudo-dialectized <a href="/wiki/Ausbausprache,_Abstandsprache_and_Dachsprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausbausprache, Abstandsprache and Dachsprache">abstand language</a>" ("scheindialektisierte Abstandsprache").<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> are generally considered separate languages in their own right. Since Low German has strongly declined since the 18th century, the perceived similarities with High German or Dutch may often be direct adaptations from the dominating standard language, resulting in a growing inability by speakers to speak correctly what was once Low German proper.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Others have argued for the independence of today's Low German dialects, taken as continuous outflow of the Old Saxon and Middle Low German tradition.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Glottolog classifies six varieties of Low German as distinct languages based on a low degree of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>. Eastern Low German and Plautdietsch are classified as part of Greater East Low German, while Eastphalian, Westphalic, and the North Low Saxon languages, German Northern Low Saxon and Gronings, are classified as part of West Low German.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Low German has been recognized by the Netherlands and by Germany (since 1999) as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. Within the official terminology defined in the charter, this status would not be available to a dialect of an official language (as per article 1a), and hence not to Low German in Germany if it were considered a dialect of German. Advocates of the promotion of Low German have expressed considerable hope that this political development will at once lend legitimacy to their claim that Low German is a separate language, and help mitigate the functional limits of the language that may still be cited as objective criteria for a mere dialect (such as the virtually complete absence from legal and administrative contexts, schools, the media, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> At the request of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, the German government has declared Low German as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>. German offices in Schleswig-Holstein are obliged to accept and handle applications in Low German on the same footing as Standard High German applications.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bundesgerichtshof" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesgerichtshof">Bundesgerichtshof</a> ruled in a case that this was even to be done at the patent office in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">non–Low German region</a>, when the applicant then had to pay the charge for a translator,<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> because applications in Low German are considered not to be written in the German language. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Varieties_of_Low_German">Varieties of Low German</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Varieties of Low German" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Low_German" title="Special:EditPage/Low German">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg/220px-Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="902"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg/220px-Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg/330px-Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg/440px-Low_German_dialects_around_the_world.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Low German dialects around the world</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon" title="Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> or West Low German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Frisian_Low_Saxon" title="East Frisian Low Saxon">East Frisian Low Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holsteinian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holsteinian (page does not exist)">Holsteinian (Holsteinisch)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schleswigian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schleswigian (page does not exist)">Schleswigian (Schleswigsch)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dithmarsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dithmarsch (page does not exist)">Dithmarsch (Dithmarsisch)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Hanoverian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Hanoverian (page does not exist)">North Hanoverian (Nordhannoversch)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emslandish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emslandish (page does not exist)">Emslandish (Emsländisch)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenburgish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldenburgish (page does not exist)">Oldenburgish (Oldenburgisch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gronings" class="mw-redirect" title="Gronings">Gronings</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noord-Drents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noord-Drents (page does not exist)">Noord-Drents</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hogelandsters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hogelandsters (page does not exist)">Hogelandsters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldambtsters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldambtsters (page does not exist)">Oldambtsters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadsgronings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadsgronings (page does not exist)">Stadsgronings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veenkoloniaals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veenkoloniaals (page does not exist)">Veenkoloniaals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerkwartiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerkwartiers (page does not exist)">Westerkwartiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollumerpompsters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollumerpompsters (page does not exist)">Kollumerpompsters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kollumerlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kollumerlands (page does not exist)">Kollumerlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middaglands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middaglands (page does not exist)">Middaglands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midden-Westerkwartiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midden-Westerkwartiers (page does not exist)">Midden-Westerkwartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuid-Westerkwartiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuid-Westerkwartiers (page does not exist)">Zuid-Westerkwartiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerwolds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerwolds (page does not exist)">Westerwolds</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> (Westfälisch) <ul><li>Westmünsterländisch</li> <li>Münsterländisch</li> <li>South Westphalian (Südwestfälisch)</li> <li>East Westphalian (Ostwestfälisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellingwerfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellingwerfs">Stellingwerfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drents" class="mw-redirect" title="Drents">Drents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midden-Drents" class="mw-redirect" title="Midden-Drents">Midden-Drents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuid-Drents" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuid-Drents">Zuid-Drents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twents" class="mw-redirect" title="Twents">Twents</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twents-Graafschaps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twents-Graafschaps (page does not exist)">Twents-Graafschaps</a></li> <li>Twents</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelders-Overijssels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelders-Overijssels (page does not exist)">Gelders-Overijssels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achterhoeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Achterhoeks">Achterhoeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallands">Sallands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oost-Veluws" class="mw-redirect" title="Oost-Veluws">Oost-Veluws</a> (partly classified as Veluws)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkers">Urkers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veluws" class="mw-redirect" title="Veluws">Veluws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oost-Veluws" class="mw-redirect" title="Oost-Veluws">Oost-Veluws</a> (partly classified as Gelders-Overijssels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West-Veluws" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Veluws">West-Veluws</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastphalian_language" title="Eastphalian language">Eastphalian</a> (Ostfälisch)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Low_German" title="East Low German">East Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburgisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburgisch">Brandenburgisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li>Central Pomeranian (Mittelpommersch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> (Ostpommersch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Prussian">Low Prussian</a> (Niederpreußisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> Low German, used also in many other countries)</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Low German">History of Low German</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Saxon">Old Saxon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Old Saxon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a></div> Old Saxon (Altsächsisch), also known as Old Low German (Altniederdeutsch), is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a>. It is documented from the 9th century until the 12th century, when it evolved into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>. It was spoken on the north-west coast of Germany by <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxon peoples</a>. It is closely related to Old <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Frisian">Anglo-Frisian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>), partially participating in the <a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_nasal_spirant_law" title="Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law">Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law</a>. Only a few texts survive, predominantly in baptismal vows the Saxons were required to perform at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. The only literary texts preserved are <a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon_Genesis" title="Old Saxon Genesis">Old Saxon Genesis</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title='"Altniederdeutsch" – Old Saxon; "Mittelniederdeutsch" - Middle Low German; "Niederdeutsch" – Modern Low German'><noscript><img alt='"Altniederdeutsch" – Old Saxon; "Mittelniederdeutsch" - Middle Low German; "Niederdeutsch" – Modern Low German' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg/120px-Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="2268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 82px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg/120px-Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg.png" data-alt='"Altniederdeutsch" – Old Saxon; "Mittelniederdeutsch" - Middle Low German; "Niederdeutsch" – Modern Low German' data-width="120" data-height="82" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg/180px-Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg/240px-Evolutionsgeschichte_der_Indo-Europ%C3%A4ischen_Sprachen_mit_Schwerpunkt_Westeuropa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Altniederdeutsch" – Old Saxon; "Mittelniederdeutsch" - Middle Low German; "Niederdeutsch" – Modern Low German </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Saxon speaking area (purple)"><noscript><img alt="Old Saxon speaking area (purple)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png/120px-Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png/120px-Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png" data-alt="Old Saxon speaking area (purple)" data-width="120" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png/180px-Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png/240px-Historical_West_Germanic_language_area.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Saxon speaking area (purple) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_heliand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heliand – fragment, one of the most important testimonies of Old Saxon"><noscript><img alt="Heliand – fragment, one of the most important testimonies of Old Saxon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Berlin_heliand.jpg/96px-Berlin_heliand.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Berlin_heliand.jpg/96px-Berlin_heliand.jpg" data-alt="Heliand – fragment, one of the most important testimonies of Old Saxon" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Berlin_heliand.jpg/144px-Berlin_heliand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Berlin_heliand.jpg/193px-Berlin_heliand.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heliand" title="Heliand">Heliand</a> – fragment, one of the most important testimonies of Old Saxon</div> </li> </ul> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Old Saxon </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Modern Low German </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fadar usa firiho barno, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Vadder van us, (...) </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thu bist an them hohon himila rikea, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Du bist an den hogen himmlischen Riek, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>geuuihid si thin namo uuordo gehuuilico, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hiligt wees dien naam in elk Woord, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuma thin craftag riki. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Kaam dien mächtig Riek. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UUerða thin uuilleo oƀar thesa werold alla, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Warr dien Wille över düsse Werld allerwegens, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>so sama an erðo, so thar uppa ist </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>so up de Eerd, as dat it is dor baven </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>an them hohon himilo rikea. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>in den hogen himmlischen Riek. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gef us dag gehuuilikes rad, drohtin the godo, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Giff us elk Dag Raad, Herr de Gode, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>thina helaga helpa, endi alat us, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Dine hilige Hölp, un laat us free, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>heƀenes uuard, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Beschermer van de Heven, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>managoro mensculdio, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>us männje Schullen, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>al so uue oðrum mannum doan. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ust so as wi doot mit anneren Minschen. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ne lat us farledean leða uuihti </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Laat lege Wichten nich us verschünnen </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>so forð an iro uuileon, so uui uuirðige sind, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>jümehr Willen to doon, as wi würdig sind, </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ac help us uuiðar allun uƀilon dadiun. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>man hölp us twingen tegen alle öveln Daden. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Low_German">Middle Low German</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Middle Low German" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a></div> The Middle Low German language (Mittelniederdeutsch) is an ancestor of modern Low German. It was spoken from about 1100 to 1600. The neighbouring languages within the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a> were <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> in the West and <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> in the South, later substituted by <a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German" title="Early New High German">Early New High German</a>. Middle Low German was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, spoken all around the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> It had a significant influence on the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a> and other languages around the Baltic Sea. Based on the language of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, a standardized written language was developing, though it was never codified. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Extent_of_the_Hansa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanseatic main area"><noscript><img alt="Hanseatic main area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Extent_of_the_Hansa.png/120px-Extent_of_the_Hansa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="695"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 67px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Extent_of_the_Hansa.png/120px-Extent_of_the_Hansa.png" data-alt="Hanseatic main area" data-width="120" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Extent_of_the_Hansa.png/180px-Extent_of_the_Hansa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Extent_of_the_Hansa.png/240px-Extent_of_the_Hansa.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hanseatic main area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Reyneke1539.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reyneke de Vos is the most important Middle Low German animal epic in verse."><noscript><img alt="Reyneke de Vos is the most important Middle Low German animal epic in verse." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reyneke1539.jpg/120px-Reyneke1539.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reyneke1539.jpg/120px-Reyneke1539.jpg" data-alt="Reyneke de Vos is the most important Middle Low German animal epic in verse." data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reyneke1539.jpg/180px-Reyneke1539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Reyneke1539.jpg/240px-Reyneke1539.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reyneke de Vos is the most important Middle Low German animal epic in verse.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inscription in Middle Low German on a house at Hameln. Translation: All the world's magnificence is like a flower that grows today and vanishes tomorrow; the Lord's word remains in eternity."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg/120px-Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7066" data-file-height="2203"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg/120px-Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="120" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg/180px-Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg/240px-Mittelniederdeutsch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inscription in Middle Low German on a house at Hameln. Translation: All the world's magnificence is like a flower that grows today and vanishes tomorrow; the Lord's word remains in eternity. </div> </li> </ul> <table> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Middle Low German </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Modern Low German </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Van deme thunkonnynck </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Van dên niëtelkuönînk </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yd gheschach vp eynen voryarsdach, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Et geschooich up eenen vruijaorsdag </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alze grone men bomen vnde haghen sach </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Asse gruinen mên buime on hagen saoch </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde manck de krüder vele schone blomen, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Un mank de kruder viêle schuine blooumen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Men horde ghesangen wyde van bomen, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Men horde ghesangen wyde van bomen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do boeden voghelen grote vnde kleyne </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Doar bowweden vuëgel, graaute on kleeine, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nester vp dat se nicht leuen alleyne. