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.talkheader-shortcuts{display:flex;align-items:center;padding:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help{flex:2 1 auto;border:1px solid #c0c090;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#ffffff);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies{flex:1 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies+.talkheader-policies{border-left:1px solid #c0c090}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-shortcuts{flex:0 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help>*,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies>*,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-shortcuts>*{flex:1 1 auto}.mw-parser-output .talkheader-help ul,.mw-parser-output .talkheader-policies ul{margin:0.1em 0.8em 0 1.6em;text-align:left}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .talkheader{min-width:80%}}</style><table role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice talkheader plainlinks" id="talkheader" style="border-collapse: separate;"><tbody><tr> <td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #c0c090; font-weight: bold;">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">talk page</a> for discussing improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> article.<br/> This is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#FORUM" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">not a forum</a> for general discussion of the article's subject.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div class="talkheader-body"> <div class="talkheader-help"> <ul><li>Put new text under old text. <strong><a href="/wiki/Special:NewSection/Talk:Climate_change" title="Special:NewSection/Talk:Climate change">Click here to start a new topic.</a></strong></li> <li>New to Wikipedia? 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You may wish to ask factual questions about <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desk</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 105%"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align: center"><span class="anchor" id="FAQ"></span><div style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/FAQ" title="?"><img alt="?" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg/36px-OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg/48px-OOjs_UI_icon_help-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></a></span> <small><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/FAQ">faq page</a></small></div> Frequently asked questions</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Information.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/20px-Information.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/30px-Information.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Information.svg/40px-Information.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"/></a></span> <b>To view an answer, click the [show] link to the right of the question. To view references used by an answer, you must also click the [show] for references at the bottom of the FAQ.</b> </p> <div id="Q1" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r902545367">.mw-parser-output .faqrow{padding:2px 0;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .faqrow-title{padding:2px 35px 2px 2px;line-height:1.6em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .faqrow-body{margin:2px 0 2px 15px;padding:2px}</style> <div class="faqrow-title">Q1: Is there really a scientific consensus on climate change?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A1:</b> Yes. The <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> findings of recent warming as a result of human influence are explicitly <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change#Scientific_consensus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">recognized as the "consensus" scientific view by the science academies of all the major industrialized countries</a>. No scientific body of national or international standing presently rejects the basic findings of human influence on recent climate. This <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> is supported by over 99% of publishing climate scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Scientific consensus on climate change</a></div></div></div> <div id="Q2" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q2: How can we say climate change is real when it's been so cold in such-and-such a place?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A2:</b> This is why it is termed "global warming", not "(such-and-such a place) warming". Even then, what rises is the average temperature over time – that is, the temperature will fluctuate up and down within the overall rising trend. To give an idea of the relevant time scales, the standard averaging period specified by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) is 30 years. Accordingly, the WMO defines <i>climate change</i> as "a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer)."<sup id="cite_ref-WMO-FAQS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-FAQS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div id="Q3" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q3: Can't the increase of CO<sub>2</sub> be from natural sources, like volcanoes or the oceans?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A3:</b> While these claims are popular among global warming skeptics,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including academically trained ones,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are incorrect. This is known from any of several perspectives: <ul><li>Current human emissions of CO<sub>2</sub> are at least 100 times larger than volcanic emissions. Measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> levels over the past 50 years do not show any significant rises after eruptions.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is easily seen in a <a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svg" title="File:Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide-en.svg">graph of CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations over the past 50 years</a>: the strongest eruption during the period, that of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> in 1991, produced no increase in the trend.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopic analysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Suess_effect" title="Suess effect">atmospheric carbon dioxide</a> shows the observed change in the ratio of carbon isotopes reflects the isotopic ratios in fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atmospheric oxygen content is decreasing at a rate that agrees with the amount of oxygen being used to burn fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>If the oceans were giving up some of their carbon dioxide, their carbon dioxide concentration would have to decrease. But instead we are measuring an <i>increase</i> in the oceans' carbon dioxide concentration, resulting in the oceans becoming more acidic (or in other words, less basic).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> <div id="Q4" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q4: I think the article is missing some things, or has some things wrong. Can I change it?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A4:</b> Yes. Keep in mind that your points need to be based on documented evidence from the peer-reviewed literature, or other information that meets standards of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verifiability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOR">no original research</a>. If you do not have such evidence, more experienced editors may be able to help you find it (or confirm that such evidence does not exist). You are welcome to make such queries on the article's talk page but please keep in mind that the talk page is for discussing improvements to the <i>article,</i> not discussing the <i>topic.</i> There are many forums that welcome general discussions of global warming, but the article talk page is not such a forum.</div></div> <div id="Q5" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q5: Why haven't the graphs been updated?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A5:</b> Two reasons: <ul><li>There are many images used in the articles related to global warming, and there are many reasons why they may not be updated with the latest data. Some of the figures, like the <a href="/wiki/File:Global_Warming_Map.jpg" title="File:Global Warming Map.jpg">Global Warming Map</a>, are static, meaning that they are intended to show a particular phenomenon and are not meant to be updated frequently or at all. Others, like the <a href="/wiki/File:Instrumental_Temperature_Record.png" title="File:Instrumental Temperature Record.png">Instrumental Temperature Record</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Hemisphere_Sea_Ice_Extent_Anomalies.png" title="File:Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Anomalies.png">Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent Anomalies</a>, use yearly data and thus are updated once per year—usually in mid- to late-January, depending upon when the data is publicly released, and when a volunteer creates the image. Still others, like <a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_Carbon_Dioxide-en.svg" title="File:Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide-en.svg">Mauna Loa Carbon Dioxide</a>, use monthly data. These are updated semi-regularly.</li> <li>However, just because an image is 6 months or a year old does not mean it is useless. <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> is credited with saying, "<a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a> is what you expect, <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> is what you get", meaning that climate is defined as a long-term <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">average</a> of weather, usually about 30 years. This length was chosen to eliminate the year-to-year variations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in terms of climate change, any given year's <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> is of little import.</li></ul></div></div> <div id="Q6" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q6: Isn't climate change "just a theory"?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A6:</b> People who say this are abusing the word "theory" by <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">conflating its common meaning</a> with its scientific meaning. In common usage, "theory" can mean a hunch or guess, but a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a>, roughly speaking, means a coherent set of explanations that is compatible with observations and that allows predictions to be made. That the temperature is rising is an <i>observation</i>. An <i>explanation</i> for this (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>) is that the warming is primarily driven by greenhouse gases (such as CO<sub>2</sub> and methane) released into the atmosphere by human activity. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific models</a> have been built that predict the rise in temperature and these predictions have matched observations. When scientists gain confidence in a hypothesis because it matches observation and has survived intense scrutiny, the hypothesis may be called a "theory". Strictly speaking, scientific theories are never proven, but the degree of confidence in a theory can be discussed. The scientific models now suggest that it is "extremely likely" (>95%) to "virtually certain" (>99%) that the increases in temperature have been caused by human activity as discussed in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a>. Global warming via greenhouse gases by human activity is a theory (in the scientific sense), but it is most definitely not just a hunch or guess.</div></div> <div id="Q7" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q7: Does methane cause more warming than CO<sub>2</sub>?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A7:</b> It's true that methane is more potent molecule for molecule. But there's far less of it in the atmosphere, so the total effect is smaller. The atmospheric lifetime of methane (about 10 years) is a lot shorter than that of CO<sub>2</sub> (hundreds to thousands of years), so when methane emissions are reduced the concentration in the atmosphere soon falls, whereas CO<sub>2</sub> accumulates in the atmosphere over long periods. For details see the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> articles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_gun_hypothesis" title="Clathrate gun hypothesis">Clathrate gun hypothesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic methane release">Arctic methane release</a></div></div></div> <div id="Q8" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q8: How can you say there's a consensus when lists of "skeptical scientists" have been compiled?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A8:</b> Consensus is not the same as unanimity, the latter of which is impractical for large groups. Over 99% of publishing climate scientists agree on anthropogenic climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell2019_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an extremely high percentage well past any reasonable threshold for consensus. Any list of "skeptical scientists" would be dwarfed by a comparably compiled list of scientists accepting anthropogenic climate change.</div></div> <div id="Q9" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q9: Did climate change end in 1998?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A9:</b> One of the strongest <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> events in the instrumental record occurred during late 1997 through 1998, causing a spike in global temperature for 1998. Through the mid-late 2000s this abnormally warm year could be chosen as the starting point for comparisons with later years in order to produce a cooling trend; choosing any other year in the 20th century produced a warming trend. This no longer holds since the mean global temperatures in 2005, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016 have all been warmer than 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, scientists do not define a "trend" by looking at the difference between two given years. Instead they use methods such as <a href="/wiki/Linear_regression" title="Linear regression">linear regression</a> that take into account all the values in a series of data. The <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="World Meteorological Organisation">World Meteorological Organisation</a> specifies 30 years as the standard averaging period for climate statistics so that year-to-year fluctuations are averaged out;<sup id="cite_ref-WMO-FAQS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-FAQS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, 10 years isn't long enough to detect a climate trend.</div></div> <div id="Q10" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q10: Wasn't Greenland much warmer during the period of Norse settlement?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A10:</b> Some people assume this because of the island's name. In fact the <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_Erik_the_Red" title="Saga of Erik the Red">Saga of Erik the Red</a></i> tells us Erik named the new colony Greenland because "men will desire much the more to go there if the land has a good name."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advertising hype was alive and well in 985 AD. <p>While much of Greenland was and remains under a large <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a>, the areas of Greenland that were settled by the Norse were coastal areas with fjords that, to this day, remain quite green. You can see the following images for reference: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern-settlement-eng.png" title="File:Eastern-settlement-eng.png">A map of the Eastern Settlement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=9&ll=60.993091,-45.799255&spn=0.953636,2.790527&t=k">A satellite image of that area today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Western-settlement-eng.png" title="File:Western-settlement-eng.png">A map of the Western Settlement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=9&ll=64.324442,-50.888672&spn=0.852084,2.790527&t=k">A satellite image of that area today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.com/?ie=UTF8&om=1&z=11&ll=61.086517,-45.559616&spn=0.237702,0.697632&t=k">A zoom in on the general area where</a> the <a href="/wiki/Brattahl%C3%AD%C3%B0" title="Brattahlíð">Brattahlíð</a> (Erik the Red's farm) and <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_(Greenland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garðar (Greenland)">Garðar</a> farms were located</li></ul></div></div> <div id="Q11" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q11: Are the IPCC reports prepared by biased UN scientists?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A11:</b> The <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> reports are not produced by "UN scientists". The IPCC does not employ the scientists who generate the reports, and it has no control over them. The scientists are internationally recognized experts, most with a long history of successful research in the field. They are employed by various organizations including scientific research institutes, agencies like <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>, and universities. They receive no extra pay for their participation in the IPCC process, which is considered a normal part of their academic duties.</div></div> <div id="Q12" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q12: Hasn't global sea ice increased over the last 30 years?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A12:</b> Measurements show that it has not.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claims that global sea ice amounts have stayed the same or increased are a result of <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">cherry picking</a> two data points to compare, while ignoring the real (<a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">strongly statistically significant</a>) downward trend in measurements of global sea ice amounts. <p>Arctic sea ice cover is declining strongly; Antarctic sea ice cover has had some much smaller increases, though it may or may not be thinning, and the Southern Ocean is warming. The net global ice-cover trend is clearly downwards. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">Arctic sea ice decline</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_sea_ice#Recent_trends_and_climate_change" title="Antarctic sea ice">Antarctic sea ice § Recent trends and climate change</a></div></div></div> <div id="Q13" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q13: Weren't scientists telling us in the 1970s that the Earth was cooling instead of warming?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A13:</b> They weren't – see the article on <a href="/wiki/Global_cooling" title="Global cooling">global cooling</a>. An article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Meteorological_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society</a></i> has reviewed the scientific literature at that time and found that even during the 1970s the prevailing scientific concern was over warming.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common misperception that cooling was the main concern during the 1970s arose from a few studies that were sensationalized in the popular press, such as a short nine-paragraph article that appeared in Newsweek in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> eventually apologized for having misrepresented the state of the science in the 1970s.)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of that article has repudiated the idea that it should be used to deny global warming.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div id="Q14" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q14: Doesn't water vapour cause 98% of the greenhouse effect?