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href="#Preparations_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparations for war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context:_relations_among_the_European_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context:_relations_among_the_European_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Context: relations among the European powers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Context:_relations_among_the_European_powers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Context: relations among the European powers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Context:_relations_among_the_European_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_between_France_and_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_France_and_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relations between France and Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_France_and_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_Portugal_and_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations between Portugal and France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_the_Dutch_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_Portugal_and_the_Dutch_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relations between Portugal and the Dutch Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_the_Dutch_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_between_Portugal_and_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Relations between Portugal and England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_between_Portugal_and_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_stage:_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_stage:_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>First stage: battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_stage:_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Montijo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Montijo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Battle of Montijo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Montijo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Scope of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attrition_and_corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attrition_and_corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Attrition and corruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attrition_and_corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_stage:_defensive_standoff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_stage:_defensive_standoff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Second stage: defensive standoff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_stage:_defensive_standoff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atrocities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Atrocities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_stage:_Portuguese_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_stage:_Portuguese_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Third stage: Portuguese victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_stage:_Portuguese_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recapitulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recapitulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Recapitulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recapitulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Results of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese Restoration War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرب الاستعادة البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الاستعادة البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Restauraci%C3%B3_portuguesa" title="Guerra de Restauració portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Restauració portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurationskrieg" title="Restaurationskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Restaurationskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Restauraci%C3%B3n_portuguesa" title="Guerra de Restauración portuguesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de Restauración portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_Resta%C5%ADriga_Milito" title="Portugala Restaŭriga Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala Restaŭriga Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalgo_Berrezarkuntzaren_Gerra" title="Portugalgo Berrezarkuntzaren Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Portugalgo Berrezarkuntzaren Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Restauration_(Portugal)" title="Guerre de Restauration (Portugal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Restauration (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Restauraci%C3%B3n_Portuguesa" title="Guerra de Restauración Portuguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra de Restauración Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="포르투갈 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Restorasi_Portugal" title="Perang Restorasi Portugal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Restorasi Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_restaurazione_portoghese" title="Guerra di restaurazione portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra di restaurazione portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99" title="מלחמת השבת הכתר הפורטוגזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת השבת הכתר הפורטוגזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Португалияны реставрация къазауаты – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Португалияны реставрация къазауаты" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1l_restaur%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Portugál restaurációs háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugál restaurációs háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Pemulihan_Portugal" title="Perang Pemulihan Portugal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Pemulihan Portugal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_Restauratieoorlog" title="Portugese Restauratieoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugese Restauratieoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E7%8E%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BE%A9%E5%8F%A4%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ポルトガル王政復古戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル王政復古戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_portugisiske_restaurasjonskrigen" title="Den portugisiske restaurasjonskrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den portugisiske restaurasjonskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_portugisiske_restaurasjonskrigen" title="Den portugisiske restaurasjonskrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den portugisiske restaurasjonskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restauracion_de_l%27Independ%C3%A9ncia_de_Portugal" title="Restauracion de l'Independéncia de Portugal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Restauracion de l'Independéncia de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Guerra da Restauração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra da Restauração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Португальская война за независимость – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальская война за независимость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portuguese Restoration War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Шпанско-португалски ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шпанско-португалски ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_restauraatiosota" title="Portugalin restauraatiosota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin restauraatiosota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska_restaurationskriget" title="Portugisiska restaurationskriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska restaurationskriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portekiz_Restorasyon_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Portekiz Restorasyon Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portekiz Restorasyon Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1640–1668 war between Portugal and Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Portuguese Restoration War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)">Anglo-Spanish Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)">Franco-Spanish Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc,_ca_1650.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png/300px-Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png/450px-Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png/600px-Johannes_der_vierte_K%C3%B6nig_zu_Portugal_und_Algarbe_etc%2C_ca_1650.png 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span><br />German engraving from the 1650s representing the episodes of the Portuguese restoration of independence. Clockwise from top left: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>The assassination of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Vasconcelos" title="Miguel de Vasconcelos">Miguel de Vasconcelos</a> and the arresting of the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal" title="Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal">Duchess of Mantua</a></li> <li>News of the <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> reaches the Lisbon populace</li> <li>Acclamation of King <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">Duke of Braganza</a> is sworn as King of Portugal</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 December 1640 – 13 February 1668<br />(27 years, 2 months, 1 week, 6 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Portuguese victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000131_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000131-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Acclamation of <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV</a> as the new <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a> (1640)<sup id="cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torgal_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Habsburgs relinquish all claims to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (1668)</li> <li>End of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torgal_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham200351_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham200351-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> cedes <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> cedes <a href="/wiki/Hermisende" title="Hermisende">Hermisende</a> to <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> <small>(1641–1659)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport2012324–328_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport2012324–328-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> <small>(1662–1668)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> <small>(1641–1648)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlete2002176_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlete2002176-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinzelli2020151_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinzelli2020151-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Luisa de Guzmán">Luisa de Guzmán</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II of Portugal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses,_1st_Marquess_of_Marialva" class="mw-redirect" title="António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquess of Marialva">Marquis of Marialva</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Manoel_de_Vilhena" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Manoel de Vilhena">Count of Vila Flor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281640%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Matias_de_Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Matias de Albuquerque">Count of Alegrete</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg/23px-English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg/35px-English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg/46px-English_Blue_Ensign_1620.