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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil">current revision</a>.<div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 09:06, 27 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:Orenburg1" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Orenburg1" data-mw-revid="1259833650"><bdi>Orenburg1</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Orenburg1" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Orenburg1">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Orenburg1" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Orenburg1">contribs</a>) (sp)</div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&diff=prev&oldid=1259833650" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&direction=prev&oldid=1259833650" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&diff=cur&oldid=1259833650" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&direction=next&oldid=1259833650" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&diff=next&oldid=1259833650" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is Maksymovych and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Chornovil.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Viacheslav Maksymovych Chornovil (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: В'ячеслав Максимович Чорновіл; 24 December 1937 – 25 March 1999) was a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet dissident">Soviet dissident</a>. As a prominent Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">dissident in the Soviet Union</a>, he was arrested multiple times in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s for his political views.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> From 1992 onwards, Chornovil was one of the leaders of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">Rukh, the People's Movement of Ukraine</a>, which was the first opposition party in democratic Ukraine, and editor-in-chief of the newspaper Chas-Time (Chas) from 1995. One of the most prominent political figures of the 1980s and 1990s, Chornovil paved the way for contemporary Ukraine to regain its independence. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Viacheslav Chornovil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>В'ячеслав Чорновіл</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A3_3_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chornovil in a black suit, blue shirt, and green tie." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A3_3_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chornovil in 1998</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast_Council" title="Lviv Oblast Council">Lviv Oblast Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 1990 – April 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Horyn" title="Mykola Horyn">Mykola Horyn</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine" title="People's Deputy of Ukraine">People's Deputy of Ukraine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 May 1990 – 26 March 1999</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>, No. 264 (1990–1994)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li>People's Movement of Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Ternopil_Oblast" title="Ternopil Oblast">Ternopil Oblast</a>, No. 357 (1994–1998)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li>People's Movement of Ukraine, No. 1 (1998–1999)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1937-12-24)24 December 1937 <a href="/wiki/Yerky" title="Yerky">Yerky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (now Ukraine)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1999(1999-03-25) (aged 61) <a href="/wiki/Ivankiv,_Boryspil_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivankiv, Boryspil Raion">Ivankiv</a>, Ukraine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a> (from 1989)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> late 1950s–1966)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Iryna Brunevets</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1960; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1962)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Olena_Antoniv" title="Olena Antoniv">Olena Antoniv</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1963, divorced)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Atena_Pashko" title="Atena Pashko">Atena Pashko</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1969)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 (<a href="/wiki/Andriy_Chornovil" title="Andriy Chornovil">Andriy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taras_Chornovil" title="Taras Chornovil">Taras</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Ukraine_%22The_Order_of_State%22" class="mw-redirect" title='Hero of Ukraine "The Order of State"'>Order of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise">Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise</a> <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Shevchenko Prize">Shevchenko Prize</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chornovil_autograph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viacheslav Chornovil's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chornovil_autograph.svg/128px-Chornovil_autograph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chornovil_autograph.svg/192px-Chornovil_autograph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chornovil_autograph.svg/256px-Chornovil_autograph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="290"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Born in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a>, Chornovil was originally a journalist in newspaper and television before he was fired and sentenced to forced labour due to his dissident activism. Chornovil became one of Ukraine's foremost independence activists, and was an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Group">Ukrainian Helsinki Group</a>. In 1988, he founded the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a>, the first non-communist party in Ukraine, and ran unsuccessfully to be the first president of independent Ukraine in 1991, losing to Leonid Kravchuk. Following the <a href="/wiki/1994_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="1994 Ukrainian presidential election">1994 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, Chornovil became one of President Leonid Kuchma's foremost critics. Though he was expected to face Kuchma in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="1999 Ukrainian presidential election">1999 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, his sudden and mysterious death in a car accident brought an end to his campaign. Chornovil has been remembered as one of the most significant figures in Ukraine's regained independence in 1991. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_education">1 Early life and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Journalistic_and_party_career">2 Journalistic and party career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dissident_and_human_rights_activist">3 Dissident and human rights activist</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#1965%E2%80%931966_purge">3.1 1965–1966 purge</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#First_arrest">3.2 First arrest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Life_between_arrests_(1969%E2%80%931972)">3.3 Life between arrests (1969–1972)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Second_arrest_(1972%E2%80%931978)">3.4 Second arrest (1972–1978)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Second_exile_(1978%E2%80%931980)">3.4.1 Second exile (1978–1980)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Third_arrest_(1980%E2%80%931983)">3.5 Third arrest (1980–1983)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Return_to_Ukraine">3.6 Return to Ukraine</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Revolution">3.6.1 Revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Politics">4 Politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Opposition_to_Leonid_Kuchma">4.1 Opposition to Leonid Kuchma</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Death_and_remembrance">5 Death and remembrance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Family">6 Family</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Bibliography">9.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of a white and green house surrounded by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg/220px-71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg/220px-71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of a white and green house surrounded by trees" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg/330px-71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg/440px-71-212-0076_SAM_9126_Vilkhovets.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chornovil's childhood home in <a href="/wiki/Vilkhovets,_Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Vilkhovets, Cherkasy Oblast">Vilkhovets, Cherkasy Oblast</a></figcaption></figure> Viacheslav Maksymovych Chornovil was born on 24 December 1937 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Yerky" title="Yerky">Yerky</a>, in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, to a family of teachers.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> His father, Maksym Iosypovych Chornovil, was descended from <a href="/wiki/Cossack_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack nobility">Cossack nobility</a>, while his mother was part of the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/Tereshchenko_family" title="Tereshchenko family">Tereshchenko family</a>. In spite of the Soviet policy of state atheism and the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Ukraine" title="Russification of Ukraine">Russification of Ukraine</a>, the young Chornovil was raised in Ukrainian Christian traditions, with his family celebrating Ukrainian festivals in their home.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Born and raised during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, Viacheslav's childhood was dominated by Soviet repressions; his paternal uncle, Petro Iosypovych, was executed, while his father lived as a fugitive. The family regularly moved from village to village in an effort by Maksym to evade arrest.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">German occupation of Ukraine</a> the Chornovil family lived in the village of <a href="/wiki/Husakove" title="Husakove">Husakove</a>, where Viacheslav attended school. He later claimed in his autobiography that following the recapture of Husakove by the Soviet Union, his family was expelled from the village. They later lived in <a href="/wiki/Vilkhovets,_Cherkasy_Oblast" title="Vilkhovets, Cherkasy Oblast">Vilkhovets</a>, where they had lived prior to Husakove, and where Viacheslav later graduated from middle school with a gold medal in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-Chornovil-autobiography-8">[8]</a> Chornovil enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_National_University_of_Kyiv" title="Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv">Taras Shevchenko University of Kyiv</a> the same year, studying to become a journalist. At this time he also joined the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>, the youth division of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. During his time in Kyiv Chornovil first acquired an interest in politics, becoming a strong believer in <a href="/wiki/Friendship_of_peoples" title="Friendship of peoples">friendship of peoples</a> and internationalism. The negative response by Kyiv's Russophone population to those who spoke the Ukrainian language disgruntled him and left him with an increased consciousness of his status as a Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanova-9">[9]</a> Like other young Soviet activists of the time, Chornovil was also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in 1956, in which <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">denounced</a> the rule of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kulchytskyi-10">[10]</a> Chornovil's noncomformist views brought him into conflict with the faculty's newspaper, which condemned him for "nonstandard thinking" in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Harasymiw-et-al-11">[11]</a> As a result, he was forced to pause his studies and sent to work as an <a href="/wiki/Udarnik" title="Udarnik">udarnik</a><a href="#cite_note-Chornovil-autobiography-8">[8]</a> constructing a blast furnace in the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Zhdanov</a> (today known as Mariupol). He also worked as an itinerant editor for the Kyiv Komsomolets newspaper. After a year, he returned to his studies, graduating in 1960 with distinction.<a href="#cite_note-Harasymiw-et-al-11">[11]</a> His diploma dissertation was on the publicist works of <a href="/wiki/Borys_Hrinchenko" title="Borys Hrinchenko">Borys Hrinchenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The same year, he married his first wife, Iryna Brunevets. The two had one son, <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Chornovil" title="Andriy Chornovil">Andriy</a>, before divorcing in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Journalistic_and_party_career">Journalistic and party career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Following his graduation Chornovil became an editor at Lviv Television (now <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suspilne_Lviv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suspilne Lviv (page does not exist)">Suspilne Lviv</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="uk:Суспільне Львів">uk</a>]) in July 1960, where he had previously worked as an assistant from January of the same year. During this time, he possibly met and interacted with <a href="/wiki/Zenovii_Krasivskyi" title="Zenovii Krasivskyi">Zenovii Krasivskyi</a>, who was studying television journalism at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lviv" title="University of Lviv">University of Lviv</a>. Much like Chornovil, Krasivskyi would later become a leader of the dissident movement. Chornovil wrote scripts for the channel's broadcasts, primarily concerning the history of Ukrainian literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrovskyi2018106-14">[14]</a> At least three (on <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Stelmakh" title="Mykhailo Stelmakh">Mykhailo Stelmakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Chumak" title="Vasyl Chumak">Vasyl Chumak</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Muse" title="Young Muse">Young Muse</a> group) were broadcast in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2020135-15">[15]</a> During this time, Chornovil also took up <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, focusing particularly on the works of Hrinchenko, <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Samiilenko" title="Volodymyr Samiilenko">Volodymyr Samiilenko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Aerial photograph of a large hydroelectric power plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2242"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg" data-alt="Aerial photograph of a large hydroelectric power plant" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant" title="Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant">Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant</a>, where Chornovil worked as a <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> secretary from 1963 to 1964</figcaption></figure> Chornovil left his job at Lviv Television in May 1963 to return to Kyiv. There, he was the Kyiv Komsomol secretary for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Hydroelectric_Power_Plant" title="Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant">Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> He simultaneously worked as an editor for the Kyiv-based newspapers Young Guard and Second Reading,<a href="#cite_note-Chornovil-autobiography-8">[8]</a> and was part of the <a href="/wiki/Artistic_Youths%27_Club" title="Artistic Youths' Club">Artistic Youths' Club</a>, an informal group of intellectuals affiliated with the counter-cultural <a href="/wiki/Sixtiers" title="Sixtiers">Sixtier movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrovskyi2018107-17">[17]</a> In June 1963, Chornovil married his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Olena_Antoniv" title="Olena Antoniv">Olena Antoniv</a>, and by 1964, Chornovil's second son, <a href="/wiki/Taras_Chornovil" title="Taras Chornovil">Taras</a>, was born.