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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_and_reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Fire and reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_and_reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_damage_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_damage_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 World War II damage and restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_damage_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exterior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exterior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Exterior </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exterior subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exterior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stonework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Stonework </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Towers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Victoria_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victoria_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Victoria Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victoria_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Big_Ben_(Elizabeth_Tower)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Big_Ben_(Elizabeth_Tower)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Big_Ben_(Elizabeth_Tower)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Central Tower </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smaller_towers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaller_towers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Smaller towers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaller_towers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Grounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Interior </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interior subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Layout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Apartments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Apartments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Royal Apartments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Apartments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norman_Porch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_Porch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Norman Porch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_Porch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robing_Room" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robing_Room"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Robing Room </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robing_Room-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Royal Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince's_Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince's_Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Prince's Chamber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince's_Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precincts_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precincts_of_the_House_of_Lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Precincts of the House of Lords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precincts_of_the_House_of_Lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lords_Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lords_Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Lords Chamber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lords_Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peers'_Lobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peers'_Lobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Peers' Lobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peers'_Lobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Lobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Lobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Central Lobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Lobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precincts_of_the_House_of_Commons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precincts_of_the_House_of_Commons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Precincts of the House of Commons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precincts_of_the_House_of_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members'_Lobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members'_Lobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Members' Lobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members'_Lobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commons_Chamber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commons_Chamber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 Commons Chamber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commons_Chamber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Westminster_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Westminster_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Westminster Hall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Westminster_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_rooms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_rooms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Other rooms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_rooms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Security </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Security subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rules and traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_and_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rules and traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eating,_drinking_and_smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating,_drinking_and_smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Eating, drinking and smoking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating,_drinking_and_smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dress code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Palace of Westminster</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" > 80 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleis_van_Westminster" title="Paleis van Westminster – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paleis van Westminster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="قصر وستمنستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قصر وستمنستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaciu_de_Westminster" title="Palaciu de Westminster – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Palaciu de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminster_saray%C4%B1" title="Vestminster sarayı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vestminster sarayı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ওয়েস্টমিনস্টার প্রাসাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েস্টমিনস্টার প্রাসাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Kiong" title="Westminster Kiong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Westminster Kiong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Вэстмінстэрскі палац – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вэстмінстэрскі палац" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Ўэстмінстэрскі палац – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўэстмінстэрскі палац" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palasyo_nin_Westminster" title="Palasyo nin Westminster – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Palasyo nin Westminster" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Уестминстърски дворец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уестминстърски дворец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palez_Westminster" title="Palez Westminster – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Palez Westminster" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_de_Westminster" title="Palau de Westminster – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palau de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstersk%C3%BD_pal%C3%A1c" title="Westminsterský palác – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Westminsterský palác" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas_San_Steffan" title="Palas San Steffan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palas San Steffan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsteri_palee" title="Westminsteri palee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Westminsteri palee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ανάκτορα του Ουεστμίνστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανάκτορα του Ουεστμίνστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Westminster" title="Palacio de Westminster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palacio de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaco_de_Westminster" title="Palaco de Westminster – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palaco de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_jauregia" title="Westminster jauregia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Westminster jauregia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کاخ وست‌مینستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاخ وست‌مینستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Westminster" title="Palais de Westminster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palais de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleis_fan_Westminster" title="Paleis fan Westminster – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paleis fan Westminster" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l%C3%A1s_Westminster" title="Pálás Westminster – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pálás Westminster" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Westminster" title="Palacio de Westminster – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palacio de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0%EA%B6%81" title="웨스트민스터궁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨스트민스터궁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Վեստմինստերյան պալատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստմինստերյան պալատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0" title="पैलेस ऑफ़ वेस्ट्मिन्स्टर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैलेस ऑफ़ वेस्ट्मिन्स्टर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterska_pala%C4%8Da" title="Westminsterska palača – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Westminsterska palača" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Westminster" title="Istana Westminster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Istana Westminster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterh%C3%B6ll" title="Westminsterhöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Westminsterhöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_di_Westminster" title="Palazzo di Westminster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palazzo di Westminster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ארמון וסטמינסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמון וסטמינסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಮಿನಿಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಅರಮನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೆಸ್ಟ್‌ಮಿನಿಸ್ಟರ್‌ ಅರಮನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="უესტმინსტერის სასახლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უესტმინსტერის სასახლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B" title="Вестминстер сарайы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вестминстер сарайы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsteras_pils" title="Vestminsteras pils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vestminsteras pils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestminsterio_r%C5%ABmai" title="Vestminsterio rūmai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vestminsterio rūmai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster-palota" title="Westminster-palota – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Westminster-palota" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вестминстерска палата – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вестминстерска палата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വെസ്റ്റ്മിൻസ്റ്റർ കൊട്ടാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെസ്റ്റ്മിൻസ്റ്റർ കൊട്ടാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="वेस्टमिन्स्टर राजवाडा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वेस्टमिन्स्टर राजवाडा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="قصر وستمنستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قصر وستمنستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Westminster" title="Istana Westminster – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Istana Westminster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Вестминстер ордон (Лондон) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вестминстер ордон (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ဝက်စ်မင်စတာ နန်းတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝက်စ်မင်စတာ နန်းတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%AE%AE%E6%AE%BF" title="ウェストミンスター宮殿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストミンスター宮殿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_Westminster" title="Palais de Westminster – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palais de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_saroyi" title="Westminster saroyi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Westminster saroyi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪੈਲੇਸ ਆਫ਼ ਵੈਸਟਮਿੰਸਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਲੇਸ ਆਫ਼ ਵੈਸਟਮਿੰਸਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ویسٹ منسٹر پیلس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ویسٹ منسٹر پیلس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%BC_%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BC%DB%8D" title="د وېسټ مېنسټر ماڼۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د وېسټ مېنسټر ماڼۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82ac_Westminsterski" title="Pałac Westminsterski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pałac Westminsterski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_de_Westminster" title="Palácio de Westminster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palácio de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatul_Westminster" title="Palatul Westminster – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Palatul Westminster" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Вестминстерский дворец – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестминстерский дворец" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailace_o_Wastmeenster" title="Pailace o Wastmeenster – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pailace o Wastmeenster" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් මාළිගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් මාළිගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palace of Westminster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BD_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ويسٽ منسٽر پيلس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ويسٽ منسٽر پيلس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstersk%C3%BD_pal%C3%A1c" title="Westminsterský palác – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Westminsterský palác" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminstrska_pala%C4%8Da" title="Westminstrska palača – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Westminstrska palača" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вестминстерска палата – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вестминстерска палата" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterska_pala%C4%8Da" title="Westminsterska palača – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Westminsterska palača" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterin_palatsi" title="Westminsterin palatsi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Westminsterin palatsi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterpalatset" title="Westminsterpalatset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Westminsterpalatset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெஸ்ட்மின்ஸ்டர் அரண்மனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พระราชวังเวสต์มินสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราชวังเวสต์มินสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Saray%C4%B1" title="Westminster Sarayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Westminster Sarayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Вестмінстерський палац – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестмінстерський палац" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3" title="ویسٹ منسٹر پیلس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویسٹ منسٹر پیلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cung_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_Westminster" title="Cung điện Westminster – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cung điện Westminster" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palasyo_han_Westminster" title="Palasyo han Westminster – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palasyo han Westminster" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%AB" title="威斯敏斯特宫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威斯敏斯特宫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AE%AE" title="西敏宮 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palace_of_Westminster&params=51_29_57_N_00_07_29_W_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:GB-WSM">51°29′57″N 00°07′29″W / 51.49917°N 0.12472°W / 51.49917; -0.12472</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Houses of Parliament" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Houses of Parliament (disambiguation)">Houses of Parliament (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Palace of Westminster</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seen from across the River Thames in 2022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/275px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/413px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/550px-Houses_of_Parliament_in_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="2843" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_street_map_central_london.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of Westminster is located in Central London"><img alt="Palace of Westminster is located in Central London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/240px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/360px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Open_street_map_central_london.svg/480px-Open_street_map_central_london.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="754" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.01%;left:57.095%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Palace of Westminster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of the Palace of Westminster in central London</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Revival</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> SW1A 0AA <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palace_of_Westminster&params=51_29_57_N_00_07_29_W_type:landmark_scale:5000_region:GB-WSM">51°29′57″N 00°07′29″W / 51.49917°N 0.12472°W / 51.49917; -0.12472</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year(s) built</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1016 and later (original building)</li> <li>1840–1876 (reconstructed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destroyed</th><td class="infobox-data">1834 (<a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">due to fire</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">right of the Crown</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Technical details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Floor area</th><td class="infobox-data">112,476 m2 (1,210,680 sq ft)<a href="#cite_note-restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed">Design and construction</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Architect(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#ededed"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Palace of Westminster, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509195743/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/426/">426</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2008</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #FFC0CB; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Listed_building#England_and_Wales" title="Listed building">Listed Building</a> – Grade I</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Houses of Parliament and The Palace of Westminster</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">5 February 1970</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1226284?section=official-list-entry">1226284</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> and is located in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, the two <a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">legislative chambers</a> which occupy the building. The palace is one of the centres of <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">political life in the United Kingdom</a>; "Westminster" has become a <a href="/wiki/Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">metonym</a> for the UK Parliament and the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a> of government commemorates the name of the palace. The Elizabeth Tower of the palace, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>, is a landmark of London and the United Kingdom in general. The palace has been a Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed building</a> since 1970 and part of a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> since 1987. The building was originally constructed in the eleventh century as a royal palace and was the primary residence of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">kings of England</a> until 1512, when a fire destroyed the royal apartments. The monarch moved to the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, but the remainder of the palace continued to serve as the home of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>, which had met there since the 13th century. In 1834 a <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">second, larger fire</a> destroyed the majority of the palace, but <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> was saved and incorporated into the replacement building. The competition to design the new palace was won by the architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a>, who chose a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> style for the building. Construction started in 1840 and lasted for 30 years, suffering delays, cost overruns, and the deaths of Barry and his assistant, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a>. The palace contains chambers for the House of Commons, House of Lords, and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarch</a>, and has a floor area of 112,476 m2 (1,210,680 sq ft).<a href="#cite_note-restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk-2">[2]</a> Extensive repairs had to be made after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, including rebuilding the destroyed Commons chamber. Despite further conservation work having been carried out since, the palace is in urgent need of major repairs. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster" title="History of the Palace of Westminster">History of the Palace of Westminster</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Palace">Old Palace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Palace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png/220px-Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png/330px-Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png/440px-Westminster_in_the_time_of_Henry_VIII.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption>Conjectural restoration of <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–1547).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> is in the centre, with the <a href="/wiki/White_Chamber" title="White Chamber">White Chamber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painted_Chamber" title="Painted Chamber">Painted Chamber</a> on the left and Westminster Hall on the right. </figcaption></figure> The site of the current palace may have been used by <a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a> during his reign from 1016 to 1035, and from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1045 – c. 1050 <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> built a palace and the first <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. The oldest surviving part of the palace is Westminster Hall, which dates from the reign of <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1087–1100). The palace was the principal residence of the English monarchs in the late Medieval period. In 1512, during the early reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, a fire destroyed the royal apartments of the palace.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In 1534 Henry moved to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/York_Place" class="mw-redirect" title="York Place">York Place</a>, which he had seized from Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Although Westminster remained a royal palace, from this point on its primary occupants were the two houses of Parliament and various courts of law. The predecessor of Parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Regis" class="mw-redirect" title="Curia Regis">Curia Regis</a>, met in Westminster Hall when the king was in residence. The "<a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a>", considered the first Parliament of England, met at the palace in 1295;<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G03-6">[6]</a> while medieval parliaments of England met in a variety of locations, the palace was frequently used and developed into the body's permanent home. The palace did not have dedicated chambers for the House of Commons or the House of Lords; the Commons adapted <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a> for its use in the sixteenth century, and the Lords used the <a href="/wiki/Painted_Chamber" title="Painted Chamber">Painted Chamber</a> and, from 1801, the <a href="/wiki/White_Chamber" title="White Chamber">White Chamber</a>. The palace underwent significant alterations from the 18th century onwards, as Parliament struggled to carry out its business in the limited available space. These included a new storage and committee rooms by <a href="/wiki/John_Vardy" title="John Vardy">John Vardy</a>, completed in 1770; a new official residence for the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>, completed in 1795; and significant alterations and a new building by <a href="/wiki/James_Wyatt" title="James Wyatt">James Wyatt</a>, completed in 1801. The last alterations were undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Soane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Soane">Sir John Soane</a> between 1824 and 1827, and included new library facilities for both Houses of Parliament and new law courts for the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(England)" title="Court of King's Bench (England)">King's Bench</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_reconstruction">Fire and reconstruction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fire and reconstruction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">Burning of Parliament</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner,_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons,_October_16,_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner%2C_English_-_The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons%2C_October_16%2C_1834_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5313" data-file-height="3954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> watched the fire of 1834 and painted several canvases depicting it, including <a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons">The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons</a> (1835).</figcaption></figure> On 16 October 1834, a <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">fire broke out in the palace</a> after an overheated stove used to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a>'s stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Tally_stick" title="Tally stick">tally sticks</a> set fire to the House of Lords Chamber. Both Houses of Parliament were destroyed, along with most of the other buildings in the palace complex. Westminster Hall was saved thanks to fire-fighting efforts and a change in the direction of the wind. The <a href="/wiki/Jewel_Tower" title="Jewel Tower">Jewel Tower</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Undercroft" title="St Mary Undercroft">undercroft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>, and chapter house of St Stephen's Chapel were the only other parts of the palace to survive.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> offered the almost-completed <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> to Parliament, hoping to dispose of a residence he disliked; however, the building was considered unsuitable for parliamentary use and the gift was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The Painted Chamber and White Chamber were hastily repaired for temporary use,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and in 1835, following that year's General Election, the King permitted Parliament to make "plans for [its] permanent accommodation".