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="660" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Duke of Schomberg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Haro" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Haro">Marquis of Carpio</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">John of Austria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n,_5th_Duke_de_Osuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Téllez-Girón, 5th Duke de Osuna">Duke of Osuna</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Benavides_Carrillo,_Marquis_of_Caracena" title="Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena">Marquis of Caracena</a></li></ul> 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_Restoration_war" title="Template:Campaignbox Portuguese Restoration war"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Portuguese_Restoration_war" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Portuguese Restoration war"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Portuguese_Restoration_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Portuguese Restoration war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Restoration_War2278" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Portuguese Restoration War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_S%C3%A3o_Filipe" title="Siege of São Filipe">São Filipe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Salvaterra_de_Mi%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Salvaterra de Miño (page does not exist)">1st Salvatierra de Miño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montijo" title="Battle of Montijo">Montijo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Elvas_(1644)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Elvas (1644) (page does not exist)">1st Elvas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Talavera_la_Real&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Talavera la Real (page does not exist)">Talavera la Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vilanova" title="Battle of Vilanova">Vilanova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Lapela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Lapela (page does not exist)">Lapela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Salvaterra_de_Mi%C3%B1o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Salvaterra de Miño (page does not exist)">2nd Salvatierra de Miño</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Oliven%C3%A7a_(1650)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Olivença (1650) (page does not exist)">Olivença</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mour%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mourão (page does not exist)">Mourão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1658)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1658)">1st Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89vora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Évora (page does not exist)">1st Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas" title="Battle of the Lines of Elvas">2nd Elvas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(1659)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Monção (1659) (page does not exist)">Monção</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Badajoz_(1660)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Badajoz (1660) (page does not exist)">2nd Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arronches" title="Battle of Arronches">Arronches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ameixial" title="Battle of Ameixial">Ameixial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%C3%89vora" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Évora">2nd Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Val%C3%AAncia_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_(1664)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valência de Alcântara (1664)">Valência de Alcântara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castelo_Rodrigo" title="Battle of Castelo Rodrigo">Castelo Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1666)" title="Battle of the Berlengas (1666)">Berlengas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_wars2581" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Spanish_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Spanish wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_wars2581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Franco-Spanish wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931498" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1494–1498">1495–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars_of_1499%E2%80%931504" title="Italian Wars of 1499–1504">1502–1504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1521–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">1526–1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1536%E2%80%931538" title="Italian War of 1536–1538">1536–1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1551–1559</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">1580–1583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">1595–1598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Mantuan_Succession" title="War of the Mantuan Succession">1628–1631</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">1635–1659</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">1640–1659</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1641–1659</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">1648–1653</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">1667–1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1673–1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">1683–1684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1688–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">1718–1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">Coalition Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">1793–1795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">1808–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis" title="Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis">1823</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Restoration War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Guerra da Restauração</i>), historically known as the <b>Acclamation War</b> (<i>Guerra da Aclamação</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the war between <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a> that began with the Portuguese revolution of 1640 and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon</a> in 1668, bringing a formal end to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> until 1648 and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War</a> until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a> until 1663. </p><p>In the seventeenth century and afterwards, this period of sporadic conflict was simply known, in Portugal and elsewhere, as the <i>Acclamation War</i>. The war established the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> as Portugal's new ruling dynasty, replacing the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> who had been <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">united</a> with the Portuguese crown since the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">1580 succession crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torgal_1981-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_to_revolution">Events leading to revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events leading to revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felipe3-Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Felipe3-Spain.jpg/220px-Felipe3-Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Felipe3-Spain.jpg/330px-Felipe3-Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Felipe3-Spain.jpg/440px-Felipe3-Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1886" data-file-height="3189" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II & III of Portugal and Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip II of Portugal (III of Spain)</a> died in 1621, he was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III of Portugal (IV of Spain)</a> who followed a different approach to Portuguese concerns. Portuguese merchants saw higher taxes, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence at the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales"><i>Cortes</i></a>, and Spaniards increasingly occupied the government's posts in Portugal. </p><p>Moreover, Spain entangled Portugal in the efforts to suppress the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. In response, the Dutch embarked on systematic attacks on Portuguese colonies and outposts, either pillaging or occupying them in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>. Spanish preoccupation with defending their own empire, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>, left Portuguese interests in Asia and Brazil neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasure1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmakingofmoderneu0000treapage336mode2up_337]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasure1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmakingofmoderneu0000treapage336mode2up_337]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and <i><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a></i>, executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Portugal">Philip I</a> (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch". </p><p>The plot was planned by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_Vaz_de_Almada" class="mw-redirect" title="Antão Vaz de Almada">Antão Vaz de Almada</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miguel_de_Almeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miguel de Almeida (page does not exist)">Miguel de Almeida</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pinto_Ribeiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Pinto Ribeiro (page does not exist)">João Pinto Ribeiro</a>. They, together with several associates, known as the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Conspirators" title="Forty Conspirators">Forty Conspirators</a>, killed the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Vasconcelos" title="Miguel de Vasconcelos">Miguel de Vasconcelos</a>, and imprisoned the king's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal" title="Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal">Margaret of Savoy</a>, who had been governing Portugal in his name. Philip's troops were then fighting the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and also facing a revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a>, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Reapers%27_War" title="Reapers' War">Reapers' War</a>. </p><p>The support of the people became apparent almost immediately and within a matter of hours, Philip III's third cousin <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John, 8th Duke of Braganza</a>, was acclaimed as King John (João) IV of Portugal. The news spread quickly throughout the country. By 2 December 1640, the day after the coup, John IV, acting in his capacity as sovereign of the country, had sent a letter to the Municipal Chamber of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>. </p><p>The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as at least a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintaining its colonial income. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_for_war">Preparations for war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations for war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after assuming the Portuguese throne, John IV took several steps to strengthen his position. On 11 December 1640, a 'Council of War' was created to organize all of the operations. Next, the king created the 'Junta of the Frontiers' to take care of the fortresses near the border, the hypothetical defense of Lisbon, and the garrisons and sea ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201424_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201424-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, in December 1641, he created a tenancy to assure that all of the country's fortresses would be upgraded and that the improvements would be financed with regional taxes. He also organized the army, re-established the 'Military Laws of <a href="/wiki/King_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sebastian">King Sebastian</a>',<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201424_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201424-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and undertook a diplomatic campaign focused on restoring good relations with England. </p><p>After gaining several small victories, John tried to make peace quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201427-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his demand that Philip recognize the new ruling dynasty in Portugal was not fulfilled until the reign of his son, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso VI">Afonso VI</a>, during the regency of Peter of Braganza, another of his sons, who later became King <a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Portugal" title="Peter II of Portugal">Peter II of Portugal</a>). Confrontations with Spain lasted 28 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context:_relations_among_the_European_powers">Context: relations among the European powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Context: relations among the European powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John,_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_(The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/220px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/330px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png/440px-Portrait_of_John%2C_Duke_of_Braganza_c._1630_%28The_Royal_Castle_in_Warsaw%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John II, Duke of Braganza</a>, waged the Restoration War and was acclaimed King John IV.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_between_France_and_Spain">Relations between France and Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relations between France and Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, the chief adviser to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a>, was fully aware of the fact that France was operating under strained circumstances. Louis was at war with Spain at that time; he had to control rebellions within <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> that were supported and financed by Madrid and had to send French armies to fight the Spanish Habsburgs on three different fronts. In addition to their shared frontier at the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>, formerly Philip III of Portugal as well, reigned, under various titles, in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, to the north and east of France. In addition, Philip IV controlled large territories in Italy, where he could, at will, impose a fourth front by attacking French-controlled <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201431-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spain had enjoyed the reputation of having the most formidable military force in Europe, with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebus</a> and the so-called "Spanish School", but that reputation and tactic had diminished with the Thirty Years' War. Nevertheless, the consummate statesman, Richelieu, decided to force Philip IV to look to his own internal problems. To divert the Spanish troops besieging France, Louis XIII, on the advice of Richelieu, supported John's claim during the Acclamation War on the reasoning that a Portuguese war would drain Spanish resources and manpower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_between_Portugal_and_France">Relations between Portugal and France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relations between Portugal and France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To fulfill the common foreign policy interests of Portugal and France, a treaty of alliance between the two countries was concluded at Paris on 1 June 1641. It lasted eighteen years before Richelieu's successor as unofficial foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, broke the treaty and abandoned his Portuguese and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> allies to sign a separate peace with Madrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201431-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyrenees" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> was signed in 1659. Under its terms, France received the portion of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a> north of the Pyrenees, known as the <a href="/wiki/Roussillon" title="Roussillon">Roussillon</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Cerdagne" title="French Cerdagne">French Cerdagne</a>). Most important to the Portuguese, the French recognised Philip IV of Spain as the legitimate king of Portugal. </p><p>Seven years later, in the late stages of the Portuguese Restoration War, relations between the two countries thawed to the extent that the young (but sickly) <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a> married a French princess, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Nemours" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Françoise of Nemours">Marie Françoise of Nemours</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_between_Portugal_and_the_Dutch_Republic">Relations between Portugal and the Dutch Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations between Portugal and the Dutch Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg/220px-Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg/330px-Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg/440px-Catherine_of_Braganza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, Queen Consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of the revolution in Lisbon (1 December 1640), the Portuguese had been at war with the Dutch for nearly forty years. A good deal of the conflict can be attributed to the fact that Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> were concurrently engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (1568–1648), and, ever since hostilities between Portugal and the Dutch Republic erupted in 1602, Portugal had been ruled by a Spanish monarch. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a> was fought almost entirely overseas, with the Dutch mercantile surrogates, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>, repeatedly attacking Portugal's colonial possessions in the Americas, in Africa, in India, and in the Far East. Portugal was in a defensive posture throughout, and it received very little military help from Spain. </p><p>After the acclamation of John, the pattern persisted all over the Portuguese Empire until the final expulsion of the Dutch from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> (1648), <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> (1649), and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a> (1654). The Dutch signed a European truce with Portugal, helping each other somewhat against their common enemy, Spain. The Dutch resumed buying salt in the <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal" title="Setúbal">Setúbal</a> salt factories, restarting commerce between the two countries for the first time since 1580, when the Spanish branch of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, against whom the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch were in revolt</a>, had assumed the Portuguese throne. However, Dutch attacks on Portuguese territories persisted until 1663, even after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1661)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1661)">Treaty of The Hague</a> in 1661. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_between_Portugal_and_England">Relations between Portugal and England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations between Portugal and England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>England was then embroiled in <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">its own civil war</a>. Portuguese problems in dealing with England arose from the fact that the English Parliament fought and won its anti-royalist war while, at the same time, Portugal's royal court continued to receive and recognize <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> princes and nobles. The strained relations persisted during the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth period</a>, when the republican government that had deposed <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> ruled England and then Ireland and Scotland. </p><p>After the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Stuart dynasty</a>, it became possible for Portugal to compensate for the lack of French support by renewing its alliance with England,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201436_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201436-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with experienced soldiers and officers available from the demobilised <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>. That took the form of a dynastic marriage in 1662 between <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a>'s sister, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, which assured Portugal of outside support in its conflict with Spain. The English alliance helped peace with Spain, which had been drained by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and had no stomach for further warfare with other European powers, especially a resurgent England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Militarily, the Portuguese Restoration War consisted mainly of border skirmishes and cavalry raids to sack border towns, combined with occasional invasions and counter-invasions, many of them half-hearted and under-financed. There were only five major set-piece battles during twenty-eight years of hostilities. </p><p>The war may be considered to have had three periods: </p> <ul><li><i>first</i>, an early stage (1640–1646) when a few major engagements demonstrated that the Portuguese could not be easily returned to submission to the Spanish Habsburgs,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201429_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201429-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>second</i>, a