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Nester, op dat ze nich liêwen alleeîne. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eyn thunkonnynck wonede wol tho vreden </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Eein niëtelkuönînk woeönde wul touvriêr </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myt wyff vnde kyndere in eyner steden </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Met wiew un kînners în eeine stiehe, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waghenschune wol aff gheleghen, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>În ’ne waogenschoer woal afgeliêgen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dar balken vogheles nester dreghen. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Dar balken vogheles nester dreghen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eyns weren vth ghevloghen de olden, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Eeins wören oetvloeögen de aaulen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wente se vödynge vynden wolden </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Wieldat ze voder vînnen wollen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vor ere yungen tho huß in deme neste, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Veur iêre jongen touhoes în dên neste, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dat se gud ethen vnde wassen vpt beste. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Dat ze gout iêten on wassen op’t beste. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Men do se vth ghevloghen tho tweyne, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mên wiel ze oetvloeögen weuren tou tweeine, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weren de yungen gantz alleyne. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Weuren de jongen gaans aleeine. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alzo de vader quam wedder thom nest, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>As dên de vaoder toun nest wier kwam, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Is dar eyn gantz arg gheluth ghewest. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Was doar eein arget geloete aan gaang. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Was doar eein arget geloete aan gaang. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Doa sproik he »Worumme dat, kînners mien, </td></tr> <tr> <td>We dede yw an solke wee vnde pyn?« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Wêr dêe joe aan sokke laiden on pien?« </td></tr> <tr> <td>»Leue vader,« repen se, »horet gy! </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Lêiwe vaoder,« roipen ze, »heuëret Jie! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eyn groue vnwycht quam hyr vor by. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Eein groawe onwicht kwam hier veurbie. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seer greselyk sach he vth vnde slym. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zêêr greeslik saoch hei oet on slim. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syne oghen glvpeden quad vnde grym </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ziene aaugen gloepkeden kwaaud on met grîm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wo kvnden wy dar ane anxte syn?« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Woe konnen wi doar aaune aangste zien?« </td></tr> <tr> <td>»Wanne, kyndere myn,« sus sprack he do, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Waorhen, kînnerken mien,« zaau sproik hei doar, </td></tr> <tr> <td>»War is de vnwycht ghebleuen? Secht tho!« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Waor is de onwicht bliewen? Zegget tou!« </td></tr> <tr> <td>»Leue vader,« he do tho antwort krech, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Lêiwe vader,« hêw hei tou aantwoort krieëgen </td></tr> <tr> <td>»He ghynck van hyr vp dennen wech.« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Hei göng van hier op dênne wiêgen.« </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alzo sprack de vader »Wachtet gy hyr! </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Aal voart sproik de vaoder » Tuiwet gie hier! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syd gy schon stylle! Bewyset fyn tzyr! </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ziët gie schuîn stîlle! Bewiezet vien sier! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ick wyl en volgen vnde sal en wol kryghen. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ik wil em volgen on zal em woal kriegen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dar vmme möthen gy schulen vnde swyghen. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Doarumme muëtet gie schoelen on swiegen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gy dorven nu nicht vruchten meer. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Gie druëwet noe nich vruchten mêêr. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ik wyl drade komen wedder heer.« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ik wîl gawwe koeömen wier hiêr.« </td></tr> <tr> <td>De thunkonnynck is vp den wech ghevloghen, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>De niëtelkuönînk is op den wiêge vloeögen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde alze he quam vmme eynen boghen, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On as hei kwaim ümme eeinen boeögen, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sach he dar eynen lauen ghaen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sach he dar eynen lauen ghaen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myt breydem rugge vnde langer maen. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Met breeiden rugge on laanke maon. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Men de luttyke voghel was vnvorverd, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mên de lutke voagel was onvervêrt, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alze sy des lauen kraft weynich werd. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Asse weur den löwwen zien kraft weeinig wêrt. </td></tr> <tr> <td>He vloch vp des lauen rugge myt hast, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hei vloig op den löwwen zien rugge met hast, </td></tr> <tr> <td>He sette de klouen dar ynne vast </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hei zett’de de klaauen doar înne vast </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde vunck eyn seer luth schelden an, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On vöng eein zêêr loetet schênnen aan, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alze luth eyn voghel ok schelden kan. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Asse loet eein vuagel aauk schênnen kaan. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Men de laue horde nicht den luttyken ryder </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Mên de löwwe hêörde nich den lutken rieder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde ghynck synen wech gantz stylle wyder. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On göng zienen wiêge gaans stille wieder. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do worde des kerlkens torn noch slymmer. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Doar weurde dat kêrlken zien torn naau slîmmer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syn moth worde dryster, syn vlöken grymmer. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zien moout weurde driester, sien vluiken grîmmer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>»Ick segge dy, slumpe bözewycht, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Ik zegge die, slompe buizewicht, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myne kynder vorveren vorloue ick nicht! </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Miene kînners vervêren verluiwe ik nicht! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde kumpst du wedder tho mynem nest, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On kümps du wier tou mienen nest, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Is yd eyn myßdat, dat du doest tho lest. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Is et eein misdaaut, deei doe dois toulest. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ick wyl yd nicht gherne doen. O neyn!« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Ik wîl et nich gêren doun. O neeîn!« </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde he lüftede an eyn van syn beyn, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On hei luftede aan eein van zien beeîn, </td></tr> <tr> <td>»Nochtan dede ick yd – god möthe my wreken: </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>»Doach daon dê ik et – God mogte mie vriêken: </td></tr> <tr> <td>Myt mynem beyn dyn rugge thobreken.« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Met mienen beeîn dien rugge toubriêken.« </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sus vloch he tho rugge tho synem huß, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Zaau vloig hei tourugge tou zienen hoes, </td></tr> <tr> <td>War de kyndere wachten, elk styl alze eyn muß, </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Wao de kînnerken tuiw’den, êlk stîl as eein moes, </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vnde sprack »horet, kynder! Ick gaff deme syn leer. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>On sproik »Hêöret, kînner! Ik gaaif dêm zien lêêr. </td></tr> <tr> <td>He kumpt nu nicht wedder. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Heei kump noe nich wier. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neyn, nummer meer!« </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Neei, nummer mêêr!« </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is a distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> Low Saxon/Low German situation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany_2">Germany</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After mass education in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries, the slow decline which Low German had been experiencing since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> turned into a free fall. The decision to exclude Low German in formal education was not without controversy, however. On one hand, proponents of Low German advocated that since it had a strong cultural and historical value and was the native language of students in northern Germany, it had a place in the classroom. On the other hand, High German was considered the language of education, science, and national unity, and since schools promoted these values, High German was seen as the best candidate for the language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[43]</a> Initially, regional languages and dialects were thought to limit the intellectual ability of their speakers. When historical linguists illustrated the archaic character of certain features and constructions of Low German, this was seen as a sign of its "backwardness". It was not until the efforts of proponents such as Klaus Groth that this impression changed. Groth's publications demonstrated that Low German was a valuable language in its own right, and he was able to convince others that Low German was suitable for literary arts and was a national treasure worth keeping.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[43]</a> Through the works of advocates like Groth, both proponents and opponents of Low German in formal education saw the language's innate value as the cultural and historical language of northern Germany. Nevertheless, opponents claimed that it should simply remain a spoken and informal language to be used on the street and in the home, but not in formal schooling. In their opinion, it simply did not match the nationally unifying power of High German. As a result, while Low German literature was deemed worthy of being taught in school, High German was chosen as the language of scholarly instruction. With High German the language of education and Low German the language of the home and daily life, a stable diglossia developed in Northern Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:0-46">[43]</a> Various Low German dialects are understood by 10 million people, but many fewer are <a href="/wiki/Native_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native language">native speakers</a>. Total users of Low German (nds) are approximately 2.5 million, with 300,000 native speakers in Brazil and 1,000 in Germany as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a> project supports Low German (nds) as a language for its computer desktop environment,<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> as does the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> Desktop Project. <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a> has been translated into Low German; this used to be coordinated via a page on SourceForge,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> but as of 2015, the most active project is that of KDE.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netherlands" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 20th century, scholars in the Netherlands argued that speaking dialects hindered language acquisition, and it was therefore strongly discouraged. As education improved, and mass communication became more widespread, the Low Saxon dialects further declined, although decline has been greater in urban centres of the Low Saxon regions. When in 1975 dialect folk and rock bands such as <a href="/wiki/Normaal" title="Normaal">Normaal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boh_Foi_Toch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boh Foi Toch (page does not exist)">Boh Foi Toch</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boh_Foi_Toch" class="extiw" title="nl:Boh Foi Toch">nl</a>] became successful with their overt disapproval of what they experienced as "misplaced Dutch snobbery" and the Western Dutch contempt for (speakers of) Low Saxon dialects, they gained a following among the more rurally oriented inhabitants, launching Low Saxon as a sub-culture. They inspired contemporary dialect artists and rock bands, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dani%C3%ABl_Lohues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniël Lohues (page does not exist)">Daniël Lohues</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Lohues" class="extiw" title="nl:Daniël Lohues">nl</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mooi_Wark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mooi Wark (page does not exist)">Mooi Wark</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooi_Wark" class="extiw" title="nl:Mooi Wark">Nl</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jovink_en_de_Voederbietels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jovink en de Voederbietels (page does not exist)">Jovink en de Voederbietels</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovink_en_de_Voederbietels" class="extiw" title="nl:Jovink en de Voederbietels">Nl</a>], <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A1diejan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hádiejan (page does not exist)">Hádiejan</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1diejan" class="extiw" title="nl:Hádiejan">Nl</a>] Nonetheless, the position of the language is vulnerable according to UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[19]</a> Low Saxon is still spoken more widely than in Northern Germany. Efforts are made in Germany and in the Netherlands to protect Low German as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional language</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonetic_and_grammatical_changes">Phonetic and grammatical changes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phonetic and grammatical changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_German_consonant_shift">High German consonant shift</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: High German consonant shift" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, Low German has not been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/High_German_consonant_shift" title="High German consonant shift">High German consonant shift</a> except for old /ð/ having shifted to /d/. Therefore, a lot of Low German words sound similar to their English counterparts. One feature that does distinguish Low German from English generally is final devoicing of obstruents, as exemplified by the words 'good' and 'wind' below. This is a characteristic of Dutch and German as well and involves positional neutralization of voicing contrast in the coda position for obstruents (i.e. t = d at the end of a syllable.) This is not used in English except in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire dialect</a>, where there is a process known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_assimilation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yorkshire assimilation (page does not exist)">Yorkshire assimilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> For instance: water [wɒtɜ, ˈwatɜ, ˈwætɜ], later [ˈlɒːtɜ, ˈlaːtɜ, ˈlæːtɜ], bit [bɪt], dish [dis, diʃ], ship [ʃɪp, skɪp, sxɪp], pull [pʊl], good [ɡou̯t, ɣɑu̯t, ɣuːt], clock [klɔk], sail [sɑi̯l], he [hɛi̯, hɑi̯, hi(j)], storm [stoːrm], wind [vɪˑnt], grass [ɡras, ɣras], hold [hoˑʊl(t)], old [oˑʊl(t)]. The table below shows the relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary Swedish and Icelandic shown for comparison; Eastern and Western North Germanic languages, respectively. The table below shows the relationship between Low German consonants which were unaffected by this <a href="/wiki/Chain_shift" title="Chain shift">chain shift</a> and their equivalents in other West Germanic languages. Contemporary Swedish and Icelandic shown for comparison; Eastern and Western North Germanic languages, respectively. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Proto-Germanic </th> <th>High German </th> <th>Northern Low German </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>English </th> <th>High German </th> <th>West Frisian </th> <th>Swedish </th> <th>Icelandic </th></tr> <tr> <td>-k-</td> <td>-ch-</td> <td>maken</td> <td>maken</td> <td>make</td> <td>machen</td> <td>meitsje</td> <td>maka (arch.)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k-</td> <td>k-</td> <td>Keerl (Kerl) (fellow)</td> <td>kerel</td> <td>churl</td> <td>Kerl *</td> <td>tsjirl (arch.)</td> <td>karl</td> <td>karl </td></tr> <tr> <td>d-</td> <td>t-</td> <td>Dag</td> <td>dag</td> <td>day</td> <td>Tag</td> <td>dei</td> <td>dag</td> <td>dagur </td></tr> <tr> <td>-t-</td> <td>-ss-</td> <td>eten (ȩten, äten) [Westphalian: iäten]</td> <td>eten</td> <td>eat</td> <td>essen</td> <td>ite</td> <td>äta</td> <td>eta </td></tr> <tr> <td>t-</td> <td>z- (/t͡s/)</td> <td>teihn (tein)</td> <td>tien</td> <td>ten</td> <td>zehn</td> <td>tsien</td> <td>tio</td> <td>tíu </td></tr> <tr> <td>-tt-</td> <td>-tz-, -z- (/t͡s/)</td> <td>sitten</td> <td>zitten</td> <td>sit</td> <td>sitzen</td> <td>sitte</td> <td>sitta</td> <td>sitja </td></tr> <tr> <td>-p</td> <td>-f, -ff</td> <td>Schipp, Schepp, Schüpp and Skipp</td> <td>schip</td> <td>ship</td> <td>Schiff</td> <td>skip</td> <td>skepp ***</td> <td>skip </td></tr> <tr> <td>p-</td> <td>pf-</td> <td>Peper</td> <td>peper</td> <td>pepper</td> <td>Pfeffer</td> <td>piper</td> <td>peppar</td> <td>pipar </td></tr> <tr> <td>-β-</td> <td>-b-</td> <td>Wiew, Wiewer; Wief, Wiewer; Wief, Wiever; Wief, Wieber</td> <td>wijf, wijven **</td> <td>wife, wives</td> <td>Weib, Weiber **</td> <td>wiif, wiven</td> <td>viv **</td> <td>víf </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <dl><dd>* High German Kerl is a loanword from Low German.</dd> <dd>** The series Wief–wijf, etc. are <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a>, not semantic equivalents. The meanings of some of these words have shifted over time. For example, the correct equivalent term for "wife" in modern Dutch, German and Swedish is vrouw, Frau and fru respectively; using wijf, Weib or viv for a human is considered archaic in Swedish and nowadays derogatory in Dutch and German, comparable to "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wicked_girl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wicked girl (page does not exist)">wicked girl</a>". No cognate to Frau / vrouw / fru has survived in English (compare Old English <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frowe#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:frowe">frōwe</a> "lady"; the English word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/frow" class="extiw" title="wikt:frow">frow</a> "woman, lady" rather being a borrowing of the Middle Dutch word).