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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-界定标准" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#界定标准"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>界定标准</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-界定标准-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-素質-壓力模式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#素質-壓力模式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>素質-壓力模式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-素質-壓力模式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學家既從業者模型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學家既從業者模型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>科學家既從業者模型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學家既從業者模型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醫護人員" 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<span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">異常心理學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。31种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="علم النفس اللاقياسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النفس اللاقياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অস্বাভাৱিক মনোবিজ্ঞান – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অস্বাভাৱিক মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патопсихология – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патопсихология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অস্বভাবী মনোবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্বভাবী মনোবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnorm%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_psychologie" title="Abnormální psychologie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abnormální psychologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Abnormal psychology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicolog%C3%ADa_anormal" title="Psicología anormal – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicología anormal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patops%C3%BChholoogia" title="Patopsühholoogia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patopsühholoogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="روان‌شناسی مرضی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روان‌شناسی مرضی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADceola%C3%ADocht_mh%C3%ADnorm%C3%A1lta" title="Síceolaíocht mhínormálta – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Síceolaíocht mhínormálta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="असामान्य मनोविज्ञान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असामान्य मनोविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendellenes_pszichol%C3%B3gia" title="Rendellenes pszichológia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendellenes pszichológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ախտահոգեբանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ախտահոգեբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_abnormal" title="Psikologi abnormal – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Psikologi abnormal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="異常心理学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="異常心理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патологиялық психология – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Патологиялық психология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="이상심리학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이상심리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Психопатологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Психопатологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അപസാമാന്യ മനഃശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപസാമാന്യ മനഃശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi_Abnormal" title="Psikologi Abnormal – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Psikologi Abnormal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ناروغي ارواپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناروغي ارواپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicologia_anormal" title="Psicologia anormal – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicologia anormal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihologie_anormal%C4%83" title="Psihologie anormală – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Psihologie anormală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Патопсихология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Патопсихология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ අසාමාන්‍යතා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මනෝ විද්‍යාවේ අසාමාන්‍යතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abnormal psychology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abnormal_psykologi" title="Abnormal psykologi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abnormal psykologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அசாதாரண உளவியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசாதாரண உளவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anormal_psikoloji" title="Anormal psikoloji – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anormal psikoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Патопсихологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Патопсихологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="異常心理學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="異常心理學" 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Greek letter 'psi', a symbol for psychology"><img alt="The Greek letter 'psi', a symbol for psychology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/100px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/150px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg/200px-Greek_uc_psi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2" title="心理学大纲">大綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="心理学史">历史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學的子領域" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Subfields of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%90%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學的子領域（页面不存在）">子領域</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfields_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Subfields of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Subfields of psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學基礎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Basic science (psychology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學基礎（页面不存在）">心理學基礎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Basic science (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basic science (psychology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><a class="mw-selflink selflink">異常心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="行为遗传学">行为遗传学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="精神藥理學">心理藥物學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="跨文化心理學">跨文化心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化心理学">文化心理学</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="差異心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Differential psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="差異心理學（页面不存在）">差異心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Differential psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Differential psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经心理学">神经心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人格心理學">人格心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正面心理學">正面心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="定量心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantitative psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定量心理學（页面不存在）">定量心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantitative psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会心理学</a><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用心理学">应用心理学</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">應用行為分析</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社區心理學">社區心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費行為">消費行為</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%AE%E5%95%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="諮商心理學">諮商心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="批判社區心理學">批判社區心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="教育心理学">教育心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="環境心理學">環境心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法庭心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="健康心理学">健康心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主义心理学</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%88%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="工業與組織心理學">工業與組織心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本體解釋學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ontological hermeneutics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本體解釋學（页面不存在）">本體解釋學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontological_hermeneutics" class="extiw" title="en:Ontological hermeneutics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ontological hermeneutics</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法庭心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟心理學">經濟心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="醫學心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medical psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="医学心理学">醫學心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Medical psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medical psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍事心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事心理學（页面不存在）">軍事心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Military psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="音樂心理學">音樂心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="職業健康心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="職業健康心理學（页面不存在）">職業健康心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學校心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="School psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學校心理學（页面不存在）">學校心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:School psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">School psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.1em 0.1em 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:心理学列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Psychology lists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:心理学列表（页面不存在）">心理學列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Psychology lists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Psychology lists</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width:10em;column-gap:0.1em;"> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學學科列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology disciplines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學學科列表（页面不存在）">心理學學科列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_disciplines" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology disciplines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology disciplines</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學組織列表（页面不存在）">心理學組織列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology organizations</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">心理学家列表</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理治療列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychotherapies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理治療列表（页面不存在）">心理治療列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychotherapies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychotherapies</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學重要著作列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學重要著作列表（页面不存在）">心理學重要著作列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">心理學研究方法列表</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学学派列表">心理学学派列表</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學年表">心理學的時間表</a><br /> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學文章索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of psychology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學文章索引（页面不存在）">心理學文章索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of psychology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of psychology articles</span></a></span>）</span></span><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/16px-Psi2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/24px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/32px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理学主题</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontal_lobe_-_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Psychology" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>異常心理學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Abnormal psychology</span>）又称<b>變態心理学</b>、<b>病理心理学</b>、<b>非正常心理学</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a>的一個分支，針對各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心理疾病">心理疾病</a>或異常行為描述其<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="病理學">病理學</a>及治療方法，為更深入了解異常行為的入門學科，也是成為心理治療師訓練的必修知識之一。變態心理學的研究可以幫助人們從異常與正常的對照中更加清楚地揭示人的心理本質，即揭示心理現象對於大腦的依賴關係，以及對於客觀現實的依賴關係。