long period (1646–1660) of military standoffs, characterized by small-scale raiding, while Spain concentrated on its military commitments elsewhere in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201430_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>third</i>, a final period (1660–1668) during which the Spanish king, Philip IV, unsuccessfully sought a decisive victory that would bring an end to hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201431-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_stage:_battles">First stage: battles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First stage: battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes,_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg/440px-Retrato_de_D._Ant%C3%B3nio_Luis_de_Menezes%2C_1%C2%BA_marqu%C3%AAs_de_Marialva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses,_1st_Marquis_of_Marialva" title="António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva">António Luís de Meneses, Marquis of Marialva</a>, led victories at the Lines of Elvas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hoping for a quick victory in Portugal, Spain immediately committed seven regiments to the Portuguese frontier, but delays by the Count of Monterrey, a commander with more interest in the comforts of life at camp than the battlefield, squandered any immediate advantage. A Portuguese counter-thrust in late 1641 failed, and the conflict soon settled into a stalemate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Montijo">Battle of Montijo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of Montijo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 26 May 1644, a large column of Spanish troops and mercenaries, commanded by Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Andrea_Caracciolo" title="Carlo Andrea Caracciolo">Carlo Andrea Caracciolo</a>, marquis of Torrecuso, was stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montijo" title="Battle of Montijo">Battle of Montijo</a> by the Portuguese, who were led by the <a href="/wiki/Matias_de_Albuquerque,_Count_of_Alegrete" title="Matias de Albuquerque, Count of Alegrete">Matias de Albuquerque</a>, one of a number of experienced Portuguese colonial officers who rose to prominence during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scope_of_the_war">Scope of the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scope of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/220px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/330px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png/440px-Luisa_Francisca_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Medina_Sidonia_atribuible_a_Alonso_Cano.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Luisa de Guzmán">Luisa de Guzmán</a>, Queen Consort of Portugal, previously <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Braganza" title="Duchess of Braganza">Duchess of Braganza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three theaters of warfare were eventually opened, but most activity focused on the northern front, near Galicia, and on the central frontier between Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>. The southern front, where the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> abuts Spanish <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>, was a logical target for Portugal, but it was never the focus of a Portuguese attack, probably because the Portuguese queen, <a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Luisa de Guzmán">Luisa de Guzmán</a>, was the sister of the <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Alfonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_9th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" title="Gaspar Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 9th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>, the leading noble of Andalusia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attrition_and_corruption">Attrition and corruption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attrition and corruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain, at first, made the war a defensive one. Portugal, for its part, felt no need to take Spanish territory in order to win, and it too was willing to make the war a defensive contest. Campaigns typically consisted of <i>correrias</i> (cavalry raids) to burn fields, sack towns, and steal large herds of enemy cattle and sheep. Soldiers and officers, many of them mercenaries, were primarily interested in booty and prone to desertion. For long periods, without men or money, neither side mounted formal campaigns, and when actions were taken, they were often driven as much by political considerations, such as Portugal's need to impress potential allies, as by clear military objectives. Year after year, given the problems of campaigning in the winter, and the heat and dry conditions of summer, most of the serious fighting was confined to two relatively short "campaigning seasons" in the spring and autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201429_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201429-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war settled into a pattern of mutual destruction. As early as December 1641, it was common to hear Spaniards throughout the country lament that "<a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> is finished." Tax collectors, recruiting officers, billeted soldiers, and <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">depredations</a> by Spanish and foreign troops were loathed and feared by the Spanish population as much as raids by the enemy. In Extremadura, local militias bore the brunt of the fighting until 1659, and the absence of these part-time soldiers was extremely harmful to agriculture and local finances. Since there was often no money to pay or support the troops (or to reward their commanders), the Spanish crown turned a blind eye to the smuggling, contraband, profiteering, disorder, and destruction that had become rampant on the frontier. Similar conditions also existed among the Portuguese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_stage:_defensive_standoff">Second stage: defensive standoff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Second stage: defensive standoff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juanjosedeaustria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Juanjosedeaustria.jpg/220px-Juanjosedeaustria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Juanjosedeaustria.jpg/330px-Juanjosedeaustria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Juanjosedeaustria.jpg/440px-Juanjosedeaustria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">John of Austria</a> was instrumental in leading the Habsburg forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>The war was also expensive. In the 1650s, there were over 20,000 Spanish troops in Extremadura alone, compared to 27,000 in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>. Between 1649 and 1654, about 29 percent (over six million <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>) of Spanish defence spending was appropriated for fighting Portugal, a figure that rose during the major campaigns of the 1660s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201428_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201428-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal was able to finance its war effort because of its ability to tax the spice trade with Asia and the sugar trade from Brazil, and it received some support from the European opponents of Spain, particularly France and England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201427-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1650s were indecisive militarily but important on the political and diplomatic fronts, with the brief exception of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas" title="Battle of the Lines of Elvas">Battle of the Lines of Elvas</a> in 1659. The death of John IV in 1656 signalled the beginning of the regency of his wife, followed by a succession crisis and a palace coup (1662). Despite these domestic problems, the expulsion of the Dutch from Brazil (1654) and the signing of a treaty with England (also in 1654) improved Portugal's diplomatic and financial position temporarily and gave it needed protection against a naval raid on Lisbon. </p><p>Nonetheless, the overriding goal, a formal pact with France, continued to evade Portugal, whose weakness and isolation had been driven home by its virtual exclusion at the negotiations for the European settlement-of-settlements, the new <i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> (1648). </p><p>With this treaty and the end of hostilities in Catalonia in 1652, Spain was again ready to direct its efforts against Portugal, but it faced a lack of men, resources, and, especially, good military commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427–28_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201427–28-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atrocities">Atrocities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Atrocities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the second stage, the war became a <a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Portugal–Spain border">frontier</a> confrontation characterized by attrition, often featuring local forces composed of familiar neighbors, yet this intimacy failed to temper the brutality exhibited by both sides. Soldiers and officers, many mercenaries facing payment shortages, turned to looting and desertion. The Portuguese sought retribution for grievances accumulated during sixty years of Spanish rule, whereas the Spanish viewed their adversaries not as legitimate combatants deserving of honorable treatment but as rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201430_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201430-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_stage:_Portuguese_victory">Third stage: Portuguese victory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Third stage: Portuguese victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Portugal_(1662%E2%80%931668)" title="English expedition to Portugal (1662–1668)">English expedition to Portugal (1662–1668)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Hermann_von_Sch%C3%B6nburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Frederico, Count of Mértola</a>, who was in command of the English contingent brigade in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the indecisive campaigns of 1662, Spain launched a major effort to win the war. In April 1663, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">John of Austria the Younger</a>, Philip IV's illegitimate son, invaded <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a>, commanding an army of 20,000 provisioned for six weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201474_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201474-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May, he successfully captured Évora, sparking a surge of emotion in Lisbon and raising alarm throughout Portugal, as there was now no major barrier to impede a Spanish advance on Lisbon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201486–93_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201486–93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese, under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses,_1st_Marquess_of_Marialva" class="mw-redirect" title="António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquess of Marialva">António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquess of Marialva</a>, were bolstered by the arrival of a British brigade which numbered 3,000 in August 1662. Many were veterans of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the Dutch Revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre1960112–125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre1960112–125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, this was a convenient way of getting rid of demobilized soldiers of Cromwell's <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> and removing them from English territory. They were led by the German <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">soldier of fortune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Schomberg">Friedrich Hermann von Schönberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_M%C3%A9rtola" title="Count of Mértola">Count of Mértola</a>, The brigade, under Schomberg's leadership, proved a decisive factor in winning back Portugal's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2014xix_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2014xix-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They defeated the Spanish in a major engagement at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ameixial" title="Battle of Ameixial">Ameixial</a> on 8 June 1663, and this forced John of Austria to abandon Évora and retreat across the border with heavy losses. </p><p>The Portuguese now had some 30,000 troops in the Alentejo-Extremadura theatre, but they could not draw the Spanish again into a major engagement until June 1665, when a new Spanish commander, the <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Benavides_Carrillo,_Marquis_of_Caracena" title="Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena">Marquis of Caracena</a>, took over <a href="/wiki/Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Vila Viçosa">Vila Viçosa</a> with about 23,000 men, including recruits from Germany and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2014134–147_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2014134–147-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portuguese relief column under António Luís de Meneses and Schomberg met them at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a> on 17 June 1665. The Portuguese infantry and artillery emplacements broke the Spanish cavalry, and the Spanish force lost over 10,000 men, including casualties and prisoners. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese retook Vila Viçosa. These were the last major engagements of the war. </p><p>Both sides returned to skirmishing campaigns. Portugal, with the intercession of its English ally, had sought a truce, but after the decisive Portuguese victory at Montes Claros and with the signing of a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1667)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1667)">Franco-Portuguese treaty in 1667</a>, the Spanish Habsburgs finally agreed to recognize the House of Braganza as Portugal's new ruling dynasty on 13 February 1668. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recapitulation">Recapitulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recapitulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The five major battles of the war were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montijo" title="Battle of Montijo">Battle of Montijo</a> on 26 May 1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas" title="Battle of the Lines of Elvas">Battle of the Lines of Elvas</a> on 14 January 1659</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ameixial" title="Battle of Ameixial">Battle of Ameixial</a> on 8 June 1663</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castelo_Rodrigo" title="Battle of Castelo Rodrigo">Battle of Castelo Rodrigo</a> on 7 July 1664</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Battle of Montes Claros</a> on 17 June 1665</li></ul> <p>The Portuguese were victorious in almost all of these engagements, and peace was concluded, with the help of English mediation, by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon</a> in 1668. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pourbus,_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg/220px-Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg/330px-Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg/440px-Pourbus%2C_Frans_II_-_Marguerite_of_Savoy_-_Hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal" title="Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal">Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal, Duchess of Mantua</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfonsoVIpt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AfonsoVIpt.jpg/220px-AfonsoVIpt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AfonsoVIpt.jpg/330px-AfonsoVIpt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/AfonsoVIpt.jpg/440px-AfonsoVIpt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a>'s reign was managed by the <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Vasconcelos_e_Sousa,_3rd_Count_of_Castelo_Melhor" title="Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor">Count of Castelo Melhor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/220px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/330px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg/440px-Philip_IV_of_Spain_-_Vel%C3%A1zquez_1644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4860" data-file-height="6352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip III & IV of Portugal and Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_PT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pedro_II_PT.png/220px-Pedro_II_PT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pedro_II_PT.png/330px-Pedro_II_PT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Pedro_II_PT.png/440px-Pedro_II_PT.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Prince Regent Pedro, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Beja" title="Duke of Beja">Duke of Beja</a>, future King <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro II of Portugal">Pedro II of Portugal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(branco).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg/200px-Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg/300px-Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg/400px-Bandeira_da_Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28branco%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg/200px-Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg/300px-Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg/400px-Bandera_cruz_de_Borgo%C3%B1a_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Order of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy" title="Cross of Burgundy">Cross of Burgundy</a>, under white background (or varied background colors, like quarters in green and white in some Portuguese regiments) were the standards more used by the Portuguese and Spanish regiments in the battlefields, respectively<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline of Portuguese history</a></div> <ul><li><b>1640</b>: A small group of conspirators stormed the royal palace in Lisbon and deposed the <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Portugal" title="List of viceroys of Portugal">Vicereine of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Savoy,_Vicereine_of_Portugal" title="Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal">Margaret of Savoy</a> on 1 December 1640. She famously tried to calm the Portuguese people during demonstrations in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pra%C3%A7a_do_Com%C3%A9rcio" title="Praça do Comércio">Terreiro do Paço</a></i>, at the time, Lisbon's main square, but her efforts failed. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bragança">Duke of Bragança</a>, head of the senior family among the Portuguese nobility, accepted the throne as John IV of Portugal later the same day. John's entire reign was dominated by the struggle to maintain Portuguese independence.</li> <li><b>1641</b>: A counter-revolution mounted by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Inquisition</a> failed. It was quelled by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Lucena" title="Francisco de Lucena">Francisco de Lucena</a>, who had its leaders executed. Miguel Luís de Menezes, 2nd Duke of Caminha, was executed for continuing to support the Habsburgs' claim to the Portuguese throne.</li> <li><b>1641</b>: Portugal signed alliances with France (1 June 1641) and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (August 1641).</li> <li><b>1641</b>: Portugal and the Dutch Republic signed a 'Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance', otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1641)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1641)">Treaty of The Hague</a>, on 12 July 1641. The treaty was not respected by either party; as a consequence, it had no effect on the Portuguese dependencies of Brazil and Angola that were under Dutch occupation.</li> <li><b>1641</b>: The Dutch began their occupation of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Annobón Province">Ano Bom</a> on 16 October 1641, where they remained until 6 January 1649. This was clearly a violation of the agreement made with Portugal only three months earlier.</li> <li><b>1641</b>: Portugal was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">ousted from Malacca</a> by the Dutch.</li> <li><b>1642</b>: The Dutch took over all of the <a href="/wiki/Axim" title="Axim">Portuguese Gold Coast</a> (now Ghana).</li> <li><b>1643</b>: At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Battle of Rocroi</a> (19 May 1643), in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, the French defeated the Spanish.</li> <li><b>1644</b>: The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montijo" title="Battle of Montijo">Battle of Montijo</a></b> near <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, between the Portuguese and the Spanish, was fought on 26 May 1644.</li> <li><b>1644</b>: The Portuguese city of <a href="/wiki/Elvas_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvas Municipality">Elvas</a> withstood a nine-day siege by Spanish troops.</li> <li><b>1648</b>: Portuguese troops from the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Brazil">colony of Brazil</a> under <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Correia_de_S%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador Correia de Sá">Salvador Correia de Sá</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Angola" title="Recapture of Angola">retook Luanda</a>, and expelled the Dutch, thereby restoring the African colony to Portugal.</li> <li><b>1649</b>: The Dutch were ousted from <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9" title="São Tomé">São Tomé</a>.</li> <li><b>1650</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Oman" title="Sultan of Oman">Sultan of Oman</a>, allied with the Dutch, captured <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, which had been a Portuguese trading outpost on the Arabian Peninsula.</li> <li><b>1654</b>: The Anglo-Portuguese treaty between John IV and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> was signed at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Westminster</a>. John agreed to prevent the molestation of English traders in Portugal and its possessions and to allow them to use their own bible and to bury their dead according to Protestant rites even though they were on Catholic soil.