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A14:</b> Water vapour is indeed a major greenhouse gas, contributing about 36% to 70% (not 98%) of the total greenhouse effect. But water vapour has a very short atmospheric lifetime (about 10 days), compared with decades to centuries for greenhouse gases like CO<sub>2</sub> or nitrous oxide. As a result it is very nearly in a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium" title="Dynamic equilibrium">dynamic equilibrium</a> in the atmosphere, which globally maintains a nearly constant <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>. In simpler terms, any excess water vapour is removed by rainfall, and any deficit of water vapour is replenished by evaporation from the Earth's surface, which literally has oceans of water. Thus water vapour cannot act as a driver of climate change. <p>Rising temperatures caused by the long-lived greenhouse gases will however allow the atmosphere to hold more vapour. This will lead to an increase in the absolute amount of water vapour in the atmosphere. Since water vapour is itself a greenhouse gas, this is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a>. Thus, whereas water vapour is not a driver of climate change, it amplifies existing trends. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">Greenhouse effect</a></div></div></div> <div id="Q15" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q15: Is the fact that other solar system bodies are warming evidence for a common cause (i.e. the sun)?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A15:</b> While some solar system bodies show evidence of local or global climate change, there is no evidence for a common cause of warming. <ul><li>A 2007 <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> article described the views of <a href="/wiki/Khabibullo_Abdusamatov" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabibullo Abdusamatov">Khabibullo Abdusamatov</a>, who claims that the sun is responsible for global warming on both Earth and Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdussamatov's views have no support in the scientific community, as the second page of the <i>National Geographic</i> article makes clear: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'His views are completely at odds with the mainstream scientific opinion,' said Colin Wilson, a planetary physicist at England's Oxford University. [...] Amato Evan, a climate scientist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, added that 'the idea just isn't supported by the theory or by the observations.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is no <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable source</a> claiming that Jupiter is warming. However, observations of the <a href="/wiki/Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">Red Spot Jr.</a> storm suggest <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> could be in a period of global climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is hypothesized to be part of an approximately 70 year global climate cycle, characterized by the relatively rapid forming and subsequent slow erosion and merging of cyclonic and anticyclonic <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a> that help transfer heat between Jupiter's poles and equator. The cycle works like this: As the vortices erode, heat exchange is reduced; this makes the poles cool down and the equatorial region heat up; the resulting temperature difference destabilizes the atmosphere, leading to the creation of new vortices.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> has an extremely elliptical orbit with a period of about 248 years. Data are sparse, but two data points from 1988 and 2002 indirectly suggest that Pluto warmed between those two dates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pluto's temperature is heavily influenced by its elliptical orbit – it was closest to the sun in 1989 and has slowly receded since. Because of thermal inertia, it is expected to warm for a while after it passes <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> (similar to how a sunny day's warmest temperatures happen during the afternoon instead of right at noon). No other mechanism has so far been seriously suggested. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_warming_021009.html">Here</a> is a reasonable summary, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/handle/2014/33817?mode=simple">this paper</a> discusses how the thermal inertia is provided by sublimation and evaporation of parts of Pluto's atmosphere. A more popular account is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/pluto_seasons_030709.html">here</a> and in Wikipedia's own <a href="/wiki/Pluto#Atmosphere" title="Pluto">article</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">Climate of Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></div></div></div> <div id="Q16" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q16: Do scientists support climate change just to get more money?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A16:</b> No, <ul><li>Scientists participate in international organizations like the <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> as part of their normal academic duties. They do not receive any extra compensation beyond possibly for direct expenses.</li> <li>Scientific grants do not usually award any money to a scientist personally, only towards the cost of his or her scientific work.</li> <li>There is not a shortage of useful things that scientists could study if they were not studying global warming. <ul><li>Understanding our climate system better brings benefits independent of global warming. For instance, more accurate <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">weather predictions</a> save a lot of money (on the order of billions of dollars a year), and everyone from insurance agents to farmers wants climate data.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists could get paid to study climate even if global warming did not exist.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div id="Q17" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q17: Doesn't the climate vary even without human activity?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A17:</b> It does, but the fact that natural variation occurs does not mean that human-induced change cannot also occur. Climate scientists have extensively studied natural causes of climate change (such as orbital changes, volcanism, and solar variation) and have ruled them out as an explanation for the current temperature increase. Human activity is the cause at the 95 to 99 percent confidence level (see the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fifth Assessment Report">IPCC Fifth Assessment Report</a> for details). The high level of certainty in this is important to keep in mind to spot mention of natural variation functioning as a <a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">distraction</a>.</div></div> <div id="Q18" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q18: Should we include the view that climate change will lead to planetary doom or catastrophe?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A18:</b> This page is about the science of climate change. It doesn't talk about planetary doom or catastrophe. For a technical explanation, see <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Catastrophic climate change">catastrophic climate change</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoclimatic">paleoclimatic</a> examples see <a href="/wiki/PETM" class="mw-redirect" title="PETM">PETM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_dying" class="mw-redirect" title="Great dying">great dying</a>.</div></div> <div id="Q19" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q19: Is an increase in global temperature of, say, 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) important?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A19:</b> Though it may not sound like much, a global temperature rise of 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) is <i>huge</i> in climate terms. For example, the sea level rise it would produce would flood coastal cities around the world, which include most large cities. <ul><li>Earth's climate has varied significantly over geological ages. The question of an "optimal temperature" makes no sense without a clear optimality criterion. Over geological time spans, ecosystems adapt to climate variations. But global climate variations during the development of human civilization (i.e. the past 12,000 years) have been <a href="/wiki/File:Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png" title="File:Holocene Temperature Variations.png">remarkably small</a>. Human civilization is highly adapted to the current stable climate. Agricultural production depends on the proper combination of soil, climate, methods, and seeds. Most large cities are located on the coast, and any significant change in sea level would strongly affect them. Migration of humans and ecosystems is limited by political borders and existing land use. In short, the main problem is not the higher absolute temperature but the massive and unprecedentedly fast <i>change</i> in climate and the related effects on human societies. The <a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> AR6 <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report#Climate_Change_2022:_Impacts,_Adaptation_&_Vulnerability_(Working_Group_2_report)" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">WG2 report</a> has a detailed discussion of the effects of rapid climate change.</li></ul></div></div> <div id="Q20" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q20: Why are certain proposals to change the article discarded, deleted, or ignored? Who is/was <a href="/wiki/User:Scibaby" title="User:Scibaby">Scibaby</a>?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A20:</b> <a href="/wiki/User:Scibaby" title="User:Scibaby">Scibaby</a> is/was a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Long-term_abuse/Scibaby" title="Wikipedia:Long-term abuse/Scibaby">long term abusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SOCK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SOCK">sock-master</a> (or coordinated group of sock masters) who has created <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_sockpuppets_of_Scibaby" title="Category:Wikipedia sockpuppets of Scibaby">1,027 confirmed sock puppets</a>, another <a href="/wiki/Category:Suspected_Wikipedia_sockpuppets_of_Scibaby" title="Category:Suspected Wikipedia sockpuppets of Scibaby">167</a> suspected socks, and probably many untagged or unrecognized ones. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Scibaby/Archive" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppet investigations/Scibaby/Archive">This page</a> lists some recent creations. His <i>modus operandi</i> has changed over time, but includes proposing reasonably worded additions on the talk page that only on close examination turn out to be irrelevant, misinterpreted, or give <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">undue weight</a> to certain aspects. Scibaby is banned, and Scibaby socks are blocked as soon as they are identified. Some editors silently revert his additions, per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DENY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DENY">WP:DENY</a>, while others still assume good faith even for likely socks and engage them.</div></div> <div id="Q21" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q21: What about this really interesting recent peer-reviewed paper I read or read about, that says...?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A21:</b> There are hundreds of peer-reviewed papers published every month in <a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">respected</a> scientific journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_Research_Letters" title="Geophysical Research Letters">Geophysical Research Letters</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Climate" title="Journal of Climate">Journal of Climate</a></i>, and others. We can't include all of them, but the article does include references to individual papers where there is consensus that they best represent the state of the relevant science. This is in accordance with the "due weight" principle (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WEIGHT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WEIGHT">WP:WEIGHT</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a> policy and the "Wikipedia is not an indiscriminate collection of information" principle (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IINFO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:IINFO">WP:IINFO</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a> policy.</div></div> <div id="Q22" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q22: Why does the article define "climate change" as a recent phenomenon? Hasn't the planet warmed and cooled before?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A22:</b> Yes, the planet has warmed and cooled before. However, the term "climate change" without further qualification is widely understood to refer to the recent episode and often explicitly connected with the greenhouse effect. Per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMMONNAME" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMMONNAME">WP:COMMONNAME</a>, we use the term in this most common meaning. The article <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate variability and change</a> deals with the more general concept.</div></div> <div id="Q23" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q23: Did the CERN <a href="/wiki/CLOUD" class="mw-redirect" title="CLOUD">CLOUD</a> experiment prove that climate change is caused not by human activity but by cosmic rays?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A23:</b> No. For cosmic rays to be causing global warming, all of the following would have to be true, whereas only the italicized one was tested in the 2011 experiment:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Solar magnetic field must be getting stronger</li> <li>The number of cosmic rays reaching Earth must be dropping</li> <li>Cosmic rays must successfully seed clouds, which requires:</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Cosmic rays must trigger aerosol (liquid droplet) formation</i>,</li> <li>These newly-formed aerosols must grow sufficiently through condensation to form cloud-condensation nuclei (CCN),</li> <li>The CCN must lead to increased cloud formation, and</li> <li>Cloud cover on Earth must be declining.</li></ol> Perhaps the study's lead author, Jasper Kirkby, put it best: "...it [the experiment] actually says nothing about a possible cosmic-ray effect on clouds and climate, but it's a very important first step."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div id="Q24" class="faqrow mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r902545367"> <div class="faqrow-title">Q24: I read that something can't fix climate change. Is this true?</div> <div class="faqrow-body mw-collapsible-content"><b>A24:</b> Yes, this is true for all plausible single things including: "electric cars", "planting trees", "low-carbon technology", "renewable energy", "Australia", "capitalism", "the doom & gloom approach", "a Ph.D. in thermodynamics". Note that it is problematic to use the word "fix" regarding climate change, as returning the climate to its pre-industrial state currently appears to be feasible only over a timeframe of thousands of years. Current efforts are instead aimed at <i>mitigating</i> (meaning <i>limiting</i>) climate change. Mitigation is strived for through the combination of many different things. See <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a> for details.</div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;font-size:110%">References</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:4px; font-size:105%;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Powell2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2019_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell2019_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPowell2019" class="citation journal cs1">Powell, James (20 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0270467619886266?journalCode=bsta">"Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming"</a>. <i>Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 183–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0270467619886266">10.1177/0270467619886266</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213454806">213454806</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Cloud+Formation+May+Be+Linked+to+Cosmic+Rays&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Brumfiel&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dcloud-formation-may-be-linked-to-cosmic-rays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div></div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table id="bre" class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is <b>written in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></b>, which has its own spelling conventions (<i>colour</i>, <i>travelled</i>, <i>centre</i>, <i>defence</i>, <i>artefact</i>, <i>analyse</i>) and some terms that are used in it may be different or absent from other <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">varieties of English</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#National_varieties_of_English" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">relevant style guide</a>, this should not be changed without <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Levels_of_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">broad consensus</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1135653291">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .article-history{min-width:80%}}</style><table class="article-history tmbox tmbox-notice"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/50px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/75px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/100px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>Climate change</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">featured article</a>; it (or a previous version of it) has been <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Global_warming" title="Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Global warming">identified</a></b> as one of the best articles produced by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedians">Wikipedia community</a>. Even so, if you can update or improve it, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">please do so</a>.</td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Page trophy"><img alt="Main Page trophy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/30px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/45px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_article/June_21,_2006" title="Wikipedia:Today's featured article/June 21, 2006">June 21, 2006</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Today%27s_featured_article/October_31,_2021" title="Wikipedia:Today's featured article/October 31, 2021">October 31, 2021</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%"><table class="article-history-milestones mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:100%;font-size:90%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="font-size:110%"><span style="float:left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_current.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the news"><img alt="In the news" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/20px-Globe_current.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/30px-Globe_current.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/40px-Globe_current.