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> Chornovil also passed exams for post-graduate courses at the <a href="/wiki/National_Pedagogical_Drahomanov_University" title="National Pedagogical Drahomanov University">Kyiv Paedagogical Institute</a> in 1964, but he was denied the right to take courses on the basis of his political beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> In particular was his involvement in the Artistic Youths' Club.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrovskyi2018107-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shevchenko_Days" title="Shevchenko Days">Shevchenko Days</a> on 9 March 1964 was marked by celebrations throughout the Soviet Union marking the 150th anniversary of Taras Shevchenko's birth. As part of the Shevchenko Days celebrations Chornovil gave a speech to the workers of the Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant. During his speech, he described Shevchenko as a uniquely Ukrainian hero, rejecting official interpretations, which emphasised Shevchenko's role in anti-serfdom activities. Tying Shevchenko's life to Ukrainians' history, Chornovil said, "Let's read <a href="/wiki/Kobzar_(poetry_collection)" title="Kobzar (poetry collection)">Kobzar</a> together, and we shall see that in all the poet's work, from the first to the last line, a red thread passes through with trembling love for the disgraced and despised native land," and that Shevchenko's works themselves argued, "every system built on the oppression of man by man, on contempt for human dignity and inalienable human rights, on the suppression of free, human thoughts, on the oppression of one nation by another nation, and in whatever new form it may hide — it is against human nature, and must be destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2020123%E2%80%93125-18">[18]</a> Historian Yaroslav Seko notes that Chornovil's speech placed him as a member of the Sixtiers. However, he also advises that the speech was far from the most important work of the Sixtier movement and that Chornovil's role was minimal in comparison to individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a>, writer of <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_or_Russification%3F" title="Internationalism or Russification?">Internationalism or Russification?</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yevhen_Sverstiuk" title="Yevhen Sverstiuk">Yevhen Sverstiuk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2020128-129-19">[19]</a> On 8 August 1965, during the opening of a monument to Shevchenko in the village of <a href="/wiki/Sheshory" title="Sheshory">Sheshory</a>, Chornovil gave a speech with strongly anti-communist overtones. As a result, he was fired from his Komsomol job. Following his firing, Chornovil wrote several letters to the leadership of the Komsomol in an effort to demonstrate his innocence.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Dissident_and_human_rights_activist">Dissident and human rights activist</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1965–1966_purge">1965–1966 purge</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Chornovil's co-protesters at the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Forgotten_Ancestors" title="Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors">Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors</a> premiere</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Dziuba_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg/150px-Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg/150px-Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg/225px-Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Ivan_Dziuba_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Dziuba" title="Ivan Dziuba">Ivan Dziuba</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg/134px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2879"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg/134px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="134" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg/201px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg/268px-EthnoCarpathians_22082017DolynaUA-26_Crop_and_fix.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Stus" title="Vasyl Stus">Vasyl Stus</a></div></div></div></div></div> The next year marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/1965%E2%80%931966_Ukrainian_purge" title="1965–1966 Ukrainian purge">a series of mass arrests</a> of Sixtier intellectuals following Khrushchev's removal and replacement by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>. In protest of the arrests, Chornovil, as well as Dziuba and student <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Stus" title="Vasyl Stus">Vasyl Stus</a>, held a protest inside the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukraine_(Kyiv_film_theatre)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukraine (Kyiv film theatre) (page does not exist)">Ukraine</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%97%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="uk:Україна (кінотеатр, Київ)">uk</a>] Kyiv film theatre during the 4 September premiere of <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov" title="Sergei Parajanov">Sergei Parajanov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_Forgotten_Ancestors" title="Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors">Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors</a>. Dziuba said that the film's greatness was overshadowed by the ongoing purge, and, as he was being escorted off-stage, Stus called on those "against the revival of Stalinism" in the audience to stand up. The protest was one of the first open protests by Ukrainians against their status in the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 31 September his Lviv flat was searched by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, and 190 books were confiscated. Included in the confiscated literature was the <a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Volhynian_Chronicle" title="Galician–Volhynian Chronicle">Galician–Volhynian Chronicle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Genesis_of_the_Ukrainian_People" title="Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People">Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People</a>, and monographs and articles by authors <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Kulish" title="Panteleimon Kulish">Panteleimon Kulish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Antonovych" title="Volodymyr Antonovych">Volodymyr Antonovych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Hnatiuk" title="Volodymyr Hnatiuk">Volodymyr Hnatiuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Doroshenko" title="Dmytro Doroshenko">Dmytro Doroshenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Krypiakevych" title="Ivan Krypiakevych">Ivan Krypiakevych</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Vynnychenko" title="Volodymyr Vynnychenko">Volodymyr Vynnychenko</a>, as well as history books about the First World War and <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Later that year, with the purges continuing, Chornovil was called upon to give evidence at the trials of <a href="/wiki/Mykhaylo_Osadchy" title="Mykhaylo Osadchy">Mykhaylo Osadchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Horyn" title="Bohdan Horyn">Bohdan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Horyn" title="Mykhailo Horyn">Mykhailo Horyn</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myroslava_Zvarychevska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myroslava Zvarychevska (page does not exist)">Myroslava Zvarychevska</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Зваричевська Мирослава Василівна">uk</a>]. Chornovil refused, and as a result was fired from his editor position at Second Reading. He turned to <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">samvydav</a>, publishing Court of Law or a Return of the Terror? in May 1966. On 8 July he was charged under Article 179 of the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR, and sentenced to three months of hard labour with 20% of salary withheld. In this period, he worked various jobs, including as a technician in expeditions of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Academy of Sciences of Ukraine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, as an advertiser for KyivKnyhTorh, and as a teacher at the Lviv Regional Centre for Protection of Nature.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> In 1967 Chornovil published his second work of samvydav. Known as Woe from Wit: Portraits of Twenty "Criminals", it included information on those arrested during the 1965–1966 crackdown. Chornovil sent the work to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_State_Security_(Ukraine)" title="Committee for State Security (Ukraine)">Committee for State Security of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Writers%27_Union_of_Ukraine" title="National Writers' Union of Ukraine">Writers' Union of Ukraine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Artists_of_Ukraine" title="National Union of Artists of Ukraine">Union of Artists of Ukraine</a>. On 21 October 1967 it was read during a broadcast of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a>, and it was professionally printed by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> Chornovil's samvydav was published in the West in 1969 under the title of The Chornovil Papers, drawing attention to the purge at a time when public consciousness was focused largely on the <a href="/wiki/Sinyavsky%E2%80%93Daniel_trial" title="Sinyavsky–Daniel trial">Sinyavsky–Daniel trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Chornovil's work established him as one of the leading figures among Ukrainian activists at the time, and, along with Dziuba's Internationalism or Russification?, demonstrated to those in the rest of Europe that Ukrainians were not fully accepting of Soviet rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201711-23">[23]</a> In addition to Woe from Wit Chornovil also wrote letters to the head of the Ukrainian KGB and the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine" title="Prosecutor General of Ukraine">Prosecutor General of Ukraine</a> complaining that investigators had violated the laws during the arrests of Sixtiers. On 5 May 1967 he was summoned to the office of the deputy Prosecutor General of <a href="/wiki/Lviv_Oblast" title="Lviv Oblast">Lviv Oblast</a>, E. Starykov, who informed him of the existence of article 187-1 of the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR, which forbade defaming the Soviet system or government, including by writing letters complaining about actions committed by members of the government, under the threat of as much as three years' imprisonment. Although not a secret, the law had gone unpublished at the time, and it was only due to Starykov's informing him after the fact that Chornovil learned that his acts may have been illegal.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_arrest">First arrest</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A topographical map of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/220px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 207px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/220px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png" data-alt="A topographical map of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic" data-width="220" data-height="207" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/330px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png/440px-%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chornovil was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Yakut_ASSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut ASSR">Yakut ASSR</a> (map pictured) following his first arrest</figcaption></figure> Chornovil was arrested in August 1967 in response to Woe from Wit and charged under article 187-1.<a href="#cite_note-Melnykova-Kurhanova-24">[24]</a> Another search of his flat resulted in the seizure of a copy of Woe from Wit, as well as <a href="/wiki/Valentyn_Moroz" title="Valentyn Moroz">Valentyn Moroz</a>'s Report from the Beria Reserve samvydav, which served as the basis for the charges against him. Chornovil chose to forgo a lawyer, as the latter option at the time carried the risks of having one's arguments distorted and manipulated during interrogations. Chornovil argued his innocence, as well as that of those who had been arrested during the purge, saying,<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia were arrested in August and September 1965 in Kyiv, Lviv, and other cities of Ukraine. They were charged with anti-Soviet propaganda, and the majority of them were convicted in 1965 in closed court processes. I personally knew several of those arrested and convicted; I never noticed anything anti-Soviet in their actions and words, but, on the contrary, I saw sincere concern for the state of Ukrainian culture, the Ukrainian language, for the restoration of normal socialist law and socialist democracy, which were trampled during the years of the tyranny of Stalin and Beria. None of this differs from the 20th Congress of the CPSU. Later, M. Osadchy, interrogated and searched as a witness in the case of a teacher and a former instructor of the Lviv Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, came to the conclusion that the KGB bodies, which conducted the investigation, allowed violations of procedural norms, fitting the investigation to preconceived qualifications.</blockquote> He also stated that the process, and the lack of Soviet authorities' action on his complaints, had significantly reduced his faith in the Soviet system. He continued to insist, however, that he had no ill-will towards the Soviet government, alleging that he was being targeted by certain officials who wished to illegally prevent him from informing high-ranking officials about the state of the country.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> Chornovil was convicted on 13 November 1967 and sentenced to three years' imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Melnykova-Kurhanova-24">[24]</a> During this period, he lived in the village of <a href="/wiki/Chappanda" title="Chappanda">Chappanda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201729-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%961.