</li> <li><b>1654</b>: Portuguese troops from the colony of Brazil <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife">drove the Dutch out of the great plantation colonies</a> of northeastern Brazil, re-establishing the territorial integrity of Portugal's South American holdings.</li> <li><b>1656</b>: Portugal lost control of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a> to the Dutch.</li> <li><b>1656</b>: John IV died on 6 November 1656 after a reign of fifteen years. His queen, who was born <a href="/wiki/Luisa_de_Guzman" class="mw-redirect" title="Luisa de Guzman">Luisa de Guzman</a> (1613–1666), the eldest daughter of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">grandee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Medina-Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Medina-Sidonia">Duke of Medina-Sidonia</a>, then reigned as regent for their son, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI of Portugal</a>. She began seeking an accommodation with Spain.</li> <li><b>1658</b>: The Dutch took <a href="/wiki/Jaffna" title="Jaffna">Jaffnapatam</a>, Portugal's last colony in Ceylon.</li> <li><b>1659</b>: The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lines_of_Elvas" title="Battle of the Lines of Elvas">Battle of the Lines of Elvas</a></b> was fought on 14 January 1659. Portuguese troops, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="António Luís de Meneses">marquis of Marialva, António Luís de Meneses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Manoel_de_Vilhena" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Manoel de Vilhena">Sancho Manoel de Vilhena</a>, scored a resounding victory over the Spanish.</li> <li><b>1659</b>: The Spanish besieged the Portuguese town of <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Monção">Monção</a>. The town fell on 7 February.</li> <li><b>1659</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a> was signed on 7 November 1659, ending Spain's long war with France, and Spanish troops were free once more to suppress the Portuguese 'rebellion'. The Spaniards besieged <a href="/wiki/Elvas_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvas Municipality">Elvas</a>, and they were driven off by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="António Luís de Meneses">António Luís de Meneses</a> once again.</li> <li><b>1660</b>: Upon the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in England, the Queen-Regent re-negotiated the treaty of 1654. Portugal was allowed to recruit soldiers and horses in England for the fight against Spain, to seek the conscription of four thousand mercenaries in Scotland and Ireland, and to charter twenty-four English ships to carry them. The expeditionary force was issued English weapons upon arrival in Portugal and guaranteed freedom of worship.</li> <li><b>1660</b>: The English began to dominate the trade in port wine from Portugal after a political spat with the French denied them Bordeaux wines. Brandy was added to the Portuguese wines to fortify them for the Atlantic voyage. Together with the restoration of Charles II in England, the "port connection" had an increasingly positive influence on Anglo-Portuguese relations.</li> <li><b>1661</b>: <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> were ceded to England on 23 June 1661 as a dowry for Afonso's sister, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, who had married King Charles II of England on 25 May 1661. In addition to the deeds to Bombay and Tangier, Catherine arrived in London, where she popularized the practice of <a href="/wiki/Tea_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tea in the United Kingdom">drinking tea</a>, with a dowry of two million gold pieces. Servicing this wedding debt burdened the Portuguese exchequer for the next half-century. The marriage with a Protestant monarch was deeply unpopular with those among the Portuguese nobility who favoured alliance with France. An <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophile</a> party and a <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">francophile</a> party developed at the Portuguese court.</li> <li><b>1661</b>: English mediation induced the Netherlands to acknowledge, on 6 August 1661, Portuguese rule in Brazil, in return for uncontested control of Ceylon and eight million guilders. This agreement was formalized in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1661)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1661)">Treaty of The Hague (1661)</a>.</li> <li><b>1662</b>: Shortly after Afonso VI's coming-of-age, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Vasconcelos_e_Sousa,_3rd_Count_of_Castelo_Melhor" title="Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor">Luís de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor</a>, saw an opportunity to gain power at court by befriending the mentally deficient king. He managed to convince the king that his mother, Luisa of Medina-Sidonia, was plotting to steal his throne and exile him from Portugal. As a result, Afonso asserted his right to rule and dispatched his mother to a convent. The king appointed Castelo Melhor his secret notary (<i>escrivão da puridade</i>), a position in which Castelo Melhor was able to exercise the functions of first minister. Because of the weakness of the king, Castelo Melhor became the virtual "dictator of Portugal".</li> <li><b>1662</b>: Castelo Melhor commenced the final (successful) phase of the Portuguese Acclamation War with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Count of Mértola</a>, who brilliantly commanded the international mercenary army that had been assembled with the assistance of England.</li> <li><b>1663</b>: The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ameixial" title="Battle of Ameixial">Battle of Ameixial</a></b> was fought on 8 June 1663. After they had spent nearly all spring overrunning the south of Portugal, the Spanish army, under <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Austria the Younger">John of Austria the Younger</a>, took the Portuguese city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>. Less than three weeks later, they were soundly defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sancho_Manoel_de_Vilhena" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancho Manoel de Vilhena">Sancho Manoel de Vilhena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Schomberg,_1st_Duke_of_Schomberg" title="Frederick Schomberg, 1st Duke of Schomberg">Count of Mértola</a>.</li> <li><b>1663</b>: The Dutch ousted the Portuguese from the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>, even though this was a clear violation of their 1661 treaty.</li> <li><b>1663</b>: The Siege of Évora occurred when the Portuguese army led by Sancho Manoel de Vilhena and by the Count of Mértola retook the city from the Spanish occupiers, with little to no casualties. The entire Spanish garrison surrendered.</li> <li><b>1664</b>: The <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castelo_Rodrigo" title="Battle of Castelo Rodrigo">Battle of Castelo Rodrigo</a></b> was fought on 7 July 1664. A regional military commander, Pedro Jacques de Magalhães, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Osuna" title="Duke of Osuna">Duke of Osuna</a>.</li> <li><b>1664</b>: The Siege of Valencia de Alcántara results in the successful conquest of the Spanish town of <a href="/wiki/Valencia_de_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Valencia de Alcántara">Valencia de Alcántara</a> by Portugal in July 1664.</li> <li><b>1665</b>: Portugal was again victorious at the <b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Battle of Montes Claros</a></b> (on 17 June 1665), in which <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="António Luís de Meneses">António Luís de Meneses</a> and Schomberg defeated the Spanish army under the <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Benavides_Carrillo,_Marquis_of_Caracena" title="Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena">Marquis of Caracena</a>; Spain ceased hostilities, but a true peace treaty was not signed for another three years. Montes Claros is considered one of the most important battles in Portuguese history.</li> <li><b>1666</b>: In an attempt to establish an alliance with France, Castelo Melhor arranged for Afonso VI to marry <a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7oise_of_Nemours" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Françoise of Nemours">Marie Françoise of Nemours</a>, the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Nemours" title="Duke of Nemours">Duke of Nemours</a>, but this marriage would not last long.</li> <li><b>1666</b>: The ambitious Castelo Melhor planned to prosecute the war to the extent of taking <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and presenting it to the Portuguese crown as a war indemnity, but he was dissuaded.</li> <li><b>1667</b>: Marie Françoise petitioned for an annulment of her marriage to Afonso VI, based on the impotence of the king. The Church granted her the annulment.</li> <li><b>1667</b>: King <a href="/wiki/Afonso_VI_of_Portugal" title="Afonso VI of Portugal">Afonso VI</a>, Castelo Melhor, and his francophile party were overthrown by the king's younger brother, Pedro, Duke of Beja, (who later ruled as <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro II of Portugal">Pedro II of Portugal</a>.) Pedro first installed himself as his brother's regent and then arranged Afonso's <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Terceira" class="mw-redirect" title="Terceira">Terceira</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> on the pretense that he was incapable of governing. Castelo Melhor fled into exile; ironically, he chose to live in England.</li> <li><b>1667</b>: The French alliance had been imperilled by the annulment of Afonso's marriage, but Pedro strengthened his political position by marrying his brother's estranged queen.</li> <li><b>1668</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon_(1668)" title="Treaty of Lisbon (1668)">Treaty of Lisbon</a> with Spain ended twenty-eight years of war. The regent of Spain, <a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana of Austria</a>, acting in the name of her young son <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a>, finally recognized the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal kept all of its remaining <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">overseas colonies</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> on the north African coast, which didn't recognize the Braganza Dynasty during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes200024_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes200024-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_of_the_war">Results of the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Results of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg/220px-Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg/330px-Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg/440px-Dentro_do_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Leal_Senado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Staircase inside the <a href="/wiki/Leal_Senado_Building" title="Leal Senado Building">Leal Senado Building</a> in Macau, with a plaque in which the city's name, title and honours are inscribed.