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="312"/></a></span></span> Article milestones</th></tr><tr style="text-align:left"><th>Date</th><th>Process</th><th>Result</th></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=41603101">February 28, 2006</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review/Global_warming/archive1" title="Wikipedia:Peer review/Global warming/archive1">Peer review</a></b></td><td>Reviewed</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=53624868">May 17, 2006</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Global_warming" title="Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Global warming">Featured article candidate</a></b></td><td>Promoted</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=127907108">May 4, 2007</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/Global_warming/archive1" title="Wikipedia:Featured article review/Global warming/archive1">Featured article review</a></b></td><td>Kept</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=947380073">March 26, 2020</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Peer_review/Global_warming/archive2" title="Wikipedia:Peer review/Global warming/archive2">Peer review</a></b></td><td>Reviewed</td></tr><tr><td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=1001723859">January 21, 2021</a></span></td><td><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_article_review/Climate_change/archive1" title="Wikipedia:Featured article review/Climate change/archive1">Featured article review</a></b></td><td>Kept</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="width:100%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_current.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="In the news"><img alt="In the news" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/20px-Globe_current.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/30px-Globe_current.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Globe_current.svg/40px-Globe_current.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="312"/></a></span> News items involving this article were featured on Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> in the <i>"<a href="/wiki/Template:In_the_news" title="Template:In the news">In the news</a>"</i> column on March 5, 2004, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:In_the_news/Candidates/October_2018" title="Wikipedia:In the news/Candidates/October 2018">October 11, 2018</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">Current status: <b>Featured 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpb-category-box{background-color:#0a0a0a}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb .wpb-main,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .wpb-header{background-color:#302f2d}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wpbs .banner-shell-inner{background-color:#2e2505}}</style><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Antarctica">Antarctica</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Antarctic_Treaty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Antarctica">WikiProject Antarctica</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Antarctica" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Antarctica">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Antarctica</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Antarctica</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Antarctica</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Antarctica articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Antarctica_articles" title="Category:High-importance Antarctica articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Antarctica/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Antarctica/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctica_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/26px-Arctica_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="26" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/40px-Arctica_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/52px-Arctica_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="941"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">Arctic</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctica_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/80px-Arctica_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/120px-Arctica_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Arctica_surface.jpg/160px-Arctica_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="941"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic">WikiProject Arctic</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Arctic" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Arctic">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Arctic</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Arctic</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Arctic articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Arctic_articles" title="Category:High-importance Arctic articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Arctic/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Arctic/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/35px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/53px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/70px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change">Climate change</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/60px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/90px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png/120px-16-008-NASA-2015RecordWarmGlobalYearSince1880-20160120.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change">WikiProject Climate change</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Climate_change" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Climate change">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Climate change</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Climate change</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Climate change articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Climate_change_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Climate change articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3">If you are looking for ways to improve this article, we recommend checking out our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change/Recommended_sources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change/Recommended sources">recommended sources</a> and our <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change/Style guide">style guide</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/25px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/38px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/50px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">Environment</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/60px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/90px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/120px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></span></li></ul>This <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_environment" title="Category:Natural environment">environment-related</a> article is part of the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment">WikiProject Environment</a></b> to improve Wikipedia's coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. The aim is to write <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cite_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cite sources">well-referenced</a> articles on environment-related topics, as well as to ensure that environment articles are properly <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Categories">categorized</a>.<br/> Read <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_FAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Contributing FAQ">Wikipedia:Contributing FAQ</a> and leave any messages at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Environment" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Environment">project talk page</a>.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Environment</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Environment</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Environment articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Environment_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Environment articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Environment/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Environment/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Effective_altruism_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/25px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/38px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/50px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Effective_Altruism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Effective Altruism">Effective Altruism</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Effective_altruism_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/50px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/75px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Effective_altruism_icon.svg/100px-Effective_altruism_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Effective_Altruism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Effective Altruism">WikiProject Effective Altruism</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of topics relevant to <a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">effective altruism</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Effective_Altruism" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Effective Altruism">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Effective Altruism</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Effective Altruism</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Effective Altruism</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Effective Altruism articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Effective_Altruism_articles" title="Category:High-importance Effective Altruism articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Release_Version_Criteria#Importance_of_topic" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Release Version Criteria">importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png/25px-Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png/50px-Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">Geography</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png/120px-Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Crystal_Clear_app_internet.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Geography" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Geography">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Geography</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Geography</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">geography articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_geography_articles" title="Category:Top-importance geography articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geography/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="padding:0"><table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background:transparent;width:100%"><tbody><tr><th style="text-align:left;padding:0.2em 2px 0.2em 0">WikiProject Geography To-do list:</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left;padding:5px;background-color:white;border:1px solid #c0c090;margin-top:5px"> <table style="background:none;color:inherit;width:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/75px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e6/Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg/100px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span><br/><div style="width: 55px; height: 0px;"></div> </td> <td> <div style="position: relative; left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; z-index: 15;">Here are some tasks awaiting attention: <ul style="font-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0.3em 0px 0.3em 25px;"> <li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles">Article requests</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_articles/Social_sciences/Geography,_cities,_regions_and_named_places" title="Wikipedia:Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places">Requested articles/Social sciences/Geography, cities, regions and named places</a> and <a href="/wiki/User:Skysmith/Missing_articles_about_Locations" title="User:Skysmith/Missing articles about Locations">Missing articles about Locations</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_assessment" title="Wikipedia:Content assessment">Assess</a></i> :</b> Tag related article talk pages with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:WikiProject_Geography" title="Template:WikiProject Geography">WikiProject Geography</a>}}</code>. To help assess the quality and importance of geography articles, please see: <a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed_geography_articles" title="Category:Unassessed geography articles">Unassessed geography articles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Unknown-importance_geography_articles" title="Category:Unknown-importance geography articles">Unknown-importance geography articles</a>.</li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Cleanup</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_attention" title="Category:Geography articles needing attention">Geography articles needing attention</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting">Deletion sorting</a></i> :</b> Listed at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Compact#Geographic" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Compact">Geographic related deletion discussions</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geographical_coordinates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geographical coordinates">Geographical coordinates</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_missing_geocoordinate_data_by_country" title="Category:Articles missing geocoordinate data by country">Articles missing geocoordinate data by country</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infobox</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_needing_infoboxes" title="Category:Geography articles needing infoboxes">Geography articles needing infoboxes</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Maps" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Maps">Map</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_maps" title="Category:Wikipedia requested maps">Wikipedia requested maps</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_articles_with_topics_of_unclear_notability" title="Category:Geography articles with topics of unclear notability">Geography articles with topics of unclear notability</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Requested pictures">Photo</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_requested_photographs_of_places" title="Category:Wikipedia requested photographs of places">Wikipedia requested photographs of places</a></li><li><b><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">Stubs</a></i> :</b> See <a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_stubs" title="Category:Geography stubs">Geography stubs</a></li> </ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/25px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/38px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/50px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology">Geology</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/80px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/120px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/160px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></span></li></ul><b>Talk:Climate change</b> is part of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology">WikiProject Geology</a></b>, an attempt at creating a standardized, informative, comprehensive and easy-to-use <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> resource. If you would like to participate, you can choose to edit this article, or visit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology">project page</a> for more information.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Geology</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Geology</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Geology articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Geology_articles" title="Category:High-importance Geology articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geology/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Geology/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/25px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/38px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/50px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Globalization" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Globalization">Globalization</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/80px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/120px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg/160px-WikiProject_Globalization_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Globalization" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Globalization">WikiProject Globalization</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> on Wikipedia. <br/> If you would like to participate, you can edit the article attached to this page, or visit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Globalization" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Globalization">project page</a>, where you can join the project and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Globalization</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Globalization</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Globalization</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Globalization articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Globalization_articles" title="Category:High-importance Globalization articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Globalization/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Globalization/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitation_systems_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/25px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/38px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/50px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sanitation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-mid">Mid‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanitation_systems_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/80px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/120px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Sanitation_systems_icon.svg/160px-Sanitation_systems_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sanitation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sanitation">WikiProject Sanitation</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Sanitation" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Sanitation">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Sanitation</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Sanitation</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Sanitation</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">sanitation articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-mid"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_sanitation_articles" title="Category:Mid-importance sanitation articles">Mid</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Mid-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sanitation/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sanitation/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Policy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/25px-Science_Policy.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/38px-Science_Policy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/50px-Science_Policy.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science_Policy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science Policy">Science Policy</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-high">High‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Science_Policy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/100px-Science_Policy.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/150px-Science_Policy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Science_Policy.png/200px-Science_Policy.