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atena_Pashko" title="Atena Pashko">Atena Pashko</a>, Chornovil's third and final wife</figcaption></figure> In 1969 Chornovil married fellow activist <a href="/wiki/Atena_Pashko" title="Atena Pashko">Atena Pashko</a>, whom he had met at the home of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Svitlychnyi" title="Ivan Svitlychnyi">Ivan Svitlychnyi</a>. The two were formally wed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Nyurba" title="Nyurba">Nyurba</a>. As a result of Chornovil's exile, holding a traditional wedding ceremony was impossible. Pashko later recalled that, on the way back to Chappanda, Chornovil made an impromptu bouquet of <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_wort" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's wort">St. John's wort</a>, while Pashko herself made one from wild roses. The newlyweds chose to leave their wedding rings in a large tree rather than wear them, intending that they stay there forever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201729-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_between_arrests_(1969–1972)">Life between arrests (1969–1972)</h3></div> Chornovil was released as part of a general amnesty in 1969. Struggling to get a job, between October 1969 and 1970 he variously worked at a weather station in <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a>, as an excavator during an archaeological expedition to <a href="/wiki/Odesa_Oblast" title="Odesa Oblast">Odesa Oblast</a>, and as an employee at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sknyliv_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sknyliv railway station (page does not exist)">Sknyliv railway station</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="uk:Скнилів (станція)">uk</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201714-26">[26]</a> In September of 1969 he also met Valentyn Moroz, another dissident who had been imprisoned as part of the 1965–1966 purge. The two quickly formed a friendship, as they both sought to strengthen the dissident movement and further confront government abuses. Moroz travelled to meet Chornovil no less than four times between his release on 31 September 1969 and his re-arrest on 1 June 1970, and Chornovil in turn visited Moroz's home in <a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk" title="Ivano-Frankivsk">Ivano-Frankivsk</a> multiple times. During this time period, Chornovil, alongside Svitlychnyi and Sverstiuk, also led a donations campaign to prevent Moroz (unable to find employment due to his criminal record) from falling into poverty. The campaign collected 3,500 rubles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaska2018135-27">[27]</a> He organised further donation campaigns for other formerly-imprisoned dissidents, such as <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Karavanskyi" title="Sviatoslav Karavanskyi">Sviatoslav Karavanskyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nina_Strokata_Karavanska" title="Nina Strokata Karavanska">Nina Strokata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2018199-28">[28]</a> In January 1970 Chornovil launched a new samvydav newspaper, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Herald_(1970%E2%80%931972,_1987%E2%80%931989)" title="The Ukrainian Herald (1970–1972, 1987–1989)">The Ukrainian Herald</a>. The newspaper contained other samvydav publications, as well as information on human rights abuses by the Soviet government and police which Chornovil believed to be contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">constitution of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_chauvinism" title="Great Russian chauvinism">Great Russian chauvinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">anti-Ukrainian sentiment</a>, and other information regarding the dissident movement in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Chornovil was the chief editor of The Ukrainian Herald, and one of its three editors (alongside <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Kosiv" title="Mykhailo Kosiv">Mykhailo Kosiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Kendzior" title="Yaroslav Kendzior">Yaroslav Kendzior</a>). The Ukrainian Herald maintained a large professional staff, with correspondents throughout Ukraine (ranging as far east as <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipropetrovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>),<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and has been described by biographer V. I. Matiash as the forerunner to independent press in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash20178-31">[31]</a> Fearing arrest, in June 1971 wrote a declaration to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a>, which he intended to be released in the event he was to be taken into custody. In the letter, he outlined examples of violations of the law by Soviet legal bodies, and argued that Soviet political prisoners lacked the right to defend themselves and were subject to a campaign of eavesdropping, surveillance, blackmail, and threats. He rejected the possibility of cooperating with investigators, writing, "I would rather die behind bars than give in to the aforementioned principles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2018200-32">[32]</a> At this time, Chornovil also departed from principles of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, instead adopting a cautiously favourable view of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a> as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Drahomanov" title="Mykhailo Drahomanov">Mykhailo Drahomanov</a>. In an October 1971 letter to Moroz Chornovil remarked that in his studies of anarchist revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> he had come to reject unconditional support for Drahomanov's policies, but believed that the earlier intellectual's libertarian views on self-government were worth supporting. This attitude later informed his support for federalism.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Chornovil established the Civic Committee for the Defence of Nina Strokata on 21 December 1971, following the eponymous activist's arrest. This marked a change in his attitude towards the formation of human rights organisations; he had previously rejected them in favour of petition campaigns, viewing the formation of an organisation as impossible due to the circumstances of Ukraine's status within the Soviet Union, but this position had come under increasing criticism from dissidents (notably Moroz) and the Ukrainian public, who viewed them as too slow and without significant results. The committee had its roots in public committees established for the legal defence of <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, an American civil rights activist whose case was popular in the Soviet Union. Chornovil believed that by delivering information on the case to the U.N. Human Rights Committee Strokata could be freed, and additionally requested the support of Ivan Dziuba, Strokata's close friend <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Tymchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonid Tymchuk (page does not exist)">Leonid Tymchuk</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Тимчук Леонід Миколайович">uk</a>], Moscow-based activists <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Yakir" title="Pyotr Yakir">Pyotr Yakir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zynoviia_Franko" title="Zynoviia Franko">Zynoviia Franko</a>, granddaughter of the writer <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franko" title="Ivan Franko">Ivan Franko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Derevinskyi-34">[34]</a> Dziuba and Franko both refused to take part in the committee. Franko believed that it should be subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Human_Rights_in_the_USSR" title="Committee on Human Rights in the USSR">Committee on Human Rights in the USSR</a> and felt that it was pointless to form a group to defend a single individual. Dziuba, on the other hand, refused to join forces with Sakharov's committee, believing that they were insufficiently attentive to repressive activities occurring in Ukraine, and further stated that he would issue a statement about Strokata when he believed the time was right. Other dissidents, such as Svitlychnyi, <a href="/wiki/Mykhailyna_Kotsiubynska" title="Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska">Mykhailyna Kotsiubynska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hryhorii_Kochur" title="Hryhorii Kochur">Hryhorii Kochur</a> also refused to support the committee. These refusals impacted Chornovil, particularly that of Franko, whose familial ties he believed could help protect the committee from being attacked by the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-Derevinskyi-34">[34]</a> Tymchuk ultimately joined the committee, as did Vasyl Stus. The group based its reasoning on the Soviet constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>. The committee's publications included, in a first for Soviet activists, the addresses of its members, where submissions for materials on Strokata's behalf were to be sent. It was the first human rights organisation in Ukraine's history, but it would be destroyed the next year after all but one of its members (Tymchuk) were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_arrest_(1972–1978)">Second arrest (1972–1978)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Bandery_Street,_Lviv_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg/220px-1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2149" data-file-height="1611"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg/220px-1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg/330px-1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg/440px-1_Bandery_Street%2C_Lviv_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prison_on_%C5%81%C4%85cki_Street" title="Prison on Łącki Street">Prison on Łącki Street</a>, where Chornovil was held in pre-trial detention after his 1972 arrest</figcaption></figure> Another <a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931973_Ukrainian_purge" title="1972–1973 Ukrainian purge">wide-reaching crackdown on Ukrainian intelligentsia</a> began in January 1972, sparked by the arrest of the Belgian-Ukrainian Yaroslav Dobosh, an <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> member tasked with smuggling samvydav out of the Soviet Union. Chornovil was arrested on 12 January following a <a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a> celebration at the Lviv flat of Olena Antoniv. He was charged under articles 62 (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_agitation" title="Anti-Soviet agitation">anti-Soviet agitation</a>) and 187-1 (slander against the Soviet Union) of the criminal code of the Ukrainian SSR.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The Vertep ceremony had been organised as a protest against Soviet cultural and religious policy, additionally serving as a fundraising effort for The Ukrainian Herald and for political prisoners and their families. It raised 250 rubles, which were used to assist those who had been arrested during the crackdown instead. Chornovil was imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Prison_on_%C5%81%C4%85cki_Street" title="Prison on Łącki Street">KGB pre-trial detention centre</a> in Lviv, alongside Kalynets, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Gel" title="Ivan Gel">Ivan Gel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefaniia_Shabatura" title="Stefaniia Shabatura">Stefaniia Shabatura</a>, Mykhaylo Osadchy, and <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Dashkevych" title="Yaroslav Dashkevych">Yaroslav Dashkevych</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Chornovil's trial took place behind closed doors.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> Prosecutors cited as justification for the charges the belief that he was responsible for the contents of The Ukrainian Herald, which he denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2020134-38">[38]</a> During the investigation, other dissident activists refused to give evidence of Chornovil's role in the paper; it relied on guesses from other individuals, such as Zynoviia Franko, for its arguments.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Chornovil likewise refused to give evidence against fellow dissidents or cooperate with investigators, stating during a 2 February 1972 interrogation that he believed his trial to be illegal and unrelated to that of other dissidents. He was interrogated more than one hundred times during his trial, with 83 interrogations in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> Chornovil's employment of several different conflicting forms of writing and spelling formed a significant part of his defence, and he used it to argue that he had been blamed without linguistic analysis of the text. In the minutes of a 15 January 1973 court appearance Chornovil asserted, "Any investigation into my case does not exist, there is open preparation of a massacre against me, and no means are being spared. From this moment on, I refuse to participate in such an 'investigation'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2020134-38">[38]</a> Wiretapping of Chornovil's cell led KGB investigators to discover that Chornovil intended to declare a hunger strike if sent into exile outside of Ukraine, and that he desired to be allowed to leave the Soviet Union for Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Bazhan-40">[40]</a> The sentence given at the conclusion of Chornovil's trial has been disputed; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated in 1977 that he had been sentenced to seven years' imprisonment and five years' exile;<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-1977-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in March 1973 claimed that he had been subject to twelve years' imprisonment and exile, without differentiating between the two;<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a> in 2015 asserted that he received a term of six years' imprisonment and three years' internal exile,<a href="#cite_note-Harasymiw-et-al-11">[11]</a> which historians Bohdan Paska<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaska2018141-43">[43]</a> and Oleh Bazhan similarly professed. According to Bazhan, Chornovil was sentenced on 8 April 1973 by the Lviv Oblast Court,<a href="#cite_note-Bazhan-40">[40]</a> though Chornovil recollected in 1974 that he had been sentenced on 12 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil197658-44">[44]</a> Chornovil made three appeals to higher courts regarding his case; the first two were rejected, while the third was formally accepted in part — although no changes were made to Chornovil's sentence.<a href="#cite_note-IPravda-13">[13]</a> Following his trial Chornovil was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Corrective_labour_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrective labour colony">corrective labour colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. From 1973 to 1978 he was variously imprisoned at two camps; ZhKh-385/17-A<a href="#cite_note-45">[a]</a> and ZhKh-385/3.