</dd> <dd>*** Pronounced shepp since the 17th century</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingvaeonisms">Ingvaeonisms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ingvaeonisms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Like English and Frisian, Low German is often recognized as a North Sea Germanic language and therefore has so-called Ingvaonisms. However, these are not distributed equally regionally everywhere. Some dialects have more and others fewer of these features, while some only occur in older forms of language and only leave relics in modern Low German. <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Ingvaonic development </th> <th>Low German (different dialects) </th> <th>English </th> <th>Westfrisian </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th colspan="2">German </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="9">Nasal-Spirant-Law </th> <td>küüt<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> </td> <td>could </td> <td>koed </td> <td>gekund </td> <td colspan="2">gekonnt </td></tr> <tr> <td>us </td> <td>us </td> <td>ús </td> <td>ons </td> <td colspan="2">uns </td></tr> <tr> <td>wöösken </td> <td>to wish </td> <td>winskje </td> <td>wensen </td> <td colspan="2">wünschen </td></tr> <tr> <td>gais </td> <td>goose </td> <td>goes </td> <td>gans </td> <td colspan="2">Gans </td></tr> <tr> <td>wy stödden<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> </td> <td>we stood </td> <td>wy stiene </td> <td>we stonden </td> <td colspan="2">wir standen </td></tr> <tr> <td>toeggede<a href="#cite_note-plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net-56">[53]</a> </td> <td>tenth </td> <td>tsiende </td> <td>tiende </td> <td colspan="2">zehnte </td></tr> <tr> <td>fiewe </td> <td>five </td> <td>fif </td> <td>vijf </td> <td colspan="2">fünf </td></tr> <tr> <td>määske </td> <td>- </td> <td>minske </td> <td>mens </td> <td colspan="2">Mensch </td></tr> <tr> <td>süss </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>zus (obj.) </td> <td colspan="2">sonst </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="9">R-Metathesis </th> <td>beort<a href="#cite_note-plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net-56">[53]</a> </td> <td>board </td> <td>board </td> <td>bord </td> <td colspan="2">Brett </td></tr> <tr> <td>däärde </td> <td>third </td> <td>tredde </td> <td>derde </td> <td colspan="2">dritter </td></tr> <tr> <td>dartehn </td> <td>thirteen </td> <td>trettjin </td> <td>dertien </td> <td colspan="2">dreizehn </td></tr> <tr> <td>dartig </td> <td>thirty </td> <td>tritich </td> <td>dertig </td> <td colspan="2">dreißig </td></tr> <tr> <td>borste </td> <td>breast </td> <td>boarst </td> <td>borst </td> <td colspan="2">Brust </td></tr> <tr> <td>forsk </td> <td>frosk </td> <td>froask </td> <td>kikvors </td> <td colspan="2">Frosch </td></tr> <tr> <td>hors<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> </td> <td>horse </td> <td>hoars </td> <td>ros </td> <td colspan="2">Ross </td></tr> <tr> <td>born<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> </td> <td>bourn </td> <td>boarne </td> <td>bron </td> <td colspan="2">Brunnen </td></tr> <tr> <td>dröwwen </td> <td>thair (dialectal) </td> <td>doarre </td> <td>durven </td> <td colspan="2">dürfen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="4">Loss of persons distincions in plural forms of verbs </th> <td>wi doot </td> <td>OE: wē dōþ </td> <td>wy dogge </td> <td>wij doen </td> <td colspan="2">wir tun </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">ji doot </td> <td rowspan="2">OE: ġē dōþ </td> <td rowspan="2">jim dogge </td> <td>julie doen </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">ihr tut </td></tr> <tr> <td>jij doet </td></tr> <tr> <td>se doot </td> <td>OE: hīe dōþ </td> <td>sy dogge </td> <td>zij doen </td> <td colspan="2">sie tun </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">No "t" in 3rd person singular of "to be" </th> <td>is ~ es </td> <td>is </td> <td>is </td> <td>is </td> <td colspan="2">ist </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">No "r" in 1st person plural pronoun </th> <td>wi </td> <td>we </td> <td>wy </td> <td>wij </td> <td colspan="2">wir </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Future tense formation with the auxiliary verb "shall" </th> <td>schallen/sallen </td> <td>shall </td> <td>sille </td> <td>zullen </td> <td colspan="2">werden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="11">No distinction between dative and accusative </th> <td>objective (East Frisian dialect) </td> <td>objective </td> <td>objective </td> <td>objective </td> <td>accusative </td> <td>dative </td></tr> <tr> <td>den<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>den </td> <td>dem </td></tr> <tr> <td>dessen<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> </td> <td>this </td> <td>dizze </td> <td>deze </td> <td>diesen </td> <td>diesem </td></tr> <tr> <td>mi<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> </td> <td>me </td> <td>my </td> <td>mij </td> <td>mich </td> <td>mir </td></tr> <tr> <td>di<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> </td> <td>you (thee) </td> <td>dy </td> <td>jou </td> <td>dich </td> <td>dir </td></tr> <tr> <td>hüm<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> </td> <td>him </td> <td>him </td> <td>hem </td> <td>ihn </td> <td>ihm </td></tr> <tr> <td>hör<a href="#cite_note-platt-wb.de-64">[61]</a> </td> <td>her </td> <td>har </td> <td>haar </td> <td>sie </td> <td>ihr </td></tr> <tr> <td>dat<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> </td> <td>it </td> <td>it </td> <td>het </td> <td>es </td> <td>ihm </td></tr> <tr> <td>u(n)s<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> </td> <td>us </td> <td>ús </td> <td>ons </td> <td>uns </td> <td>uns </td></tr> <tr> <td>jo<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> </td> <td>you </td> <td>jo </td> <td>jullie </td> <td>euch </td> <td>euch </td></tr> <tr> <td>hör<a href="#cite_note-platt-wb.de-64">[61]</a> </td> <td>them </td> <td>harren </td> <td>hen ~ hun </td> <td>sie </td> <td>ihnen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="4">Using other personal pronouns </th> <td>he </td> <td>he </td> <td>hy </td> <td>hij </td> <td colspan="2">er </td></tr> <tr> <td>se, he (In Twente,<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> Western Overijssel and North Gelderland) </td> <td>OE: hēo </td> <td>sy, hja </td> <td>zij </td> <td colspan="2">sie </td></tr> <tr> <td>ji </td> <td>you </td> <td>jim </td> <td>jullie </td> <td colspan="2">ihr </td></tr> <tr> <td>se </td> <td>OE: hīe </td> <td>sy, hja </td> <td>zij </td> <td colspan="2">sie </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5">No ge-prefix </th> <td>maakt </td> <td>made </td> <td>makke </td> <td>gemaakt </td> <td colspan="2">gemacht </td></tr> <tr> <td>daon </td> <td>done </td> <td>dien </td> <td>gedaan </td> <td colspan="2">getan </td></tr> <tr> <td>sehn </td> <td>seen </td> <td>sjoen </td> <td>gezien </td> <td colspan="2">gesehen </td></tr> <tr> <td>gaone </td> <td>gone </td> <td>gien </td> <td>gegaan </td> <td colspan="2">gegangen </td></tr> <tr> <td>lääsen, leest<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> </td> <td>read </td> <td>lêzen </td> <td>gelezen </td> <td colspan="2">gelesen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="5">Assibilization or palatalization of velar consonants </th> <td>OS: kiennan<a href="#cite_note-Fulk-71">[68]</a> </td> <td>OE: cunnan </td> <td>kenne </td> <td>kennen </td> <td colspan="2">kennen </td></tr> <tr> <td>OS: kiesur<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> </td> <td>OE: caser </td> <td>keizer </td> <td>keizer </td> <td colspan="2">Kaiser </td></tr> <tr> <td>MLG: zint<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> </td> <td>child </td> <td>- </td> <td>Kind </td> <td colspan="2">Kind </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Low German: Sebber/Sever<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> </td> <td>OE: ċeafor </td> <td>krobbe </td> <td>kever </td> <td colspan="2">Käfer </td></tr> <tr> <td>OS: ieldan<a href="#cite_note-Fulk-71">[68]</a> </td> <td>yield </td> <td>jild </td> <td>geld </td> <td colspan="2">Geld </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="3">Palatalization of Germanic "a" </th> <td>OS: therf<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> </td> <td>OE: thearf </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td colspan="2">darf </td></tr> <tr> <td>OS: deg<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> </td> <td>day OE: dæg </td> <td>dei </td> <td>dag </td> <td colspan="2">Tag </td></tr> <tr> <td>OS: gles<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> </td> <td>glas OE: glæs </td> <td>glês </td> <td>glas </td> <td colspan="2">Glas </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Loss reflexive pronoun in 3rd person singular plural </th> <td>3rd p. s. m. </td> <td>sik/sey,<a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[75]</a> um (for example in Vriezenveen)<a href="#cite_note-Entjes_1970-79">[76]</a> </td> <td>himself </td> <td>him </td> <td>zich </td> <td colspan="2">sich </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd p. s. f. </td> <td>sik/ierk,<a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[75]</a> eer (for example in Vriezenveen)<a href="#cite_note-Entjes_1970-79">[76]</a> </td> <td>herself </td> <td>har </td> <td>zich </td> <td colspan="2">sich </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd p. p. </td> <td>sik/ierk,<a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[75]</a> eer ( for example in Vriezenveen)<a href="#cite_note-Entjes_1970-79">[76]</a> </td> <td>themself </td> <td>harren </td> <td>zich </td> <td colspan="2">sich </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_changes">Other changes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other changes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In addition, there are of course numerous other changes that are not related to Ingwaonic phenomena, but that arose in exchange with other languages or something else. The table below reflects some of these developments insofar as they affect several dialects and are therefore not exceptional phenomena. <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound change </th> <th>German </th> <th>Frisian </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>Low German </th> <th>Swedish </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">ks → ss </td> <td>wachsen </td> <td>waakse </td> <td>wassen </td> <td>wassen </td> <td>växa </td> <td>(to grow) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuchs </td> <td>voks </td> <td>vos </td> <td>foss </td> <td>fux </td> <td>fox </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ochse </td> <td>okse </td> <td>ose </td> <td>osse </td> <td>oxe </td> <td>ox </td></tr> <tr> <td>sechs </td> <td>seis </td> <td>zes </td> <td>sess </td> <td>sex </td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wachs </td> <td>waaks </td> <td>was </td> <td>was </td> <td>vax </td> <td>wax </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">intervocalic /d/ cluster </td> <td>alt - älter </td> <td>âld- âlder </td> <td>oud - ouder </td> <td>old - oller </td> <td>gammal - äldre </td> <td>old - older </td></tr> <tr> <td>kalt - kälter </td> <td>kâld - kâlder </td> <td>koud - kouder </td> <td>kold - koller </td> <td>kallt - kallare </td> <td>cold - colder </td></tr> <tr> <td>wild - wilder </td> <td>wyld - wylder </td> <td>wild - wilder </td> <td>wild - willer </td> <td>vild - vildare </td> <td>wild- wilder </td></tr> <tr> <td>unter </td> <td>ûnder </td> <td>onder </td> <td>unner </td> <td>under </td> <td>under </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schulter </td> <td>skouder </td> <td>schouder </td> <td>schuller </td> <td>skuldra </td> <td>shoulder </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Low_German" title="Special:EditPage/Low German">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Low+German%22">"Low German"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Low+German%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Low+German%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Low+German%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Low+German%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Low+German%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: Besides being unsourced, the article is wrong (or at best incomplete and misleading). Also, as there are different Low German dialects with different grammar, it probably makes more sense to give the dialectal grammar in articles like <a href="/wiki/Northern_Low_Saxon" title="Northern Low Saxon">Northern Low Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian language</a> etc. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Low_German" title="Special:EditPage/Low German">improve this article</a> if you can. (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Generally speaking, Low German <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> shows similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Northern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> share some features (especially <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> features) with <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following table tries to reflect the linguistic situation of the individual dialects as diverse as possible and to name as many case forms of the respective pronouns, but it is not able to do justice to every dialect. So the pronoun of the third person singular feminine can be pronounced as follows: se(e), sey, soi, etc. Only one of these variants can be found in the table. This also applies to all other pronouns. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Personal pronouns<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Case </th> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="4">3rd person </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th> <th rowspan="2">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th rowspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Masculine </th> <th>Neuter </th> <th>Feminine </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>ik(ke) ek(ke) </td> <td>wy </td> <td>du (j)y </td> <td>(j)y/ (j)it </td> <td>he </td> <td>it/(h)et/öt dat/det </td> <td>se/ he (just in Twente used) </td> <td>se/ süm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative/Objective </th> <td>my/ mik/mek </td> <td>u(n)s/üsk </td> <td>dy/ dik/dek/ ju </td> <td>(j)u(ch)/jük/ ink/ jem/jüm </td> <td>iänne/öne/ (h)em/hüm/him </td> <td>it/(h)et/öt dat/det </td> <td>(h)er/(h)ör/ se </td> <td>jem/jüm/ (h)er/(h)ör/ se/ süm </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative (Assinghausen) </th> <td>mey </td> <td>us </td> <td>dey </td> <td>uch </td> <td>iämme </td> <td>iämme </td> <td>iär </td> <td>iänne </td></tr></tbody></table> <big>Reflexive pronouns</big> While Old Saxon has lost the Germanic reflexive pronouns such as Old English and Old Frisian and instead resorts to the relevant third-person personal pronoun, modern Low German borrows reflexive pronouns from German. In Sauerland, it is conjugated as in Proto-Germanic and Icelandic. In addition, a distinction is made between the individual genders as well as individual and multiple people. <a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <th>East Frisian LG </th> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <th colspan="2">Southern Westphalian </th> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <th>Vriezenveen </th> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <th colspan="3">Islandic </th></tr> <tr> <th>Objective </th> <th>Accusative </th> <th>Dative </th> <th>Objektive </th> <th>Accusative </th> <th>Dative </th> <th>Genetive </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Singular </td> <td>mi </td> <td>miëck </td> <td>mey </td> <td>mii </td> <td>meg </td> <td>mér </td> <td>mín </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Singular </td> <td>di </td> <td>diëck </td> <td>dey </td> <td>dii </td> <td>þig </td> <td>þér </td> <td>þín </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Singular, Masculin </td> <td>sük </td> <td>siëck </td> <td>sey </td> <td>um </td> <td>sig </td> <td>sér </td> <td>sín </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Singular, Feminin </td> <td>sük </td> <td>siëck </td> <td>sey/iärk </td> <td>eer </td> <td>sig </td> <td>sér </td> <td>sín </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Singular, Neutral </td> <td>sük </td> <td>siëck </td> <td>sey </td> <td>um </td> <td>sig </td> <td>sér </td> <td>sín </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1. Plural </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>us </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td>us </td> <td>us </td> <td> </td> <td>oons </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td>okkur </td> <td>okkur </td> <td>okkar </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Plural </td> <td>ju </td> <td>ugg </td> <td>ugg </td> <td> </td> <td>ůů </td> <td>ykkur </td> <td>ykkur </td> <td>ykkar </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Plural </td> <td>sük </td> <td> </td> <td>iärk </td> <td>iärk </td> <td> </td> <td>eer </td> <td>sig </td> <td>sér </td> <td>sín </td></tr></tbody></table> Examples: The respective translations consist only of cognates of the same origins. The sentences do not necessarily have to correspond semantically. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th>East Frisian LG </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th>Southern Westphalian </th> <td rowspan="5"> </td> <th>Vjens </th></tr> <tr> <td>He washes himself the hands. </td> <td>He wasket sük de hannen. </td> <td>Hai wäsket sey dei hänne. </td> <td>Hei wasket um de handen. </td></tr> <tr> <td>She washes herself. </td> <td>Se wasket sük. </td> <td>Sei wäsket iärk. </td> <td>Zei wasket eer. </td></tr> <tr> <td>He washes himself. </td> <td>He wasket sük. </td> <td>Hai wasket siëck. </td> <td>Hei wasket um. </td></tr> <tr> <td>They wash themselves. </td> <td>Se wasken sük. </td> <td>Sei wasket iärk. </td> <td>Zei wasket eer. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Low German verbs are conjugated for person, number, and tense. There are five tenses in Low German:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>, and in Mennonite Low German the <a href="/wiki/Present_perfect" title="Present perfect">present perfect</a> which signifies a remaining effect from a past finished action. For example, "Ekj sie jekomen", "I am come", means that the speaker came and he is still at the place to which he came as a result of his completed action. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, High German, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Low_German" title="Southern Low German">southern Low German</a>, the northern dialects form the past participle without the prefix ge-, like the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Compare northern Low German slapen to the German past <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> geschlafen. This past <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> is used with the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> hewwen/hebben "to have" and wesen/sin/sien "to be". When the past <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> ends with -en or in a few oft-used words like west (been). The conjugation patterns can vary greatly depending on the dialect. The more northern dialects are strongly influenced by German, while East Westphalian and especially Vjens have retained many ancient features. <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>East-Westphalian conjugation examples<a href="#cite_note-Ahlert_2021_125%E2%80%93183-89">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">verbs </th> <th>briäken, "to break" </th> <th>täin "to pull" </th> <th>doun, "to do" </th> <th>gaun, "to go" </th> <th>helpen, "to help" </th> <th>küren, "to speak" </th> <th>willen, "to want/ to become" </th> <th>kwuomen, "to come" </th> <th>haulen, "to hold" </th> <th>skräggen, "to shout" </th> <th>skäilen, "to scold" </th> <th>beskriieben, "to describe" </th> <th>wasken, "to wash" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th> <td>briäken </td> <td>täin </td> <td>doun</td> <td>gaun </td> <td>helpen </td> <td>küren </td> <td>willen </td> <td>kwuomen </td> <td>haulen </td> <td>skräggen </td> <td>skäilen </td> <td>beskriieben</td> <td>wasken </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Participle </th> <th colspan="3">Present </th> <td>briäken </td> <td>täin </td> <td>doun </td> <td>gaun </td> <td>helpen </td> <td>küren </td> <td>willen </td> <td>kwuomen </td> <td>haulen </td> <td>skräggen </td> <td>skäilen </td> <td>beskriieben </td> <td>wasken </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Past </th> <td>bruoken </td> <td>tuogen </td> <td>daun </td> <td>gaun </td> <td>holpen </td> <td>kürt </td> <td>wolt </td> <td>kwuom </td> <td>haulen </td> <td>skrägget </td> <td>skuolen </td> <td>beskriben </td> <td>wasken </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Indicative </th> <th rowspan="4">Present </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>briäke </td> <td>tee</td> <td>doo</td> <td>goo </td> <td>helpe </td> <td>küre </td> <td>will </td> <td>kwuome </td> <td>haule </td> <td>skrägge </td> <td>skäile </td> <td>beskriiewe</td> <td>waske </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>bräks </td> <td>tüss</td> <td>döss</td> <td>gäis </td> <td>helps </td> <td>kürs </td> <td>wüss </td> <td>kümms </td> <td>hölts </td> <td>skrägges </td> <td>skäils </td> <td>beskrifs</td> <td>waskes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>briäk </td> <td>tüt</td> <td>dött</td> <td>gäit </td> <td>helpet </td> <td>kürt </td> <td>will </td> <td>kümmp </td> <td>hölt </td> <td>skrägget </td> <td>skäilt </td> <td>beskrif</td> <td>wasket </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>briäket </td> <td>teet</td> <td>doot</td> <td>goot </td> <td>helpet </td> <td>kürt </td> <td>willt </td> <td>kwuomet </td> <td>hault </td> <td>skrägget </td> <td>skäilt </td> <td>beskriiewet</td> <td>wasket </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Past </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>broik </td> <td>toig</td> <td>dää</td> <td>göng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>kürede </td> <td>woll </td> <td>kweimp </td> <td>hoilt </td> <td>skräggede </td> <td>skoilt </td> <td>beskreif</td> <td>waskede </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>broiks </td> <td>toigs</td> <td>dääs</td> <td>göngs </td> <td>hölpes </td> <td>küredes </td> <td>woss </td> <td>kweimps </td> <td>hoilts </td> <td>skräggedes </td> <td>skoils </td> <td>beskreifs</td> <td>waskedes </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>broik </td> <td>toig </td> <td>dää </td> <td>göng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>kürede </td> <td>woll </td> <td>kweimp </td> <td>hoilt </td> <td>skräggede </td> <td>skoilt </td> <td>beskreif </td> <td>waskede </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>broiken </td> <td>toigen</td> <td>dään</td> <td>göngen </td> <td>hölpen </td> <td>küreden </td> <td>wollen </td> <td>kweimen </td> <td>hoilen </td> <td>skräggeden </td> <td>skoilen </td> <td>beskreiwen</td> <td>waskeden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Imperative </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <td>briäk </td> <td>tee </td> <td>dot </td> <td>gong </td> <td>help </td> <td>kür </td> <td>wuss </td> <td>kwumm </td> <td>haul </td> <td>skrägge </td> <td>skäil </td> <td>beskriiew </td> <td>waske </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>briäket </td> <td>teet </td> <td>doot </td> <td>goot </td> <td>helpet </td> <td>kürt </td> <td>willt </td> <td>kwuomet </td> <td>hault </td> <td>skrägget </td> <td>skäilt </td> <td>beskriiewet </td> <td>wasket </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Northern Low German conjugation examples<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">verbs </th> <th>breken, "to break" </th> <th>tehn"to pull" </th> <th>doon, "to do" </th> <th>gahn, "to go" </th> <th>helpen, "to help" </th> <th>snacken, "to speak" </th> <th>willen, "to want/ to become" </th> <th>kamen, "to come" </th> <th>holen, "to carry" </th> <th>schre'en, "to shout" </th> <th>schellen, "to scold" </th> <th>beschrieven, "to describe" </th> <th>waschen, "to wash" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th> <td>breken </td> <td>tehn </td> <td>doon</td> <td>gahn </td> <td>helpen </td> <td>snacken </td> <td>willen </td> <td>kamen </td> <td>holen </td> <td>schre'en </td> <td>schellen </td> <td>beschrieven</td> <td>waschen </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Participle </th> <th colspan="3">Present </th> <td>breken </td> <td>tehn </td> <td>doon </td> <td>gahn </td> <td>helpen </td> <td>snacken </td> <td>willen </td> <td>kamen </td> <td>holen </td> <td>schre'en </td> <td>schellen </td> <td>beschrieven </td> <td>waschen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Past </th> <td>braken </td> <td>tagen </td> <td>dahn </td> <td>gahn </td> <td>hulpen </td> <td>snackt </td> <td>wullt </td> <td>kamen </td> <td>holen </td> <td>schreet </td> <td>schlellt </td> <td>beschreven </td> <td>wuschen </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Indicative </th> <th rowspan="4">Present </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>breek </td> <td>teh</td> <td>do</td> <td>gah </td> <td>help </td> <td>snack </td> <td>will </td> <td>kaam </td> <td>hool </td> <td>schree </td> <td>schell </td> <td>beschriev</td> <td>wasch </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>brickst </td> <td>tühst</td> <td>deist</td> <td>geihst </td> <td>helpst </td> <td>snackst </td> <td>willst </td> <td>kummst </td> <td>höllst </td> <td>schreest </td> <td>schellst </td> <td>beschriffst</td> <td>waschst </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>brickt </td> <td>tüht</td> <td>deit</td> <td>geiht </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>snackt </td> <td>will </td> <td>kummt </td> <td>höllt </td> <td>schreet </td> <td>schellt </td> <td>beschrifft</td> <td>wascht </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>breekt </td> <td>teht</td> <td>doon</td> <td>gaht </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>snackt </td> <td>wölt </td> <td>kaamt </td> <td>hoolt </td> <td>schreet </td> <td>schellt </td> <td>beschrievt</td> <td>wascht </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Past </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>bröök </td> <td>töög</td> <td>deed</td> <td>güng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>snack </td> <td>wull </td> <td>keem </td> <td>höölen </td> <td>schree </td> <td>schell </td> <td>beschreev</td> <td>wüsch </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>bröökst </td> <td>töögst</td> <td>deedst</td> <td>güngst </td> <td>hölpst </td> <td>snackst </td> <td>wullst </td> <td>keemst </td> <td>höölst </td> <td>schreest </td> <td>schellst </td> <td>beschreevst</td> <td>wüschst </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>bröök </td> <td>töög </td> <td>deed </td> <td>güng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>snack </td> <td>wull </td> <td>keem </td> <td>hööl </td> <td>schree </td> <td>schell </td> <td>beschreev </td> <td>wüsch </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>bröken </td> <td>tögen</td> <td>deden</td> <td>güngen </td> <td>hölpen </td> <td>snacken </td> <td>wullen </td> <td>kemen </td> <td>hölen </td> <td>schreen </td> <td>schellen </td> <td>beschreven</td> <td>wüschen </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Imperative </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <td>breek </td> <td>teh </td> <td>do </td> <td>gah </td> <td>help </td> <td>snack </td> <td>will </td> <td>kaam </td> <td>hool </td> <td>schree </td> <td>schell </td> <td>beschriev </td> <td>wasch </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>breekt </td> <td>teht </td> <td>doot </td> <td>gaht </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>snackt </td> <td>wöölt </td> <td>kamt </td> <td>hoolt </td> <td>schreet </td> <td>schellt </td> <td>beschrievt </td> <td>wascht </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Vjens conjugation examples<a href="#cite_note-Ahlert_2021_125%E2%80%93183-89">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">verbs </th> <th>bräken, "to break" </th> <th>dòůn, "to do" </th> <th>góón, "to go" </th> <th>helpen, "to help" </th> <th>wilen, "to want; to become" </th> <th>hoolen, "to carry" </th> <th>wasken, "to wash" </th> <th>biiten, " to bite" </th> <th>baigen, "to salvage" </th> <th>waiken, "to work" </th> <th>biieven, "to quake" </th> <th>visken, "to fish" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th> <td>bräken </td> <td>dòůn </td> <td>góón </td> <td>helpen </td> <td>wilen </td> <td>hoolen</td> <td>wasken </td> <td>biiten </td> <td>baigen </td> <td>waiken </td> <td>biieven </td> <td>visken </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Participle </th> <th colspan="3">Present </th> <td>bräkend </td> <td>dòůnd </td> <td>góónd </td> <td>helpend </td> <td>wilend </td> <td>hoolend </td> <td>waskend </td> <td>biitend </td> <td>baigend </td> <td>waikend </td> <td>biievend </td> <td>viskend </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Past </th> <td>ebräken </td> <td>edòòn </td> <td>egóón </td> <td>ehölpen </td> <td>ewilt </td> <td>ehoolen </td> <td>ewösken </td> <td>ebjiten </td> <td>ebjörgen </td> <td>ewaiket </td> <td>ebiievet </td> <td>evisket </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Indicative </th> <th rowspan="4">Present </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>bräke </td> <td>dòůe </td> <td>góó </td> <td>helpe </td> <td>wil </td> <td>hoole</td> <td>waske </td> <td>biite </td> <td>baige </td> <td>waike </td> <td>biieve </td> <td>viske </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>brekst </td> <td>dòůst </td> <td>geist </td> <td>helpst </td> <td>wist </td> <td>hóólst</td> <td>waskest </td> <td>bitst </td> <td>baigst </td> <td>waikst </td> <td>biievst </td> <td>viskest </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>brekt </td> <td>dòůn </td> <td>geiht </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>wil </td> <td>hóólt</td> <td>wasket </td> <td>bit </td> <td>baigt </td> <td>waikt </td> <td>biievt </td> <td>visket </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>bräkt </td> <td>dòůt </td> <td>góót </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>wilt </td> <td>hoolt</td> <td>wasket </td> <td>biitt </td> <td>baigt </td> <td>waikt </td> <td>biievt </td> <td>visket </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Past </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>brak </td> <td>dee </td> <td>göng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>wól </td> <td>höül</td> <td>wöske </td> <td>bjet </td> <td>björg </td> <td>waiken </td> <td>biievde </td> <td>viskede </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>brakst </td> <td>deest </td> <td>göngst </td> <td>hölpst </td> <td>wóst </td> <td>höülst</td> <td>wöskest </td> <td>bjetst </td> <td>björgst </td> <td>waikenst </td> <td>biievdest </td> <td>viskedest </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>brak </td> <td>dee </td> <td>göng </td> <td>hölp </td> <td>wól </td> <td>höül </td> <td>wöske </td> <td>bjet </td> <td>bjrörg </td> <td>waiken </td> <td>biievde </td> <td>viskede </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>brakken </td> <td>deen </td> <td>göngen </td> <td>hölpen </td> <td>wólen </td> <td>höülen</td> <td>wösken </td> <td>bjeten </td> <td>björgen </td> <td>waiken </td> <td>biievden </td> <td>viskeden </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Imperative </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <td>bräk </td> <td>dòůe </td> <td>góó </td> <td>help </td> <td>? </td> <td>hoole </td> <td>waske </td> <td>biite </td> <td>baige </td> <td>waike </td> <td>biieve </td> <td>viske </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>bräkt </td> <td>dòůt </td> <td>góót </td> <td>helpt </td> <td>wilt </td> <td>hoolt </td> <td>wasket </td> <td>biitet </td> <td>baigt </td> <td>waikt </td> <td>biievt </td> <td>visket </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>East Pomeranian conjugation examples<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">verbs </th> <th>breeka, to break" </th> <th>häwa, "to have" </th> <th>wila, "to want/ to become" </th> <th>måka, "to male" </th> <th>bruuka, "to need" </th> <th>raupa, "to call/ to shout" </th> <th>srijga "to scream" </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Infinitive </th> <td>breeka </td> <td>häwa </td> <td>wila </td> <td>måka </td> <td>bruuka </td> <td>raupa </td> <td>srijga </td></tr> <tr> <th>Participle </th> <th colspan="3">Past </th> <td>brooka </td> <td>hat </td> <td>wud </td> <td>måkt </td> <td>bruukt </td> <td>roopa </td> <td>sreega </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8">Indicative </th> <th rowspan="4">Present </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>breek </td> <td>häw </td> <td>wil </td> <td>måk </td> <td>bruuk </td> <td>raup </td> <td>srijg </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>breekst </td> <td>häst </td> <td>wist </td> <td>mökst </td> <td>bruukst </td> <td>raupst </td> <td>srigst </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>breekt </td> <td>hät </td> <td>wil </td> <td>mök </td> <td>bruukt </td> <td>raupt </td> <td>srijgt </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>breeka </td> <td>häwa </td> <td>wila </td> <td>måka </td> <td>bruuka </td> <td>raupa </td> <td>srijga </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Past </th> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st person </th> <td>braik </td> <td>haar </td> <td>wu </td> <td>maik </td> <td>brüükt </td> <td>raip </td> <td>sreig </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td>braikst </td> <td>haast </td> <td>wust </td> <td>maikst </td> <td>brüükst </td> <td>raipst </td> <td>sreigst </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person </th> <td>braik </td> <td>haar </td> <td>wu </td> <td>maik </td> <td>brüükt </td> <td>raip </td> <td>sreigt </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Plural </th> <td>braika </td> <td>haara </td> <td>wula </td> <td>maika </td> <td>brüüka </td> <td>raipa </td> <td>sreiga </td></tr></tbody></table> Synthetic subjunctive verb forms are mostly identical to the indicative forms of the past tense and the pluperfect tense - much like Dutch and English. It is thus only recognizable from the context of a sentence.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> It is often formed periphrastically by using the helping verbs woor, schull, wull, and dee: "Ik woor/wöör/worr/wurr mi freuen, wenn Vader noch lang leev" (I would be glad if father still lived for a long time).<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Low German subjunctive 1/ English reported speech </th> <th colspan="2">Low German subjunctive 2 </th></tr> <tr> <th>English Conditional 2 </th> <th>English Conditional 3 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Low German </th> <td>He see to mi, he kaam nu. </td> <td>He see to mi, he harr al eten. </td> <td>Weer ik riek, deed ik ju en Pony köpen, </td> <td>Harr ik de tied hat, harr ik ju hulpen. </td></tr> <tr> <th>English </th> <td>He said to me, he came now. </td> <td>He said to me, he had already eaten. </td> <td>If I were rich, I would buy you a Pony. </td> <td>If I had had the time, I would have helped you. </td></tr></tbody></table> However, compared to most other dialects, the Westphalian dialect has preserved an extremely complex conjugation of strong verbs with subjunctive:<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Infinitive </th> <th>Simple Past </th> <th>Westphalian subjunctive 2 </th></tr> <tr> <td>suin (to be) </td> <td>Ik was (I was) </td> <td>ik wöre (I would be) </td></tr> <tr> <td>bluiven (to stay) </td> <td>he blaiw (he stayed) </td> <td>he bliewe (he would stay) </td></tr> <tr> <td>kriupen (to crawl) </td> <td>he kraup (he crawled) </td> <td>he krüäpe (he would crawl) </td></tr> <tr> <td>soöken (to search) </td> <td>he sochte (he searched) </td> <td>he söchte (he would search) </td></tr> <tr> <td>wieten (to know) </td> <td>he wus (he knew) </td> <td>he wüsse (he would know) </td></tr></tbody></table> There is also a progressive form of verbs in present, corresponding to the same in the Dutch language. It is formed with wesen (to be), the preposition an (at) and dat (the/it). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="1">Low German</th> <th colspan="1">Dutch</th> <th colspan="1">English </th></tr> <tr> <th>Main form </th> <td>Ik bün an't Maken.</td> <td>Ik ben aan het maken.</td> <td>I am making. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Main form 2 </th> <td>Ik do maken.1</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alternative form </th> <td>Ik bün an'n Maken.2</td> <td>Ik ben aan het maken.</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alternative form 2 </th> <td>Ik bün maken.3</td> <td>Ik ben makende.</td> <td>I am making. </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1 Instead of wesen, sien (to be) Saxon uses doon (to do) to make to present continuous.</dd> <dd>2 Many see the 'n as an old dative ending of dat which only occurs when being shortened after prepositions. This is actually the most frequently-used form in colloquial Low German.</dd> <dd>3 This form is archaic and mostly unknown to Low German speakers. It is the same pattern as in the English example "I am making." The present participle has the same form as the infinitive: maken is either "to make" or "making".</dd></dl> In the very south of the East Westphalian language area, the original gerund of the West Germanic languages has been preserved:<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Infinitiv form </th> <th>Gerund form </th></tr> <tr> <td>maken (to make) </td> <td>to makene </td></tr> <tr> <td>kuoken (to cook) </td> <td>to kuokene </td></tr> <tr> <td>schniggen (to snow) </td> <td>to schniggene </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Adjectives" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The forms of Low German's adjectives are distinct from other closely related languages such as German and English. These forms fall somewhere in between these two languages. As in German, the adjectives in Low German may make a distinction between singular and plural to agree with the nouns that they modify,<a href="#cite_note-:1-97">[94]</a> as well as between the three genders, between the nominative and oblique cases and between indefinite (weak) and definite (strong) forms.<a href="#cite_note-SASS-98">[95]</a> However, there is a lot of variation in that respect and some or all of these distinctions may also be absent, so that a single undeclined form of the adjective can occur in all cases, as in English. This is especially common in the neuter.<a href="#cite_note-SASS-98">[95]</a> If the adjective is declined, the pattern tends to be as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender</th> <th></th> <th>Nominative</th> <th>Oblique</th> <th>Gloss </th></tr> <tr> <td>Masculine</td> <td>indefinite singular</td> <td>en starke(n) Kerl</td> <td>en(en) starke(n) Kerl</td> <td>'a strong man' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>indefinite plural</td> <td>starke Kerls</td> <td>starke Kerls</td> <td>'strong men' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite singular</td> <td>de starke Kerl</td> <td>den starken Kerl</td> <td>'the strong man' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite plural</td> <td>de starken Kerls</td> <td>de starken Kerls</td> <td>'the strong men' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Feminine</td> <td>indefinite singular</td> <td>en(e) smucke Deern</td> <td>en(e) smucke Deern</td> <td>'a pretty girl' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>indefinite plural</td> <td>smucke Deerns</td> <td>smucke Deerns</td> <td>'pretty girls' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite singular</td> <td>de smucke Deern</td> <td>de smucke Deern</td> <td>'the pretty girl' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite plural</td> <td>de smucken Deerns</td> <td>de smucken Deerns</td> <td>'the pretty girls' </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter</td> <td>indefinite singular</td> <td>en lütt((e)t) Land</td> <td>en lütt((e)t) Land</td> <td>'a little country' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>indefinite plural</td> <td>lütt Lannen</td> <td>lütt Lannen</td> <td>'little countries' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite singular</td> <td>dat lütte Land</td> <td>dat lütte Land</td> <td>'the little country' </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>definite plural</td> <td>de lütten Lannen</td> <td>de lütten Lannen</td> <td>'the little countries' </td></tr></tbody></table> As mentioned above, alternative undeclined forms such as dat lütt Land, de lütt Lannen, en stark Kerl, de stark Kerl, stark Kerls, de stark Kerls etc. can occur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nouns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Westphalian and Eastphalian dialects have also preserved the so-called dative -e, adding a final -e to masculine and neuter nouns in the dative case.