</figcaption></figure> <p>For Portugal, its restoration of independence from Spain was clearly established, and it proved that it could fend for itself, albeit with difficulty. Its victories on the battlefield had re-awakened Portuguese nationalism. </p><p>Economically, Portugal's restoration of independence freed it to pursue the course mapped out by the pioneers of commercial imperialism. During the seventeenth century, its economy depended largely upon <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> trade in tobacco and sugar, and the export of salt. During the eighteenth century, even though staples were not abandoned, the Portuguese economy came to be based more upon enslaved people, gold, leather, and wine. Portuguese trade, centered in the busy port of Lisbon, was most influenced by Anglo-Dutch capitalism and by the colonial economy in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasure1990338–339_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasure1990338–339-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luís de Meneses, the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Ericeira" title="Count of Ericeira">Count of Ericeira</a>, economic adviser to the <i>prince regent</i>, advocated the development of a native textile industry based on a Flemish model. Factories were established at <a href="/wiki/Covilh%C3%A3" title="Covilhã">Covilhã</a>, in an area of central Portugal where there was easy access to flocks of sheep and clean mountain water, but they were highly unpopular with both local consumers and traditional weavers. Meanwhile, Portuguese attempts to develop a silk industry were undercut by the French, who wanted to monopolize that market. </p><p>More importantly, after 1668, Portugal increasingly cultivated intellectual ties with Western Europe, especially France and England, marking a shift away from its Iberian roots and towards cultural and political independence from Spain. Fear of Spanish invasion remained a powerful tool in reinforcing Portuguese nationalism and fueling hostility towards Spain and anything perceived as Spanish, as independence became synonymous with resistance against Castilian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler19786_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler19786-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, the Portuguese colony in the Far East, remained loyal to the Portuguese monarch during the entire occupation period. Thus it was awarded the title "<i>Cidade do Nome de Deus, Macau, Não Há Outra Mais Leal</i>", or "City by the Name of God, Macau, There Is None More Loyal" by King <a href="/wiki/John_IV_of_Portugal" title="John IV of Portugal">John IV of Portugal</a> in 1654.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1580_Portuguese_succession_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1580 Portuguese succession crisis">1580 Portuguese succession crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a>, 1602–1663</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">History of Portugal (1640–1777)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Restorers" title="Monument to the Restorers">Monument to the Restorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restauradores_Square" title="Restauradores Square">Restauradores Square</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Savoy, <a href="/wiki/Christine_Marie_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Marie of France">Christine Marie of France</a> was acting as regent on behalf of her young son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Emmanuel_II,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy">Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport2012324–328-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavenport2012324–328_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavenport2012">Davenport 2012</a>, pp. 324–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlete2002176-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlete2002176_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlete2002">Glete 2002</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinzelli2020151-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinzelli2020151_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinzelli2020">Pinzelli 2020</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000131-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000131_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Torgal_1981-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Torgal_1981_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTorgal1981">Torgal 1981</a>, pp. 69–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirmingham200351-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirmingham200351_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirmingham2003">Birmingham 2003</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$guerra-da-aclamacao">"Guerra da Aclamação"</a>. <i>Infopédia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infop%C3%A9dia&rft.atitle=Guerra+da+Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infopedia.pt%2Fartigos%2F%24guerra-da-aclamacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasure1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmakingofmoderneu0000treapage336mode2up_337]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasure1990[httpsarchiveorgdetailsmakingofmoderneu0000treapage336mode2up_337]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreasure1990">Treasure 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmoderneu0000trea/page/336/mode/2up">337</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201424-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201424_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201424_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201427-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201431-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201431_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201436-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201436_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201429-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201429_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201429_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201430-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201430_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201430_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201428-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201428_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201427–28-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201427–28_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201474-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201474_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley201486–93-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley201486–93_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, pp. 86–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardacre1960112–125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardacre1960112–125_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardacre1960">Hardacre 1960</a>, pp. 112–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2014xix-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2014xix_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley2014134–147-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley2014134–147_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiley2014">Riley 2014</a>, pp. 134–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guerradarestauracao.wordpress.com/2008/04/20/bandeiras-estandartes-guioes-exercito-portugues-3/">"Bandeiras, estandartes, e guiões – exército português (3)"</a>. <i>Guerra da Restauração Blog de História Militar dedicado à Guerra da Restauração ou da Aclamação, 1641–1668</i>. 20 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guerra+da+Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Blog+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+Militar+dedicado+%C3%A0+Guerra+da+Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o+ou+da+Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o%2C+1641%E2%80%931668&rft.atitle=Bandeiras%2C+estandartes%2C+e+gui%C3%B5es+%E2%80%93+ex%C3%A9rcito+portugu%C3%AAs+%283%29&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguerradarestauracao.wordpress.com%2F2008%2F04%2F20%2Fbandeiras-estandartes-guioes-exercito-portugues-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes200024-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes200024_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes2000">Ames 2000</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreasure1990338–339-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreasure1990338–339_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreasure1990">Treasure 1990</a>, pp. 338–339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler19786-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler19786_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWheeler1978">Wheeler 1978</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/native/lifestyle/topics/experience-macau/article/1848586/step-senado-square-and-past-walking-tours">"Step onto Senado Square and into the past: Walking tours bring Macau's Chinese, Portuguese history in focus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Step+onto+Senado+Square+and+into+the+past%3A+Walking+tours+bring+Macau%27s+Chinese%2C+Portuguese+history+in+focus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnative%2Flifestyle%2Ftopics%2Fexperience-macau%2Farticle%2F1848586%2Fstep-senado-square-and-past-walking-tours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_J._Ames" title="Glenn J. Ames">Ames, Glenn Joseph</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renascentempireh0000ames"><i>Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640–1683</i></a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053563822" title="Special:BookSources/9053563822"><bdi>9053563822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renascent+Empire%3F%3A+The+House+of+Braganza+and+the+Quest+for+Stability+in+Portuguese+Monsoon+Asia%2C+ca.+1640%E2%80%931683&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9053563822&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenascentempireh0000ames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <i>The history of Portugal</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313311064" title="Special:BookSources/0313311064"><bdi>0313311064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0313311064&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham2003" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, David (2003). <i>A concise history of Portugal</i>. Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521536868" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521536868"><bdi>978-0521536868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+Portugal&rft.pub=Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521536868&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2012" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Frances Gardiner (2012). <i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648</i>. Clark, New Jersey: The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584774228" title="Special:BookSources/978-1584774228"><bdi>978-1584774228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Treaties+Bearing+on+the+History+of+the+United+States+and+Its+Dependencies+to+1648&rft.place=Clark%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1584774228&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Frances+Gardiner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlete2002" class="citation book cs1">Glete, Jan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4SEAgAAQBAJ&dq=dutch+portugues+battle+1640&pg=PA176"><i>Warfare at Sea, 1500–1650 Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe</i></a> (E-book ed.). Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134610785" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134610785"><bdi>978-1134610785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+at+Sea%2C+1500%E2%80%931650+Maritime+Conflicts+and+the+Transformation+of+Europe&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1134610785&rft.aulast=Glete&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc4SEAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddutch%2Bportugues%2Bbattle%2B1640%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardacre1960" class="citation book cs1">Hardacre, Paul (1960). <i>The English Contingent in Portugal, 1662–1668</i>, Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, volume 38<i><span></span></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Contingent+in+Portugal%2C+1662%E2%80%931668%2C+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research%2C+volume+38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hardacre&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMurdo2010" class="citation book cs1">McMurdo, Edward (2010). <i>The History of Portugal – From the Reign of D. Joao II. to the Reign of D. Joao V. – Volume III</i>. Read Books Design. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444695694" title="Special:BookSources/978-1444695694"><bdi>978-1444695694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Portugal+%E2%80%93+From+the+Reign+of+D.+Joao+II.+to+the+Reign+of+D.+Joao+V.+%E2%80%93+Volume+III&rft.pub=Read+Books+Design&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1444695694&rft.aulast=McMurdo&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinzelli2020" class="citation book cs1">Pinzelli, Eric G. L. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W62ZEAAAQBAJ&dq=portuguese+restoration+war+1641+dutch&pg=PA151"><i>Masters of Warfare Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War</i></a> (E-book ed.). Pen and Sword Military. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1399070157" title="Special:BookSources/978-1399070157"><bdi>978-1399070157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Warfare+Fifty+Underrated+Military+Commanders+from+Classical+Antiquity+to+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=151&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1399070157&rft.aulast=Pinzelli&rft.aufirst=Eric+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW62ZEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dportuguese%2Brestoration%2Bwar%2B1641%2Bdutch%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Riley_(British_Army_officer)" title="Jonathon Riley (British Army officer)">Riley, Jonathon</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastironsideseng0000rile"><i>The Last Ironsides: The English Expedition to Portugal, 1662–1668</i></a>. Helion & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1909982208" title="Special:BookSources/978-1909982208"><bdi>978-1909982208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Ironsides%3A+The+English+Expedition+to+Portugal%2C+1662%E2%80%931668&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Company&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1909982208&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastironsideseng0000rile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorgal1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Torgal, Luís Reis (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIKrsgWG91gC&pg=PA69">"A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política"</a>. <i>Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra_General_Library" title="University of Coimbra General Library">Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10316%2F665">10316/665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9726160823" title="Special:BookSources/978-9726160823"><bdi>978-9726160823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%E2%80%93+Sua+Din%C3%A2mica+S%C3%B3cio-pol%C3%ADtica&rft.btitle=Ideologia+Pol%C3%ADtica+e+Teoria+do+Estado+na+Restaura%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.place=Coimbra&rft.pub=Biblioteca+Geral+da+Universidade+de+Coimbra&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10316%2F665&rft.isbn=978-9726160823&rft.aulast=Torgal&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs+Reis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIKrsgWG91gC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreasure1990" class="citation book cs1">Treasure, Geoffrey Russell Richards (1990). <i>The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Europe%2C+1648%E2%80%931780&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Treasure&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+Russell+Richards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1978" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Douglas L. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanportug0000whee"><i>Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910–1926 by Douglas L. Wheeler</i></a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299074500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299074500"><bdi>978-0299074500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republican+Portugal%3A+A+Political+History%2C+1910%E2%80%931926+by+Douglas+L.+Wheeler&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0299074500&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanportug0000whee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Restoration+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Restoration_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guerradarestauracao.wordpress.com">Guerra da Restauração </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_monarchy122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Template talk:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_Monarchy_Topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese Monarchy Topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_related_to_the_Portuguese_monarchy122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede" title="Battle of São Mamede">Battle of São Mamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique" title="Battle of Ourique">Battle of Ourique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–85 Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aljubarrota" title="Battle of Aljubarrota">Battle of Aljubarrota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alfarrobeira" title="Battle of Alfarrobeira">Battle of Alfarrobeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Conspirators" title="Forty Conspirators">Forty Conspirators</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilafrancada" title="Vilafrancada">Vilafrancada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Revolt" title="April Revolt">April Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Portuguese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_January_1891_revolt" title="31 January 1891 revolt">31 January 1891 revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Library_Elevator_Coup" title="Municipal Library Elevator Coup">Municipal Library Elevator Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Regicide" title="Lisbon Regicide">Lisbon Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_attack_on_Chaves" title="Royalist attack on Chaves">Royalist attack on Chaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_(1834_to_1910)_-_Lesser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/150px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/225px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png/300px-Coats_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_Algarves_%281834_to_1910%29_-_Lesser.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dynasty" title="Philippine dynasty">House of Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i> <small>(disputed)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal<br />residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ajuda" title="Palace of Ajuda">Ajuda Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Palace" title="Belém Palace">Belém Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7aco_Palace" title="Buçaco Palace">Buçaco Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Cascais" title="Citadel of Cascais">Citadel of Cascais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_%C3%89vora" title="Royal Palace of Évora">Évora Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Mafra" title="Palace of Mafra">Mafra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessidades_Palace" title="Necessidades Palace">Necessidades Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pena_Palace" title="Pena Palace">Pena Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Queluz" title="Palace of Queluz">Queluz Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinta_da_Boa_Vista" title="Quinta da Boa Vista">Quinta da Boa Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_Imperial" title="Paço Imperial">Rio de Janeiro Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramalh%C3%A3o_Palace" title="Ramalhão Palace">Ramalhão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribeira_Palace" title="Ribeira Palace">Ribeira Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7o_de_S%C3%A3o_Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o" title="Paço de São Cristóvão">São Cristóvão Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jorge_Castle" title="São Jorge Castle">São Jorge Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Estate" title="Santa Cruz Estate">Santa Cruz Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintra_National_Palace" title="Sintra National Palace">Sintra National Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducal_Palace_of_Vila_Vi%C3%A7osa" title="Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa">Vila Viçosa Palace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_of_Filippo_Juvarra_for_the_Royal_Palace_of_Lisbon" title="Project of Filippo Juvarra for the Royal Palace of Lisbon">Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_Royal_Palace_in_Campo_de_Ourique" title="Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique">Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Algarve" title="Kingdom of the Algarve">Kingdom of the Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_nobility" title="Portuguese nobility">Portuguese nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_the_Portuguese_Crown" title="List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown">List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Portugal" title="Council of Portugal">Council of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_of_the_House_of_Braganza" title="Pantheon of the House of Braganza">Pantheon of the House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_Faithful_Majesty" title="Most Faithful Majesty">Most Faithful Majesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pio,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza">Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="Family tree of Portuguese monarchs">Family tree of Portuguese monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown Jewels">Portuguese Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Portuguese_sovereign" title="Style of the Portuguese sovereign">Style of the Portuguese sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Most_Faithful_Majesty%27s_Council" title="His Most Faithful Majesty's Council">His Most Faithful Majesty's Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_King%27s_Guard_(Portugal_and_Castile)" title="Chief of the King's Guard (Portugal and Castile)">Chief of the King's Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501724#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" 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