<a href="#cite_note-46">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> Despite his imprisonment, Chornovil continued to actively lead prisoners' protests, leading him to be nicknamed "General of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:зэк">zeks</a>" by author and dissident <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheifets" title="Mikhail Kheifets">Mikhail Kheifets</a>. He was placed in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chamber-type_room&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chamber-type room (page does not exist)">chamber-type room</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Помещение камерного типа">ru</a>]<a href="#cite_note-47">[c]</a> after refusing to obey any of the rules which prisoners were meant to follow.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> B. Azernikov and L. Kaminskyi, two individuals who were imprisoned at the same camp as Chornovil, also described him as having "great authority among all political prisoners," and wrote an open letter to global society urging his release after they left the Soviet Union in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2021119%E2%80%93120-49">[46]</a> Chornovil's activities continued to draw international attention during his imprisonment. He was recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> by human rights group Amnesty International,<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty-1977-41">[41]</a> and awarded the Nicholas Tomalin Prize for Journalism, recognising writers whose freedom of expression is threatened, in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil197657-50">[47]</a> Around this time Chornovil also began to smuggle his writings out of prison, and used the opportunity as a means to continue to demonstrate Soviet human rights abuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2021120-51">[48]</a> He wrote a letter to U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> urging him to match the policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> with increased attention towards human rights in the Soviet Union, alleging that the Soviet authorities had used détente as a means by which to suppress dissident voices.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> He further urged him to support the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%E2%80%93Vanik_amendment" title="Jackson–Vanik amendment">Jackson–Vanik amendment</a>, which sanctioned the Soviet Union in an effort to allow for <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of migration">freedom of migration</a> from the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2018201%E2%80%93202-53">[50]</a> Alongside Boris Penson, he wrote the samvydav booklet "Daily Life in the Mordovian Camps", which was smuggled to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and published in Russian before being translated into Ukrainian in the <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Suchasnist" title="Suchasnist">Suchasnist</a> journal the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Harasymiw-et-al-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> were signed between 30 July and 1 August 1975. The signatory nations comprised all of Europe (aside from <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a>), the Soviet Union, the United States, and Canada. In the Soviet Union, the Helsinki Accords were seen as marking a new beginning for dissidents, who found that they had a means to reveal Soviet human rights abuses. Referring to themselves as "Helsinki monitors", they found support from the United States Congress, which established the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> in July 1976 to organise responses to human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Rudenko" title="Mykola Rudenko">Mykola Rudenko</a>, a dissident living in the Kyiv neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Koncha-Zaspa" title="Koncha-Zaspa">Koncha-Zaspa</a>, declared the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Group" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Group">Ukrainian Helsinki Group</a> on 9 November 1975 in an effort to highlight abuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarynovych202190-55">[52]</a> Chornovil was imprisoned at the time of the group's founding, and would not be able to become a member until he was released from prison in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarynovych2021102-56">[53]</a> Along with Moroz and other political prisoners, Chornovil's resistance activities continued after the establishment of the UHG. The duo took part in a 12 January 1977 hunger strike in which they called for an end to persecution on the basis of national beliefs. At this time, however, a split was forming among Ukrainian political prisoners over whether it was better to actively resist the Soviet prison system (as represented by Moroz, Karavanskyi, and Ivan Gel) and those who favoured self-preservation above all else (as represented by <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refusenik</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Kuznetsov_(dissident)" title="Eduard Kuznetsov (dissident)">Eduard Kuznetsov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleksii_Murzhenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleksii Murzhenko (page does not exist)">Oleksii Murzhenko</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Мурженко Олексій Григорович">uk</a>], and <a href="/wiki/Danylo_Shumuk" title="Danylo Shumuk">Danylo Shumuk</a>). With influence from the KGB, the two factions began to clash openly. Chornovil, who was imprisoned in a different camp from Moroz and Shumuk, refused to take a side in the conflict and served as an intermediator. In early 1977, during a meeting with Shumuk at a hospital, Chornovil accused the former of artificially intensifying his conflict with Moroz, and compared letters by Shumuk to Canadian family members (in which he disparaged Moroz) as being equivalent to police complaints. Following his release from prison, Chornovil accused Shumuk and Moroz of being equally responsible for the feud as a result of their egocentric attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaska2018141%E2%80%93142-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_exile_(1978–1980)">Second exile (1978–1980)</h4></div> Chornovil was released from prison and again sent to Chappanda in early 1978. There, he continued to write about the status of political prisoners and human rights within the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharov-58">[55]</a> He also continued to get involved in the conflict between Moroz and Shumuk; in a letter to Moroz's wife Raisa, he called for a public "boycott" of Shumuk, while arguing that Moroz was being inflexible. Moroz's nine-year imprisonment had seriously impacted his mental and emotional state; Chornovil characterised him as self-aggrandising and narcissistic. During his exile, Chornovil's friendship with Moroz came to an end as the former sought to distance himself from the latter, owing to the conflict with Shumuk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaska2018142-59">[56]</a> During his exile, Chornovil continued to send letters to the Soviet authorities. In a 10 April 1978 letter to the <a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General of the Soviet Union</a>, he criticised the fact that the theoretically wide-reaching rights granted by the Soviet constitution were absent in reality, asking "Why do Soviet laws exist?".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2018202-60">[57]</a> He also wrote a samvydav pamphlet, entitled "Only One Year",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201713-61">[58]</a> and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN International</a> that year.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharov-58">[55]</a> At the time, he was working as a labourer on a <a href="/wiki/Sovkhoz" title="Sovkhoz">sovkhoz</a> farm in Nyurba,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201713-61">[58]</a> where he had been sent in October 1979. As previously, much of Chornovil's samvydav works served to illustrate human rights abuses and the conditions faced by prisoners of conscience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrovskyi2018110%E2%80%93111-62">[59]</a> Chornovil joined the Ukrainian Helsinki Group from exile on 22 May 1979.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarynovych2021102-56">[53]</a> From November 1979 to March 1980 he was placed under constant surveillance by the KGB, which recorded that he established contacts with dissidents Mykhailo Horyn, <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Meshko" title="Oksana Meshko">Oksana Meshko</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Sokulskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Sokulskyi (page does not exist)">Ivan Sokulskyi</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Сокульський Іван Григорович">uk</a>]. He also made contact with several other individuals who wished to establish chapters of the UHG in the <a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Ukraine" title="Oblasts of Ukraine">oblasts of Ukraine</a>. Unbeknownest to Chornovil, Meshko, at the time leader of the UHG, had also fallen under heavy KGB surveillance, and had ceased to admit individuals in order to prevent their arrests. Zenovii Krasivskyi, a leading UHG member, dispatched <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petro_Rozumnyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petro Rozumnyi (page does not exist)">Petro Rozumnyi</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Розумний Петро Павлович">uk</a>] to visit imprisoned and exiled dissidents. Among them was Chornovil, who was asked to replace Meshko as head of the UHG.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrovskyi2018110%E2%80%93111-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_arrest_(1980–1983)">Third arrest (1980–1983)</h3></div> Chornovil was arrested yet again on 8,<a href="#cite_note-Kryzhanovska-63">[60]</a> 9,<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-63-64">[61]</a> or 15<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> April 1980 on charges of attempted rape. The charges are frequently described in Ukrainian historiography as a total fabrication,<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kryzhanovska-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201714-26">[26]</a> and were likewise referred to as such by the American <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-Blake-65">[62]</a> The charges of attempted rape reflected similar such accusations against several other leading dissidents at the time, such as <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Horbal" title="Mykola Horbal">Mykola Horbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Lesiv" title="Yaroslav Lesiv">Yaroslav Lesiv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yosyf_Zisels" title="Yosyf Zisels">Yosyf Zisels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Myroslav_Marynovych" title="Myroslav Marynovych">Myroslav Marynovych</a>, a member of the UHG, later accused the KGB of outright falsifying information which led to Chornovil's arrest, quoting a KGB officer as stating that "we will not make any more martyrs" by arresting individuals exclusively on political charges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarynovych2021115-66">[63]</a> Chornovil's arrest, as well as those of several other dissidents from Ukraine and throughout the Soviet Union, took place amidst a meeting of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, and Time stated that some observers believed the arrests were done to demonstrate Soviet umbrage towards the Helsinki Accords.<a href="#cite_note-Blake-65">[62]</a> Following his arrest, Chornovil declared a hunger strike,<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-63-64">[61]</a> characterising his arrest and those of others as contrary to Leninist ideals and an effort to stifle dissent in the leadup to the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil2007673-67">[64]</a> He was moved to a prison camp in <a href="/wiki/Tabaga,_Megino-Kangalassky_District,_Sakha_Republic" title="Tabaga, Megino-Kangalassky District, Sakha Republic">Tabaga</a>, Yakutia, where he was placed into a cell smeared with vomit and feces. At one point, he was transferred to a "recreation room", where he had no access to water. Lacking strength as a result of his hunger strike, Chornovil crawled on all fours to reach the prison's toilet, which was one storey below his cell and across the prison yard. Several times, he passed out from exhaustion, and was awoken by being doused in water by guards. During an epidemic of dysentery at the camp, Chornovil was infected, and he promptly ended his hunger strike after doctors stated that they would refuse to treat him if he did not end his hunger strike. Chornovil was later held in solitary confinement from 5 to 21 November 1980 as a response to the hunger strike.<a href="#cite_note-Chronicle-63-64">[61]</a> He was found guilty by a closed court in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mirny,_Sakha_Republic" title="Mirny, Sakha Republic">Mirny</a> and sentenced to five years imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> Chornovil continued to write in prison, including a February 1981 open letter to the <a href="/wiki/26th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">26th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> in which he accused General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and KGB chairman <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> of orchestrating massive purges against the UHG. He also wrote to his wife, urging "no compromises" in dissidents' reactions to the congress. He wrote another letter on 9 April 1981, this time to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, Amnesty International, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Free_World" title="Committee for the Free World">Committee for the Free World</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights" title="Helsinki Committee for Human Rights">Helsinki Committees for Human Rights</a> urging increased attention towards Soviet persecution of the UHG in formulating their diplomatic policies towards the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedunyshyn2018202%E2%80%93203-68">[65]</a> Chornovil was released in 1983, but was barred from returning to Ukraine. He remained in the town of <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsk,_Sakha_Republic" title="Pokrovsk, Sakha Republic">Pokrovsk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> working as a fire stoker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatiash201714-26">[26]</a> On 15 April 1985<a href="#cite_note-Shvydkyi-16">[16]</a> he was given permission to return to Ukraine by Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> as part of his <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanova-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kulchytskyi-10">[10]</a> Chornovil spent a total of 15 years imprisoned by the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-Ivanova-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Ukraine">Return to Ukraine</h3></div> By the time Chornovil returned to Ukraine, the country had changed dramatically since his 1972 arrest. First Secretary Petro Shelest had himself been removed and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Volodymyr Shcherbytsky</a>, a hardliner and a member of Brezhnev's <a href="/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Mafia" title="Dnipropetrovsk Mafia">Dnipropetrovsk Mafia</a>. Shcherbytsky had dramatically escalated Russification policies and a crackdown on Ukrainian culture during his rule. Partially as a result of Shcherbytsky's policies, by the time of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev's death</a> in 1982, less books had been published in Ukrainian than during the rule of Joseph Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> On 26 April 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">an explosion</a> occurred at the No. 4 reactor of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant">Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant</a>. The explosion resulted in the discharge of radiation across northern Ukraine, as well as western Russia and most of Belarus. The disaster's consequences (including the evacuation of thousands of individuals), as well as the early inaction of the Ukrainian communist government, significantly worsened public attitudes towards Shcherbytsky's government. In the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, the Communist Party of Ukraine experienced a crisis of public confidence, which led Chornovil and other Ukrainian dissidents to begin the process of building a unified group in opposition to communist rule.