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Proto-westgermanic </th> <th>East Westphalian </th> <th>Münster Westphalian </th> <th>Westfrisian </th> <th>Dutch </th> <th>German </th></tr> <tr> <th>the desk </th> <td>diskē </td> <td>den diske </td> <td>den disk </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>dem Tisch </td></tr> <tr> <th>the summer </th> <td>sumarē </td> <td>den summere </td> <td>den summer </td> <td>de simer </td> <td>de zomer </td> <td>dem Sommer </td></tr> <tr> <th>the day </th> <td>dagē </td> <td>den dage </td> <td>den dag </td> <td>de dei </td> <td>de dag </td> <td>dem Tag </td></tr> <tr> <th>the market </th> <td>markatē </td> <td>den markede </td> <td>den market </td> <td>de merk </td> <td>de markt </td> <td>dem Markt </td></tr> <tr> <th>the swine </th> <td>swīnē </td> <td>den swiene </td> <td>dat swien </td> <td>it swyn </td> <td>het zwijn </td> <td>dem Schwein </td></tr> <tr> <th>the water </th> <td>watarē </td> <td>den watere </td> <td>dat water </td> <td>it wetter </td> <td>het water </td> <td>dem Wasser </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>A common feature of the Low German speaking dialects, is the <a href="/wiki/Relative_articulation#Advanced_and_retracted" title="Relative articulation">retraction</a> of /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ to [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s̠</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar retracted fricative">z̠</a>].<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adams1975-101">[98]</a></li> <li>The sound [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>] can occur as an allophone of /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ among dialects.</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ can have allophones as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>].</li> <li>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ can be articulated as uvular [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>] among Northern dialects and younger speakers.</li> <li>The sound /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ can also be realized as fricative or affricate sounds [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>], [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>], in word-initial position.<a href="#cite_note-:5-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-103">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr class="small"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th>long </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">yː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œː</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>) </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒː</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] and [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a>] can occur as allophones of /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/.<a href="#cite_note-:5-102">[99]</a></li> <li>Vowel backness of /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ to [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] may also occur among dialects.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Diphthongs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td colspan="2">ia, iɛ, iə </td> <td>ua, uɛ, uɔ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td>eˑi, ea </td> <td>øˑi, (øa) </td> <td>oˑu, oa </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td>ɛɪ </td> <td>œɪ </td> <td>ɔʊ, ɔˑi, ɔˑy </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td colspan="2">aˑɪ, aˑi </td> <td>aˑʊ, aˑu </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] can be heard as an allophone of /<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ within diphthongs.</li> <li>Long phonemes /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a>/, occur mostly in the Geest dialects, while in other dialects, they may be realized as diphthongs.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-103">[100]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Low German is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. There is no official standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>, though there are several locally more or less accepted orthographic guidelines. Those in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> are mostly based on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> orthography and may vary per dialect region, and those in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> mostly follow German orthography. To the latter group belongs the orthography devised by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sass" title="Johannes Sass">Johannes Sass</a>. It is mostly used by modern official publications and internet sites, especially the Low German Wikipedia. This diversity, a result of centuries of official neglect and suppression, has a very fragmenting and thus weakening effect on the language as a whole, since it has created barriers that do not exist on the spoken level.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> This severely hampers interregional and interdialectal written communication.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most of these systems aim at representing the <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonic</a>) output rather than underlying (<a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>) representations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A commonly voiced idea on both sides of the border on the topic of spelling is 'Write it as you say it', which results in semi-phonetic spellings based on either German or Dutch spelling conventions. This seriously affects international legibility, as pronunciation can vary wildly, resulting in many different written forms of what are essentially the same words. An attempt to unify the dialects in spelling was created by Reinhard Franz Hahn, a German-American linguist. He created the Algemeyne Schryvwys on etymological principles. He however restricted his spelling's focus mostly to the northern German dialects. A group of enthusiasts from both sides of the border took his principles and expanded them for the majority of the Low German dialects in both the Netherlands and Germany. This reworked version is called the Nysassiske Skryvwyse (New Saxon Spelling).<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Spoken_examples">Spoken examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spoken examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="22" data-mwtitle="Holsteinisch-dialact.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Holsteinisch-dialact.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Holsteinisch-dialact.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Holsteinisch-dialact.ogg/Holsteinisch-dialact.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Holsteinisch dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Holsteinisch-dialect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Holsteinisch-dialect.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Holsteinisch-dialect.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/Holsteinisch-dialect.ogg/Holsteinisch-dialect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Holsteinisch dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="23" data-mwtitle="Holsteinisch-dialect_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Holsteinisch-dialect_1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Holsteinisch-dialect_1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/96/Holsteinisch-dialect_1.ogg/Holsteinisch-dialect_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Holsteinisch dialect</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="South-Westphalian-dialect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:South-Westphalian-dialect.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/South-Westphalian-dialect.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/South-Westphalian-dialect.ogg/South-Westphalian-dialect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Southern Westphalian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Westphalian.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southern_Westphalian.png/220px-Southern_Westphalian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Southern_Westphalian.png/220px-Southern_Westphalian.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Southern_Westphalian.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="East-Westphalian-dialect_1_-483.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Westphalian-dialect_1_-483.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/East-Westphalian-dialect_1_-483.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/East-Westphalian-dialect_1_-483.ogg/East-Westphalian-dialect_1_-483.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Westphalian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_-_Westphalian.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_-_Westphalian.png/220px-East_-_Westphalian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="228"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_-_Westphalian.png/220px-East_-_Westphalian.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/East_-_Westphalian.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="181" data-mwtitle="Lippe-Low-German.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lippe-Low-German.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Lippe-Low-German.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Lippe-Low-German.ogg/Lippe-Low-German.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Westphalian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="East-Frisian-dialect-of-Low-German-548.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Frisian-dialect-of-Low-German-548.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/East-Frisian-dialect-of-Low-German-548.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/East-Frisian-dialect-of-Low-German-548.ogg/East-Frisian-dialect-of-Low-German-548.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Frisian Low German</figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Frisian_Low_German.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/East_Frisian_Low_German.png/220px-East_Frisian_Low_German.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/East_Frisian_Low_German.png/220px-East_Frisian_Low_German.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/East_Frisian_Low_German.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_7" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="East-Frisian-Low-German.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Frisian-Low-German.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/East-Frisian-Low-German.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/East-Frisian-Low-German.ogg/East-Frisian-Low-German.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Frisian Low German</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_8" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="East_Frisian_Low_German(1).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East_Frisian_Low_German(1).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/East_Frisian_Low_German%281%29.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c8/East_Frisian_Low_German%281%29.ogg/East_Frisian_Low_German%281%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Frisian Low German</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_9" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="East-Pomeranian-dialect-623.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Pomeranian-dialect-623.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/East-Pomeranian-dialect-623.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1f/East-Pomeranian-dialect-623.ogg/East-Pomeranian-dialect-623.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East - Pomeranian </figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="4"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Pomeranian.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/East_Pomeranian.png/220px-East_Pomeranian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="543"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/East_Pomeranian.png/220px-East_Pomeranian.png" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/East_Pomeranian.png/330px-East_Pomeranian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/East_Pomeranian.png/440px-East_Pomeranian.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_10" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="East-Pomeranian-dialect-.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Pomeranian-dialect-.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/East-Pomeranian-dialect-.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/East-Pomeranian-dialect-.ogg/East-Pomeranian-dialect-.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Pomeranian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_11" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="East-Pomeranian-dialect.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Pomeranian-dialect.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/East-Pomeranian-dialect.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/East-Pomeranian-dialect.ogg/East-Pomeranian-dialect.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Pomeranian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_12" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="East-Pomeranian-dialect-_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:East-Pomeranian-dialect-_1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/East-Pomeranian-dialect-_1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/East-Pomeranian-dialect-_1.ogg/East-Pomeranian-dialect-_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>East Pomeranian</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_13" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Plautdietsch-dialect-546.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Plautdietsch-dialect-546.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Plautdietsch-dialect-546.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Plautdietsch-dialect-546.ogg/Plautdietsch-dialect-546.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Plautdietsch</figcaption></figure> </td> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_14" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="55" data-mwtitle="Plautdietsch_1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Plautdietsch_1.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Plautdietsch_1.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/Plautdietsch_1.ogg/Plautdietsch_1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Plautdietsch</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_15" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Plautdietsch.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Plautdietsch.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Plautdietsch.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Plautdietsch.ogg/Plautdietsch.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio><figcaption>Plautdietsch</figcaption></figure> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notable_Low_German_writers_and_performers">Notable Low German writers and performers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notable Low German writers and performers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bandlow" title="Heinrich Bandlow">Heinrich Bandlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Friedrich_Blunck" title="Hans-Friedrich Blunck">Hans-Friedrich Blunck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brinckman" title="John Brinckman">John Brinckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_fofftig_Penns" title="De fofftig Penns">De fofftig Penns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorch_Fock_(author)" title="Gorch Fock (author)">Gorch Fock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Grimme" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme">Friedrich Wilhelm Grimme</a> (Westphalian: Sauerländisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Groth" title="Klaus Groth">Klaus Groth</a> (Dithmarsisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann" title="August Hermann">August Hermann</a></li> <li>Joachim Mähl</li> <li>Johann Meyer (Dithmarsisch)</li> <li>Martha Müller-Grählert</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reuter" title="Fritz Reuter">Fritz Reuter</a> (Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch)</li> <li>Willem Schröder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Stinde" title="Julius Stinde">Julius Stinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tarnow" title="Rudolf Tarnow">Rudolf Tarnow</a></li> <li>Augustin Wibbelt (Westphalian: Münsterländisch)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wieben" title="Wilhelm Wieben">Wilhelm Wieben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Massaquoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans-Jürgen Massaquoi">Hans-Jürgen Massaquoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normaal" title="Normaal">Normaal</a></li> <li>Daniël Lohues</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> authors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggerik_Beninga" title="Eggerik Beninga">Eggerik Beninga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Russow" title="Balthasar Russow">Balthasar Russow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Suho" title="Albert Suho">Albert Suho</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautdietsch language">Plautdietsch</a> authors: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Dyck" title="Arnold Dyck">Arnold Dyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Epp" title="Reuben Epp">Reuben Epp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Thiessen" title="Jack Thiessen">Jack Thiessen</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Low_German_culture">Low German culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Low German culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> As an important identity-forming element, the Low German language has been taught in schools in northern Germany for several years. In 2023, for example, the first class in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania graduated in the subject Low German.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> The social position of Low German has improved significantly in recent years and enjoys a high level of prestige, especially in modern cities such as Hamburg and Bremen.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Numerous formats in Low German are also offered on <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">Norddeutscher Rundfunk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> The television moderator Yared Dibaba has been campaigning for the preservation of Low German languages for years.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> </ul>The internet magazine Wearldspråke (alternatively also: Wearldsproake) is run by the musician and language activist Martin ter Denge.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> In 2020 the film "The Marriage Escape" was released, which is mostly in <a href="/wiki/Tweants_dialect" title="Tweants dialect">Tweants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Linguistically, historically and culturally there are close contacts with the Netherlands, Denmark and other predominantly Protestant inhabitants of the North and Baltic Seas such as Great Britain, the rest of Scandinavia and the Baltic states. In German usage, for example on Norddeutscher Rundfunk, northern Germany is occasionally viewed as part of Northern Europe, while the remaining part of Germany is less questioned as belonging to Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Close relationships also existed in the field of literature and poetry, for example the Norwegian Thidrekssaga (13th century) is based, according to its own information, on "Low German" and "Saxon" templates.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> However, there are numerous other cultural and historical features that are common to the entire Low German-speaking area, such as the special architectural style of the "Low German hall house".<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> These houses are often provided with traditional gable decorations, which are also known under the terms "Hengst" and "Hors".<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> The Germanic tribe of the Saxons, along with numerous other influencing factors like Slavic people, is considered one of the cultural and historical ancestors of the Northern Germans, so that there are still many points of connection to the Anglo-Saxons in folklore. The name of the city Bünde ("Bund": German for alliance) is said to allude to the alliance the brothers <a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengest and Horsa</a> once made there and then settled in what is now England. Modern scholars regard Hengest and Horsa as mythical figures.