<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Each house created a committee<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and a Perpendicular Gothic Revival design by the architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a> was chosen. Barry was inexperienced with Gothic, and relied heavily on <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a> to design details. The Lords Chamber was completed in 1847, and the Commons Chamber in 1852. Although most of the work had been carried out by 1860, construction was not finished until a decade afterwards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_damage_and_restoration">World War II damage and restoration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II damage and restoration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_House_of_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Old_House_of_Commons.jpg/170px-Old_House_of_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Old_House_of_Commons.jpg/255px-Old_House_of_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Old_House_of_Commons.jpg/340px-Old_House_of_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>The old chamber of the House of Commons was in use between 1852 and 1941, when it was destroyed by German bombs in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.</figcaption></figure>During the Second World War the palace was hit by bombs on fourteen separate occasions. A bomb that fell on 26 September 1940 lifted the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur_de_Lion_(statue)" title="Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)">statue of Richard the Lionheart</a> from its pedestal and bent its sword, an image that was used as a symbol of the strength of democracy, "which would bend but not break under attack".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The worst raid took place in the night of 10–11 May 1941, when the palace took at least twelve hits and three people (two policemen and Resident Superintendent of the House of Lords, Edward Elliott<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>) were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Fell,_p._27-15">[15]</a> The Commons Chamber and the roof of Westminster Hall were both set alight; as the firefighters could not save both, the hall was prioritised and saved, while the chamber was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Lords Chamber and Clock Tower were damaged in the same raid.<a href="#cite_note-Fell,_p._27-15">[15]</a> The Commons Chamber was rebuilt in a simplified style after the war, being completed in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> As the need for office space in the palace increased, Parliament acquired office space in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shaw_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Shaw Building">Norman Shaw Building</a> in 1975 and in the custom-built <a href="/wiki/Portcullis_House" title="Portcullis House">Portcullis House</a>, completed in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This increase has enabled all <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament (MP)</a> to have their own office facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G03-6">[6]</a> The palace was designated a <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed building">Grade I listed building</a> in 1970 and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1987. The fabric of the building is in urgent need of restoration. In January 2018, the House of Commons voted for both houses to vacate the palace to allow for a complete refurbishment of the building, which will take at least six years and start no sooner than 2025.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In September 2022, the Restoration and Renewal Client Board, a joint committee of the House of Lords and the House of Commons, was formed to oversee the necessary works.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exterior">Exterior</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exterior">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">River front of the Palace of Westminster</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg/300px-London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg/450px-London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg/600px-London_Parliament_2007-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5070" data-file-height="1826" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">View from across the Thames in the morning...</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/300px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/450px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/600px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1261" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">...and at dusk. <a href="/wiki/Portcullis_House" title="Portcullis House">Portcullis House</a> is visible on the right.</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a>'s collaborative design for the Palace of Westminster uses the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a> style, which was popular during the 15th century and returned during the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> of the 19th century. Barry was a <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical architect</a>, but he was aided by the Gothic architect <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a>. Westminster Hall, which was built in the 11th century and survived the fire of 1834, was incorporated in Barry's design. Pugin was displeased with the result of the work, especially with the symmetrical layout designed by Barry; he famously remarked, "All Grecian, sir; Tudor details on a classic body".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonework">Stonework</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stonework">edit</a>]</div> In 1839 Charles Barry toured Britain, looking at quarries and buildings, with a committee which included two leading geologists and a stonecarver.<a href="#cite_note-stonework-23">[23]</a> They selected Anston, a sand-coloured magnesian <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> quarried in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Anston" title="Anston">Anston</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Woodhouse" title="Mansfield Woodhouse">Mansfield Woodhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> Two quarries were chosen from a list of 102, with the majority of the stone coming from the former. A crucial consideration was transport, achieved on water via the <a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_Canal" title="Chesterfield Canal">Chesterfield Canal</a>, the North Sea and the rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a> and Thames.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Furthermore, Anston was cheaper, and "could be supplied in blocks up to four feet thick and lent itself to elaborate carving".<a href="#cite_note-stonework-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg/220px-Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg/330px-Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg/440px-Big_Ben_from_the_Westminster_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>View from the Westminster Bridge, highlighting the distinctive colour of the stonework</figcaption></figure> Barry's new Palace of Westminster was rebuilt using the sandy-coloured Anston limestone. However the stone soon began to decay owing to pollution and the poor quality of some of the stone used. Although such defects were clear as early as 1849, nothing was done for the remainder of the 19th century even after much studying.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> During the 1910s, however, it became clear that some of the stonework had to be replaced. In 1928 it was deemed necessary to use <a href="/wiki/Clipsham_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Clipsham stone">Clipsham stone</a>, a honey-coloured limestone from <a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a>, to replace the decayed Anston. The project began in the 1930s but was halted by the outbreak of the Second World War and completed only during the 1950s. By the 1960s pollution had again begun to take its toll. A stone conservation and restoration programme to the external elevations and towers began in 1981 and ended in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G12-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towers">Towers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Towers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victoria_Tower">Victoria Tower</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Victoria Tower">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower" title="Victoria Tower">Victoria Tower</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg/220px-Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg/330px-Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg/440px-Palace_of_Westminster_Victoria_Tower_Gardens_South_2020_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5448" data-file-height="7149" /></a><figcaption>The Victoria Tower</figcaption></figure> The Palace of Westminster has three main towers. The largest and tallest is the 98.5-metre (323 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> Victoria Tower, which occupies the south-western corner of the palace. The tower was an integral part of Barry's original design, and he intended it to be the most memorable element, conceiving it as the <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> of a legislative "castle". The tower was redesigned several times, and its height increased progressively;<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> upon its completion in 1858 it was the tallest secular building in the world.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At base of the tower is the Sovereign's Entrance, used by the monarch whenever entering the palace to <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">open Parliament</a> or for other state occasions. The 15 m (49 ft) high archway is richly decorated with sculptures, including statues of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saints George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The main body of the tower houses the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Archives" title="Parliamentary Archives">Parliamentary Archives</a> in 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi) of steel shelves spread over 12 floors. The archives include the master copies of all <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Acts of Parliament</a> since 1497 and important manuscripts such as the original <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> and the death warrant of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At the top of the cast-iron pyramidal roof is a 22 m (72 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> flagstaff, from which flies the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard</a> (the monarch's personal flag) when the Sovereign is present in the palace. On all other days the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> flies from the mast.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Big_Ben_(Elizabeth_Tower)">Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Big Ben (Elizabeth Tower)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Tower,_June_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_Tower%2C_June_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="4146" /></a><figcaption>The Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben)</figcaption></figure> At the north end of the palace is the Elizabeth Tower, commonly known by the nickname "Big Ben". At 96 metres (315 ft) it is only slightly shorter than the Victoria Tower, but much slimmer.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> It was called the Clock Tower until 2012, when it was renamed to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II</a>. The Clock Tower was designed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a> and built after his death. Charles Barry asked Pugin to design the clock tower because Pugin had previously helped Barry design the palace.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_BBC_Four-33">[33]</a> The tower houses the Great Clock, which uses the original mechanism built by <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Dent" title="Edward John Dent">Edward John Dent</a> to designs by amateur <a href="/wiki/Horologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Horologist">horologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Beckett,_1st_Baron_Grimthorpe" title="Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe">Edmund Beckett Denison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It is highly accurate by nineteenth-century standards, striking the hour to within a second of the time, and remaining reliable since it entered service in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The time is shown on four dials 7 metres (23 ft) in diameter, which are made of <a href="/wiki/Milk_glass" title="Milk glass">milk glass</a> and are lit from behind at night; the hour hand is 2.7 metres (8 ft 10 in) long and the minute hand 4.3 metres (14 ft).<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Five bells hang in the <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfry</a> above the clock. The four quarter bells strike the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Chimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Chimes">Westminster Chimes</a> every quarter-hour.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The largest bell strikes the hours; officially called the "Great Bell", it is generally referred to as Big Ben, a nickname of uncertain origins which, over time, has been applied to the whole tower. The original hour bell cracked during testing and was recast;<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> the present bell later developed a crack of its own, which gives it a distinctive sound.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It is the third-heaviest bell in Britain, weighing 13.8 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In the lantern at the top of Elizabeth Tower is the Ayrton Light, which is lit when either House of Parliament is sitting after dark. It was installed in 1885 at the request of Queen Victoria, so that she could see from <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> whether the members were "at work", and named after <a href="/wiki/Acton_Smee_Ayrton" title="Acton Smee Ayrton">Acton Smee Ayrton</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a> in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Tower">Central Tower</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Tower">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Tower,_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/170px-Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/255px-Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/340px-Central_Tower%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>The Central Tower</figcaption></figure> The shortest of the palace's three principal towers (at 91 metres (299 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a>), the octagonal Central Tower stands over the middle of the building, immediately above the Central Lobby. It was added to the plans on the insistence of Dr. <a href="/wiki/David_Boswell_Reid" title="David Boswell Reid">David Boswell Reid</a>, who was in charge of the ventilation of the new Houses of Parliament: his plan called for a central chimney through which what he called "vitiated air" would be drawn out of the building with the heat and smoke of about four hundred fires around the palace.