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science_Policy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science Policy">WikiProject Science Policy</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Science_Policy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Science Policy">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Science Policy</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Science Policy</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Science Policy</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Science Policy articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-high"><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_Science_Policy_articles" title="Category:High-importance Science Policy articles">High</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>High-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Science_Policy/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Science Policy/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CirrusField-color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/33px-CirrusField-color.jpg" decoding="async" width="33" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/51px-CirrusField-color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/67px-CirrusField-color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="919"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather">Weather</a><span class="wpb-nested-task-force">: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Climate_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Climate task force">Climate</a></span> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-top">Top‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CirrusField-color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/70px-CirrusField-color.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/105px-CirrusField-color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CirrusField-color.jpg/140px-CirrusField-color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="919"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather">WikiProject Weather</a></b>, which collaborates on <b><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a></b> and related subjects on Wikipedia. To participate, help improve this article or visit the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather">project page</a> for details. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="font-size:small; padding:4px; text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Article_requests" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Article requests">Articles Requested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Project_resources" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Project resources">Project Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Members" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Members">Become a Member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Weather" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Weather">Project Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Assessment" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/A-Class" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/A-Class">A-Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Article_alerts" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Article alerts">Alerts</a></li></ul> </div><span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Weather</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Weather</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Weather articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-top"><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Weather_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Weather articles">Top</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Top-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr><tr><td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taskforce icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/25px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/38px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg/50px-Earth_Eastern_Hemisphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048"/></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article is supported by <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Weather/Climate_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Weather/Climate task force">the Climate task force</a></b> (assessed as <a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_Climate_articles" title="Category:Top-importance Climate articles">Top-importance</a>).</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256394742"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/33px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/51px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/67px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">Spoken Wikipedia</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sound-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/100px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/150px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/200px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of articles that are <b><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">spoken</a></b> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Spoken_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Spoken Wikipedia</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Spoken Wikipedia articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newspaper_Cover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Media mention" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newspaper_Cover.svg/40px-Newspaper_Cover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newspaper_Cover.svg/60px-Newspaper_Cover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Newspaper_Cover.svg/80px-Newspaper_Cover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">This article has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_coverage" title="Wikipedia:Press coverage">mentioned by multiple media organizations</a>:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Sarah McBroom (March 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scrippsnews.com/node/20601">"Conservapedia.com -- an encyclopedic message from the right"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scripps_Howard_News_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripps Howard News Service">Scripps Howard News Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conservapedia.com+--+an+encyclopedic+message+from+the+right&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.au=Sarah+McBroom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scrippsnews.com%2Fnode%2F20601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Michael Booth (April 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denverpost.com/entertainment/ci_5786064">"Grading Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Grading+Wikipedia&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.au=Michael+Booth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fci_5786064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23354613">"Topics that spark Wikipedia 'edit wars' revealed"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. July 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Topics+that+spark+Wikipedia+%27edit+wars%27+revealed&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-23354613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cary_Institute_of_Ecosystem_Studies" title="Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies">Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies</a> (August 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/08/150814145711.htm">"On Wikipedia, politically controversial science topics vulnerable to information sabotage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Daily">Science Daily</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+Wikipedia%2C+politically+controversial+science+topics+vulnerable+to+information+sabotage&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.au=Cary+Institute+of+Ecosystem+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2015%2F08%2F150814145711.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mashable.com/feature/climate-change-wikipedia/">"The guardians of Wikipedia's climate page: An intensely devoted core keeps a bastion of climate science honest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mashable" title="Mashable">Mashable</a>. November 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+guardians+of+Wikipedia%27s+climate+page%3A+An+intensely+devoted+core+keeps+a+bastion+of+climate+science+honest&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmashable.com%2Ffeature%2Fclimate-change-wikipedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-59325128">"Climate change: Conspiracy theories found on foreign-language Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+Conspiracy+theories+found+on+foreign-language+Wikipedia&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-59325128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Marco Silva (December 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-59452614">"Climate change: Small army of volunteers keeping deniers off Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+Small+army+of+volunteers+keeping+deniers+off+Wikipedia&rft.date=2021-12-24&rft.au=Marco+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fblogs-trending-59452614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Olivia Steiert (September 9, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/09636625241268890open_in_newPublisher">"Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Understanding_of_Science" title="Public Understanding of Science">Public Understanding of Science</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Declaring+crisis%3F+Temporal+constructions+of+climate+change+on+Wikipedia&rft.date=2024-09-09&rft.au=Olivia+Steiert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi-org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org%2F10.1177%2F09636625241268890open_in_newPublisher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-emblem-issue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/40px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/60px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Commons-emblem-issue.svg/80px-Commons-emblem-issue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contentious_topics" title="Wikipedia:Contentious topics">contentious topics</a> procedure applies to this page. This page is related to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, which has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Climate_change" title="Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Climate change">designated</a> as a contentious topic.</b><p>Editors who repeatedly or seriously fail to adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">purpose of Wikipedia</a>, any expected <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">standards of behaviour</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">normal editorial process</a> may be blocked or restricted by an administrator. Editors are advised to familiarise themselves with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contentious_topics" title="Wikipedia:Contentious topics">contentious topics procedures</a> before editing this page.</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1243927654"><table role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice banner-shell mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NewFavicon_icon.svg/24px-NewFavicon_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NewFavicon_icon.svg/36px-NewFavicon_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NewFavicon_icon.svg/48px-NewFavicon_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text banner-shell-header"><span class="nowrap" style="float:left"> </span>Other talk page banners</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="banner-shell-inner outercollapse"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ref.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ref.svg/44px-Ref.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ref.svg/66px-Ref.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ref.svg/88px-Ref.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="184"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This page has <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Citation_standards" title="Talk:Climate change/Citation standards">agreed on a consistent citation style</a>. Please follow those standards when adding sources. Ask on the talk page if you need help or have questions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article has previously been nominated to be moved. Please review the prior discussions if you are considering re-nomination.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="padding-top: 0.5em;"><ul><li><b>Move logs: </b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&page=Global+warming&type=move">Global warming</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&page=Climate+change&type=move">Climate change</a></li></ul></div> <p><b>Discussions: </b> </p> <ul><li>RM, Global warming → Climate change, <b>Not moved</b>, 11 June 2018, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_74#Requested_move_3_June_2018" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 74">discussion</a></li> <li>RM, Global warming → Climate change, <b>Moved</b>, 21 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_83#Requested_move_3_August_2020" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 83">discussion</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="states"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/22px-Article_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/33px-Article_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/44px-Article_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="669"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article has been viewed enough times in a single year to make it into the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_50_Report" title="Wikipedia:Top 50 Report">Top 50 Report</a> annual list. This happened in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:2007_Top_50_Report" title="Wikipedia:2007 Top 50 Report">2007</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:2008_Top_50_Report" title="Wikipedia:2008 Top 50 Report">2008</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/22px-Article_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/33px-Article_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Article_blue.svg/44px-Article_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="669"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article has been viewed enough times in a single week to appear in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report">Top 25 Report</a> <b>5</b> times. The weeks in which this happened: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="display:inline-block"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/October_27_to_November_2,_2013" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/October 27 to November 2, 2013">October 27 to November 2, 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/November_3_to_9,_2013" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 3 to 9, 2013">November 3 to 9, 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/November_10_to_16,_2013" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 10 to 16, 2013">November 10 to 16, 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/November_17_to_23,_2013" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/November 17 to 23, 2013">November 17 to 23, 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Top_25_Report/April_16_to_22,_2023" title="Wikipedia:Top 25 Report/April 16 to 22, 2023">April 16 to 22, 2023</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exquisite-kfind.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Exquisite-kfind.png/40px-Exquisite-kfind.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Exquisite-kfind.png/60px-Exquisite-kfind.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Exquisite-kfind.png/80px-Exquisite-kfind.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article was reviewed by <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a></b></i> on April 30, 2007. <br/> <b>Comments:</b> "a great primer on the subject", "Following the links takes the interested reader into greater and greater depth, probably further than any traditional encyclopedia I've seen", pleasantly surprised how the main articles "stick to the science and avoid confusing the reader with political controversy.", wishes Wikipedia offered better links to basic weather science. Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review/Denver_Post" title="Wikipedia:External peer review/Denver Post">examine the findings</a>.<br/> <small>For more information about external reviews of Wikipedia articles and about this review in particular, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_peer_review#The_Denver_Post" title="Wikipedia:External peer review">this page</a>.</small></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/36px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/54px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg/72px-Merge-split-transwiki_default.