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Bünde"><noscript><img alt="Coat of Arms of Bünde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/90px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/90px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of Arms of Bünde" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/135px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg/180px-Stadtwappen_der_Stadt_B%C3%BCnde.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of Bünde</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png/220px-Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png/220px-Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png" data-width="220" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png/330px-Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png/440px-Fachhallenhaus_Verbreitung.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Spread of Low German Houses</figcaption></figure><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low German House in Insernhagen"><noscript><img alt="Low German House in Insernhagen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg/120px-W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="622"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg/120px-W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg" data-alt="Low German House in Insernhagen" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg/180px-W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg/240px-W%C3%B6hler_Dusche_Hof.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low German House in Insernhagen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gable jewelry"><noscript><img alt="Gable jewelry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg/120px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg/120px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg" data-alt="Gable jewelry" data-width="120" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg/180px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg/240px-Pferdek%C3%B6pfe_Giebel_Schneverdingen_2011.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gable jewelry</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_(2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low German House in Rastede"><noscript><img alt="Low German House in Rastede" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg/120px-Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg/120px-Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg" data-alt="Low German House in Rastede" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg/180px-Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg/240px-Ringstra%C3%9Fe_308_in_Rastede-Loy_%282023%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low German House in Rastede </div> </li> </ul> Since the Brothers Grimm were friends with the von Haxterhausen family, numerous fairy tales by the Grimm children and household tales come from the Westphalian and thus Low German cultural area. However, there are a remarkable number of Grimm's fairy tales that are written in Low German in their original version, which is evidence of the high level of identification that North Germans have with their language.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Dat Erdmänneken“, „The Gnome“"><noscript><img alt="“Dat Erdmänneken“, „The Gnome“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg/71px-Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2236"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 71px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg/71px-Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="“Dat Erdmänneken“, „The Gnome“" data-width="71" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg/106px-Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Sprookjes_uit_de_nalatenschap_van_Moeder_de_Gans_-_KW_BJ_26563_-_before045_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Dat Erdmänneken“, „The Gnome“</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Swinegel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Dat Wettlopen twischen den Hasen un den Swinegel up de lütje Heide bi Buxtehude“; “The race between the Hare and the hedgehog“"><noscript><img alt="“Dat Wettlopen twischen den Hasen un den Swinegel up de lütje Heide bi Buxtehude“; “The race between the Hare and the hedgehog“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swinegel1.jpg/92px-Swinegel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1474"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 92px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swinegel1.jpg/92px-Swinegel1.jpg" data-alt="“Dat Wettlopen twischen den Hasen un den Swinegel up de lütje Heide bi Buxtehude“; “The race between the Hare and the hedgehog“" data-width="92" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swinegel1.jpg/138px-Swinegel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Swinegel1.jpg/184px-Swinegel1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Dat Wettlopen twischen den Hasen un den Swinegel up de lütje Heide bi Buxtehude“; “The race between the Hare and the hedgehog“ </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fischer_und_Frau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='“Von den Fischer und siine Fru“, “The Fisherman and his wife"'><noscript><img alt='“Von den Fischer und siine Fru“, “The Fisherman and his wife"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fischer_und_Frau.jpg/120px-Fischer_und_Frau.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 76px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fischer_und_Frau.jpg/120px-Fischer_und_Frau.jpg" data-alt='“Von den Fischer und siine Fru“, “The Fisherman and his wife"' data-width="120" data-height="76" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fischer_und_Frau.jpg/180px-Fischer_und_Frau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fischer_und_Frau.jpg/240px-Fischer_und_Frau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Von den Fischer und siine Fru“, “The Fisherman and his wife"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png" class="mw-file-description" title="“Oll Rinkrank“, “Old Rinkrank“"><noscript><img alt="“Oll Rinkrank“, “Old Rinkrank“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png/120px-Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="357"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png/120px-Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png" data-alt="“Oll Rinkrank“, “Old Rinkrank“" data-width="120" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png/180px-Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png/240px-Old_Rinkrank_by_Edward_H_Wehnert.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Oll Rinkrank“, “Old Rinkrank“</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Van den Machandelboom“, “The Juniper Tree“"><noscript><img alt="“Van den Machandelboom“, “The Juniper Tree“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg/81px-Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 81px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg/81px-Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg" data-alt="“Van den Machandelboom“, “The Juniper Tree“" data-width="81" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg/122px-Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg/163px-Louis-rhead-the-juniper-tree-grimms-fairy-tales-1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Van den Machandelboom“, “The Juniper Tree“</div> </li> </ul> There are also numerous fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, which come from northern Germany, but are not or only partially in the original version in Low German.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schneewittchen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Sneewittchen“, “Snow White“"><noscript><img alt="“Sneewittchen“, “Snow White“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Schneewittchen2.jpg/87px-Schneewittchen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2058" data-file-height="2840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Schneewittchen2.jpg/87px-Schneewittchen2.jpg" data-alt="“Sneewittchen“, “Snow White“" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Schneewittchen2.jpg/130px-Schneewittchen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Schneewittchen2.jpg/174px-Schneewittchen2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Sneewittchen“, “Snow White“</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten“, “Town musicians of Bremen“"><noscript><img alt="“Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten“, “Town musicians of Bremen“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg/76px-Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="2178"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 76px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg/76px-Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg" data-alt="“Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten“, “Town musicians of Bremen“" data-width="76" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg/115px-Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg/153px-Bremer_Stadtmusikanten_in_Oberammergau.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Die Bremer Stadtmusikanten“, “Town musicians of Bremen“</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Thrushbeard_(Fogel).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“König Drosselbart“, “King Thrushbeard“"><noscript><img alt="“König Drosselbart“, “King Thrushbeard“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg/78px-King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 78px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg/78px-King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg" data-alt="“König Drosselbart“, “King Thrushbeard“" data-width="78" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg/117px-King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg/156px-King_Thrushbeard_%28Fogel%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“König Drosselbart“, “King Thrushbeard“</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="“Die goldene Gans“, “The golden Goose“"><noscript><img alt="“Die goldene Gans“, “The golden Goose“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg/93px-Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg/93px-Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg" data-alt="“Die goldene Gans“, “The golden Goose“" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg/140px-Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg/187px-Simpleton_takes_The_Golden_Goose_to_the_inn_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15661.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">“Die goldene Gans“, “The golden Goose“</div> </li> </ul> Even in Schleswig-Holstein, in the former settlement area of the Angles, one finds solitude in the storytelling tradition. “Grendel” is a Schleswig-Holstein dialect expression for a monster living in swamps, as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Beowulf poem .<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> Although there are no secession efforts in northern Germany, some are making efforts to strengthen northern German identity. In the 80s a flag was designed for Lower Germany, which is more or less widespread in northern Germany and is very heavily criticized, because their design is similar to the official flag of the Vepsians in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Noordlandflaggneu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noordlandflagg “Flag of the Northern Lands“"><noscript><img alt="Noordlandflagg “Flag of the Northern Lands“" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Noordlandflaggneu.svg/120px-Noordlandflaggneu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Noordlandflaggneu.svg/120px-Noordlandflaggneu.svg.png" data-alt="Noordlandflagg “Flag of the Northern Lands“" data-width="120" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Noordlandflaggneu.svg/180px-Noordlandflaggneu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Noordlandflaggneu.svg/240px-Noordlandflaggneu.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noordlandflagg “Flag of the Northern Lands“</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1614_Low_German_Bible" title="1614 Low German Bible">1614 Low German Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_German" title="Bible translations into German">Bible translations into German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar_Rush" title="Friar Rush">Friar Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamborger_Veermaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamborger Veermaster">Hamborger Veermaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Juniper_Tree_(fairy_tale)" title="The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)">The Juniper Tree (fairy tale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_German_(school_subject)" title="Low German (school subject)">Low German (school subject)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Rhenish" title="Meuse-Rhenish">Meuse-Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moin" title="Moin">Moin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohnsorg-Theater" title="Ohnsorg-Theater">Ohnsorg-Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Masurian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Valyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Valyrian">Low Valyrian</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 2.2–5 million in northern Germany and 2.15 million in eastern Netherlands </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> "Low German" is known by the following other names in other languages. It is known in the Low German of Germany as Plattdütsch, Plattdüütsch, Plattdütsk, Plattdüütsk, Plattduitsk (South-Westphalian), Plattduitsch (Eastphalian), Plattdietsch (Low Prussian), or Neddersassisch, or Nedderdüütsch; in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon of the Netherlands</a> as Nedersaksisch; in (<a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard</a>) <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> as Plattdeutsch, Niedersächsisch, Niederdeutsch (in a stricter sense) or Platt, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[plat]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/78\/De-Platt.ogg\/De-Platt.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Platt.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/De-Platt.ogg/De-Platt.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Platt.ogg" title="File:De-Platt.ogg">ⓘ</a> (which can also mean dialect and refer to non-Low German varieties); in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> as Saksisch, Nedersaksisch, Platduits, Nederduits <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈneːdərdœyts]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1e\/Nl-Nederduits.ogg\/Nl-Nederduits.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Nederduits.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Nl-Nederduits.ogg/Nl-Nederduits.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Nederduits.ogg" title="File:Nl-Nederduits.ogg">ⓘ</a> (in a stricter sense); in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> as Plattysk; plus, other dialectal variants exist. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Almost all settlements and physiogeographical features in East Germany have a Slavic etymology, e.g. cities like <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, rivers like the <a href="/wiki/Ryck" title="Ryck">Ryck</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Recknitz" title="Recknitz">Recknitz</a>, or islands like <a href="/wiki/Fehmarn" title="Fehmarn">Fehmarn</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stellingia.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Taaltelling-Nedersaksisch-1.pdf">Taaltelling Nedersaksisch</a>, H. Bloemhoff. (2005). p88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Status&Gebrauch_2016-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Status&Gebrauch_2016_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116170501/https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A. Adler, C. Ehlers, R. Goltz, A. Kleene, A. Plewnia (2016) </li> <li id="cite_note-TOLoE-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TOLoE_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TOLoE_4-1">b</a> The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives by Guus Extra, Durk Gorter; Multilingual Matters, 2001 – 454; page 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-ndsethnologue-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ndsethnologue_5-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nds">Saxon, Low</a> Ethnologue. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaas2014" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Sabine (2014). Twents op sterven na dood? : een sociolinguïstisch onderzoek naar dialectgebruik in Borne. Münster New York: Waxmann. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3830980339" title="Special:BookSources/978-3830980339"><bdi>978-3830980339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twents+op+sterven+na+dood%3F+%3A+een+sociolingu%C3%AFstisch+onderzoek+naar+dialectgebruik+in+Borne&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster+New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Waxmann&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3830980339&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bundesrecht.juris.de/vwvfg/__23.html">§ 23 Absatz 1 Verwaltungsverfahrensgesetz (Bund)</a>. Die Frage, ob unter deutsch rechtlich ausschließlich die hochdeutsche oder auch die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niederdeutsche_Sprache&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niederdeutsche Sprache (page does not exist)">niederdeutsche Sprache</a> subsumiert wird, wird juristisch uneinheitlich beantwortet: Während der <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">BGH</a> in einer Entscheidung zu <a href="/wiki/Gebrauchsmuster" title="Gebrauchsmuster">Gebrauchsmustereinreichung</a> beim <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt">Deutschen Patent- und Markenamt</a> in plattdeutscher Sprache das Niederdeutsche einer Fremdsprache gleichstellt („Niederdeutsche (plattdeutsche) Anmeldeunterlagen sind im Sinn des § 4a Abs. 1 Satz 1 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gebrauchsmustergesetz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gebrauchsmustergesetz (page does not exist)">GebrMG</a> nicht in deutscher Sprache abgefaßt.“ – BGH-Beschluss vom 19. November 2002, Az. X ZB 23/01), ist nach dem Kommentar von Foerster/Friedersen/Rohde zu § 82a des Landesverwaltungsgesetzes Schleswig-Holstein unter Verweis auf Entscheidungen höherer Gerichte zu § 184 des Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes seit 1927 (OLG Oldenburg, 10. Oktober 1927 – K 48, HRR 1928, 392) unter dem Begriff deutsche Sprache sowohl Hochdeutsch wie auch Niederdeutsch zu verstehen. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Unterschiedliche Rechtsauffassungen, ob Niederdeutsch in Deutschland insgesamt Amtssprache ist – siehe dazu: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amtssprache_(Deutschland)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amtssprache (Deutschland) (page does not exist)">Amtssprache (Deutschland)</a>; zumindest aber in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> und <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-in-brandenburg.de">Verein für niederdeutsche Sprachen in Brandenburg</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niederdeutschsekretariat.de/category/aus-den-laendern/brandenburg">Bundesrat für niederdeutsche Sprache, Neuigkeiten aus Brandenburg</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia">Los Menonitas en Bolivia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203073427/http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia">Archived</a> 3 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN en Español </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130410183252/www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html">"El Comercio: Menonitas cumplen 85 años en Paraguay con prosperidad sin precedentes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcomercio.com/sociedad/menoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Comercio%3A+Menonitas+cumplen+85+a%C3%B1os+en+Paraguay+con+prosperidad+sin+precedentes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elcomercio.com%2Fsociedad%2Fmenoitas-paraguay-aniversario-asuncion_0_815318535.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aussiedlerbeauftragte.de/Webs/AUSB/DE/themen/minderheiten-sprachgruppen/niederdeutsch/niederdeutsch.html;jsessionid=774195D52D5278EE9DF1B4DDA3B3AFDC.1_cid373?nn=11582092">"Regionalsprache Niederdeutsch"</a>. Beauftragte für Aussiedlerfragen und nationale Minderheiten (in German). Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beauftragte+f%C3%BCr+Aussiedlerfragen+und+nationale+Minderheiten&rft.atitle=Regionalsprache+Niederdeutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aussiedlerbeauftragte.de%2FWebs%2FAUSB%2FDE%2Fthemen%2Fminderheiten-sprachgruppen%2Fniederdeutsch%2Fniederdeutsch.html%3Bjsessionid%3D774195D52D5278EE9DF1B4DDA3B3AFDC.1_cid373%3Fnn%3D11582092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Hubertus Menke: Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache? In: Schmitsdorf et al. (Hrsgg.): Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag. Münster 1998, S. 171–184. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116170501/https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">"Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016"</a> (PDF). ins-bremen.de. p. 40. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ins-bremen.de&rft.atitle=Status+und+Gebrauch+des+Niederdeutschen+2016&rft.pages=40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ins-bremen.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fins-bremen%2Fuser_upload%2Fumfrage2016%2Fbroschuere-umfrage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bloemhoff, H. (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. p88. Groningen: Sasland. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gechattet_wird_auf_Plattdeusch-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Gechattet_wird_auf_Plattdeusch_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noz.de/deutschland-welt/kultur/artikel/10731/gechattet-wird-auch-auf-plattdeutsch">"Gechattet wird auf Plattdeusch"</a>. Noz.de. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gechattet+wird+auf+Plattdeusch&rft.pub=Noz.de&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noz.de%2Fdeutschland-welt%2Fkultur%2Fartikel%2F10731%2Fgechattet-wird-auch-auf-plattdeutsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ins-bremen.de-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ins-bremen.de_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ins-bremen.de_20-1">b</a> Based on figures cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">Status und Gebrauch des Niederdeutschen 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313031748/http://www.ins-bremen.de/fileadmin/ins-bremen/user_upload/umfrage2016/broschuere-umfrage.pdf">Archived</a> 13 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloemhof2005" class="citation book cs1">Bloemhof, Henk (2005). Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Groningen: Sasland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6466-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6466-132-4"><bdi>90-6466-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taaltelling+Nedersaksisch&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=Sasland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-6466-132-4&rft.aulast=Bloemhof&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap&lid=383">"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"</a>. www.unesco.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+danger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Flanguages-atlas%2Findex.php%3Fhl%3Den%26page%3Datlasmap%26lid%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriessen2012" class="citation web cs1">Driessen, Geert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.its-nijmegen.nl/pdf/NTR12%20dialect1995-2011.pdf">"Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995–2011"</a> (PDF). Radboud University Nijmegen. Retrieved 29 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radboud+University+Nijmegen&rft.atitle=Ontwikkelingen+in+het+gebruik+van+Fries%2C+streektalen+en+dialecten+in+de+periode+1995%E2%80%932011&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Driessen&rft.aufirst=Geert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.its-nijmegen.nl%2Fpdf%2FNTR12%2520dialect1995-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Bloemhoff, H., 2005, Taaltelling Nedersaksisch. Een enquête naar het gebruik en de beheersing van het Nedersaksisch in Nederland. Groningen: Sasland </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plautdietsch.ca/">"Platdietsch"</a>. 27 January 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Platdietsch&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plautdietsch.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-colw-26"><a href="#cite_ref-colw_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606214109/http://www.celsul.org.br/Encontros/08/trilinguismo_col_fritz_kliewer.pdf">"O trilinguismo no Colégio Fritz Kliewer de Witmarsum. (Paraná) [The trilingualism the College of Fritz Kliewer Witmarsum (Paraná)]"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Elvine Siemens Dück. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celsul.org.br/Encontros/08/trilinguismo_col_fritz_kliewer.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+trilinguismo+no+Col%C3%A9gio+Fritz+Kliewer+de+Witmarsum.+%28Paran%C3%A1%29+%5BThe+trilingualism+the+College+of+Fritz+Kliewer+Witmarsum+%28Paran%C3%A1%29%5D&rft.pub=Elvine+Siemens+D%C3%BCck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celsul.org.br%2FEncontros%2F08%2Ftrilinguismo_col_fritz_kliewer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> (in Portuguese) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735">Claudio Vereza, Espírito Santo's state assemblyman by the Workers' Party | The Pomeranian people in Espírito Santo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221183002/http://www.rog.com.br/claudiovereza2/mostraconteudos.asp?cod_conteudo=735">Archived</a> 21 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShinKominski2010" class="citation report cs1">Shin, Hyon B.; Kominski, Robert A. (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2010/acs/acs-12.html">Language Use in the United States: 2007</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">USCB</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Language+Use+in+the+United+States%3A+2007&rft.pub=USCB&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.aulast=Shin&rft.aufirst=Hyon+B.&rft.au=Kominski%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2010%2Facs%2Facs-12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Cf. the definition of high in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Concise Edition): "[…] situated far above ground, sea level, etc; upper, inland, as […] High German". </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/germanistik/sprachwissenschaft/ada/runde_1/f20/">"Mundart/Platt"</a>. www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de&rft.atitle=Mundart%2FPlatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philhist.uni-augsburg.de%2Flehrstuehle%2Fgermanistik%2Fsprachwissenschaft%2Fada%2Frunde_1%2Ff20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndr.de/kultur/norddeutsche_sprache/plattdeutsch/woerterbuch101.html">"Plattdeutsches Wörterbuch"</a>. www.ndr.de (in German). Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ndr.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndr.de%2Fkultur%2Fnorddeutsche_sprache%2Fplattdeutsch%2Fwoerterbuch101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2001" class="citation cs2">Nielsen, Hans Frede (31 December 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110946925.512">"48. Frisian and the Grouping of the Older Germanic Languages"</a>, Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies, DE GRUYTER, pp. 512–523, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110946925.512">10.1515/9783110946925.512</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73048-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-484-73048-9"><bdi>978-3-484-73048-9</bdi></a>, retrieved 5 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Handbuch+des+Friesischen+%2F+Handbook+of+Frisian+Studies&rft.atitle=48.+Frisian+and+the+Grouping+of+the+Older+Germanic+Languages&rft.pages=512-523&rft.date=2001-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110946925.512&rft.isbn=978-3-484-73048-9&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Hans+Frede&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110946925.512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org/de/forschung/niederdeutsch/">"Niederdeutsch"</a>. www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org (in German). Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mundart-kommission.lwl.org&rft.atitle=Niederdeutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mundart-kommission.lwl.org%2Fde%2Fforschung%2Fniederdeutsch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Goossens_(linguist)" title="Jan Goossens (linguist)">J. Goossens</a>: "Niederdeutsche Sprache. Versuch einer Definition", in: J. Goossens (ed.), Niederdeutsch. Sprache und Literatur, vol. 1, Neumünster 1973. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> W. Sanders: Sachsensprache — Hansesprache — Plattdeutsch. Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen, Göttingen 1982, p. 32, paraphrasing <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kloss" title="Heinz Kloss">Heinz Kloss</a>: "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen", in: J. Göschel et al. (edd.), Zur Theorie des Dialekts, Wiesbaden 1976, pp. 301–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hubertus Menke: "Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache?", in: Eva Schmitsdorf et al. (edd.), Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag, Waxmann, Münster et al. 1998, pp. 171–184, in particular p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Hubertus Menke: "Niederdeutsch: Eigenständige Sprache oder Varietät einer Sprache?", in: Eva Schmitsdorf et al. (edd.), Lingua Germanica. Studien zur deutschen Philologie. Jochen Splett zum 60. Geburtstag, Waxmann, Münster et al. 1998, pp. 171–184, in particular p. 183f. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkeHaspelmathBank2020" class="citation web cs1">Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lowg1239">"Low German"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> 4.3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glottolog+4.3&rft.atitle=Low+German&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Flowg1239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ins-bremen.de/de/sprache/politik.html">Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache – Sprachenpolitik</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011124916/http://www.ins-bremen.de/de/sprache/politik.html">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Landesregierung/I/_startseite/Artikel/2016/Material_2016/160609_Sprachencharta_Material/160609_Sprachenchartabericht.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1">Sprachenchartabericht of the regional government of Schleswig-Holstein for 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011125215/http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Landesregierung/I/_startseite/Artikel/2016/Material_2016/160609_Sprachencharta_Material/160609_Sprachenchartabericht.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1">Archived</a> 11 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 14 f. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Cf. the German Wikipedia article on <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederdeutsche_Sprache#Stellung_des_Niederdeutschen" class="extiw" title="de:Niederdeutsche Sprache">Niederdeutsche Sprache</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Sanders, W. 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Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sassen.land&rft.atitle=Sassen+%7C+Sassisk+voot+v%C3%B4er+voot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsassen.land%2Ftexten%2Freynke%2520de%2520vos%2520capitels.php%3Flang%3Dnds%26dialect%3Dsassisk%26text%3DV%25C3%25B2err%25C3%25A8de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dodedans.com/Ereynke-book1.htm">"Reynke de Vos, Book 1"</a>. www.dodedans.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dodedans.com&rft.atitle=Reynke+de+Vos%2C+Book+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dodedans.com%2FEreynke-book1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lowlands-l.net/anniversary/contents-de.php">"Lowlands-L Anniversary Celebration"</a>. www.lowlands-l.net. Retrieved 25 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lowlands-l.net&rft.atitle=Lowlands-L+Anniversary+Celebration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowlands-l.net%2Fanniversary%2Fcontents-de.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger,_Nils_and_Robert_Langhanke2013" class="citation journal cs1">Langer, Nils and Robert Langhanke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13092%2Flo.58.240">"How to Deal with Non-Dominant Languages – Metalingusitic Discourses on Low German in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. Linguistik Online. 58 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13092%2Flo.58.240">10.13092/lo.58.240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistik+Online&rft.atitle=How+to+Deal+with+Non-Dominant+Languages+%E2%80%93+Metalingusitic+Discourses+on+Low+German+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13092%2Flo.58.240&rft.au=Langer%2C+Nils+and+Robert+Langhanke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13092%252Flo.58.240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nds">"Low Saxon"</a>. Ethnologue. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Low+Saxon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fnds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://l10n.kde.org/stats/gui/trunk-kde4/nds/">http://l10n.kde.org/stats/gui/trunk-kde4/nds/</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701012935/http://nds.sourceforge.net/">"Linux op Platt"</a>. 1 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nds.sourceforge.net/">the original</a> on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+op+Platt&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnds.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nds.i18n.kde.org/">"Hartlich willkamen bi KDE op Platt"</a>. nds.i18n.kde.org. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nds.i18n.kde.org&rft.atitle=Hartlich+willkamen+bi+KDE+op+Platt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnds.i18n.kde.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> See John Wells, Accents of English, pages 366–7, Cambridge University Press, 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de/de/plattdeutsch/wb?such=Frosch">"Westmünsterländische Dialekte :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"</a>. neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de&rft.atitle=Westm%C3%BCnsterl%C3%A4ndische+Dialekte+%3A%3A+Niederl%C3%A4ndische+Philologie+FU+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de%2Fde%2Fplattdeutsch%2Fwb%3Fsuch%3DFrosch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Goltz, Reinhard (2022). Plattdeutsch -Vom Klönen und Schnacken (in German). Berlin: GoltzReinhard. pp. 74–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plattdeutsch+-Vom+Kl%C3%B6nen+und+Schnacken&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=GoltzReinhard&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostma2019" class="citation book cs1">Postma, Gertjan (15 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r6GNDwAAQBAJ">A Contrastive Grammar of Brazilian Pomeranian</a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6353-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6353-7"><bdi>978-90-272-6353-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Contrastive+Grammar+of+Brazilian+Pomeranian&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6353-7&rft.aulast=Postma&rft.aufirst=Gertjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr6GNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerens1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berens, Franz (1986). Wey witt dät Plattdöütske nich vermuten loten (in German). Germany: BerensFranz. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wey+witt+d%C3%A4t+Plattd%C3%B6%C3%BCtske+nich+vermuten+loten&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=BerensFranz&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Berens&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net/woerterbuch/brockhagen1.htm">"Ravensberger Platt - Wörterverzeichnis Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsch"</a>. www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net&rft.atitle=Ravensberger+Platt+-+W%C3%B6rterverzeichnis+Hochdeutsch-Plattdeutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net%2Fwoerterbuch%2Fbrockhagen1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMensing1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mensing, Otto (1929). Schleswig-Holsteinisches Wörterbuch - Zweiter Band F bis J (in German). Neumünster: MensingOtto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-500-25770-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-500-25770-4"><bdi>3-500-25770-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schleswig-Holsteinisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+-+Zweiter+Band+F+bis+J&rft.place=Neum%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=MensingOtto&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=3-500-25770-4&rft.aulast=Mensing&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netz.sass-platt.de/hoch-platt/?term=Brunnen">"Netzwörterbuch (SASS Plattdeutsch)"</a>. netz.sass-platt.de. Retrieved 28 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=netz.sass-platt.de&rft.atitle=Netzw%C3%B6rterbuch+%28SASS+Plattdeutsch%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetz.sass-platt.de%2Fhoch-platt%2F%3Fterm%3DBrunnen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sass-platt.de/plattdeutsche-grammatik/2-2-2-1-2-Zwei-Faelle.html">"2.2.2.1.2 Zwei Fälle - SASS Plattdeutsche Grammatik"</a>. sass-platt.de. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sass-platt.de&rft.atitle=2.2.2.1.2+Zwei+F%C3%A4lle+-+SASS+Plattdeutsche+Grammatik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsass-platt.de%2Fplattdeutsche-grammatik%2F2-2-2-1-2-Zwei-Faelle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sassen.land/grammatik/pronomens.php?lang=nds&dialect=sassisk">"Sassen | Sassisk voot vôer voot"</a>. www.sassen.land. Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sassen.land&rft.atitle=Sassen+%7C+Sassisk+voot+v%C3%B4er+voot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sassen.land%2Fgrammatik%2Fpronomens.php%3Flang%3Dnds%26dialect%3Dsassisk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=mi">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platt-wb.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.platt-wb.de%2Fplatt-hoch%2F%3Fterm%3Dmi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=di">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. Retrieved 30 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platt-wb.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.platt-wb.de%2Fplatt-hoch%2F%3Fterm%3Ddi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=h%C3%BCm">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platt-wb.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.platt-wb.de%2Fplatt-hoch%2F%3Fterm%3Dh%25C3%25BCm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-platt-wb.de-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-platt-wb.de_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-platt-wb.de_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=h%C3%B6r">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platt-wb.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.platt-wb.de%2Fplatt-hoch%2F%3Fterm%3Dh%25C3%25B6r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=dat">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.platt-wb.de&rft.atitle=Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+f%C3%BCr+Ostfriesland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.platt-wb.de%2Fplatt-hoch%2F%3Fterm%3Ddat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oostfraeisk.org/main?W=uns&df=de%3Efrs&fts=J">"Suche nach uns(de>frs) - Oostfräisk woordenbauk - Ostfriesisches Wörterbuch"</a>. oostfraeisk.org. Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oostfraeisk.org&rft.atitle=Suche+nach+uns%28de%3Efrs%29+-+Oostfr%C3%A4isk+woordenbauk+-+Ostfriesisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foostfraeisk.org%2Fmain%3FW%3Duns%26df%3Dde%253Efrs%26fts%3DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.platt-wb.de/platt-hoch/?term=uns">"Plattdeutsch-Hochdeutsches Wörterbuch für Ostfriesland"</a>. www.platt-wb.de. 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Plattmakers (in German). Retrieved 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plattmakers&rft.atitle=lesen+auf+Plattdeutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplattmakers.de%2Fde%2F5495%2Flesen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fulk-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fulk_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fulk_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFulk2018" class="citation book cs1">Fulk, R. D. (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027263131">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</a>. 