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> To accommodate the tower Barry was forced to lower the high ceiling he had planned for the Central Lobby and reduce the height of its windows;<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> however, the tower proved to be an opportunity to improve the palace's exterior design,<a href="#cite_note-Riding,_p._120-46">[46]</a> and Barry to make it a <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">spire</a> in order to balance the effect of the more massive lateral towers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The Central Tower completely failed to fulfill its stated purpose, but it remains notable as "the first occasion when mechanical services had a real influence on architectural design,"<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> withstanding certain climate-specific architectural elements such as <a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">windcatchers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smaller_towers">Smaller towers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Smaller towers">edit</a>]</div> Some other features of the palace of Westminster are known as towers. St Stephen's Tower is positioned in the middle of the west front of the palace, between Westminster Hall and Old Palace Yard, and houses the public entrance to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The pavilions at the northern and southern ends of the river front are called Speaker's Tower and Chancellor's Tower respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G12-27">[27]</a> after the presiding officers of the two Houses at the time of the palace's reconstruction—the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>. Speaker's Tower contains <a href="/wiki/Speaker%27s_House" title="Speaker's House">Speaker's House</a>, the official residence of the Speaker of the Commons.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As well as the pinnacles which rise from between the window bays along the fronts of the palace, numerous <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a> enliven the building's skyline. Like the Central Tower these were built for practical reasons, as they mask ventilation shafts.<a href="#cite_note-Riding,_p._120-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grounds">Grounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Estate" title="Parliamentary Estate">Parliamentary Estate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell_outside_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Cromwell Green, outside Westminster Hall, is the site of <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Thornycroft" title="Hamo Thornycroft">Hamo Thornycroft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell,_Westminster" title="Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster">bronze statue of Oliver Cromwell</a>, erected amid controversy in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> There are a number of small gardens surrounding the Palace of Westminster. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens" title="Victoria Tower Gardens">Victoria Tower Gardens</a> is open as a public park along the side of the river south of the palace. Black Rod's Garden (named after the office of <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Black_Rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod">Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod</a>) is closed to the public and is used as a private entrance. <a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Yard" title="Old Palace Yard">Old Palace Yard</a>, in front of the palace, is paved over and covered in concrete security blocks (see <a href="#Security">security</a> below). Cromwell Green (also on the frontage, and in 2006 enclosed by hoardings for the construction of a new visitor centre), <a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Yard" title="New Palace Yard">New Palace Yard</a> (on the north side) and Speaker's Green (directly north of the palace) are all private and closed to the public. <a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a>, opposite the House of Lords, is a small triangular green commonly used for television interviews with politicians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior">Interior</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interior">edit</a>]</div> The Palace of Westminster contains over 1,100 rooms, 100 staircases and 4.8 kilometres (3 mi) of passageways,<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> which are spread over four floors. The ground floor is occupied by offices, dining rooms and bars; the first, or principal, floor houses the main rooms of the palace, including the debating chambers, the lobbies and the libraries. The top two floors are used as committee rooms and offices. Some of the interiors were designed and painted by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Crace" class="mw-redirect" title="J. G. Crace">J. G. Crace</a>, working in collaboration with Pugin and others. For example, Crace decorated and gilded the ceiling of the Chapel of St. Mary Undercroft.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Layout">Layout</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Layout">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster_plan,_F._Crace,_high_resolution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png/510px-Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png" decoding="async" width="510" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png/765px-Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png/1020px-Palace_of_Westminster_plan%2C_F._Crace%2C_high_resolution.png 2x" data-file-width="4002" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>Layout of the principal floor, with north to the right. The Central Lobby is the octagonal space in the centre; the Commons chamber is to the north, with the Elizabeth Tower beyond. The Lords chamber is to the south, with the monarch's rooms beyond. Westminster Hall is to the west, at an angle.</figcaption></figure> The palace is a roughly rectangular building with its long axis parallel to the River Thames. The building is planned around the Central Lobby, a large hall from which corridors lead north to the Commons Chamber, south to the Lords Chamber, and west to the public entrance and Westminster Hall; to the east are committee rooms and libraries. A suite of rooms known as the Royal Apartments are at the disposal of the reigning monarch; they lie beyond the Lords Chamber at the far south of the palace. The palace has separate entrances for its different users: the monarch, members of the House of Lords, members of Parliament and the public. The Sovereign's Entrance is at the base of the Victoria Tower in the south-west corner of the palace, and leads directly to the Royal Apartments. Members of the House of Lords use the Peers' Entrance in the middle of the Old Palace Yard façade, which opens to an entrance hall. A staircase from there leads, through a corridor and the Prince's Chamber, to the Lords Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Guide,_p._28-53">[53]</a> Members of Parliament enter their part of the building from the Members' Entrance in the south side of New Palace Yard. Their route passes through a cloakroom in the lower level of the Cloisters and eventually reaches the Members' Lobby directly south of the Commons Chamber. St Stephen's Entrance, in the approximate centre of the building's western front, is the public entrance. From it visitors walk through a flight of stairs to St Stephen's Hall, which houses a collection of marble statues of prominent parliamentarians, and then to the Central Lobby.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Apartments">Royal Apartments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Royal Apartments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norman_Porch">Norman Porch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norman Porch">edit</a>]</div> The Sovereign's Entrance is beneath the Victoria Tower. It was designed for the use of the monarch, and is used by them during the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> The Sovereign's Entrance is also the formal entrance used by visiting dignitaries,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> as well as the starting point of public tours of the palace.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> From the entrance, a staircase leads up to the principal floor in a broad, unbroken flight of 26 steps made of grey granite.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> At the top is the Norman Porch, a square landing with a central <a href="/wiki/Clustered_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Clustered column">clustered column</a> and a ceiling of four <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vaults</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lierne_(vault)" title="Lierne (vault)">lierne ribs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">carved bosses</a>. The porch was named for its proposed decorative scheme, which was never completed but would have consisted of statues of the Norman kings and frescoes depicting <a href="/wiki/Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman England">Norman history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> As completed, the porch contains stained glass windows depicting <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> and a young Queen Victoria,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> a copy of a 1900 painting of Victoria by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Benjamin-Constant" title="Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant">Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> and busts of prime ministers who have sat in the House of Lords on the plinths intended for the statues. A double door opposite the stairs leads to the Royal Gallery, and another to the right opens to the Robing Room.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robing_Room">Robing Room</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Robing Room">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Robing_Room,_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="See adjacent text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Royal_Robing_Room%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/290px-Royal_Robing_Room%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fa/Royal_Robing_Room%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>The Sovereign prepares for the State Opening of Parliament in the Robing Room. Behind is the Chair of State.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Lords_(Robing_Room)_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg/290px-House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg/435px-House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg/580px-House_of_Lords_%28Robing_Room%29_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>The robing room in 1897</figcaption></figure> The Robing Room lies at the southern end of the palace's north-south axis, and occupies the centre of the south front, overlooking <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower_Gardens" title="Victoria Tower Gardens">Victoria Tower Gardens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_pp._8-9-63">[63]</a> It is where the Sovereign prepares for the State Opening of Parliament by changing into their official robes and putting on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robing_Room-64">[64]</a> The focus of the room is the chair of state, which sits on a dais of three steps under a canopy adorned with the arms and floral emblems of England, Scotland and Ireland. A panel of purple velvet forms the backdrop to the chair, embroidered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_School_of_Needlework" title="Royal School of Needlework">Royal School of Needlework</a> with the royal arms, surrounded by stars and VR monograms.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> Edward Barry designed both the chair—the cushion and back of which are also embroidered—and the ornate marble fireplace across the room, which features gilded statuettes of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">Saint Michael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_pp._8-9-63">[63]</a> The decorative theme of the room is the legend of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, considered by many Victorians the source of their nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_p._192-65">[65]</a> Five frescoes painted by <a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a> between 1848 and 1864 cover the walls, depicting allegorical scenes from the legend. Each scene represents a chivalric virtue; the largest, between the two doors, is titled Admission of Sir Tristram to the Round Table and illustrates the virtue of Hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> Seven were originally commissioned but the remaining two paintings were not carried out due to the artist's death, and on the wallpapered panels flanking the Chair of State hang oil portraits of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_pp._8-9-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[note 1]</a> Other decorations in the room are also inspired by the Arthurian legend, namely a series of 18 bas-reliefs beneath the paintings, carved in oak by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hugh_Armstead" title="Henry Hugh Armstead">Henry Hugh Armstead</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> and the frieze running below the ceiling, which displays the attributed coats of arms of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guide,_p._26-66">[66]</a> The ceiling itself is decorated with heraldic badges, as is the border of the wooden floor<a href="#cite_note-Guide,_p._28-53">[53]</a>—which, as can be seen in the adjacent image, is left exposed by the carpeting. The Robing Room was briefly used as the House of Lords' meeting chamber while the House of Lords Chamber was occupied by the House of Commons, whose chamber had been destroyed by <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a> in 1941. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Royal_Gallery">Royal Gallery</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Royal Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Split plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this article be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> into a new article titled <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gallery_(Palace_of_Westminster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Gallery (Palace of Westminster)">Royal Gallery (Palace of Westminster)</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Palace_of_Westminster" title="Talk:Palace of Westminster">discuss</a>) (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Gallery,_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Royal_Gallery%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/220px-Royal_Gallery%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Royal_Gallery%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/330px-Royal_Gallery%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Royal_Gallery%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Following the rapid decay of Maclise's first two frescoes, the rest of the Royal Gallery's walls were left unpainted.