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="40"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text">On 3 August 2020, it was proposed that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">moved</a> from <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_warming&redirect=no">Global warming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a>. The result of <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/974145018#Requested_move_3_August_2020" title="Special:PermanentLink/974145018">the discussion</a> was <b>moved</b>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:#F0F2F5; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em">Section sizes</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <table class="wikitable sortable" style=""> <caption>Section size for <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> (49 sections) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Section name</th> <th>Byte<br/>count</th> <th>Section<br/>total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#(Top)" title="Climate change">(Top)</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8B0B0;">14,721</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D9D9;font-weight:bold;">14,721 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Terminology" title="Climate change">Terminology</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E8E8;">3,669</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F2F2;font-weight:bold;">3,669 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Global_temperature_rise" title="Climate change">Global temperature rise</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;">70</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8BDBD;font-weight:bold;">26,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Temperatures_prior_to_present-day_global_warming" title="Climate change">Temperatures prior to present-day global warming</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EDED;">2,663</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Warming_since_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Climate change">Warming since the Industrial Revolution</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8C2C2;">11,054</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D2D2;">17,615 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Differences_by_region" title="Climate change">Differences by region</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D9D9;">6,561</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">6,561 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Future_global_temperatures" title="Climate change">Future global temperatures</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8DADA;">6,306</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">6,306 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Causes_of_recent_global_temperature_rise" title="Climate change">Causes of recent global temperature rise</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EDED;">2,597</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8B5B5;font-weight:bold;">30,393 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Greenhouse_gases" title="Climate change">Greenhouse gases</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D0D0;">8,363</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">8,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Land_surface_changes" title="Climate change">Land surface changes</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E8E8;">3,727</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">3,727 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Other_factors" title="Climate change">Other factors</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;">22</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D6D6;">15,706 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Aerosols_and_clouds" title="Climate change">Aerosols and clouds</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E3E3;">4,560</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">4,560 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Solar_and_volcanic_activity" title="Climate change">Solar and volcanic activity</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E1E1;">5,004</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">5,004 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Climate_change_feedbacks" title="Climate change">Climate change feedbacks</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8DBDB;">6,120</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">6,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Modelling" title="Climate change">Modelling</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E6E6;">4,013</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F1F1;font-weight:bold;">4,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Impacts" title="Climate change">Impacts</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F9F9;">290</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8B9B9;font-weight:bold;">28,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Environmental_effects" title="Climate change">Environmental effects</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E3E3;">4,588</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">4,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Tipping_points_and_long-term_impacts" title="Climate change">Tipping points and long-term impacts</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8DEDE;">5,533</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">5,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Nature_and_wildlife" title="Climate change">Nature and wildlife</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D6D6;">7,139</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">7,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Humans" title="Climate change">Humans</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F1F1;">1,903</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E2E2;">10,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Health_and_food" title="Climate change">Health and food</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8ECEC;">2,908</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,908 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Livelihoods_and_inequality" title="Climate change">Livelihoods and inequality</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EBEB;">3,049</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">3,049 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Climate_migration" title="Climate change">Climate migration</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EBEB;">2,953</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,953 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Reducing_and_recapturing_emissions" title="Climate change">Reducing and recapturing emissions</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E6E6;">4,057</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8CCCC;font-weight:bold;">20,307 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Clean_energy" title="Climate change">Clean energy</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D1D1;">8,135</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">8,135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Energy_conservation" title="Climate change">Energy conservation</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F2F2;">1,719</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">1,719 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Agriculture_and_industry" title="Climate change">Agriculture and industry</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E9E9;">3,477</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">3,477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Climate change">Carbon dioxide removal</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8ECEC;">2,919</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,919 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Adaptation" title="Climate change">Adaptation</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D3D3;">7,773</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E9E9;font-weight:bold;">7,773 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Policies_and_politics" title="Climate change">Policies and politics</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EEEE;">2,381</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D5D5;font-weight:bold;">16,240 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Policy_options" title="Climate change">Policy options</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F2F2;">1,616</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F2F2;">3,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Climate_justice" title="Climate change">Climate justice</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F0F0;">2,047</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#International_climate_agreements" title="Climate change">International climate agreements</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8D8D8;">6,843</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">6,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#National_responses" title="Climate change">National responses</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E9E9;">3,353</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">3,353 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Society" title="Climate change">Society</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;">14</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E8E8;font-weight:bold;">8,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Denial_and_misinformation" title="Climate change">Denial and misinformation</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EEEE;">2,541</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">2,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Public_awareness_and_opinion" title="Climate change">Public awareness and opinion</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E6E6;">4,007</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8EEEE;">5,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Climate_movement" title="Climate change">Climate movement</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F3F3;">1,568</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">1,568 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#History" title="Climate change">History</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;">61</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E1E1;font-weight:bold;">11,194 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Early_discoveries" title="Climate change">Early discoveries</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8DBDB;">6,198</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">6,198 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Development_of_a_scientific_consensus" title="Climate change">Development of a scientific consensus</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8E1E1;">4,935</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">4,935 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#See_also" title="Climate change">See also</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F9F9;">353</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;font-weight:bold;">353 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#References" title="Climate change">References</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8FAFA;">35</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:red;font-weight:bold;">109,068 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Sources" title="Climate change">Sources</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F9F9;">366</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F80101;">109,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#IPCC_reports" title="Climate change">IPCC reports</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8DFDF;">5,383</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">5,383 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Other_peer-reviewed_sources" title="Climate change">Other peer-reviewed sources</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:red;">49,178</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">49,178 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Books,_reports_and_legal_documents" title="Climate change">Books, reports and legal documents</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F85F5F;">30,524</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">30,524 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="margin-left:3.2em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Non-technical_sources" title="Climate change">Non-technical sources</a></span></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F88383;">23,582</td> <td style="text-align:right;color:transparent;">23,582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Climate_change#External_links" title="Climate change">External links</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F5F5;">1,161</td> <td style="text-align:right;background:#F8F8F8;font-weight:bold;">1,161 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th style="text-align:right">282,039</th> <th style="text-align:right">282,039 </th></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"> </p> <table id="archivebox" role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice mbox-small" style="text-align: center; padding: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.6em 0 0.25em;"> <div style="width:100%; overflow:hidden;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/40px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/60px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/80px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"/></a></span><br/><b>Archives</b></div> </td></tr><tr> <td class="plainlinks"> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_index" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive index">Index</a> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_1" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_2" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_3" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_4" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_5" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_6" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_7" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 7">7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_8" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_9" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_10" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 10">10</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_11" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 11">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_12" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 12">12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_13" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 13">13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_14" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 14">14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_15" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 15">15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_16" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 16">16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_17" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 17">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_18" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 18">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_19" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 19">19</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_20" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 20">20</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_21" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 21">21</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_22" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 22">22</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_23" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 23">23</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_24" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 24">24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_25" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 25">25</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_26" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 26">26</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_27" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 27">27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_28" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 28">28</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_29" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 29">29</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_30" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 30">30</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_31" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 31">31</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_32" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 32">32</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_33" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 33">33</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_34" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 34">34</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_35" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 35">35</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_36" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 36">36</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_37" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 37">37</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_38" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 38">38</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_39" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 39">39</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_40" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 40">40</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_41" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 41">41</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_42" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 42">42</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_43" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 43">43</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_44" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 44">44</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_45" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 45">45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_46" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 46">46</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_47" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 47">47</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_48" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 48">48</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_49" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 49">49</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_50" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 50">50</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_51" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 51">51</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_52" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 52">52</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_53" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 53">53</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_54" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 54">54</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_55" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 55">55</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_56" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 56">56</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_57" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 57">57</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_58" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 58">58</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_59" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 59">59</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_60" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 60">60</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_61" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 61">61</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_62" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 62">62</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_63" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 63">63</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_64" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 64">64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_65" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 65">65</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_66" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 66">66</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_67" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 67">67</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_68" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 68">68</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_69" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 69">69</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_70" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 70">70</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_71" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 71">71</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_72" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 72">72</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_73" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 73">73</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_74" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 74">74</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_75" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 75">75</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_76" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 76">76</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_77" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 77">77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_78" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 78">78</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_79" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 79">79</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_80" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 80">80</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_81" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 81">81</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_82" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 82">82</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_83" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 83">83</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_84" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 84">84</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_85" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 85">85</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_86" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 86">86</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_87" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 87">87</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_88" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 88">88</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_89" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 89">89</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_90" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 90">90</a><br/><a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/Archive_91" title="Talk:Climate change/Archive 91">91</a>, <a 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Sections older than <b>90 days</b> may be automatically archived by <span class="nowraplinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Lowercase_sigmabot_III" title="User:Lowercase sigmabot III">Lowercase sigmabot III</a></span> when more than 8 sections are present.