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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Penultimate Glacial Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penultimate_Glacial_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_Glacial_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_Glacial_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Last Glacial Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_Glacial_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Next_glacial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Next_glacial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Next glacial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Next_glacial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzeit" title="Kaltzeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaltzeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="دور جليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دور جليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzlaq_epoxalar%C4%B1" title="Buzlaq epoxaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buzlaq epoxaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হিম পর্যায় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিম পর্যায়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ледникова епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ледникова епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacijacija" title="Glacijacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Glacijacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_glacial" title="Edat glacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat glacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C3%A1l" title="Glaciál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glaciál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzeit" title="Kaltzeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaltzeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Παγετωνική περίοδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγετωνική περίοδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacialo" title="Glacialo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glacialo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%AE%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="دوره یخچالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره یخچالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_glaci%C3%A8re" title="Période glacière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Période glacière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasiaal" title="Glasiaal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Glasiaal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oighri%C3%BA" title="Oighriú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oighriú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%EA%B8%B0" title="빙기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սառցադաշտային ժամանակաշրջան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սառցադաշտային ժամանակաշրջան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oledba" title="Oledba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oledba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periode_glasial" title="Periode glasial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Periode glasial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6kulskei%C3%B0" title="Jökulskeið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jökulskeið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodo_glaciale" title="Periodo glaciale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Periodo glaciale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90" title="მყინვარული ეპოქა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მყინვარული ეპოქა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96" title="Мұз кезеңі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұз кезеңі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewlivans" title="Rewlivans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rewlivans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C3%A1lis" title="Glaciális – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glaciális" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempoh_glasier" title="Tempoh glasier – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempoh glasier" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciaal_(tijdperk)" title="Glaciaal (tijdperk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glaciaal (tijdperk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B7%E6%9C%9F" title="氷期 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="氷期" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacia%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Glaciação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glaciação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Ледниковая эпоха – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ледниковая эпоха" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDadov%C3%A1_doba_(%C4%8Das%C5%A5_%C5%A1tvrtoh%C3%B4r)" title="Ľadová doba (časť štvrtohôr) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľadová doba (časť štvrtohôr)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial" title="Glacial – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glacial" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzul_d%C3%B6nemi" title="Buzul dönemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buzul dönemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_k%E1%BB%B3_b%C4%83ng_h%C3%A0" title="Thời kỳ băng hà – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời kỳ băng hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="冰期 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰期" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q602963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="View the content page [c]" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interval of time within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For longer glacial periods, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For film, see <a href="/wiki/Ice_Age_(2002_film)" title="Ice Age (2002 film)">Ice Age (2002 film)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>glacial period</b> (alternatively <b>glacial</b> or <b>glaciation</b>) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> that is marked by colder temperatures and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> advances. <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">Interglacials</a>, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> ended about 15,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">greenhouse climate state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quaternary_Period">Quaternary Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quaternary Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">timeline of glaciation</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/320px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/480px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/640px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Glacial and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> cycles as represented by atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years. The stage names are part of the North American and the European Alpine subdivisions. The correlation between both subdivisions is tentative.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, which started about 2.6 million years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">before present</a>, there have been a number of glacials and interglacials.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least eight glacial cycles have occurred in the last 740,000 years alone.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penultimate_Glacial_Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Penultimate Glacial Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></div> <p>The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial period that occurred before the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>. It began about 194,000 years ago and ended 135,000 years ago, with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> interglacial.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Glacial_Period">Last Glacial Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Last Glacial Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a></div> <p>The last glacial period was the most recent glacial period within the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, and began about 110,000 years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glaciations that occurred during the glacial period covered many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and have different names, depending on their geographic distributions: <i>Wisconsin</i> (in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>), <i>Devensian</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>), <i>Midlandian</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>), <i>Würm</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>), <i>Weichsel</i> (in northern <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>), <i>Dali</i> (in <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East China</a>), <i>Beiye</i> (in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North China</a>), <i>Taibai</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>) <i>Luoji Shan</i> (in southwest <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), <i>Zagunao</i> (in northwest <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), <i>Tianchi</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>) <i>Jomolungma</i> (in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>), and <i>Llanquihue</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>). The glacial advance reached the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> about 26,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the ice sheet reached <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. Over the last 650,000 years, there have been on average seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Next_glacial_period">Next glacial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Next glacial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a></div> <p>Since orbital variations are predictable,<sup id="cite_ref-Varadi2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varadi2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Work by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Berger" title="André Berger">Berger</a> and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Berger2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berger2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of heat trapping (greenhouse) gases being emitted into the Earth's oceans and its atmosphere may delay the next glacial period by an additional 50,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_period&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Severinghaus1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Severinghaus1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._SeveringhausE._Brook1999" class="citation journal cs1">J. 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice_ages" title="Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice_ages" title="Template talk:Ice ages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice_ages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice ages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice_ages235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary</a> / <br /> <a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Late Cenozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet" title="Greenland ice sheet">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older</a> and <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>)</li> <li>1st: <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian glaciation">Devensian</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Midlandian_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midlandian glaciation (page does not exist)">Midlandian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinedale_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinedale glaciation">Pinedale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fraser_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser glaciation">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merida_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida glaciation">Merida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llanquihue_glaciation" title="Llanquihue glaciation">Llanquihue</a></li> <li>2nd: <a href="/wiki/Riss_glaciation" title="Riss glaciation">Riss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saale_glaciation" title="Saale glaciation">Saale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolstonian_Stage" title="Wolstonian Stage">Wolstonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María glaciation">Santa María</a></li> <li>3rd–6th: <a href="/wiki/Mindel_glaciation" title="Mindel glaciation">Mindel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elster_glaciation" title="Elster glaciation">Elster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglian_stage" title="Anglian stage">Anglian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rio_Llico_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rio Llico glaciation (page does not exist)">Rio Llico</a></li> <li>7th–8th: <a href="/wiki/Gunz_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunz glaciation">Günz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Illinoian" title="Pre-Illinoian">Pre-Illinoian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbe glaciation">Elbe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Menapian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Menapian glaciation">Menapian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beestonian_stage" title="Beestonian stage">Beestonian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracol_glaciation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracol glaciation (page does not exist)">Caracol</a> (2.5 to 0 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age" title="Late Cenozoic Ice Age">Antarctic</a> (34 to 2.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian</a> (460 Mya to 430 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a> (360 Mya to 260 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaskiers_glaciation" title="Gaskiers glaciation">Gaskiers</a> (579.88 to 579.63 Mya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykonurian_glaciation" title="Baykonurian glaciation">Baykonurian</a> (547 to 541.5 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturtian_glaciation" title="Sturtian glaciation">Sturtian</a> (717 to 660 Mya); <a href="/wiki/Marinoan_glaciation" title="Marinoan glaciation">Marinoan</a> (650 to 635 Mya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian</a> (2.4 to 2.1 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola</a> (2.9 to 2.78 Gya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbab85;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glacial period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_and_icehouse_Earth" title="Greenhouse and icehouse Earth">Greenhouse and icehouse Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li> 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