</figcaption></figure> Immediately north of the Robing Room is the Royal Gallery. At 33.5 by 13.7 metres (110 by 45 ft), it is one of the largest rooms in the palace.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> Its main purpose is to serve as the stage of the <a href="/wiki/State_Procession_at_the_UK_Opening_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="State Procession at the UK Opening of Parliament">royal procession</a> at State Openings of Parliament, which the audience watch from temporary tiered seating on both sides of the route.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> It has also been used on occasion by visiting statesmen from abroad when <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_addressed_both_Houses_of_the_United_Kingdom_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have addressed both Houses of the United Kingdom Parliament">addressing both Houses of Parliament</a>, as well as for receptions in honour of foreign dignitaries,<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Gallery-70">[69]</a> and more regularly for the Lord Chancellor's Breakfast;<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> in the past it was the theatre of several trials of peers by the House of Lords.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Gallery-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Documents from the Parliamentary Archives are on display in the Royal Gallery (including a facsimile of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>'s death warrant), and the tables and seating offer a workspace for members of the Lords that is conveniently close to their debating chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords,_(interior,_London,_England)_LCCN2002699877.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif/lossy-page1-220px-The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif/lossy-page1-330px-The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif/lossy-page1-440px-The_Royal_Gallery_House_of_Lords%2C_%28interior%2C_London%2C_England%29_LCCN2002699877.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Historical image of the Royal Gallery</figcaption></figure> The decorative scheme of the Royal Gallery was meant to display important moments in British military history, and the walls are decorated by two large paintings by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a>, each measuring 13.7 by 3.7 metres (45 by 12 ft): <a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Nelson_(Maclise_painting)" title="The Death of Nelson (Maclise painting)">The Death of Nelson</a> (depicting <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>'s demise at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> in 1805) and <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Wellington_and_Bl%C3%BCcher_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo" title="The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo">The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo</a> (showing the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> in 1815).<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> The murals deteriorated rapidly after their completion due to a range of factors, most importantly atmospheric pollution, and today they are almost monochrome, although a finished study of The Death of Nelson in better condition hangs in the <a href="/wiki/Walker_Art_Gallery" title="Walker Art Gallery">Walker Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Field,_p._192-65">[65]</a> The rest of the planned frescos were cancelled, and the walls are filled with portraits of kings and queens from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> onwards.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Another decorative element with military undertones are the eight statues of gilded <a href="/wiki/Caen_stone" title="Caen stone">Caen stone</a> that flank the three doorways and the bay window of the Gallery, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/John_Birnie_Philip" title="John Birnie Philip">John Birnie Philip</a>. Each depicts a monarch during whose reign a key battle or war took place.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> They are: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I">Richard I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>. The panelled ceiling, 13.7 metres (45 ft) above the floor,<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> features <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor roses</a> and lions, and the stained-glass windows show the coats of arms of the Kings of England and Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Gallery-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince's_Chamber">Prince's Chamber</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prince's Chamber">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Benjamin_Stone%27s_pictures;_records_of_national_life_and_history_reproduced_from_the_collection_of_photographs_made_by_Sir_Benjamin_Stone,_M.P_(1906)_(14755803986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sir_Benjamin_Stone%27s_pictures%3B_records_of_national_life_and_history_reproduced_from_the_collection_of_photographs_made_by_Sir_Benjamin_Stone%2C_M.P_%281906%29_%2814755803986%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sir_Benjamin_Stone%27s_pictures%3B_records_of_national_life_and_history_reproduced_from_the_collection_of_photographs_made_by_Sir_Benjamin_Stone%2C_M.P_%281906%29_%2814755803986%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sir_Benjamin_Stone%27s_pictures%3B_records_of_national_life_and_history_reproduced_from_the_collection_of_photographs_made_by_Sir_Benjamin_Stone%2C_M.P_%281906%29_%2814755803986%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Her Majesty Queen Victoria, Supported by Justice and Clemency, by <a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_(sculptor)" title="John Gibson (sculptor)">John Gibson</a>, Prince's Chamber</figcaption></figure> The Prince's Chamber is a small <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anteroom" class="extiw" title="wikt:anteroom">anteroom</a> between the Royal Gallery and the Lords Chamber, named after the room adjoining the Parliament Chamber in the Old Palace of Westminster. Thanks to its location, it is a place where members of the Lords meet to discuss business of the House. Several doors lead out of the room, to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">division</a> lobbies of the House of Lords and to a number of important offices.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> The theme of the Prince's Chamber is Tudor history, and 28 oil portraits painted on panels around the room depict members of the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a>. They are the work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burchett" title="Richard Burchett">Richard Burchett</a> and his pupils, and their creation entailed extensive research, which contributed to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> in 1856. 12 bronze bas-reliefs are set into the wall below the portraits, executed by <a href="/wiki/William_Theed" title="William Theed">William Theed</a> in 1855–1857.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> Scenes included are The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a>, The Escape of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Raleigh</a> Spreading His Cloak As a Carpet for the Queen.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Above the portraits, at window level, are copies of six of the ten <a href="/wiki/Armada_tapestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Armada tapestries">Armada tapestries</a>, which hung in the chamber of the House of Lords until their destruction in the 1834 fire and depicted the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588. The project was put on hold in 1861 (by which time only one painting had been completed), and was not revived until 2007; as of August 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit">[update]</a>, all six paintings are now in their intended places. The room also contains a statue of Queen Victoria, seated on a throne (itself placed on a pedestal) and holding a sceptre and a laurel crown, which show that she both governs and rules.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a> This figure is flanked by allegorical statues of Justice and Clemency, the former with a bare sword and an inflexible expression and the latter showing sympathy and offering an olive branch.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> The sculptural ensemble, made of white marble and carved by <a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_(sculptor)" title="John Gibson (sculptor)">John Gibson</a> in 1855, reaches 2.44 metres (8 ft) in height; its size has long been considered out of proportion with the fittings of the Prince's Chamber, and the flanking statues ended up in storage between 1955 and 1976. However, the size and location of the group, in the archway opposite the doors to the Royal Gallery (which are removed before State Openings of Parliament to facilitate the royal procession), indicate that it was meant to be seen from a distance, and to symbolically remind the monarch of their royal duties as they would walk down the Royal Gallery on their way to deliver their speech.<a href="#cite_note-Lords_Route_tour-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precincts_of_the_House_of_Lords">Precincts of the House of Lords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Precincts of the House of Lords">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lords_Chamber">Lords Chamber</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Lords Chamber">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minute%27s_silence_(51111527681).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg/330px-Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg/495px-Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg/660px-Minute%27s_silence_%2851111527681%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5464" /></a><figcaption>The Sovereign's Throne and its gilded Canopy dominate the ornate Lords Chamber.</figcaption></figure> The Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> is located in the southern part of the Palace of Westminster. The lavishly decorated room measures 13.7 by 24.4 metres (45 by 80 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> The benches in the Chamber, as well as other furnishings in the Lords' side of the palace, are coloured red. The upper part of the Chamber is decorated by stained glass windows and by six allegorical frescoes representing religion, chivalry and law. At the south end of the Chamber are the ornate gold Canopy and Throne; although the Sovereign may theoretically occupy the Throne during any sitting, he or she attends only the State Opening of Parliament. Other members of the Royal Family who attend the State Opening use Chairs of State next to the Throne, and peers' sons are always entitled to sit on the steps of the Throne. In front of the Throne is the <a href="/wiki/Woolsack" title="Woolsack">Woolsack</a>, an armless red cushion stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, representing the historical importance of the wool trade, and used by the officer presiding over the House (the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a> since 2006, but historically the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> or a deputy). The House's <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">mace</a>, which represents royal authority, is placed on the back of the Woolsack. In front of the Woolsack is the Judges' Woolsack, a larger red cushion that used to be occupied during the State Opening by the <a href="/wiki/Law_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Lords">Law Lords</a> (who were members of the House of Lords), and prospectively by the Supreme Court Justices and other Judges (whether or not members), to represent the Judicial Branch of Government. The Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, is in front. Members of the House occupy red benches on three sides of the Chamber. The benches on the Lord Speaker's right form the Spiritual Side and those to his left form the Temporal Side. The <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> (archbishops and bishops of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) all occupy the Spiritual Side. The <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">nobles</a>) sit according to party affiliation: members of the Government party sit on the Spiritual Side, while those of the Opposition sit on the Temporal Side. Some peers, who have no party affiliation, sit on the benches in the middle of the House opposite the Woolsack; they are accordingly known as <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbenchers</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill,_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/220px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/330px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg/440px-Passing_of_the_Parliament_Bill%2C_1911_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a>. Votes in both Houses of Parliament are conducted in the form of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">divisions</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Lords Chamber is the site of nationally televised ceremonies, the most important of which is the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, which is held formally to open each annual parliamentary session, either after a General Election or in the autumn. At this occasion every constitutional element of the government is represented: the Crown (both literally, and figuratively in the person of the Sovereign), The Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and The Commons, (who together form the Legislature), the Judiciary (although no judges are members of either House of Parliament), and the Executive (both <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">Government Ministers</a>, and ceremonial military units in attendance on the Sovereign); and a large number of guests are invited to attend in the large Royal Gallery immediately outside the Chamber. The Sovereign, seated on the Throne, delivers the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a>, outlining the Government's programme for the year and legislative agenda for the forthcoming parliamentary session. The Commons may not enter the Lords' debating floor; instead, they watch the proceedings from beyond the Bar of the House, just inside the door. A small purely formal ceremony is held to end each parliamentary session, when the Sovereign is merely represented by a group of <a href="/wiki/Lords_Commissioners" title="Lords Commissioners">Lords Commissioners</a>. Following the Blitz, which destroyed the chamber of the House of Commons, the Lords' chamber was occupied by the Commons. The Lords temporarily used the Robing Room during the reconstruction. The State Opening Of Parliament was carried out as normal, with the new rooms being used. Evidence can still be seen of this today, with damage clearly visible on one of the doors where they were struck by Black Rod. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peers'_Lobby">Peers' Lobby</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Peers' Lobby">edit</a>]</div> Directly north of the Lords Chamber lies the Peers' Lobby, an <a href="/wiki/Antechamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Antechamber">antechamber</a> where Lords can informally discuss or negotiate matters during sittings of the House, as well as collect messages from the <a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_(Houses_of_Parliament)" title="Doorkeeper (Houses of Parliament)">doorkeepers</a>, who control access to the Chamber. The Lobby is a square room measuring 12 metres (39 ft) on each side and 10 metres (33 ft) in height,<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> and one of its main features is the floor centrepiece, a radiant Tudor rose made of Derbyshire marbles and set within an octagon of engraved brass plates.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The rest of the floor is paved with encaustic tiles featuring heraldic designs and Latin mottoes. The walls are faced with white stone and each is pierced by a doorway; above the arches are displayed arms representing the six royal dynasties which ruled England until Queen Victoria's reign (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman dynasty">Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverian</a>), and between them there are windows stained with the arms of the early aristocratic families of England.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Of the doorways, the one to the south—which leads into the Lords Chamber—is the most magnificent, and sports much gilding and decoration, including the full royal arms. It is enclosed by the Brass Gates, a pair of elaborately pierced and studded doors together weighing 1.5 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The side doors, which feature clocks, open into corridors: to the east extends the Law Lords Corridor, which leads to the libraries, and nearby to the west lies the Moses Room, used for Grand Committees. To the north is the vaulted Peers' Corridor, which is decorated with eight murals by <a href="/wiki/Charles_West_Cope" title="Charles West Cope">Charles West Cope</a> depicting historical scenes from the period around the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Lobby_tour-80">[79]</a> The frescoes were executed between 1856 and 1866,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and each scene was "specifically chosen to depict the struggles through which national liberties were won".<a href="#cite_note-Central_Lobby_tour-80">[79]</a> Examples include Speaker <a href="/wiki/William_Lenthall" title="William Lenthall">Lenthall</a> Asserting the Privileges of the Commons Against Charles I when the Attempt was Made to Seize the Five Members, representing resistance against absolute rule, and The Embarkation of the Pilgrim Fathers for New England, which illustrates the principle of freedom of worship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Lobby">Central Lobby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Central Lobby">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Central Lobby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg/220px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg/330px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg/440px-London_-_The_Parliament_-_2779.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption>Saint George for England by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Sir Edward Poynter</a> and Saint Patrick for Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anning_Bell" title="Robert Anning Bell">Robert Anning Bell</a> are two of the four mosaics decorating the Central Lobby.</figcaption></figure> Originally named "Octagon Hall" because of its shape, the Central Lobby is the heart of the Palace of Westminster. It lies directly below the Central Tower and forms a busy crossroads between the House of Lords to the south, the House of Commons to the north, St Stephen's Hall and the public entrance to the west, and the Lower Waiting Hall and the libraries to the east. Its location halfway between the two debating chambers has led constitutional theorist <a href="/wiki/Erskine_May" title="Erskine May">Erskine May</a> to describe the Lobby as "the political centre of the British Empire",<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> and allows a person standing under the great chandelier to see both the Royal Throne and the Speaker's Chair, provided that all the intervening doors are open. Constituents may meet their Members of Parliament here, even without an appointment,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and this practice is the origin of the term <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The hall is also the theatre of the Speaker's Procession, which passes from here on its way to the Commons Chamber before every sitting of the House. The Central Lobby measures 18 metres (59 ft) across and 23 metres (75 ft) from the floor to the centre of the vaulted ceiling.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> The panels between the vault's ribs are covered with Venetian glass <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> displaying floral emblems and heraldic badges, and the bosses in the intersections of the ribs are also carved into heraldic symbols.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Each wall of the Lobby is contained in an arch ornamented with statues of English and Scottish monarchs; on four sides there are doorways, and the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympana</a> above them are adorned with mosaics representing the patron saints of the United Kingdom's constituent nations: <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> for England, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a> for Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a> for Wales and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> for Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-88">[note 2]</a> The other four arches are occupied by high windows, under which there are stone screens—the hall's post office, one of two in the palace, is located behind one of these screens. In front of them stand four bigger-than-life statues of 19th-century statesmen, including one of four-time prime minister <a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Lobby_tour-80">[79]</a> The floor on which they stand is tiled with Minton encaustic tiles in intricate patterns and includes a passage from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible,_King_James,_Psalms#Psalm_127" class="extiw" title="s:Bible, King James, Psalms">Psalm 127</a> written in Latin, which translates as follows: "Except the Lord build the House their labour is but lost that build it".<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> The East Corridor leads from the Central Lobby to the Lower Waiting Hall, and its six panels remained blank until 1910, when they were filled with scenes from Tudor history.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> They were all paid for by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> peers and each was the work of a different artist, but uniformity was achieved between the frescoes thanks to a common colour palette of red, black and gold and a uniform height for the depicted characters. One of the scenes is probably not historical: <a href="/wiki/Plucking_the_Red_and_White_Roses_in_the_Old_Temple_Gardens" title="Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens">Plucking the Red and White Roses in the Old Temple Gardens</a>, depicting the origin of these flowers as emblems of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Houses of Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a> respectively, was taken from Shakespeare's play <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">Henry VI, Part 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precincts_of_the_House_of_Commons">Precincts of the House of Commons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Precincts of the House of Commons">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Members'_Lobby">Members' Lobby</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Members' Lobby">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Members%27_Lobby" title="Members' Lobby">Members' Lobby</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg/495px-Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg/660px-Barack_Obama_in_the_Members%27_Lobby_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (right) in the Members' Lobby during a tour of the Palace in May 2011. With him are, from the left: the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/David_Cholmondeley,_7th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley" title="David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley">Marquess of Cholmondeley</a>, holding his white staff of office; the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Hayman" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Hayman">Baroness Hayman</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker of the House of Commons</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">John Bercow</a>.</figcaption></figure> Continuing north from the Central Lobby is the Commons' Corridor. It is of almost identical design to its southern counterpart and is decorated with scenes of 17th-century political history between the Civil War and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution of 1688</a>. They were painted by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Matthew_Ward" title="Edward Matthew Ward">Edward Matthew Ward</a> and include subjects like <a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Monk</a> Declaring for a Free Parliament and The Lords and Commons Presenting the Crown to <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> in the Banqueting Hall.<a href="#cite_note-Central_Lobby_tour-80">[79]</a> Then, mirroring the arrangement at the Lords part of the palace, is another antechamber, the <a href="/wiki/Members%27_Lobby" title="Members' Lobby">Members' Lobby</a>. In this room, Members of Parliament hold discussions or negotiations, and are often interviewed by accredited journalists, collectively known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Lobby" title="The Lobby">The Lobby</a>".<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> The room is similar to the Peers' Lobby but plainer in design and slightly larger, forming a cube 13.7 metres (45 ft) on all sides.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> After the heavy damage it sustained in the 1941 bombing, it was rebuilt in a simplified style, something most evident in the floor, which is almost completely unadorned. The archway of the door leading into the Commons Chamber has been left unrepaired as a reminder of the evils of war, and is now known as the Rubble Arch or Churchill Arch. It is flanked by bronze statues of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, the prime ministers who led Britain through the Second and First World War respectively; a foot of each is conspicuously shiny, a result of a long tradition of MPs rubbing them for good luck on their way in before their <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>. The Lobby contains the busts and statues of most 20th-century prime ministers, as well as two large boards where MPs can receive letters and telephone messages, designed for the use of the House and installed in the early 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commons_Chamber">Commons Chamber</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commons Chamber">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_House_of_Commons_chamber,_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Commons Chamber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg/220px-Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg/330px-Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg/440px-Old_House_of_Commons_chamber%2C_F._G._O._Stuart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>The Victorian House of Commons. Its benches could seat only about two-thirds of all Members of Parliament, as is the case for the postwar rebuilt chamber.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Debating_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating chamber">Chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> is at the northern end of the Palace of Westminster; it was opened in 1950 after the Victorian chamber had been destroyed in 1941 and re-built under the architect <a href="/wiki/Giles_Gilbert_Scott" title="Giles Gilbert Scott">Giles Gilbert Scott</a>. The Chamber measures 14 by 20.7 metres (46 by 68 ft)<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> and is plainer in style than the Lords Chamber;<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> the benches, as well as other furnishings in the Commons side of the palace, are coloured green. Members of the public are forbidden to sit on the benches. Other parliaments in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations, including those of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, have copied the colour scheme under which the Lower House is associated with green, and the Upper House with red. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Examining the Dispatch Boxes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg/330px-Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg/440px-Secretary_Kerry_in_House_of_Commons_Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, House of Commons Speaker <a href="/wiki/John_Bercow" title="John Bercow">John Bercow</a> and Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> examine the <a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">despatch boxes</a> on 25 February 2013</figcaption></figure> At the north end of the Chamber is the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>'s Chair, a present to Parliament from Australia. The current British Speaker's Chair is an exact copy of the Speaker's Chair given to Australia (itself a copy of the original chair) by the United Kingdom Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Parliamentary_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Parliamentary Association">Empire Parliamentary Association</a>, to celebrate the opening of <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Provisional Parliament House, Canberra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In front of the Speaker's Chair is the Table of the House, at which the clerks sit, and on which is placed the Commons' <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">ceremonial mace</a>. The Table was a gift from Canada.