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="box-Xreadership plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation" style="border-spacing:4px"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg/48px-Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg/72px-Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg/96px-Simpleicons_Business_horizontal-bars-chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; font-weight: bold;"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=latest-60&pages=Climate+change">Daily pageviews</a></span> of this article <span style="font-weight:initial;font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; color:#77">(experimental)</span><div style="margin-top:0.3em; text-align:left; padding-left:2em; font-weight:initial">Pageviews <a href="/wiki/Template:Xviews/summary#Description" title="Template:Xviews/summary">summary</a>: size=91, age=53, days=60, min=2044, max=3706, latest=3101.</div></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#fffaef; border:1px dotted gray; padding:2px 4px; text-align: left;"> The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Climate_change/pageviews" title="Talk:Climate change/pageviews">pageviews file</a> file is stale; please <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pageviews.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&platform=all-access&agent=user&range=latest-60&pages=Climate+change">update it</a></span>; see <a href="/wiki/Template:Xreadership#Instructions" title="Template:Xreadership">§ Instructions</a>.</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS" data-mw-thread-id="h-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS-20241024214100"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS-20241024214100"></span>Carbon capture rates for CCS<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS-20241024214100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Carbon capture rates for CCS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241024214100-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS"></span>Hi everyone. I have a few proposals regarding statements on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> in this article. Here's my first proposal. We have an unsourced sentence that says: </p> <dl><dd>Where energy production or CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>-intensive <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industries</a> continue to produce waste CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, the gas can be captured and stored instead of released to the atmosphere.</dd></dl> <p>I propose changing it to: </p> <dl><dd>Where energy production or CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>-intensive <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industries</a> continue to produce waste CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub>, technology can sometimes be used to capture and store most of the gas instead of releasing it to the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>As explained in the World Resources Institute source, "today’s carbon capture systems do not capture 100% of emissions. Most are designed to capture 90%, but reported capture rates are lower in some cases." Additionally, it is not economically or geologically feasible to deploy CCS at all or even most facilities. There are 2,400 coal power plants in the world and thus far we have managed to add CCS to four of them. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241024214100-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">21:41, 24 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241024214100-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241024214100-Carbon_capture_rates_for_CCS"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241030203000-Clayoquot-20241024214100"></span>Done. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241030203000-Clayoquot-20241024214100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:30, 30 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241030203000-Clayoquot-20241024214100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241030203000-Clayoquot-20241024214100"></span></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232521257">.mw-parser-output .reflist-talk{margin:auto 0;border:1px dashed var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:4px;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-talk-title{font-weight:bold}</style><div class="reflist-talk"> <p class="reflist-talk-title">References</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeblingGangotraHauskerByrum2023" class="citation web cs1">Lebling, Katie; Gangotra, Ankita; Hausker, Karl; Byrum, Zachary (2023-11-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/insights/carbon-capture-technology">"7 Things to Know About Carbon Capture, Utilization and Sequestration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=7+Things+to+Know+About+Carbon+Capture%2C+Utilization+and+Sequestration&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.aulast=Lebling&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft.au=Gangotra%2C+Ankita&rft.au=Hausker%2C+Karl&rft.au=Byrum%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Finsights%2Fcarbon-capture-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalk%3AClimate+change" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Carbon_sequestration_section" data-mw-thread-id="h-Carbon_sequestration_section-20241025201100"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Carbon_sequestration_section-20241025201100"></span>Carbon sequestration section<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Carbon_sequestration_section-20241025201100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carbon sequestration section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241025201100-Carbon_sequestration_section"></span>The <i>Carbon sequestration</i> section has contents that describe <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>. These three concepts are often confused. The vast majority of carbon sequestration happens through spontaneous, non-anthropogenic processes that have been going on for hundreds of millions of years and will continue if we just leave the forests alone. Most of the content in this section is about human activity that aims to increase the amount of carbon that is sequestered, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removal" title="Carbon dioxide removal">carbon dioxide removal</a>. There is also some content on <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a>, which technically involves sequestration but is usually deployed in processes that desequester more carbon than they sequester. </p><p>I propose 1) Retitling this section as "Carbon dioxide removal" and 2) Moving the two sentences on CCS to the end of the first paragraph in the "Clean energy" section. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241025201100-Carbon_sequestration_section" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:11, 25 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241025201100-Carbon_sequestration_section"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241025201100-Carbon_sequestration_section"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241030203600-Clayoquot-20241025201100"></span>Done. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241030203600-Clayoquot-20241025201100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:36, 30 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241030203600-Clayoquot-20241025201100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241030203600-Clayoquot-20241025201100"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions-20241030194400"><span id="Paper_about_our_work_.26_suggestions"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions-20241030194400"></span>Paper about our work & suggestions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions-20241030194400"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paper about our work & suggestions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241030194400-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span>A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals-sagepub-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/epub/10.1177/09636625241268890">paper by Olivia Steiert</a> came out on the work we do here, analysing how our group dynamics and our interpretation of policies and guidelines resulted in the current article. </p><p>The paper analyses whether we consider climate change as an event (vs process), and if we call it a crisis. It's somewhat critical of us doing neither sufficiently clearly. The paper doesn't give that many pointers how we could achieve this however. We've made progress over the last 6 years in changing the article to be more about climate change now, rather than climate change in the future, but I wonder if there is more to do here. (changing the crisis framing is a discussion I won't reopen). If there are no objections, I might send Steiert an email asking her to join us. In the meantime, I'm suggesting two changes in the lead </p><p>The current rise in <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global average temperature</a> is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">primarily caused by humans</a> burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> <s>since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></s> --> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polar_amplification" title="Polar amplification">Amplified warming in the Arctic</a> has contributed to thawing <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">retreat of glaciers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_sea_ice_decline" title="Arctic sea ice decline">sea ice decline</a> --> something in the present tense. I'd suggest leaving out polar amplification too. The quote doesn't fully capture this sentence anyway, and the source doesn't make the connection between polar amplification and these specific impacts. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241030194400-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:44, 30 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241030194400-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241030194400-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241031175000-Femke-20241030194400"></span>Thanks for sharing this, interesting article. The study uses the May 2022 version of this article, I wonder what she'd think of the current version.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>As for the sentence, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248585704">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{color:#00B785}}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk{font-family:Georgia,"DejaVu Serif",serif;color:#008560;quotes:none}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-italic{font-family:inherit;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .inline-quote-talk-marks{quotes:"\"""\""}</style><q class="inline-quote-talk">The current rise in...</q>, I believe we had added "since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>" to clarify what is meant by current. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241031175000-Femke-20241030194400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:50, 31 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241031175000-Femke-20241030194400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241031175000-Femke-20241030194400"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241101144400-Bogazicili-20241031175000"></span>Upon reflection, I'd like to keep <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">since the Industrial Revolution</q>. One of the criticism in the article is that we are vague in terms of our tenses. When things happened, are happening, or will happen. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">Why is it so hard to arrive at a clear understanding of when climate change is happening and why do temporal constructions of this event vary so broadly</q>)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">since the Industrial Revolution</q> gives precision and clarity to that sentence. I think it accurately describes rough timescale of human-induced climate change.</dd> <dd>Other overview sources might say things like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">The industrial activities that our modern civilization depends upon have raised atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by nearly 50% since 1750</q><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/causes/">[1]</a></dd> <dd>If you click <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, it largely matches with above: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">Beginning in Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution spread to continental Europe and the United States, from around 1760 to about 1820–1840.</q> <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241101144400-Bogazicili-20241031175000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">14:44, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241101144400-Bogazicili-20241031175000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241101144400-Bogazicili-20241031175000"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241101171300-Bogazicili-20241101144400"></span>My thinking here is that "since the industrial revolution" may be a bit misleading, in the sense that most warming really happened in the last 50 years, rather than over such a long period of time. I'm also appreciating the simplicity of the POTD description below, and would like to move away from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Seaofblue" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Seaofblue">WP:seaofblue</a> in terms of number of links. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241101171300-Bogazicili-20241101144400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:13, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241101171300-Bogazicili-20241101144400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241101171300-Bogazicili-20241101144400"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="outdent-template" style="position:relative;left:1px;"><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span></div><p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241102173800-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span>That's a very good point, but I think we should add that (in the last 50 years part) into the lead, instead of removing "since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>" part. I know you value conciseness but I think this time precision beats conciseness. </p><p>Again, the study was up to May 2022 version of this article. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change&oldid=1090774819">This is the 31 May 2022 version of the article</a>. I think the current version of the lead is much more precise, as we define since when the current climate change has been happening. Industrial activities (NASA source) started with industrial revolution. Of course it was limited in 18th century. In 19th century it was few countries (UK etc), with coal etc. With technology (oil etc) and more countries industrializing, warming increased in 20th century, which is your point. </p><p>Also note that many cumulative emissions graphs go back to 1750 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co-emissions">Our World in Data</a>. I'll check few more sources tomorrow, including <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary">WP:Tertiary</a> sources, to see how they cover it. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241102173800-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:38, 2 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241102173800-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241102173800-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241102180300-Bogazicili-20241102173800"></span>The prose quality of the first paragraph was definitely better in that version at least. I don't think "adding to greenhouse gases" is correct English. If I can find time, I might suggest a new version of our opening in a separate discussion section.</dd> <dd>My guess is that many sources don't talk about "industrial revolution" in their first paragraph, instead only use that when they go into the weeds of the topic. <ul><li>NASA describes it as happening from the mid-20th century in their first paras (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/what-is-climate-change/">https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/what-is-climate-change/</a>)</li> <li>Met Office describes it similar to us (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/what-is-climate-change">https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/climate-change/what-is-climate-change</a>), from the mid-1850s we started polluting.</li> <li>WMO doesn't describe the time period, except by refering to a pre-industrial baseline (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wmo.int/topics/climate-change">https://wmo.int/topics/climate-change</a>)</li></ul></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241102180300-Bogazicili-20241102173800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">18:03, 2 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241102180300-Bogazicili-20241102173800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241102180300-Bogazicili-20241102173800"></span></dd></dl> <div class="outdent-template" style="position:relative;left:1px;"><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span><span style="display:block;width:16em;height:0.5em;border-left:1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span></div><p><span class="template-ping"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103190200-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span>@<a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">Femke</a>:</span> here are some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary">WP:Tertiary</a> sources I found with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/91/">Oxford Reference Online</a> database through <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">Wikipedia Library</a>. </p><p>There are lots of results. Only some of them are below: </p><p>The first two have detailed entries. I'd recommend you to check them: </p> <ul><li>Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather (2 ed.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199765324.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199765324.001.0001</a>. Global Warming entry. Notes both pre-industrial increase and increase since 1970.