變態心理學以普通心理學為基礎，它的研究成果又可為普通心理學開闢新的工作領域，提煉新的研究課題，從而同時充實和豐富普通心理學 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>起初，人們基本上以<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC" title="魔鬼">魔鬼</a>論、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AB%E8%A1%93" title="巫術">巫術</a>來解釋变态心理，常見的治療方法有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%85%E9%AD%94" title="驅魔">驅魔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%AD%E6%89%93" title="鞭打">鞭打</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%99%82" title="水療">水療</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%9F%B9%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="恩培多克勒">恩培多克勒</a>則認為體內四液失調而導致心理問題。19世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a>盛行，人們發現其與多種精神失常有關。同時發現細菌的存在，促進了藥物<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%9C%89%E7%B4%A0" title="青霉素">青黴素</a>的發明，開始引導心理學界以生物學角度看待疾病。而19世紀末，當時影響力很大精神病學家John P. Gray<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>認為心理疾病是源自物理上 (physical roots)，並令<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="電痙攣療法">電休克療法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF" title="脑白质切除术">腦白質切除術</a>等治療方法盛行<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但也因為上述方法太殘忍而開始有呼聲要以<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人道治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral treatment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人道治療（页面不存在）">人道治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Moral treatment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral treatment</span></a></span>）</span></span>，像是以一個正常環境來治療人們，並鼓勵病患回到社會中<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。之後，就到各種心理學理論競爭，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析">精神分析學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="行為主義">行為主義</a>、及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人本主義">人本主義</a>。當代理論以一個全面，不再以其中一面去解釋心理疾病。另外，也從病後治療，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正面心理學">正面心理學</a>開始逐漸關注如何預防心理疾病。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png/220px-Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png/330px-Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png/440px-Peter_Treveris_-_engraving_of_Trepanation_for_Handywarke_of_surgeri_1525.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>早期的入侵性治癒方案</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="疾病定義"><span id=".E7.96.BE.E7.97.85.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>疾病定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：疾病定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>定義心理異常不是件單純的事，因心理疾病不像生理疾病有明確客觀的判定標準，不是簡簡單單抽血檢查或斷層掃描，再和正常標準比較就可判斷是正常或有病；此外，心理疾病有很大的區塊是模糊地帶，不論是關於病人主觀的檢查報告，或是外在行為的觀察，因為專業人士在判斷過程也有很多主觀的部分，所以同樣是心理專業人員可能有不同的診斷結果，在精神醫療中是常有的事。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p><p>而根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83" title="美國精神醫學學會">美國精神醫學學會</a>出版的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7%E8%88%87%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A" title="精神疾病診斷與統計手冊">精神疾病診斷與統計手冊</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="精神疾病">精神疾病</a>是指一個人患有行為上或心理上的臨床病徵，而病徵必須具備以下其中一項條件： </p> <ul><li>為精神病人個人帶來痛苦（Personal distress）</li> <li>降低精神病人個人能力（Impairment）</li> <li>有帶來死亡、痛楚、喪失能力或喪失自由的危害性（Psychological dysfunction）</li> <li>身體上可能會以疼痛如頭痛或腹痛等方式呈現（因為心理因素）</li></ul> <p>常见的变态类型有神经症、情绪障碍、人格障碍及精神分裂症<sup id="cite_ref-#1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="界定标准"><span id=".E7.95.8C.E5.AE.9A.E6.A0.87.E5.87.86"></span>界定标准</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：界定标准"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1、以病人的主观体验、治疗者或研究者对异常现象的判断为标准； </p><p>2、以社会常模和社会适应性为标准； </p><p>3、以数据和测试结果为标准，如標準測驗<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="韋克斯勒兒童智力量表">韋克斯勒兒童智力量表</a>； </p><p>4、以医学病因和出现症状种类、数量、严重程度为标准<sup id="cite_ref-#1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="素質-壓力模式"><span id=".E7.B4.A0.E8.B3.AA-.E5.A3.93.E5.8A.9B.E6.A8.A1.E5.BC.8F"></span>素質-壓力模式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：素質-壓力模式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG/313px-Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG" decoding="async" width="313" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG/470px-Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG/626px-Diathesisstressdualriskmodel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Diathesis-Stress Model預測當人們本身的傾向與壓力加在一起，超過一定水平就會發病。</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="素質－壓力模式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Diathesis–Stress Model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E8%B3%AA%EF%BC%8D%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="素質－壓力模式">素質－壓力模式</a></span></span>（英：Diathesis–Stress Model）<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 是指內在因素（基因、家族遺傳、大腦傳遞物質不平衡等）加上外在因素（壓力、人際關係、重大事件發生等）的同時影響之下所發病的機率 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學家既從業者模型"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E5.AE.B6.E6.97.A2.E5.BE.9E.E6.A5.AD.E8.80.85.E6.A8.A1.E5.9E.8B"></span>科學家既從業者模型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：科學家既從業者模型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學家既從業者模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scientist–practitioner model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A2%E5%BE%9E%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學家既從業者模型（页面不存在）">科學家既從業者模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientist%E2%80%93practitioner_model" class="extiw" title="en:Scientist–practitioner model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scientist–practitioner model</span></a></span>）</span></span>指心理學家除了研究心理疾病，也能提供治療。也指心理學家們應當時時研究自己的治療與診症的方法，貼近現今的研究學界。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="醫護人員"><span id=".E9.86.AB.E8.AD.B7.E4.BA.BA.E5.93.A1"></span>醫護人員</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：醫護人員"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>香港有臨床心理學家、教育心理學家、精神病醫生。