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Chornovil formally re-launched The Ukrainian Herald on 21 August 1987. The first issue of the renewed newspaper was dedicated to Vasyl Stus, who had died in prison in 1985. The new editorial board comprised Chornovil, Ivan Gel, Mykhailo Horyn, and <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Skochok" title="Pavlo Skochok">Pavlo Skochok</a>, and several leading Ukrainian intellectuals contributed essays.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> The editorial board was based in Chornovil's home,<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> and the Herald became part of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group.<a href="#cite_note-Zakharov-58">[55]</a> In the summer of the same year, Chornovil was visited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Kolomiyets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Kolomiyets (page does not exist)">Martha Kolomiyets</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%94%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Коломиєць Марта">uk</a>], an American journalist for Ukrainianian diaspora newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Ukrainian_Weekly" title="The Ukrainian Weekly">The Ukrainian Weekly</a>. Kolomiyets interviewed Chornovil in a video that was subsequently broadcast on television in Lviv, Kyiv, and Moscow as part of an effort by the Soviet government to create a poor impression of Chornovil. On the contrary, the interview, during which he was allowed to freely articulate the dissident movement's attitude towards religion and Ukrainian culture, only boosted Chornovil's image and that of the dissident movement. Kolomiyets was later arrested as an "American saboteur", but by then the interview had already been widely-publicised and shared.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> Human rights activities continued to be a significant focus for Chornovil's efforts following his release. On 24 February 1987 he travelled to the <a href="/wiki/Lubyanka_Building" title="Lubyanka Building">Lubyanka Building</a>, the KGB's headquarters in Moscow, where he spoke to employees and demanded the release of all political prisoners, the clearing of their sentences, and the return of objects seized from them during searches. While at Lubyanka, he announced that, in response to official celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/1000th_anniversary_of_the_Christianization_of_Rus%27" title="1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'">1000th anniversary of the Christianization of Rus'</a>, the dissident movement would launch a campaign to reverse the decision of the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Lviv_(1946)" title="Synod of Lviv (1946)">Synod of Lviv</a> that merged the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201926-74">[71]</a> Chornovil was one of the founding members of the Ukrainian Initiative Group for the Liberation of Prisoners of Conscience, led by Mykhailo Horyn. The two joined <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Barladianu" title="Vasyl Barladianu">Vasyl Barladianu</a>, Gel, <a href="/wiki/Zorian_Popadiuk" title="Zorian Popadiuk">Zorian Popadiuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stepan_Khmara" title="Stepan Khmara">Stepan Khmara</a> in advocating for the removal of anti-Soviet agitation from the criminal code and the release and rehabilitation of all political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Despite Gorbachev's reforms, the Soviet government continued to intervene against Chornovil and other dissidents. In one instance, Chornovil was blocked from attending a planned December 1987 seminar on the rights of non-Russian nations within the Soviet Union by being called to a "preventive" interview in Lviv, where he was warned against involvement in "anti-social" activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201926-27-76">[73]</a> Meanwhile, Shcherbytsky was facing internal revolt over his policies of Russification. The Writers' Union of Ukraine, the state organ of writers, held a plenum titled "Ukrainian Soviet literature in the patriotic and international education of working people" in June 1987. The meeting was dedicated to the preservation and strengthening of the Ukrainian language.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> In Moscow, Gorbachev was putting increasing pressure on Shcherbytsky, by then the leading conservative member of the Central Committee, to resign from his positions. In response, the Soviet Ukrainian leader launched a public relations campaign against Chornovil and other dissidents, accusing the Herald's editorial board of being supported by "foreign subversive services". A press release was issued by Shcherbytsky's office on 22 December 1987 pledging to increase KGB surveillance of dissidents, particularly Chornovil. Newspapers throughout the country, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Ukraine_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Ukraine (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Soviet Ukraine</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="uk:Демократична Україна (газета)">uk</a>], <a href="/wiki/Evening_Kyiv" title="Evening Kyiv">Evening Kyiv</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lviv_Pravda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lviv Pravda (page does not exist)">Lviv Pravda</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Львовская правда">ru</a>] were mobilised to attack the dissident movement, as were radio and television stations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201927-28-78">[75]</a> Chornovil responded with a letter upbraiding the writers of one such article in the Lviv newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Ukraine_(Lviv_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Ukraine (Lviv newspaper) (page does not exist)">Free Ukraine</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0,_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="uk:Вільна Україна (газета, Львів)">uk</a>], saying that the treatment of himself and Horyn was comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> 15 years prior.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> On 11 March 1988 Chornovil formally re-established the Ukrainian Helsinki Group in a letter co-signed by Mykhailo Horyn and Krasivskyi, although the group had already resumed activity in the summer of the previous year. By this time, several independent organisations existed, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion%27s_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lion's Society (page does not exist)">Lion's Society</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Товариство Лева">uk</a>], <a href="/wiki/Spadshchyna" title="Spadshchyna">Spadshchyna</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ukrainian_Culturological_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ukrainian Culturological Club (page does not exist)">Ukrainian Culturological Club</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" class="extiw" title="uk:Український культурологічний клуб">uk</a>]. The fragmented nature of the dissident movement (now united under the label of <a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Ukraine)" title="National Democracy (Ukraine)">National Democracy</a>) led Chornovil to begin the process of bringing the organisations together into one unified structure in April 1988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945-80">[77]</a> Further attention was brought to the idea of unifying independent groups in June, after thousands of people attended protests commemorating the Chernobyl disaster in Lviv. Those present called for a <a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">popular front</a> of independent organisations, in line with similar proposals in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Chornovil created the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Union" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Union">Ukrainian Helsinki Union</a> (Ukrainian: Українська Гельсінська спілка, romanized: Ukrainska Helsinska spilka, abbreviated UHS) on 7 June 1988. Contrary to its name, the new structure was a political party, though it was not referred to as such in order to avoid giving the Soviet government justification to crack down on activists. It was the first independent political party in Soviet Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945-46-82">[79]</a> During the founding meeting of the UHS on 7 July 1988, Chornovil presented the party's programme, co-written by him and Bohdan and Mykhailo Horyn.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> It called for Ukrainian independence, which was described as being beneficial to both Ukrainians and Ukrainian minorities, as well as a confederation between the countries of the Soviet Union. The latter position was one of pragmatism, taken in order to prevent the UHS from being banned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946-84">[81]</a> Chornovil's activities during this time period were not limited to Ukraine; he maintained extensive contacts with other dissidents, particularly those from the Baltic states, Armenia, and Georgia. A 8 September 1988 internal notice of the Ukrainian KGB informed employees that an organisation known as the International Committee for the Protection of Political Prisoners, established by Chornovil and Armenian dissident <a href="/wiki/Paruyr_Hayrikyan" title="Paruyr Hayrikyan">Paruyr Hayrikyan</a> in January 1988, was actively involved in efforts to repeal articles on anti-Soviet agitation, to close prison camps and <a href="/wiki/Psikhushka" title="Psikhushka">psikhushkas</a>, and to solidify cooperation between the nationalist movements of Ukraine and other countries within the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946-47-85">[82]</a> At a 24-25 September conference of dissident groups in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Chornovil (along with <a href="/wiki/Oles_Shevchenko" title="Oles Shevchenko">Oles Shevchenko</a> and Khmara) represented the UHS. Chornovil wrote the conference's concluding statement, which read, "Hearing the report about the situation in Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldavia, Estonia, that the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_civil_rights_movement" title="Crimean Tatar civil rights movement">Crimean Tatar movement</a> has, in Georgia [...] We call on the participants of the national democratic movements of the peoples of the USSR to join us, rallying under the slogan that has always united the peoples of the world who suffered internal or external violence: <a href="/wiki/For_our_freedom_and_yours" title="For our freedom and yours">For our freedom and yours</a>!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201947-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution">Revolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Viacheslav Chornovil speaking to striking workers around him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG/220px-%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG/220px-%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG" data-alt="Viacheslav Chornovil speaking to striking workers around him" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG/330px-%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG/440px-%D0%92.%D0%9C.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC._%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0._2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Chornovil at a <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a> mine meeting with striking workers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1990s</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> sweeping Central and Eastern Europe throughout 1988 and 1989 greatly interested Chornovil, particularly in their adherence to non-violence. Their success later in the latter year would lead Chornovil to abandon his public support for Marxism–Leninism in favour of anti-communism, which he had supported in private since the mid-1960s but avoided publicly stating in an effort to appear as moderate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2019124-87">[84]</a> Other Ukrainian intellectuals, too, began to back anti-communism, and the Writers' Union of Ukraine began to develop a popular front in late 1988, justifying it as encouraging the populace to become more active in local government and take a greater interest in economic concerns. The Writers' Union published a draft programme for its proposed group in Literary Ukraine on 16 February 1989, in which it called for the establishment of Ukrainian as the state language of the Ukrainian SSR, a national and cultural revival, and Ukrainian self-government, as well as the strengthening of linguistic rights for minorities within Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamovych20208-88">[85]</a> Chornovil additionally supported the spread of <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>, a human rights movement in the Soviet Union, to Ukraine, writing a positive letter to the presidium of the group's Ukrainian chapter upon its founding in March 1989.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil2009476%E2%80%93477-89">[86]</a> On 18 July 1989, coal miners in the city of <a href="/wiki/Makiivka" title="Makiivka">Makiivka</a>, in the Donbas region of eastern Ukraine, began striking. The strikes, part of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_Soviet_miners%27_strikes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 Soviet miners' strikes (page does not exist)">broader, union-wide wave of mining strikes</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%B2_1989_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" class="extiw" title="ru:Забастовки шахтёров СССР в 1989 году">ru</a>], was primarily motivated by declining social conditions in the region and both Ukraine and the Soviet Union as a whole. Promises made by the Twelfth Five-Year Plan had gone unfulfilled,<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> and severe shortages in basic goods, such as soap, infuriated miners.