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237805129">.mw-parser-output .talkquote{color:var(--color-base,#202122);background-color:#eaf8f4;border-left:3px solid #008560;padding:0 .8em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .talkquote-by,.mw-parser-output .talkquote-source{margin-left:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .skin-vector-2022 .talkquote>:last-child{padding-bottom:0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .talkquote{background-color:#0d261f}}</style><blockquote class="talkquote"><p>The term global warming has become synonymous in the press with human-induced climate change. ... Carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased such that 2009 values of about 385 ppmv are over 36 percent higher than preindustrial values of 280 ppmv and over half that increase has occurred since 1970 (Figure 1).</p></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Encyclopedia of Global Change <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195108255.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195108255.001.0001</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Climate Change entry:</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote"><p>An Overview<br/>... During the past two centuries, anthropogenic activity has resulted in large increases in the atmospheric greenhouse gas content, which has caused a detectable increase in global temperatures and are predicted to continue to increase for many decades before the climate system reaches a new equilibrium. [See Greenhouse Effect; and Global Warming.] ...</p></blockquote></dd> <dd>Global warming entry:</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote"><p>..Levels rose to 275 ppmv during the warm interglacial phases, and that level is also considered representative of the preindustrial era of the nineteenth century...</p></blockquote></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The two below have shorter entries: </p> <ul><li>A Dictionary of Weather (3 ed.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191988356.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780191988356.001.0001</a>. Separate entries for global warming and climate change (climatic change). Not mentioned there.</li> <li>A Dictionary of Human Geography <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199599868.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001</a>. Climate change entry. Not mentioned there, but source mentions Anthropocene.</li></ul> <dl><dd>By the way, there is an entire encyclopedia on climate change communication, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Climate Change Communication.</dd></dl> <p>I think we should mention something like pre-industrial in the first paragraph. But we can shift things around. For example, the last sentence in first paragraph cites IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021, p. 67. That page mentions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote"><p><b>Since 1750</b>, changes in the drivers of the climate system are dominated by the warming influence of increases in atmospheric GHG concentrations and a cooling influence from aerosols, both resulting from human activities</p></blockquote> <p>p.4: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237805129"><blockquote class="talkquote"><p>Observed increases in well-mixed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations since around 1750 are unequivocally caused by human activities</p></blockquote> <p>I'll make my proposal below in a new section <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103190200-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:02, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103190200-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241103190200-Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Article_housekeeping" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_housekeeping-20241031022600"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_housekeeping-20241031022600"></span>Article housekeeping<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_housekeeping-20241031022600"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Article housekeeping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241031022600-Article_housekeeping"></span>Thanks <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">Femke</a> for removing unused references and other tidying. I could pitch in to help with that kind of thing for an hour or two this week. What else needs to be done? <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241031022600-Article_housekeeping" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">02:26, 31 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241031022600-Article_housekeeping"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241031022600-Article_housekeeping"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241031165400-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span>Just to let you know, I intend to clean up after myself, but got sidetracked. For the areas I edited, some of the citations aren't to chapters but to overall IPCC reports. I'll be fixing those. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241031165400-Clayoquot-20241031022600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">16:54, 31 October 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241031165400-Clayoquot-20241031022600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241031165400-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241101171900-Bogazicili-20241031165400"></span>Thanks Bogazicili!</dd> <dd>In terms of housekeeping, I try to do the following every one/two years: <ul><li>See if overcitation has slipped in, which is often a red flag for text-source integrity issues. One example is overcitation after "Smaller contributions come from <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>, organic carbon from combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels, and from anthropogenic dust", which has 6 sources. (I you could help here!)</li> <li>Check if jargon such as anthropogenic has slipped back in, and reword using plain English</li> <li>Reread the article, and check if there is text-source integrity for surprising statements</li> <li>Reread the article, and update numbers which need updating.</li></ul></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241101171900-Bogazicili-20241031165400" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:19, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241101171900-Bogazicili-20241031165400"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241101171900-Bogazicili-20241031165400"></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sgubaldo-20241101191700-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span>Not that big of an issue, but the source formatting is also slightly messy and inconsistent in places (e.g. Harvnb is used for most things but not all, some things are missing various fields, etc). <a href="/wiki/User:Sgubaldo" title="User:Sgubaldo">Sgubaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sgubaldo" title="User talk:Sgubaldo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Sgubaldo-20241101191700-Clayoquot-20241031022600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:17, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sgubaldo-20241101191700-Clayoquot-20241031022600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sgubaldo-20241101191700-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241101194200-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span>Wow, that's a lot of work that you've been doing regularly! I'll take on the overcitation thing. Will indicate here when I've finished checking. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241101194200-Clayoquot-20241031022600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:42, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241101194200-Clayoquot-20241031022600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241101194200-Clayoquot-20241031022600"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241102171800-Clayoquot-20241101194200"></span>I'll have much more time to work on this tomorrow (Sunday). I think I added most of the AR6 citations. I'll be fixing those tomorrow. And then I can also pitch in with the rest of the housekeeping. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241102171800-Clayoquot-20241101194200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:18, 2 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241102171800-Clayoquot-20241101194200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241102171800-Clayoquot-20241101194200"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241105203100-Bogazicili-20241102171800"></span>I think I fixed the parts I had added. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241105203100-Bogazicili-20241102171800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:31, 5 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241105203100-Bogazicili-20241102171800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241105203100-Bogazicili-20241102171800"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD" data-mw-thread-id="h-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD-20241101101800"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD-20241101101800"></span>Featured picture scheduled for POTD<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD-20241101101800"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Featured picture scheduled for POTD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Amakuru-20241101101800-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD"></span>Hello! This is to let editors know that <a href="/wiki/File:1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm" title="File:1880- Global surface temperature - heat map animation - NASA SVS.webm">File:1880- Global surface temperature - heat map animation - NASA SVS.webm</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">featured picture</a> used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day">picture of the day</a> (POTD) for November 12, 2024. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at <a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-11-12" title="Template:POTD/2024-11-12">Template:POTD/2024-11-12</a>. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a>. If you have any concerns, please place a message at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Picture_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day">Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day</a>. Thank you! — <a href="/wiki/User:Amakuru" title="User:Amakuru">Amakuru</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Amakuru" title="User talk:Amakuru">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Amakuru-20241101101800-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">10:18, 1 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Amakuru-20241101101800-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Amakuru-20241101101800-Featured_picture_scheduled_for_POTD"></span> </p> <div style="margin-top:4px; border:1px solid #ddcef2; background:#faf5ff; overflow:auto;"><div style="margin:0.6em 0.4em 0.1em;"> <table role="presentation" style="margin:0 3px 3px; width:100%; box-sizing:border-box; text-align:center; background-color:transparent; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/600px-seek%3D29-1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="600" height="338" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm/1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"/></video></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.9em; text-align:left;"> <p>Contemporary <b><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a></b> involves rising <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global temperatures</a> and significant shifts in Earth's weather patterns. Climate change is driven by <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases</a> such as carbon dioxide and methane. Emissions come mostly from burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> (coal, oil and natural gas), and also <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">from agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">forest loss</a>, cement production and steel making. Climate change causes <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacial retreat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, and intensifies <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildfire#Effect_of_climate" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> endanger <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">freshwater access</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">global health</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change can be limited</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">low-carbon energy</a> sources such as wind and solar energy, by <a href="/wiki/Forest_management#Methods_for_creating_or_recreating_forests" title="Forest management">forestation</a>, and shifts in agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">Adaptations</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastline protection</a> cannot by themselves avert the risk of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts. Limiting global warming in line with the goals of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> requires reaching <a href="/wiki/Net-zero_emissions" title="Net-zero emissions">net-zero emissions</a> by 2050. This animation, produced by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Scientific Visualization Studio with data from the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>, shows global surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" title="Temperature anomaly">temperature anomalies</a> from 1880 to 2023 on a world map, illustrating the rise in global temperatures. Normal temperatures (calculated over the 30-year baseline period 1951–1980) are shown in white, higher-than-normal temperatures in red, and lower-than-normal temperatures in blue. The data are averaged over a running 24-month window. </p> <p style="text-align:center;"><small>Video credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>; visualized by Mark SubbaRao</small></p> <div style="text-align:right;"> Recently featured: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-11-11" title="Template:POTD/2024-11-11">Shirley Graham Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-11-10" title="Template:POTD/2024-11-10">European spruce bark beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-11-09" title="Template:POTD/2024-11-09">Pyromorphite</a></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist noprint nowraplinks" style="text-align:right;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Picture_of_the_day/Archive" title="Wikipedia:Picture of the day/Archive">Archive</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_pictures" title="Wikipedia:Featured pictures">More featured pictures</a></b></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist plainlinks metadata noprint nowraplinks" style="margin:0.5em 0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD/2024-11-12" title="Template:POTD/2024-11-12">view</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:POTD/2024-11-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:POTD/2024-11-12 (page does not exist)">talk</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:POTD/2024-11-12&action=edit">edit</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:POTD/2024-11-12&action=history">history</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:POTD/2024-11-12&action=watch">watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:1880-_Global_surface_temperature_-_heat_map_animation_-_NASA_SVS.webm" title="File:1880- Global surface temperature - heat map animation - NASA SVS.webm">file page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:POTD_protected/2024-11-12" title="Template:POTD protected/2024-11-12">protected version</a> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:POTD_protected/2024-11-12&action=edit">edit</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:POTD_protected/2024-11-12&action=history">history</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence" data-mw-thread-id="h-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence-20241102192600"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence-20241102192600"></span>Suggestions for the first sentence<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence-20241102192600"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Suggestions for the first sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241102192600-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span>The first sentence is awkward, and I'd love to craft a new first sentence before we get to be on the main page. The "in common usage" is especially jarring, and may fall slightly foul of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFER" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:REFER">WP:REFER</a>. I have two suggestions: </p> <ol><li><b>Climate change</b> encompasses <b>global warming</b>—Earth’s ongoing temperature increase—and its wider effects on Earth's climate.</li> <li><b>Current climate change</b> is the ongoing rise in global average temperatures and the resulting effects on Earth's climate.</li></ol> <p>It's a common thing that more text gets bolded than the title alone, to clarify immediately to the reader what the topic is where there is some need for disambiguation. I think this may release us from the need to be a bit pedantic in the introduction. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241102192600-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:26, 2 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241102192600-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241102192600-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-RCraig09-20241102222300-Femke-20241102192600"></span>The preamble "In common usage" distinguishes current CC from "Climate change in a broader sense" that's in the second sentence. The distinction is important since we should (must?) quickly define the article title, focus attention on what <i>this</i> article is about, and link to the other article (Climate variability and change). I remember the community grappling with how to achieve these goals; the current text was the result. "In common usage" isn't jarring, though some might call it a bit formal. "Current climate change" (suggestion 2) isn't a much-used term. —21:10 The current wording tells the reader immediately that common-use "CC" is not the academically correct use. Of Suggestion 1 and 2, though, I definitely prefer Suggestion 1. —<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;color:dark blue;"><a href="/wiki/User:RCraig09" title="User:RCraig09">RCraig09</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:RCraig09" title="User talk:RCraig09">talk</a>)</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-RCraig09-20241102222300-Femke-20241102192600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:23, 2 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-RCraig09-20241102222300-Femke-20241102192600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-RCraig09-20241102222300-Femke-20241102192600"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103090000-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span>The distinction is not between "academic usage" and "common usage". Academics use the terms like everybody else in their papers. IPCC has it in their name, WMO classifies their reporting under climate change. The difference is between definitionally and non-definitionally. If you have a sentence with <i>is</i>, you imply a definition, so we need to make clear in some way that we're talking about "Contemporary", "Present-day", "Current" climate change. What we can do as well is 2b:</dd> <dd>2b. Current/present-day/contemporary <b>Climate change</b> ...</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103090000-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:00, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103090000-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103090000-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103122000-Femke-20241103090000"></span>I prefer 'Contemporary' to 'Current', but I like the wording in Suggestion 1 more. My suggestion would be something like: <dl><dd>Contemporary <b>climate change</b> encompasses <b>global warming</b>—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Earth's climate</a>.