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dispatch_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispatch box">dispatch boxes</a>, which front-bench <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) often lean on or rest notes on during Questions and speeches, are a gift from New Zealand. There are green benches on either side of the House; members of the Government party occupy benches on the Speaker's right, while those of the Opposition occupy benches on the Speaker's left. There are no cross-benches as in the House of Lords. The Chamber is relatively small, and can accommodate only 427 of the 650 Members of Parliament<a href="#cite_note-Churchill_and_the_Commons_Chamber-97">[95]</a>—during <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a> and in major debates MPs stand at either end of the House. By tradition, the British Sovereign does not enter the Chamber of the House of Commons. The last monarch to do so was <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>, in 1642. The King sought to arrest five Members of Parliament on charges of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, but when he asked the Speaker, <a href="/wiki/William_Lenthall" title="William Lenthall">William Lenthall</a>, if he had any knowledge of the whereabouts of these individuals, Lenthall famously replied: "May it please your Majesty, I have neither eyes to see nor tongue to speak in this place but as the House is pleased to direct me, whose servant I am here."<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Since then, in the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Black Rod</a> representing the monarch approaches the doors to the chamber of the House of Commons to make the summons, the doors are pointedly slammed in his or her face. Black Rod has to strike the door three times with a staff, to be admitted and issue the summons from the monarch to the MPs to attend. When repairs after the World War II bombing were completed, the rebuilt chamber was opened by <a href="/wiki/King_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King George VI">King George VI</a> on 26 October 1950 who was invited to an "unofficial" tour of the new structure by Commons leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Liverpool-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-100">[98]</a> The two red lines on the floor of the House of Commons are 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in)<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> apart, which, by apocryphal tradition, is intended to be just over two sword-lengths. It is said that the original purpose of this was to prevent disputes in the House from degenerating into duels. However, there is no record of a time when Members of Parliament were allowed to bring swords into the Chamber; historically only the <a href="/wiki/Serjeant_at_Arms_of_the_British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Serjeant at Arms of the British House of Commons">Serjeant at Arms</a> has been allowed to carry a sword as a symbol of their role in Parliament, plus <a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Black Rod</a> when summoning the Commons to the Lords, and there are loops of pink ribbon in the Members' cloakroom for MPs to hang up their swords before entering the Chamber. In the days when gentlemen carried swords, there were no lines in the Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Protocol dictates that MPs may not cross these lines when speaking; a Member of Parliament who violates this convention will be lambasted by opposition Members. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westminster_Hall">Westminster Hall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Westminster Hall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/260px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/390px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg/520px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_094_-_Westminster_Hall_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Westminster Hall in the early 19th century, surmounted by its medieval <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a></figcaption></figure> Westminster Hall is a large medieval <a href="/wiki/Great_hall" title="Great hall">great hall</a> and the oldest surviving palace building.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> It was erected in 1097 for <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a> ("William Rufus"), at which point it was the largest hall in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The building has had various functions over the years, including being used for judicial purposes from the twelfth to the nineteenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> When a <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_addressed_both_houses_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of people who have addressed both houses of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">joint address</a> is given to the two chambers of the UK Parliament, the House of Commons and House of Lords, the hall is on rare occasions the venue.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNews25May2011_9495513-107">[105]</a> It was also used to host <a href="/wiki/Coronation_banquet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation banquet">coronation banquets</a> until the nineteenth century, and since the twentieth century has been the usual venue for the <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lyings in state</a> of <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="State funerals in the United Kingdom">state and ceremonial funerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The hall is particularly notable for its <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a>, a form typical of <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a> which uses horizontal trusses to span large distances; the hall originally had three aisles. The roof was commissioned for <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> in 1393 and built by the royal carpenter, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herland" title="Hugh Herland">Hugh Herland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> It is the largest clearspan medieval roof in England, measuring 20.7 by 73.2 metres (68 by 240 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G11-24">[24]</a> The oak timbers came from woods in South-East England and were assembled near <a href="/wiki/Farnham" title="Farnham">Farnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, 56 kilometres (35 mi) away from Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> At the same time the rest of the hall was remodelled by the master mason <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a>, who refaced the walls and added fifteen life-size statues of kings placed in niches.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The renovations include eighty-three unique depictions of Richard's favourite heraldic badge, a resting chained <a href="/wiki/White_hart" class="mw-redirect" title="White hart">white hart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_rooms">Other rooms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other rooms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">House of Lords Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a></div> There are two suites of libraries on the Principal Floor, overlooking the river, for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">House of Lords Library</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a>. The Palace of Westminster also includes state apartments for the presiding officers of the two Houses. The official residence of the Speaker stands at the northern end of the palace; the Lord Chancellor's apartments are at the southern end. Each day, the Speaker and Lord Speaker take part in formal processions from their apartments to their respective Chambers.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Bar" title="Strangers' Bar">Strangers' Bar</a> is one of the numerous bars, cafeterias and restaurants in the Palace of Westminster, with differing rules regarding who is allowed to use their facilities; many of them never close while the House is sitting.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> There is also a gymnasium, a hair salon; and there was a rifle range (which closed in 2015).<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Parliament also has two souvenir shops, where items on sale range from House of Commons key-rings and china to House of Commons Champagne. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg/220px-The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg/330px-The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg/440px-The_Palace_of_Westminster_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1408776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Concrete barriers restrict access to <a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Yard" title="Old Palace Yard">Old Palace Yard</a>.</figcaption></figure> An official known as <a href="/wiki/Black_Rod" title="Black Rod">Black Rod</a> (officially the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod, or Lady Usher of the Black Rod) oversees security for the House of Lords, while the <a href="/wiki/Serjeant_at_Arms_of_the_British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Serjeant at Arms of the British House of Commons">Serjeant at Arms</a> does the same for the House of Commons. These officers, however, have primarily ceremonial roles outside the actual chambers of their respective Houses. Security is the responsibility of the Parliamentary Security Director. Parliament has its own professional security force. Tradition still dictates that only the Serjeant at Arms may enter the Commons chamber armed. With rising concern about the possibility that a vehicle full of explosives could be driven into the building, a series of concrete blocks were placed in the roadway in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> On the river, an exclusion zone extending 70 metres (77 yd) from the bank exists, which no unauthorised vessels are allowed to enter.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_and_Police_Act_2005" title="Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005">Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005</a> formerly made it illegal to hold a protest near the palace, or anywhere else within a designated area extending up to 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, without authorisation from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. The Act also restricted the operation of loudspeakers in the designated area.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> These provisions were repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Police_Reform_and_Social_Responsibility_Act_2011" title="Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011">Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011</a>, which replaced them with a total ban on tents and sleeping bags in Parliament Square, as well as a prohibition on the use of loudspeakers in the Square without permission from the relevant local authority.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Members of the public continue to have access to the <a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Strangers' Gallery">Strangers' Gallery</a> in the House of Commons. Visitors pass through <a href="/wiki/Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detectors</a> and their possessions are scanned.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Police from the Palace of Westminster Division of the Metropolitan Police, supported by some armed police from the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Protection_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Protection Group">Diplomatic Protection Group</a>, are always on duty in and around the palace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents">Incidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Incidents">edit</a>]</div> The failed <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 1605 was a conspiracy among a group of Roman Catholic gentry to re-establish <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in England">Catholicism in England</a> by assassinating the Protestant <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">King James I</a> and replacing him with a Catholic monarch. To this end, they placed large quantities of gunpowder beneath the House of Lords, which one of the conspirators, Guy Fawkes, would detonate during the State Opening of Parliament on 5 November 1605. If successful, the explosion would have destroyed the palace, killing the King, his family and most of the aristocracy. However, the plot was discovered and most of the conspirators were either arrested or killed while trying to evade capture. The survivors were tortured in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, tried for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> in Westminster Hall, convicted and gruesomely executed by <a href="/wiki/Hanging,_drawing_and_quartering" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging, drawing and quartering">hanging, drawing and quartering</a>. Since then, the cellars of the palace have been searched by the <a href="/wiki/Yeomen_of_the_Guard" title="Yeomen of the Guard">Yeomen of the Guard</a> before every State Opening of Parliament, a traditional precaution against any similar attempts against the Sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Raleigh#Execution_and_aftermath" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Raleigh">execution of Sir Walter Raleigh</a> occurred at the palace of Westminster on 29 October 1618. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/220px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/330px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg/440px-Assassination-of-spencer-perceval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">assassination of Prime Minister Spencer Perceval</a> in 1812 in the lobby of the House of Commons</figcaption></figure> The previous Palace of Westminster was also the site of a prime-ministerial assassination on 11 May 1812. While in the lobby of the House of Commons, on his way to a parliamentary inquiry, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Spencer Perceval</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">shot and killed</a> by a Liverpool merchant adventurer, <a href="/wiki/John_Bellingham" title="John Bellingham">John Bellingham</a>. Perceval remains the only <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> to have been assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The New Palace became the target of <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a> bombs on 24 January 1885, along with the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. The first bomb, a black bag containing dynamite, was discovered by a visitor on the steps towards the Chapel of St Mary Undercroft. Police Constable (PC) William Cole attempted to carry it to New Palace Yard, but the bag became so hot that Cole dropped it and it exploded.<a href="#cite_note-Albert_Medal-126">[124]</a> The blast opened a crater in the floor 1 metre (3 ft) in diameter, damaged the roof of the chapel and shattered all the windows in the Hall, including the stained-glass South Window at St Stephen's Porch.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Both Cole and PC Cox, a colleague who had joined him to offer assistance, were seriously injured.<a href="#cite_note-Albert_Medal-126">[124]</a> A second explosion followed almost immediately in the Commons Chamber, causing great damage—especially to its south end—but no injuries, as it was empty at the time.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The incident resulted in the closure of Westminster Hall to visitors for several years; when visitors were re-admitted in 1889, it was under certain restrictions and never while the two Houses were sitting.