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(1975), "The Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe", Language, 51 (2), Linguistic Society of America: 282–292, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F412855">10.2307/412855</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/412855">412855</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Retracted+Sibilants+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-292&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F412855&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F412855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALow+German" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Low_German_phrasebook#Q25433" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Low German phrasebook">Low German phrasebook</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nds:"> Low German (Germany) edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nds-nl:"> Low Saxon (Netherlands) edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/pdt" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/pdt">Plautdietsch test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/frs" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/frs">East Frisian Low German test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Plattdeutsch" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Plattdeutsch">Plattdeutsch</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.plattmaster.de/">http://www.plattmaster.de/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.platt-online.de/">http://www.platt-online.de/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.niederdeutschzentrum.de/">http://www.niederdeutschzentrum.de/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.deutsch-plattdeutsch.de/">https://www.deutsch-plattdeutsch.de/</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_dictionaries">Online dictionaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Online dictionaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plattmakers.de/en">Plattmakers dictionary</a> with more than 20,000 word entries, with translations and interface available in several languages (English too)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drentswoordenboek.nl/">Dictionary of the Drents dialect</a> (Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mennolink.org/doc/lg/index.html">Mennonite Low German-English Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815221503/http://www.mennolink.org/doc/lg/index.html">Archived</a> 15 August 2000 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://netz.sass-platt.de/">Dictionary in the Sass Orthography</a> (German)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information">Information</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Information" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowlands-l.net/plattewelt/">Nu is de Welt platt!</a> International resources in and about Low German</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lowlands-l.net/grammar/">Building Blocks of Low Saxon (Low German)</a>, an introductory grammar in English and German</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plattdeutsch-niederdeutsch.net/">Niederdeutsch/Plattdeutsch in Westfalen</a>, by Olaf Bordasch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plattdeutsch.net/">Mönsterlänner Plat</a>, by Klaus-Werner Kahl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328154446/http://www.ins-bremen.de/Geschichte/ndintroh.htm">Plattdeutsch heute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisations">Organisations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Organisations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijsselacademie.nl/">IJsselacademie</a> (Overijssel and Veluwe, the Netherlands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060220164820/http://www.staringinstituut.nl/">Staring Instituut</a> (Achterhoek, the Netherlands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stellingwarfs.nl/">Stichting Stellingwarver Schrieversronte</a> (Friesland, the Netherlands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sont.nl/">SONT</a> (General, the Netherlands)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oostfreeske-taal.de/">Oostfreeske Taal</a> (Eastern Friesland, Germany)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diesel-online.de/">Diesel – dat oostfreeske Bladdje</a> (Eastern Friesland, Germany)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ins-bremen.de/">Institut für niederdeutsche Sprache e.V.</a> (General, Germany)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_German&oldid=1261652658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_German&oldid=1261652658</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Low_German&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 December 2024, at 06:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederduits" title="Nederduits – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nederduits" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederdeutsche_Sprache" title="Niederdeutsche Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Niederdeutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%9B_%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ታችኛ ሳክስኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታችኛ ሳክስኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%BEeru_%C3%9E%C4%93odsc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Niþeru Þēodsc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niþeru Þēodsc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الألمانية الدنيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الألمانية الدنيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_baixo_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma baixo alemán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma baixo alemán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxu_alem%C3%A1n" title="Baxu alemán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baxu alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_alman_dili" title="Aşağı alman dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşağı alman dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%93-t%C4%93_Tek-g%C3%AD" title="Kē-tē Tek-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kē-tē Tek-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ніжненямецкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніжненямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Ніжненямецкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ніжненямецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Долнонемски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Долнонемски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niskonjema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Niskonjemački jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niskonjemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_alamanek_izel" title="Yezhoù alamanek izel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù alamanek izel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_alemany" title="Baix alemany – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baix alemany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolnon%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Dolnoněmčina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dolnoněmčina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacsoneg_Isel" title="Sacsoneg Isel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sacsoneg Isel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattysk" title="Plattysk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plattysk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksigiella" title="Saksigiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Saksigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blattdeitsch" title="Blattdeitsch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Blattdeitsch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederdeutsche_Sprache" title="Niederdeutsche Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederdeutsche Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamsaksa_keel" title="Alamsaksa keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alamsaksa keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Κάτω Γερμανικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάτω Γερμανικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bajo_alem%C3%A1n" title="Idioma bajo alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bajo alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo" title="Platgermana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Platgermana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behe-aleman" title="Behe-aleman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Behe-aleman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C" title="آلمانی سفلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی سفلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_allemand" title="Bas allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bas allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederd%C3%BAtsk" title="Nederdútsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nederdútsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1inis_%C3%8Dochtarach" title="An Ghearmáinis Íochtarach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáinis Íochtarach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_baixo_alem%C3%A1" title="Lingua baixo alemá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua baixo alemá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-thi_Tet-ng%C3%AE" title="Tâi-thi Tet-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tâi-thi Tet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EC%A7%80_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="저지 독일어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="저지 독일어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ստորին գերմաներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստորին գերմաներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donjonjema%C4%8Dki_jezici" title="Donjonjemački jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Donjonjemački jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman_Rendah" title="Bahasa Jerman Rendah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jerman Rendah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1g%C3%BE%C3%BDska" title="Lágþýska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lágþýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_basso-tedesche" title="Lingue basso-tedesche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue basso-tedesche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמנית תחתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמנית תחתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Улыс немеч кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Улыс немеч кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Saxonica" title="Lingua Saxonica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Saxonica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejasv%C4%81cu_valoda" title="Lejasvācu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lejasvācu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_%C5%BEemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97" title="Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokiečių žemaičių tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tedesca_bassa" title="Lengua tedesca bassa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tedesca bassa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederduutsj" title="Nederduutsj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nederduutsj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platdeutx" title="Platdeutx – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Platdeutx" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasaksin_kieli" title="Alasaksin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alasaksin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aln%C3%A9met_nyelv" title="Alnémet nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alnémet nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Долногермански јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Долногермански јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الالمانيه الدنيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الالمانيه الدنيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ала Саксонь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ала Саксонь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederduits" title="Nederduits – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nederduits" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedersaksisch" title="Nedersaksisch – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nedersaksisch" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E8%AA%9E" title="低地ドイツ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="低地ドイツ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaatsjiisk" title="Plaatsjiisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plaatsjiisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedertysk" title="Nedertysk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nedertysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattysk" title="Plattysk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plattysk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_saxon" title="Bas saxon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bas saxon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੇਠਲੀ ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਠਲੀ ਜਰਮਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ذیلی جرمن زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ذیلی جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch" title="Plattdüütsch – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Plattdüütsch" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsch" title="Plattdüütsch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plattdüütsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_dolnoniemiecki" title="Język dolnoniemiecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język dolnoniemiecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixo-alem%C3%A3o" title="Baixo-alemão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baixo-alemão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana_de_jos" title="Germana de jos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germana de jos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura_sahun_simi" title="Ura sahun simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ura sahun simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Нижненемецкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нижненемецкий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassu_tedescu" title="Bassu tedescu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bassu tedescu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ichd%C3%BC%C3%BCtsk" title="Läichdüütsk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Läichdüütsk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanishtja_e_ul%C3%ABt" title="Gjermanishtja e ulët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermanishtja e ulët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German_language" title="Low German language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Low German language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%A1_nem%C4%8Dina" title="Dolná nemčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dolná nemčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizka_nem%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nizka nemščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nizka nemščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нисконемачки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нисконемачки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donjonjema%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Donjonjemački jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Donjonjemački jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasaksa" title="Alasaksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alasaksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5gtyska" title="Lågtyska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lågtyska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நேதர்துவித்து மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேதர்துவித்து மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B3" title="ภาษาเยอรมันต่ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเยอรมันต่ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Almanca" title="Aşağı Almanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aşağı Almanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нижньонімецька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нижньонімецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ذیلی جرمن زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ذیلی جرمن زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%89" title="شىمالىي گېرمانىيە دىئالېكتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمالىي گېرمانىيە دىئالېكتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_todesca_basa" title="Łéngua todesca basa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua todesca basa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alasaksonijan_kel%27" title="Alasaksonijan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alasaksonijan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_H%E1%BA%A1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tiếng Hạ Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hạ Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alambs%27aksa_kiil" title="Alambs'aksa kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alambs'aksa kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="低地德语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="低地德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="低地德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almankiyo_C%C3%AAr%C3%AAn" title="Almankiyo Cêrên – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almankiyo Cêrên" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="低地德语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="低地德语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 December 2024, at 06:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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[\"CITEREFLindow1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMensing1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilitzer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNDR\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostma2019\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFPrehn2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterken2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFelbsegler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFter_Denge2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 64,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 3,\n [\"Cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEU\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 3,\n [\"German L1 speakers outside Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Germanic languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 30,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 71,\n [\"IPAplink\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Incubator\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 176,\n [\"Languages of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"NIE Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Prone to spam\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","20.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","8.1"],["type","80","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","80","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","4.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.1"],["[others]","260","17.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fd659d96c-zkrp8","timestamp":"20241209042926","ttl":1971046,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Low German","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Low_German","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25433","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25433","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2024-12-07T06:04:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8f\/Nds_Spraakrebeet_na1945.svg","headline":"West Germanic language spoken mainly in northern Germany and the eastern part of the Netherlands"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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