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="臨床描述"><span id=".E8.87.A8.E5.BA.8A.E6.8F.8F.E8.BF.B0"></span>臨床描述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：臨床描述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主页面：<a href="/wiki/Template:Medical_terms_to_describe_disease_conditions" title="Template:Medical terms to describe disease conditions">醫學術語</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A8%B4" title="主訴">主訴</a> (chief complaint)，即症狀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">盛行率</a> (prevalence rate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">發生率</a> (incidence rate)，即新症的數量</li> <li>發病時機 (onset)，如急性(acute)還是慢性(gradual)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%A8%8B" title="病程">病程</a> (course)，如周期復發(episodic)、慢性(chronic；成世)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">預後</a> (prognosis)，即估計未來的情況</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="臨床診斷"><span id=".E8.87.A8.E5.BA.8A.E8.A8.BA.E6.96.B7"></span>臨床診斷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：臨床診斷"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_Funnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kitchen_Funnel.jpg/136px-Kitchen_Funnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kitchen_Funnel.jpg/204px-Kitchen_Funnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kitchen_Funnel.jpg/272px-Kitchen_Funnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>診斷過程就像一個漏斗，先收集大量數據，再縮窄至更細的問題及原因上</figcaption></figure> <p>一般臨床心理學家會以不同的方法去斷出病患的情況 </p> <ul><li>臨床面談 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理狀態測驗">心理狀態測驗</a></li></ul></li> <li>行為評估 <ul><li>ABC觀察，找出前因、行為、及後果</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自報問卷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-report_inventory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%A0%B1%E5%95%8F%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自報問卷（页面不存在）">自報問卷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_inventory" class="extiw" title="en:Self-report inventory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-report_inventory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%95%86#現代測試" title="智商">智商測試</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振成像">核磁共振成像</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/213px-Cat03.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/320px-Cat03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/426px-Cat03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1598" /></a><figcaption>當你描述甚麽是「貓」的時候，你會知道其大約的特徵，如有毛、等。但即使都是貓，不同貓品種之間有著極大的長度、顏色等變化。在分類心理疾病上亦開始採用這種多向度分類法。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="臨床分類"><span id=".E8.87.A8.E5.BA.8A.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>臨床分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：臨床分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="疾病分類學">疾病分类学</a>是一種<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="命名法（页面不存在）">命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nomenclature</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="美国心理学会">美国心理学会</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7%E8%88%87%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A" title="精神疾病診斷與統計手冊">精神疾病診斷與統計手冊</a>（DSM），起源自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%88%87%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類">國際疾病與相關健康問題統計分類</a>（ICD），專門記錄心理疾病的條件，而最新一版於2013年5月出版。疾病分类学目前採用更多原型的方法來定義心理疾病，並混合「是/否」作分類（pure categorical approach）及程度（Dimension）<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 來標示心理疾病，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%96%89%E7%97%87%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="自閉症光譜">自閉症光譜</a>，將幾個類近但不同嚴重程度的病合併一起。疾病分类学也將病名改得容易直觀，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="學習障礙">學習障礙</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%97%87" title="失讀症">失讀症</a>，英文由 Dyslexia 改為 Reading disorder。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="治療"><span id=".E6.B2.BB.E7.99.82"></span>治療</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：治療"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>行為療法</b>（沃爾普）行為療法依靠的原則行為主義，如涉及古典和操作條件。由於 James Watson 和 BF Skinner 等心理學家的工作，行為主義興起於 20 世紀初期。行為主義認為人類所做的所有行為都是由於刺激和強化. 雖然這種強化通常是為了良好的行為，但它也可能發生在適應不良的行為中。在這種治療觀點中，患者的適應不良行為得到了強化，這將導致適應不良行為的重複發生。治療的目標是加強較少的適應不良行為，以便隨著時間的推移這些適應行為將成為患者的主要行為。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>人文療法</b>（羅傑斯）人本主義療法旨在實現自我實現（Carl Rogers, 1961)。在這種治療方式中，治療師將專注於患者本身，而不是患者所面臨的問題。這種療法的目標是通過將患者視為“人”而不是客戶，找到問題的根源並以有效的方式解決問題。近年來，人文療法一直在興起，並帶來了許多積極的好處。它被認為是治療有效性所需的核心要素之一，不僅對患者的福祉而且對整個社會的福祉都有重要貢獻。有人說，今天所有的治療方法在某些方面都藉鑑了人文主義的方法，而人文主義療法是治療患者的最佳方法。<sup id="cite_ref-#2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 人文療法適用於所有年齡段的人；然而，它在被稱為“遊戲療法”的變體中非常受兒童歡迎。 <sup id="cite_ref-#2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>認知行為療法</b>（埃利斯和貝克）認知行為療法(CBT) 旨在影響思維和認知 (Beck, 1977)。這種治療形式不僅依賴於前面提到的行為療法的組成部分，還依賴於認知心理學的元素。這不僅取決於來訪者可能由條件反射引起的行為問題，還取決於他們的消極圖式和扭曲的認知他們周圍的世界。這些消極的圖式可能會給患者的生活帶來痛苦；例如，模式可能會給他們不切實際的期望，即他們應該在工作中表現如何，或者他們應該如何看起來。當這些期望得不到滿足時，往往會導致適應不良的行為，如抑鬱、強迫症和焦慮。. CBT 的目標是改變導致人們生活壓力的圖式，並用更現實的圖式取而代之。一旦負面模式被替換，它有望緩解患者的症狀。CBT 被認為在治療抑鬱症方面特別有效，最近甚至在團體環境中使用。人們認為，在團體環境中使用 CBT 有助於為其成員提供支持感。[51]已經發現 CBT 對許多患者是一種有效的治療方法，即使是那些沒有通常被認為是精神病的疾病和障礙的患者。例如，CBT對患有多發性硬化症的患者很有幫助。這種治療通常可以幫助患者應對他們所患有的疾病，以及他們如何適應新生活，而不會出現新的問題，例如抑鬱症或對自己的負面圖式。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：參考書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Durand, V. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2015). <i>Essentials of abnormal psychology</i> (7th ed). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.</li> <li>Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2015). <i>Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach with CB CourseSmart eBook</i> (7 th ed.). Belmont, CA:</li> <li>Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S., & Hooley, J. M. (2014). <i>Abnormal psychology: Global edition</i> (16 th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.</li> <li>Sue, D., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2006). <i>Understanding abnormal behavior</i> (6 th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="維基教科書">維基教科書</a>中的相關電子教程：<b><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6/%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" class="extiw" title="b:超普通心理学/性格">超普通心理学/性格</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://web2.ctsh.hcc.edu.tw/stu98/s9810917/public_html/r01.html">http://web2.ctsh.hcc.edu.tw/stu98/s9810917/public_html/r01.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191228235421/http://web2.ctsh.hcc.edu.tw/stu98/s9810917/public_html/r01.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）變態心理學的內容</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mark., Durand, V. 1. Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/884617637">Essentials of abnormal psychology.</a>. 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Greenwood Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0313267340" title="Special:网络书源/0313267340"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0313267340</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/470879068"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 470879068</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.aufirst=Kemp%2C&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.btitle=Medieval+psychology&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0313267340&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F470879068&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470879068&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bockoven, J. Sanbourne. 