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Soviet leaders, Gorbachev among them, sought to implement <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite</a> policies, and worker safety was sacrificed as a result.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> The striking miners of the Donbas first demanded increased social protections and wages. From the outset, however, several miners had also viewed the Ukrainian independence movement with sympathy as a potential path to self-governance.<a href="#cite_note-Walkowitz-93">[90]</a> Chornovil supported the strikes from their early days, issuing a statement on 21 July 1989 in part saying, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mass strikes of miners in Russia and Ukraine are tearing down the veil of party demagoguery regarding the unity of the party and the people, which, they claimed, is being attacked by various "extremists" there. A new stage of Perestroika is beginning, one may say its workers' stage, being characterised by mass people's movements, not only national, but also social.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a></blockquote> On the contrary, Shcherbytsky reacted harshly to the strikes. He again mobilised the government against the perceived threat, disparaging the miners in state media and preventing communications between strike committees in various cities.<a href="#cite_note-Walkowitz-93">[90]</a> This radicalised the miners, who soon began to call for the resignations of Shcherbytsky and <a href="/wiki/Valentyna_Shevchenko_(politician)" title="Valentyna Shevchenko (politician)">Valentyna Shevchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada" title="Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada">Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Karetnikov-95">[92]</a> While the strikes were unfolding, Chornovil continued to be active in other political sectors. He published a pre-election programme for himself in August 1989, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/1990_Ukrainian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Ukrainian Supreme Soviet election">March 1990 Supreme Soviet election</a>, in which he called for "statehood, democracy, and self-government", cooperation with non-ethnic Ukrainians, and federalism. Chornovil's concept of a federal Ukraine was based on twelve "lands" (Ukrainian: землі, romanized: zemli), with internal borders being roughly defined by the governorates of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> plus a separate land for the Donbas. Crimea was to exist as either an independent state or an autonomous republic of Ukraine, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rada" title="Central Rada">Central Rada</a> was to be reestablished as a bicameral body including deputies elected in equal numbers by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and from the lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil2009580%E2%80%93583-96">[93]</a> According to Vasyl Derevinskyi, a biographer of Chornovil, at this time he was also one of the primary individuals pushing for the adoption of pro-independence positions within the UHS at this time, proposing that the question of independence be proposed in the party's programme.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> On 8 September 1989, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a> (Ukrainian: Народний рух України, romanized: Narodnyi rukh Ukrainy, abbreviated as "Rukh") was established on the basis of the programme of the Writers' Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamovych20209-98">[95]</a> Fully named as the "People's Movement of Ukraine for Perestroika", its first leader was poet <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drach" title="Ivan Drach">Ivan Drach</a>. Despite this, however, Chornovil was the de facto leader of the party and organised its establishment, according to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Hrytskiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Hrytskiv (page does not exist)">Roman Hrytskiv</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Грицьків Роман Ярославович">uk</a>]. Rukh's founding meeting was the largest gathering of Ukrainian anti-communists ever,<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> comprising around 1,100 delegates, 130 journalists, representatives of the Polish government and the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> trade union, members of the Ukrainian diaspora in Latvia and Lithuania, and a select few members of the Communist Party (among them <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kravchuk" title="Leonid Kravchuk">Leonid Kravchuk</a>, Chornovil's future political rival).<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Coincidentally, Shcherbytsky was forced to resign the same month, a combination of pressure from the miners' strikes<a href="#cite_note-Karetnikov-95">[92]</a> and from Gorbachev, whose reforms were at odds with Shcherbytsky's status as one of the few remaining conservatives to hold high office.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Chornovil ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">President of Ukraine</a> in 1991, but was defeated, winning only in western Ukraine. He was one of the most important members of Rukh, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> for the People's Movement of Ukraine in 1994 and 1998, and was the head of that party. Vyacheslav Chornovil was founder of the independent socio-political newspaper Chas-Time (known also as Chas), and served as editor-in-chief from 1995 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> In 1999, Rukh almost dissolved due to disagreements within. There are speculations that the failure to liquidate the party led to the road accident that took Chornovil's life. This is mentioned in Volodymyr Onyshchenko's documentary, He Who Awoke the Stone State.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_Leonid_Kuchma">Opposition to Leonid Kuchma</h3></div> Following the <a href="/wiki/1994_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="1994 Ukrainian presidential election">1994 Ukrainian presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a> became President of Ukraine. Kuchma's subsequent crackdown on independent media caused Chornovil to become one of the foremost critics of his government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[101]</a> Chornovil was expected to be the main opposition candidate to incumbent president Leonid Kuchma in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="1999 Ukrainian presidential election">1999 presidential election</a>, but his death brought an abrupt end to his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-invest-105">[102]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Death_and_remembrance">Death and remembrance</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyacheslav_Chornovil_money.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Vyacheslav_Chornovil_money.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Vyacheslav_Chornovil_money.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Commemorative 2-<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">hryvnia</a> coin depicting Chornovil</figcaption></figure>On 25 March 1999, Chornovil and his assistant, Yevhen Pavlov, were driving near Boryspil when their vehicle was struck head-on by a truck, killing both instantly. Tens of thousands of Ukrainians attended his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg/220px-Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="666"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg/220px-Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg/330px-Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg/440px-Stamp_2008_Chornovil.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ukrainian stamp honoring Chornovil's memory, 2008.</figcaption></figure> The official investigation carried by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a> concluded that the crash was purely accidental and discovered no evidence of foul play. However, some of Chornovil's supporters called his death a political murder and called on bringing those responsible for it to justice. The theory of murder is stated on the website dedicated to Vyacheslav Chornovil and created by his son <a href="/wiki/Taras_Chornovil" title="Taras Chornovil">Taras Chornovil</a>, a deputy of Verkhovna Rada formerly from the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Regions" title="Party of Regions">Party of Regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a> In 2003, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Ukraine" title="National Bank of Ukraine">National Bank of Ukraine</a> issued a commemorative coin with the nominal of 2 <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hryvnia" title="Ukrainian hryvnia">hryvnias</a> dedicated to Chornovil. On 23 August 2006, President <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> unveiled a monument to Chornovil and ordered a new investigation into his death. On 6 September 2006, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lutsenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lutsenko">Yuri Lutsenko</a>, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, announced that based on the information he saw, he personally believes that Chornovil was a victim of murder rather than a car accident.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Lutsenko stated further that the investigation is now carried by the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_of_Ukraine" title="Prosecutor General of Ukraine">Prosecutor General of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a>, the law enforcement authorities not under Lutsenko's control. He went further, alluding that "certain circles" in the Prosecutor's Office and Security Service are stonewalling the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> However, on 9 August, <a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Medvedko" title="Oleksandr Medvedko">Oleksandr Medvedko</a>, the Prosecutor General of Ukraine, commented at the news conference that Lutsenko's statement is "unprofessional" as his conclusions are based on unreliable information.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> On 25 March 2009, another funeral service was held near the memorial sign in Boryspil, and admirers, including then-Mayor of Kyiv <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Chernovetskyi" title="Leonid Chernovetskyi">Leonid Chernovetskyi</a>, laid flowers on his monument in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> to mark the 10-year anniversary of Chornovil's death.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In 2009, a Ukrainian stamp devoted to Chornovil was issued.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li>Father – Maksym Yosypovych Chornovil (1909-1987), a teacher of Ukrainian language and literature</li> <li>Mother – Kylyna Kharitonivna Tereshchenko (1909-1985), a teacher in elementary school</li> <li>Sister – Valentyna Maksymivna Chronovil (1948–present)</li> <li>First wife – Iryna Mykolayivna Brunets <ul><li>Son – <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Chornovil" title="Andriy Chornovil">Andriy Chornovil</a> (1962–present), a doctor and professor of the Lviv Medical University</li></ul></li> <li>Second wife – Olena Tymofiyivna Antoniv (1937-1986), a dissident (perished in an auto accident) <ul><li>Son – <a href="/wiki/Taras_Chornovil" title="Taras Chornovil">Taras Chornovil</a> (1964–present), a member of parliament of Ukraine (2000-2012)</li></ul></li> <li>Third wife – Atena Vasylivna Pashko (1931-2012), a Ukrainian poet <ul><li>Stepdaughter – Iryna Vasylivna Volytska-Zubko, a theatrical director at the "Teatr v Korzyni" (Theater in a basket)</li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsolved_deaths" title="List of unsolved deaths">List of unsolved deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Verkhovna_Rada_of_Ukraine_who_died_in_office" title="List of members of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine who died in office">List of members of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine who died in office</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Also known as Camp 17-A or simply Camp 17. Located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozerny,_Zubovo-Polyansky_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozerny, Zubovo-Polyansky District (page does not exist)">Ozerny, Zubovo-Polyansky District</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_(%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="ru:Озёрный (Зубово-Полянский район)">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="uk:Озерний (Зубово-Полянський район)">uk</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Also known as Camp 19. Located in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barashevo,_Tengushevsky_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barashevo, Tengushevsky District (page does not exist)">Barashevo, Tengushevsky District</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="ru:Барашево (Теньгушевский район)">ru</a>; <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD)" class="extiw" title="uk:Барашево (Теньгушевський район)">uk</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Помещение камерного типа, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Pomeshcheniye kamernogo tipa; abbreviated PKT (ПКТ). </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.rada.gov.ua/zakon/new/NEWSAIT/DEPUTAT1/264.htm">"People's Deputy of Ukraine of the I convocation"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kharkiv+Human+Rights+Protection+Group&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft.date=2006-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.khpg.org%2F1162536782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201926-27-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201926-27_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanylenko2019">Danylenko 2019</a>, p. 26-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilyk2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilyk, Yaroslav (15 March 2019). "Мовна політика в діяльності лідерів НРУ" [Language politics in the activities of the leaders of the NRU]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали V Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 5th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 14–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%A0%D0%A3&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+V+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Bilyk&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201927-28-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanylenko201927-28_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanylenko2019">Danylenko 2019</a>, p. 27-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChornovil2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chornovil, Viacheslav (2011). "Лист-відповідь В. Чорновола «Ось же вона, охоронна журналістика!» Любомирі Петрівні та Миколі Яковичу (авторам статті «Під маскою борців за гласність» / Вільна Україна, 20.12.1987 р.)" [V. Chornovil's letter response "Here it is, secure journalism!" to Lyubomira Petrivna and Mykola Yakovych (authors of the article "Under the Mask of Fighters for Glasnost" / Free Ukraine, 20.12.1987)]. In <a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Smoliy" title="Valeriy Smoliy">Smoliy, Valeriy</a> (ed.). Шлях до незалежності: суспільні настрої в Україні кін. 80-х рр. ХХ ст. Документи і матеріали. До 20-ї річниці незалежності України [Path to Independence: Public attitudes in late 1980s Ukraine: Documents and Materials: to the 20th anniversary of Ukrainian independence] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" title="Institute of History of Ukraine">Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-02-5425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-02-5425-1"><bdi>978-966-02-5425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82-%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%92.