</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Also, if the first sentence changes, the next two will probably need tweaking too. <a href="/wiki/User:Sgubaldo" title="User:Sgubaldo">Sgubaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sgubaldo" title="User talk:Sgubaldo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Sgubaldo-20241103122000-Femke-20241103090000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:20, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103122000-Femke-20241103090000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sgubaldo-20241103122000-Femke-20241103090000"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103122300-Sgubaldo-20241103122000"></span>I wonder what percentage of the population knows what "contemporary" means. I'd estimate less than 80/90%, hence my suggestions for slightly less elegant wording. Two difficult words close to each other (contemporary/encompasses), makes it more difficult to guess the word meaning for those unaware. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103122300-Sgubaldo-20241103122000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:23, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103122300-Sgubaldo-20241103122000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103122300-Sgubaldo-20241103122000"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103125200-Femke-20241103122300"></span>In that case, I would propose: "Present-day <b>climate change</b> includes both <b>global warming</b>—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Earth's climate</a>." <a href="/wiki/User:Sgubaldo" title="User:Sgubaldo">Sgubaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sgubaldo" title="User talk:Sgubaldo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Sgubaldo-20241103125200-Femke-20241103122300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:52, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103125200-Femke-20241103122300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sgubaldo-20241103125200-Femke-20241103122300"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103125800-Sgubaldo-20241103125200"></span>I like that variation. Present-day may prevent some knee-jerk reactions of Wikipedians trained to remove the word <i><a href="/wiki/MOS:Current" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:Current">MOS:Current</a></i> from articles. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103125800-Sgubaldo-20241103125200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:58, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103125800-Sgubaldo-20241103125200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103125800-Sgubaldo-20241103125200"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103093100-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span>Pinging all those with recent talk page activity: <span class="template-ping">@<a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Amakuru" title="User:Amakuru">Amakuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Chipmunkdavis" title="User:Chipmunkdavis">Chipmunkdavis</a>, <a href="/wiki/User:Sunrise" title="User:Sunrise">Sunrise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/User:Alaexis" title="User:Alaexis">Alaexis</a>:</span>. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103093100-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103093100-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103093100-Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103142800-Femke-20241103093100"></span>I prefer the first one because it includes the other common term, global warming. Global warming also redirects to this page, as it should. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103142800-Femke-20241103093100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">14:28, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103142800-Femke-20241103093100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241103142800-Femke-20241103093100"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-RCraig09-20241103170300-Femke-20241103093100"></span>I concede Femke's point (09:00) re academics/definitions. My concern is to explicitly convey that there are two definitions of CC. This distinction parallels the fact that today's CC is different from historical/generic CC. Detail: reviewing <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/contemporary">https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/contemporary</a>, I'm OK with "current" or "present" or "present-day" or "recent" or "ongoing" or "newfangled" (well, maybe not "newfangled :-) :-). —<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;color:dark blue;"><a href="/wiki/User:RCraig09" title="User:RCraig09">RCraig09</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:RCraig09" title="User talk:RCraig09">talk</a>)</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-RCraig09-20241103170300-Femke-20241103093100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:03, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-RCraig09-20241103170300-Femke-20241103093100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-RCraig09-20241103170300-Femke-20241103093100"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103170600-RCraig09-20241103170300"></span>I think it's more elegant to do it implicitly (present-day climate change), rather than explicitly. We want people to read about the topic of climate change, rather than about the intricacies of how terms are used in the first paragraph. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103170600-RCraig09-20241103170300" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:06, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103170600-RCraig09-20241103170300"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103170600-RCraig09-20241103170300"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-RCraig09-20241103171100-Femke-20241103170600"></span>By "explicitly" I didn't mean super-ultra-formally. I think the distinction of definitions is accomplished by the second sentence, "Climate change in a broader sense...". That's all I meant. I'm OK with most of the smaller-change proposal I've read in this discussion. —<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;color:dark blue;"><a href="/wiki/User:RCraig09" title="User:RCraig09">RCraig09</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:RCraig09" title="User talk:RCraig09">talk</a>)</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-RCraig09-20241103171100-Femke-20241103170600" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:11, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-RCraig09-20241103171100-Femke-20241103170600"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-RCraig09-20241103171100-Femke-20241103170600"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Clayoquot-20241103171700-Femke-20241103093100"></span>I have a slight preference for Sgubaldo's proposal. All of them sound fine to me though. <a href="/wiki/User:Clayoquot" title="User:Clayoquot">Clayoquot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Clayoquot" title="User talk:Clayoquot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Clayoquot" title="Special:Contributions/Clayoquot">contribs</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Clayoquot-20241103171700-Femke-20241103093100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:17, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Clayoquot-20241103171700-Femke-20241103093100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Clayoquot-20241103171700-Femke-20241103093100"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103174300-Clayoquot-20241103171700"></span>Just to clarify, since there are multiple proposals. I'm ok with this latest one: "Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate." <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103174300-Clayoquot-20241103171700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:43, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103174300-Clayoquot-20241103171700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241103174300-Clayoquot-20241103171700"></span></dd></dl></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103191200-Femke-20241103093100"></span>If no one objects, I'll wait until tomorrow to see if there's any more replies, and then I'll make the changes. <a href="/wiki/User:Sgubaldo" title="User:Sgubaldo">Sgubaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sgubaldo" title="User talk:Sgubaldo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Sgubaldo-20241103191200-Femke-20241103093100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:12, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sgubaldo-20241103191200-Femke-20241103093100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sgubaldo-20241103191200-Femke-20241103093100"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sgubaldo-20241104124300-Sgubaldo-20241103191200"></span>Changes made. <a href="/wiki/User:Sgubaldo" title="User:Sgubaldo">Sgubaldo</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sgubaldo" title="User talk:Sgubaldo">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Sgubaldo-20241104124300-Sgubaldo-20241103191200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">12:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sgubaldo-20241104124300-Sgubaldo-20241103191200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sgubaldo-20241104124300-Sgubaldo-20241103191200"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead" data-mw-thread-id="h-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead-20241103102000"><span id="FYI:_removed_.27mainly.27_from_lead"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead-20241103102000"></span>FYI: removed 'mainly' from lead<span data-mw-comment-end="h-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead-20241103102000"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: FYI: removed 'mainly' from lead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103102000-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead"></span>I changed "The current rise in global average temperature is mainly driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution" to "The current rise in global average temperature is <s>mainly</s> driven by human activities, especially fossil fuel burning since the Industrial Revolution". The best guess is taht 100% of climate change is driven by human activities (per new source), so the old wording was misleading and the old source didn't talk about this. The word driven itself also doesn't require 100% causation (that would be is caused by), so even when the percentage of human-induced climate change deviates from observed climate change, this wording should remain correct. </p><p>I did this boldly, as the old text was not really supported and misleading. Hope that's okay. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103102000-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">10:20, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103102000-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103102000-FYI:_removed_'mainly'_from_lead"></span> </p> <ul><li><b><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-RCraig09-20241103170700-Femke-20241103102000"></span>Agree</b>. As Earth was on a very slight cooling trend for ~10,000 years, I remember reading that humans cause <i>"more than"</i> 100% of global warming, though it would be confusing to say that literally. —<span style="font-family:Times New Roman;color:dark blue;"><a href="/wiki/User:RCraig09" title="User:RCraig09">RCraig09</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:RCraig09" title="User talk:RCraig09">talk</a>)</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-RCraig09-20241103170700-Femke-20241103102000" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:07, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-RCraig09-20241103170700-Femke-20241103102000"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-RCraig09-20241103170700-Femke-20241103102000"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103171700-RCraig09-20241103170700"></span>The idea of a <a href="/wiki/Holocene_Thermal_Maximum" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocene Thermal Maximum">Holocene Thermal Maximum</a> some 8,000 years ago is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nature-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/articles/s41467-022-33362-1">bit contested</a>. Regional climate proxies say there was one, but globally it's a more complex picture, and models think there's been continuous warming / stable temperatures.</dd> <dd>The more than 100% since pre-industrial also isn't true anymore as I understand it, as the last couple of years have seen very rapid warming. The source I cited is also the one used by the IPCC, and they say the best guess is exactly 100% caused by humans with some uncertainty. <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103171700-RCraig09-20241103170700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:17, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103171700-RCraig09-20241103170700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103171700-RCraig09-20241103170700"></span> <dl><dd><span class="template-ping"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103203000-Femke-20241103171700"></span>@<a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">Femke</a>:</span> do you still want to remove "since the Industrial Revolution" part? That can be reworded and moved to the last sentence. Proposal below. <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103203000-Femke-20241103171700" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">20:30, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103203000-Femke-20241103171700"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241103203000-Femke-20241103171700"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="The_lead,_first_paragraph" data-mw-thread-id="h-The_lead,_first_paragraph-20241103193100"><span id="The_lead.2C_first_paragraph"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-The_lead,_first_paragraph-20241103193100"></span>The lead, first paragraph<span data-mw-comment-end="h-The_lead,_first_paragraph-20241103193100"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Climate_change&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The lead, first paragraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103193100-The_lead,_first_paragraph"></span>This is what the first paragraph of the lead would look like, after recent changes and suggestions in <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Suggestions_for_the_first_sentence">Talk:Climate_change#Suggestions for the first sentence</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Paper_about_our_work_&_suggestions">Talk:Climate_change#Paper about our work & suggestions</a> and above section. </p><p>Didn't include the sources in the article, and some of the new sources are above. For the "accelerating in the past 50 years", I will use <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions?insight=global-emissions-have-increased-rapidly-over-the-last-50-years-and-have-not-yet-peaked#key-insights">[2]</a>. </p> <table style="background:silver; color: black"> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><s>In common usage, <b>climate change</b> describes <b>global warming</b>—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Earth's climate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change in a broader sense</a> also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate.</s> Present-day <b>climate change</b> includes both <b>global warming</b>—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its wider effects on <a href="/wiki/Climate_system" title="Climate system">Earth's climate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change in a broader sense</a> also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. <s>The current</s> Present-day rise in <a href="/wiki/Global_surface_temperature" title="Global surface temperature">global average temperature</a> is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">driven by human activities</a>, especially burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. <s>especially <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> burning since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></s> Fossil fuel use, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_and_climate_change" title="Deforestation and climate change">deforestation</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_concrete" title="Environmental impact of concrete">industrial</a> practices release <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_World_in_Data-2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our_World_in_Data-2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These gases <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">absorb some of the heat</a> that the Earth <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">radiates</a> after it warms from <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>, warming the lower atmosphere. <s><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a>, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">has grown by about 50%</a> and is at levels unseen for millions of years.</s> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Starting roughly around 1750</a> and accelerating in the past 50 years, greenhouse gas concentrations have been increasing. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a>, the primary greenhouse gas driving global warming, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">is at levels unseen for millions of years</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103193100-The_lead,_first_paragraph" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">19:31, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103193100-The_lead,_first_paragraph"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Bogazicili-20241103193100-The_lead,_first_paragraph"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Femke-20241103215200-Bogazicili-20241103193100"></span>I think the the new text is not great for flow. Most of the sentences are roughly the same lenght, with makes for slightly uncomfortable reading. I don't feel strongly about removing "industrial revolution", but I don't think moving it to later is that much of a change? <a href="/wiki/User:Femke" title="User:Femke">—Femke 🐦</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Femke" title="User talk:Femke">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Femke-20241103215200-Bogazicili-20241103193100" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">21:52, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Femke-20241103215200-Bogazicili-20241103193100"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Femke-20241103215200-Bogazicili-20241103193100"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Bogazicili-20241103220200-Femke-20241103215200"></span>I suggested the changes with this criticism in mind. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248585704"><q class="inline-quote-talk">Why is it so hard to arrive at a clear understanding of when climate change is happening and why do temporal constructions of this event vary so broadly</q></dd> <dd>Now we have two clear dates (since 1750 and accelerating in the past 50 years). <a href="/wiki/User:Bogazicili" title="User:Bogazicili">Bogazicili</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Bogazicili" title="User talk:Bogazicili">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Climate_change#c-Bogazicili-20241103220200-Femke-20241103215200" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">22:02, 3 November 2024 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Bogazicili-20241103220200-Femke-20241103215200"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" 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