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Penguin. 1981. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0140059814" title="Special:网络书源/0140059814"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0140059814</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7553449"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 7553449</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.aufirst=Mitchell%2C+John&rft.aulast=G.&rft.btitle=The+hunt&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0140059814&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7553449&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7553449&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bockoven, J. 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Oxford Handbooks Online. 2010-12-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195366884.013.0013"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366884.013.0013</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Diagnoses%2C+Dimensions%2C+and+DSM-5&rft.au=Edmundson%2C+Maryanne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft.aulast=Widiger&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195366884.013.0013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195366884.013.0013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">E., Helzer, John. 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History of Political Economy. 2016, <b>48</b> (suppl 1): 170–197. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2702"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0018-2702</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-3619262"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1215/00182702-3619262</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Behaviorism+and+Control+in+the+History+of+Economics+and+Psychology&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0018-2702&rft.issue=suppl+1&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=170-197&rft.volume=48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhope%2Farticle%2F48%2Fsuppl_1%2F170-197%2F28071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-3619262&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#2_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#2_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schneider KJ, Längle A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_psychotherapy_2012-12_49_4/page/480">The renewal of humanism in psychotherapy: summary and conclusion</a>. 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April 2013, <b>81</b> (2): 251–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22730954"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 22730954</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0029132"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1037/a0029132</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=A+randomized+controlled+trial+of+cognitive+behavioral+therapy+%28CBT%29+for+adjusting+to+multiple+sclerosis+%28the+saMS+trial%29%3A+does+CBT+work+and+for+whom+does+it+work%3F&rft.au=Chalder%2C+T&rft.au=Dennison%2C+L&rft.au=Landau%2C+S&rft.au=Silber%2C+E&rft.au=Yardley%2C+L&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Moss-Morris&rft.date=2013-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.pages=251-62&rft.volume=81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-consulting-and-clinical-psychology_2013-04_81_2%2Fpage%2F251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0029132&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22730954&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基础心理學（页面不存在）">基础心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" class="extiw" title="en:Basic science (psychology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basic science (psychology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">異常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="認知心理學">認知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="比較心理學">比較</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="文化心理学">文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="发展心理学">发展</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="差別心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Differential psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%A5%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="差別心理學（页面不存在）">差別</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Differential psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Differential psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="数学心理学">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经心理学">神经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%A0%BC%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="人格心理學">人格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="正面心理學">正面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理心理学">生理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论心理学">理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學心理學">哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="科學心理學">科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="毕生发展心理学">發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="心理语言学">心理语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情感科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affective science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情感科学（页面不存在）">情感科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_science" class="extiw" title="en:Affective science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affective science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情感神經科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Affective neuroscience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情感神經科學（页面不存在）">情感神經科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Affective neuroscience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Affective neuroscience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="行为主义 (心理学)">行為主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="精神分析學">精神分析學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用心理学">应用心理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="應用行為分析">应用行为分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="心理測驗">心理測驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="臨床心理學">臨床心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="社區心理學">社區心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="消費行為">消費行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E" title="輔導">咨询</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="教育心理学">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="法庭心理學">法医</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="健康心理学">健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E8%88%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="工業與組織心理學">工业与组织</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳媒心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Media psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%B3%E5%AA%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傳媒心理学（页面不存在）">傳媒心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Media psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Media psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="军事心理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="军事心理學（页面不存在）">军事心理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Military psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="职业心理健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Occupational health psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业心理健康（页面不存在）">职业心理健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Occupational health psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教心理學">宗教心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="心理统计学">心理统计学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="校园心理學（页面不存在）">校园心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="運動心理學">運動心理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自杀学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Suicidology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%80%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自杀学（页面不存在）">自杀学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidology" class="extiw" title="en:Suicidology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Suicidology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统心理学（页面不存在）">系统心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="交通心理學">交通心理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">研究方法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="動物測試">动物测试</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="档案研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archival research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="档案研究（页面不存在）">档案研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archival_research" class="extiw" title="en:Archival research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archival research</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="行为遗传学">行为遗传学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行为表观遗传学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Behavioral epigenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行为表观遗传学（页面不存在）">行为表观遗传学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral epigenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Behavioral epigenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%88%E4%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="案例">案例研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%B3%95" title="內容分析法">內容分析法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="实验心理学">实验心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="人体试验">人体试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A2%E8%AB%87" title="面談">面談</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="神经成像">神经成像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理定性研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Qualitative psychological research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理定性研究（页面不存在）">定性研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" class="extiw" title="en:Qualitative psychological research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Qualitative psychological research</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理定量研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quantitative psychological research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理定量研究（页面不存在）">定量研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative psychological research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quantitative psychological research</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自陳量表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Self-report inventory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%99%88%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8" title="自陈量表">自陳量表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-report_inventory" class="extiw" title="en:Self-report inventory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Self-report inventory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5" title="社会统计调查">统计调查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="智力">智力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">取向</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿德勒心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adlerian psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德勒心理学（页面不存在）">阿德勒心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlerian_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Adlerian psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adlerian psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古典阿德勒心理学">古典阿德勒心理学</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="分析心理学">分析心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="行为主义 (心理学)">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="认知行为疗法">认知行为疗法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="認知主義">認知主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="描述心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Descriptive psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="描述心理学（页面不存在）">描述心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Descriptive psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Descriptive psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="生态系统理论">生态系统理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="存在主义治疗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Existential therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="存在主义治疗（页面不存在）">存在主义治疗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Existential therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Existential therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭療法（页面不存在）">家庭療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Family therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女权主义疗法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女权主义疗法（页面不存在）">女权主义疗法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A1%94%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="格式塔学派">格式塔学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人本主义心理学">人本主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晤談治療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narrative therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%A4%E8%AB%87%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晤談治療法（页面不存在）">晤談治療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Narrative therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narrative therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="精神動力取向心理治療" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%96%E5%90%91%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精神動力取向心理治療（页面不存在）">精神動力取向心理治療</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" class="extiw" title="en:Psychodynamic psychotherapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psychodynamic psychotherapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性情緒行為治療法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性情緒行為治療法（页面不存在）">理性情緒行為治療法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rational emotive behavior therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="超個人心理學">超个人</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">著名心理学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒">阿尔弗雷德·阿德勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特">高尔顿·威拉德·奥尔波特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89" title="阿尔波特·班杜拉">阿尔波特·班杜拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿龙·贝克">阿龙·贝克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%AF%94" title="約翰·鮑比">約翰·鮑比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="雷蒙德·卡特尔">雷蒙德·卡特尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kenneth and Mamie Clark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E7%8E%9B%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克（页面不存在）">肯尼斯和玛米·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_and_Mamie_Clark" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth and Mamie Clark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kenneth and Mamie Clark</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔伯特·艾利斯">阿尔伯特·艾利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE" title="爱利克·埃里克森">爱利克·埃里克森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A3%AE%E5%85%8B" title="汉斯·艾森克">汉斯·艾森克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="利昂·费斯廷格">利昂·费斯廷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7" title="西格蒙德·弗洛伊德">西格蒙德·弗洛伊德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B" title="哈里·哈洛">哈里·哈洛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83" title="唐纳德·赫布">唐纳德·赫布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE" title="克拉克·L·赫爾">克拉克·L·赫爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB" title="威廉·詹姆士">威廉·詹姆士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8D%A3%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔·荣格">卡爾·榮格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰罗姆·凯根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jerome Kagan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰罗姆·凯根（页面不存在）">杰罗姆·凯根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" class="extiw" title="en:Jerome Kagan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jerome Kagan</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E6%B8%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔特·勒温">库尔特·勒温</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="依瓦·洛瓦斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ivar Lovaas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依瓦·洛瓦斯（页面不存在）">依瓦·洛瓦斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Lovaas" class="extiw" title="en:Ivar Lovaas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ivar Lovaas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B" title="亚伯拉罕·马斯洛">亚伯拉罕·马斯洛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B0" title="大卫·麦克利兰">大卫·麦克利兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="乔治·A·米勒">乔治·A·米勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼爾·米勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neal E. Miller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼爾·米勒（页面不存在）">尼爾·米勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" class="extiw" title="en:Neal E. Miller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neal E. Miller</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="沃尔特·米歇尔">沃爾特·米歇爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴甫洛夫">巴甫洛夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%93%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="讓·皮亞傑">讓·皮亞傑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%93%B2%E6%96%AF" title="卡爾·羅哲斯">卡爾·羅哲斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯坦利·沙克特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stanley Schachter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦利·沙克特（页面不存在）">斯坦利·沙克特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" class="extiw" title="en:Stanley Schachter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stanley Schachter</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3" title="伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳">伯尔赫斯·弗雷德里克·斯金纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%8B" title="愛德華·桑代克">愛德華·桑代克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%94%9F" title="约翰·布罗德斯·华生">约翰·布罗德斯·华生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%AE%BE%E6%B5%A9%E6%96%AF" title="赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯">赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">心理学列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E5%B0%8E" title="輔導">輔導</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学学科列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology disciplines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理学学科列表（页面不存在）">学科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_disciplines" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology disciplines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology disciplines</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學重要出版物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學重要出版物列表（页面不存在）">重要出版物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學組織列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of psychology organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心理學組織列表（页面不存在）">組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of psychology organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of psychology organizations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2" title="心理学大纲">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学家列表">心理学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="心理治療">心理療法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學研究方法列表">研究方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="心理学学派列表">心理学学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="心理學年表">年表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" 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