+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%C2%AB%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%21%C2%BB+%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96+%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83+%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96+%C2%AB%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%C2%BB+%2F+%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+20.12.1987+%D1%80.%29&rft.btitle=%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%3A+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD.+80-%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%80.+%D0%A5%D0%A5+%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8.+%D0%94%D0%BE+20-%D1%97+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-966-02-5425-1&rft.aulast=Chornovil&rft.aufirst=Viacheslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupnyk2019">Krupnyk 2019</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipash2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pipash, Volodymyr (14 March 2020). "Як зруйнувати тоталітарну імперію (із українського «досвіду»)" [How to destroy an empire (from Ukrainian "experience")]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VI Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 6th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 104–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83+%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8E+%28%D1%96%D0%B7+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%C2%AB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%83%C2%BB%29&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+VI+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft.aulast=Pipash&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945-46-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201945-46_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupnyk2019">Krupnyk 2019</a>, p. 45-46. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobuta2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kobuta, Stepan (14 March 2020). "Майбутній державно-політичний устрій та система владних відносин в Україні у бачення В.Чорновола у 1988–1991 роках" [The future state-political organisation and system of governing relations in Ukraine in the vision of V. Chornovil, 1988–1991]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VI Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 6th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%83+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%92.%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%83+1988%E2%80%931991+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+VI+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft.aulast=Kobuta&rft.aufirst=Stepan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupnyk2019">Krupnyk 2019</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946-47-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201946-47_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupnyk2019">Krupnyk 2019</a>, p. 46-47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201947-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrupnyk201947_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrupnyk2019">Krupnyk 2019</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeko2019124-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeko2019124_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeko2019">Seko 2019</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamovych20208-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamovych20208_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamovych2020">Adamovych 2020</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChornovil2009476–477-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChornovil2009476%E2%80%93477_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChornovil2009">Chornovil 2009</a>, p. 476–477. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLykhobovaKuzina2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lykhobova, Zoia; Kuzina, Kseniia (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/85577">"Липневі страйки 1989 року в шахтарських містах Донбасу"</a> [The July strikes of 1989 in the mining cities of the Donbas]. Ukraine in the 20th century: culture, ideology, politics (in Ukrainian). 15 (1): 155–156 – via Scientific Electronic Library of Periodical Publications of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ukraine+in+the+20th+century%3A+culture%2C+ideology%2C+politics&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B8+1989+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-156&rft.date=2009-04&rft.aulast=Lykhobova&rft.aufirst=Zoia&rft.au=Kuzina%2C+Kseniia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.nbuv.gov.ua%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F85577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafire1989" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">Safire, William</a> (20 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/20/opinion/essay-a-cake-of-soap.html">"A Cake of Soap"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219201948/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/20/opinion/essay-a-cake-of-soap.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Cake+of+Soap&rft.date=1989-07-20&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F20%2Fopinion%2Fessay-a-cake-of-soap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David R.</a> (1991). Ukraine under Perestroika: Ecology, Economics and the Workers' Revolt. University of Alberta Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888642295" title="Special:BookSources/9780888642295"><bdi>9780888642295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine+under+Perestroika%3A+Ecology%2C+Economics+and+the+Workers%27+Revolt&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780888642295&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walkowitz-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walkowitz_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walkowitz_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkowitz" class="citation web cs1">Walkowitz, Daniel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soviethistory.msu.edu/1991-2/miners-strike-of-1991/miners-strike-of-1991-texts/interviews-with-the-strike-leaders/">"Interviews with the Strike Leaders"</a>. Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Interviews+with+the+Strike+Leaders&rft.aulast=Walkowitz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1991-2%2Fminers-strike-of-1991%2Fminers-strike-of-1991-texts%2Finterviews-with-the-strike-leaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/25433641.html">"Із архіву Радіо Свобода (1989 рік): заява Чорновола щодо страйку шахтарів"</a> [From the Archives of Radio Liberty (1989): Chornovil's statement on the miners' strikes]. 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Retrieved 30 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=%D0%86%D0%B7+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%281989+%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%29%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%83+%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2F25433641.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karetnikov-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karetnikov_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karetnikov_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/donetsk-u-1991-nezalezhnist-karetnikov/31424711.html">""Досить годувати Москву". Історик Каретніков про те, як Донецьк зустрічав незалежність України"</a> ["Enough to feed Moscow": Historian Karetnikov on how Donetsk greeted Ukraine's independence]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Ukrainian). 24 August 2021. 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Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Vyacheslav+Chornovil+obituary&rft.date=1999-04-15&rft.aulast=Marusenko&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F1999%2Fapr%2F16%2Fguardianobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-invest-105"><a href="#cite_ref-invest_105-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130205043856/http://www.ukranews.com/eng/article/188105.html">People's Rukh Of Ukraine Calls On Law Enforcement Agencies To Complete Investigation Into Death Of Its Former Leader Viacheslav Chornovil Until 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_News_Agency" title="Ukrainian News Agency">Ukrainian News Agency</a> (March 25, 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020714143246/http://www.chas.org.ua/biography.html">Chas.org.ua</a> (in Ukrainian) </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=33534">National Radio Company of Ukraine News Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014426/http://www.nrcu.gov.ua/index.php?id=148&listid=33534">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233412/http://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Ukraineomni/prechornovil.htm">"Ukrainian Government Archives"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov.ua/Sections/Ukraineomni/prechornovil.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukrainian+Government+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov.ua%2FSections%2FUkraineomni%2Fprechornovil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bukinfo.cv.ua/?action=shownews&newsid=42be02d040122f51862978c0bbf1283fd774"><bdi lang="uk">Буковина Інфо – Політика, Економіка, Культура, Спорт, Аналітика, Інтерв'ю, Персоналії</bdi></a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE+%E2%80%93+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%2C+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%2C+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%27%D1%8E%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbukinfo.cv.ua%2F%3Faction%3Dshownews%26newsid%3D42be02d040122f51862978c0bbf1283fd774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.day.kiev.ua/168423">The Day Weekly Digest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522143434/http://www.day.kiev.ua/168423">Archived</a> May 22, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photo.unian.net/eng/themes/12005">Events by themes: Anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil death</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a>-photo services (25 March 2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=149894">Ukraine issues stamp devoted to politician, rights advocate Vyacheslav Chornovil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524123228/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=149894">Archived</a> May 24, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ukrinform (27 December 2008) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrovskyi2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ostrovskyi, Valerii (2018). 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Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 123–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+VI+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=123-136&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft.aulast=Seko&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatiash2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matiash, V. 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Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. pp. 132–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%3A+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F.+%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+III+%D1%96+IV+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+80-%D0%B9+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.place=Kyiv%2C+Ternopil&rft.pages=132-144&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Paska&rft.aufirst=Bohdan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedunyshyn2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fedunyshyn, Liubomyra (2018). "Правозахисна діяльність В. Чорновола у 1960–1970-х рр." [Human rights activities of V. Chornovil in the 1960s and 1970s]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорновілські читання. Візія майбутнього України: Матеріали III і IV наукових конференцій, присвячених 80-й річниці з дня народження Вячеслава Чорновола [Chornovil Readings: a Vision of Ukraine's Future: materials of the third and fourth scientific conferences celebrating the 80th birth anniversary of Viacheslav Chornovil] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv, Ternopil: Beskydy. pp. 197–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%92.+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D1%83+1960%E2%80%931970-%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%80.&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F.+%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+III+%D1%96+IV+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+80-%D0%B9+%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96+%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.place=Kyiv%2C+Ternopil&rft.pages=197-203&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Fedunyshyn&rft.aufirst=Liubomyra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChornovil1976" class="citation journal cs1">Chornovil, Viacheslav (March 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03064227608532501">"My trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a>. 5 (1): 57–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064227608532501">10.1080/03064227608532501</a> – via Sage Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=My+trial&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-69&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064227608532501&rft.aulast=Chornovil&rft.aufirst=Viacheslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03064227608532501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedunyshyn2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fedunyshyn, Liubomyra (27 March 2021). "Емоційно-психологічний світ Вячеслава Чорновола" [Viacheslav Chornovil's emotional and psychological world]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VII Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 7th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 117–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+VII+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=117-121&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft.aulast=Fedunyshyn&rft.aufirst=Liubomyra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarynovych2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Myroslav_Marynovych" title="Myroslav Marynovych">Marynovych, Myroslav</a> (2021). Younger, Katherine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/84843">The Universe behind Barbed Wire: Memoirs of a Ukrainian Soviet Dissident</a>. Translated by Hayuk, Zoya. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-832-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78744-832-2"><bdi>978-1-78744-832-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe+behind+Barbed+Wire%3A+Memoirs+of+a+Ukrainian+Soviet+Dissident&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78744-832-2&rft.aulast=Marynovych&rft.aufirst=Myroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F84843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChornovil2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chornovil, Viacheslav (2007). Chornovil, Valentyna (ed.). Вячеслав Чорновіл. Твори в десяти томах. Том 5. публіцистика, документи, матеріали «Справи №196» (1970 — 1984) [Viacheslav Chornovil: Works in Ten Books. Book 5: Publications, Documents, and Materials of "Case No. 196" (1970–1984)] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Smoloskyp. p. 911. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-7332-87-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-7332-87-7"><bdi>978-966-7332-87-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB.+%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+5.+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8+%E2%84%96196%C2%BB+%281970+%E2%80%94+1984%29&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=911&rft.pub=Smoloskyp&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-966-7332-87-7&rft.aulast=Chornovil&rft.aufirst=Viacheslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanylenko2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Danylenko, Viktor (15 March 2019). 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Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 25–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E+%D0%92.+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8+%C2%AB%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%C2%BB+%28%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+1980-%D1%85+%D1%80%D1%80.%29&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+V+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=25-30&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Danylenko&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupnyk2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krupnyk, Liuba (15 March 2019). 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Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 43–49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8F+1980-%D1%85+-+1991+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+V+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=43-49&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Krupnyk&rft.aufirst=Liuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeko2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seko, Yaroslav (15 March 2019). "Концепція антикомунісичної революції Вячеслава Чорновола" [The Conception of Viacheslav Chornovil's Anticommunist Revolution]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали V Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 5th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 124–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+V+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=124-131&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2019-03-15&rft.aulast=Seko&rft.aufirst=Yaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamovych2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adamovych, Serhii (14 March 2020). "Ставлення Народного Руху України до національних меншин напередодні здобуття державної незалежності" [Attitude of the People's Movement of Ukraine towards national minorities on the eve of the attainment of state independence]. In Derevinskyi, Vasyl (ed.). Чорноволівські читання: Матеріали VI Всеукраїнської наукової конференції [Chornovil Readings: materials of the 6th all-Ukrainian scientific conference] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Beskydy. pp. 8–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+VI+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=8-12&rft.pub=Beskydy&rft.date=2020-03-14&rft.aulast=Adamovych&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChornovil2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chornovil, Viacheslav (2009). Chornovil, Valentyna (ed.). Вячеслав Чорновіл. Твори в десяти томах. Том 6. Документи та матеріали (листопад 1985 - квітень 1990) [Viacheslav Chornovil: Works in Ten Books. Book 6: Documents and Materials (November 1985–April 1990)] (in Ukrainian). Kyiv: Smoloskyp. p. 1051. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-2164-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-2164-07-7"><bdi>978-966-2164-07-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB.+%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+6.+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%28%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4+1985+-+%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+1990%29&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pages=1051&rft.pub=Smoloskyp&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-966-2164-07-7&rft.aulast=Chornovil&rft.aufirst=Viacheslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907045238/http://nru.org.ua/about/chornovil/">"Vyacheslav Chornovil biography"</a>. People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) website (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nru.org.ua/about/chornovil/">the original</a> on 7 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Movement+of+Ukraine+%28Rukh%29+website&rft.atitle=Vyacheslav+Chornovil+biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nru.org.ua%2Fabout%2Fchornovil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViacheslav+Chornovil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219043401/http://www.ukrweekly.com/Archive/1999/149905.shtml">Ukrainian Weekly newspaper biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522141817/http://mignews.com.ua/en/articles/221370.html">Vyacheslav Chornovil's Death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070423040331/http://www.president.gov.ua/en/gallery/album/?paid=525">Pictures of the Monument</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19990331/ai_n14217245">Obituary</a>, The Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ukma.kiev.ua/index.php?id=349">"He who awake the Stone state" (DVD) in the library of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301024141/http://www.library.ukma.kiev.ua/index.php?id=349">Archived</a> 1 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Viacheslav_Chornovil&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> View edit history of this page. </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فياتشيسلاف تشيرنوفيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فياتشيسلاف تشيرنوفيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вячаслаў Максімавіч Чарнавол – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вячаслаў Максімавіч Чарнавол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вячаслаў Чарнавол – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вячаслаў Чарнавол" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Вячеслав Чорновил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вячеслав Чорновил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viatxeslav_Txornovil" title="Viatxeslav Txornovil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viatxeslav Txornovil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslav_%C4%8Cornovil" title="Vjačeslav Čornovil – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vjačeslav Čornovil" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjatscheslaw_Tschornowil" title="Wjatscheslaw Tschornowil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wjatscheslaw Tschornowil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Viacheslav Chornovil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viatcheslav_Tchornovil" title="Viatcheslav Tchornovil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viatcheslav Tchornovil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE_%D5%89%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Վյաչեսլավ Չեռնովոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վյաչեսլավ Չեռնովոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslav_%C4%8Cornovil" title="Vjačeslav Čornovil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vjačeslav Čornovil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%22ja%C4%8Deslav_%C4%8Cornovil" title="V"jačeslav Čornovil – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="V"jačeslav Čornovil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ვიაჩესლავ ჩორნოვილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიაჩესლავ ჩორნოვილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB" title="В'ячеслав Максимович Чорновіл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="В'ячеслав Максимович Чорновіл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vja%C4%8Deslavs_%C4%8Cornovils" title="Vjačeslavs Čornovils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vjačeslavs Čornovils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A4_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ڤياتشيسلاڤ تشورنوڤيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤياتشيسلاڤ تشورنوڤيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Вячеслав Чорновил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вячеслав Чорновил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjatsjeslav_Tsjornovil" title="Vjatsjeslav Tsjornovil – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vjatsjeslav Tsjornovil" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%83%A3%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB" title="ヴャチェスラフ・チョルノビル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴャチェスラフ・チョルノビル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiaczes%C5%82aw_Czornowi%C5%82" title="Wiaczesław Czornowił – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiaczesław Czornowił" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vya%C3%A7eslav_%C3%87ornovil" title="Vyaçeslav Çornovil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vyaçeslav Çornovil" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB,_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Черновол, Вячеслав Максимович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Черновол, Вячеслав Максимович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjat%C5%A1eslav_T%C5%A1ornovil" title="Vjatšeslav Tšornovil – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vjatšeslav Tšornovil" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Viacheslav Chornovil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Чорновіл В'ячеслав Максимович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорновіл В'ячеслав Максимович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="維亞切斯拉夫·喬爾諾維爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維亞切斯拉夫·喬爾諾維爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 09:06 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">This version of the page has been <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">revised</a>. 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-cvtdh","wgBackendResponseTime":2889,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.105","walltime":"2.554","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20906,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":395494,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":26612,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":373595,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2156.794 1 -total"," 25.25% 544.554 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.26% 458.485 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 9.95% 214.665 18 Template:Cite_web"," 9.85% 212.397 50 Template:Sfn"," 8.23% 177.533 25 Template:Cite_book"," 8.10% 174.605 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.53% 140.752 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.47% 139.488 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.46% 139.338 5 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanova2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahui2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKheifets2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipiani2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipiani2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobuta2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrupnyk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKryzhanovska2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulchytskyi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzio2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLykhobovaKuzina2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarusenko1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarynovych2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatiash2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelnykova-Kurhanova2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstrovskyi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipash2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoberezhets2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopovych2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafire1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeko2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeko2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeko2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenkus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanovska2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShvydkyi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepaniuk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTereshchuk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkowitz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaitsev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZakharov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Ostrovskyi-1\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"1991 Independence of Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"1991 presidential election candidates, Ukraine\"] = 1,\n [\"1996 Shevchenko National Prize\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chornovil, Viacheslav\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Fall of Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 22,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 50,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet dissidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Ukrainian Helsinki Group\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","25.0"],["?","320","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","40","2.8"],["gsub","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.8"],["newFrame 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-09-04T18:26:53Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T09:06:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A3_3_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB_%D0%92%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87.jpg","headline":"Ukrainian politician, publicist, prisoner of Soviet prisons, member of Ukrainian Parliament (1937\u20131999)"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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