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> On 17 June 1974, a 9-kilogram (20 lb) bomb planted by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> exploded in Westminster Hall. The explosion and the resulting fire, which was fed by a ruptured gas main, injured 11 people and caused extensive damage.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Five years later, a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> claimed the life of <a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a>, a prominent Conservative politician, while he was driving out of the Commons car park in New Palace Yard. The attack occurred on 30 March 1979, one day after the announcement of <a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1979 United Kingdom general election">that year's general election</a>;<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> both the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> and the Provisional IRA claimed responsibility for Neave's assassination,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> but it is now accepted that the former were responsible.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/170px-Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/255px-Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/340px-Plane_Stupid_on_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3807" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plane_Stupid" title="Plane Stupid">Plane Stupid</a> activists on the roof of the Palace of Westminster</figcaption></figure> The palace has also been the scene of numerous acts of politically motivated "<a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>", which often took place in the Chamber of the House of Commons. In July 1970, a man in the Strangers' Gallery threw two canisters of <a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">tear gas</a> into the Chamber to protest against the use of such gas in Northern Ireland; an MP and two members of the House's staff were taken to hospital and the sitting was suspended for almost two hours.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> In 1978, activist <a href="/wiki/Yana_Mintoff" title="Yana Mintoff">Yana Mintoff</a> and another dissident threw bags of horse manure,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> and in June 1996 demonstrators dropped leaflets.<a href="#cite_note-Previous_Protests-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[note 3]</a> Concern about such attacks and a possible chemical or biological attack led to the installation of a glass screen across the Strangers' Gallery in early 2004. The new barrier does not cover the gallery in front of the Strangers' Gallery, which is reserved for ambassadors, members of the House of Lords, guests of MPs and other dignitaries,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and in May 2004 protesters from <a href="/wiki/Fathers_4_Justice" title="Fathers 4 Justice">Fathers 4 Justice</a> attacked Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> with flour bombs from this part, after obtaining admission by bidding for a place in the visitors' gallery in a charity auction.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Subsequently, rules on admission to the visitors' galleries were changed, and now individuals wishing to sit in the galleries must first obtain a written pass from a Member certifying that that individual is personally known to them. In September of the same year, five protesters opposed to the proposed ban on <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a> disrupted the proceedings of the House of Commons by running into the Chamber, the first such occurrence since <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">King Charles I</a>'s unauthorised entry in 1642, which triggered the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The House of Lords has also been targeted by protesters. On 2 February 1988, the House debated the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1988" title="Local Government Act 1988">Local Government Bill</a>'s controversial <a href="/wiki/Clause_28" class="mw-redirect" title="Clause 28">Clause 28</a>, a measure to prohibit the promotion of homosexuality in schools.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_assembly" title="Division of the assembly">division</a>, in which the clause passed, a number of lesbian demonstrators in the public gallery started chanting slogans, and three of them tied ropes to the railing and climbed down onto the floor of the Chamber.<a href="#cite_note-Previous_Protests-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Collier,_5th_Baron_Monkswell" title="Gerard Collier, 5th Baron Monkswell">Lord Monkswell</a>, who had provided the women with passes to attend the debate, later apologised to the House for the incident but did not criticise the protest.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Similar actions have been carried out outside the Palace of Westminster. Early in the morning of 20 March 2004, two <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> members scaled the Clock Tower to demonstrate against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, raising questions about the security around such a likely target of terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> In March 2007, another four members of Greenpeace made their way to the palace's roof by means of a nearby crane, which was being used for repairs to Westminster Bridge. Once up, they unfurled a 15-metre (50 ft) banner protesting against the British government's plans to update the <a href="/wiki/Trident_nuclear_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident nuclear programme">Trident nuclear programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> In February 2008, five campaigners from the <a href="/wiki/Plane_Stupid" title="Plane Stupid">Plane Stupid</a> group gained admittance to the building as visitors and then moved up to the roof to demonstrate against the proposed <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Heathrow_Airport" title="Expansion of Heathrow Airport">expansion of Heathrow Airport</a>; from there they hung two banners they had smuggled past security. MPs and security experts found it worrying that the protesters made it to the roof in spite of the heightened security measures,<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> and the prosecution at the activists' trial argued that they may have received help from a House of Lords employee.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> In October 2009, at least forty Greenpeace activists climbed to the roof of Westminster Hall to call for the adoption of policies <a href="/wiki/Combating_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Combating climate change">combating climate change</a>. Some of them climbed down after nearly five hours, while the rest spent the night on the roof.<a href="#cite_note-158">[note 4]</a> On 22 March 2017 an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamist</a>-related terror attack was carried out in which <a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">a man stabbed a police officer</a> after ploughing into pedestrians on <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a>. Five people were killed, including the attacker and the police officer.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> In August 2018 there was <a href="/wiki/2018_Westminster_car_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Westminster car incident">another attack</a>, treated by prosecutors as terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> On 1 April 2019, a group of environmental protestors from the group <a href="/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion" title="Extinction Rebellion">Extinction Rebellion</a> stripped semi-naked in the public gallery during a <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> debate and glued themselves to the handrail and glass screen with their buttocks facing the Commons Chamber. MPs attempted to continue the debate, some of them incorporating puns and references to nakedness into their speeches, to much hilarity.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> There have been four fires on the Palace of Westminster site during 2019, and eight in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> In 2022, the body of the late Queen Elizabeth was left inside the hall for people to pay their respects. A man decided to jump the barriers and pull away the flag draped over the coffin. He was detained and taken away by police and officials.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_traditions">Rules and traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Rules and traditions">edit</a>]</div> The palace has accumulated many rules and traditions over the centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating,_drinking_and_smoking">Eating, drinking and smoking</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Eating, drinking and smoking">edit</a>]</div> Smoking has not been allowed in the chamber of the House of Commons since the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G07-165">[161]</a> As a result, Members may take <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a> instead and the doorkeepers still keep a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_snuff_box" title="Parliamentary snuff box">snuff-box</a> for this purpose. Despite persistent media rumours, it has not been permitted to smoke anywhere inside the palace since 2005.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Members may not eat or drink in the chamber; the exception to this rule is the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, who may have a beverage of the Chancellors' choice while delivering the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom budget">Budget</a> statement.<a href="#cite_note-FaqsBudget-167">[163]</a> Traditionally this is an alcoholic beverage, often whisky or a similar spirit, but in recent times, Chancellors have opted for water.<a href="#cite_note-FaqsBudget-167">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress_code">Dress code</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Dress code">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg/220px-Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg/330px-Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg/440px-Lionel_de_Rothschild_HOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(British_House_of_Commons)" title="Introduction (British House of Commons)">introduction</a> of a new Member of Parliament, 1858. Wearing hats in the House of Commons has not always been treated in the same way.</figcaption></figure> Men are expected to wear formal attire, women are expected to dress in business-like clothing and the wearing of T-shirts with slogans is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Hats must not be worn (although they used to be worn when a <a href="/wiki/Point_of_order" title="Point of order">point of order</a> was being raised),<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> and Members may not wear military decorations or insignia. Members are not allowed to have their hands in their pockets—<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Robathan" title="Andrew Robathan">Andrew Robathan</a> was heckled by opposing MPs for doing this on 19 December 1994.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_traditions">Other traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Other traditions">edit</a>]</div> The only animals allowed in the Palace of Westminster are <a href="/wiki/Guide_dog" title="Guide dog">guide dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_dog" title="Police dog">police dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mounted_police" title="Mounted police">police horses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Factsheet_G07-165">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Speeches may not be read out during debate in the House of Commons, although notes may be referred to. Similarly, the reading of newspapers is not allowed. Visual aids are discouraged in the chamber.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Applause" title="Applause">Applause</a> is also not normally allowed in the Commons, but it has since been tolerated in certain cases. Some notable exceptions to this were when <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a> gave his resignation speech in 2003;<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> when Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> appeared for the last time at <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Questions" title="Prime Minister's Questions">Prime Minister's Questions</a>;<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> when Speaker <a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin,_Baron_Martin_of_Springburn" title="Michael Martin, Baron Martin of Springburn">Michael Martin</a> gave his leaving speech on 17 June 2009;<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> and after the resignation statement of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers,_Baron_Lisvane" title="Robert Rogers, Baron Lisvane">Sir Robert Rogers</a>, Clerk of the House.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> At the start of the new parliament in May 2015, the large influx of new <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> MPs flouted the convention and repeatedly applauded their party leader, to the displeasure of the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> The status of the building as a royal palace raises legal questions—according to <a href="/wiki/Halsbury%27s_Laws_of_England" title="Halsbury's Laws of England">Halsbury's Laws of England</a>, it is not possible to arrest a person within the "verges" of the palace (the palace itself and its immediate surroundings).<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> However, according to a memorandum by the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Clerk of the House of Commons">Clerk of the House of Commons</a>, there is no prohibition on arrest within the palace and such arrests have been effected in the past.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_tourism">Culture and tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Culture and tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Claude Monet's <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_(Monet_series)" title="Houses of Parliament (Monet series)">Houses of Parliament series</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament,_Sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/170px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/255px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg/340px-Claude_Monet_-_The_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4858" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Houses of Parliament, sunset (1903), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>, Washington, D.C.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:London,_the_Houses_of_Parliament,_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog,_by_Claude_Monet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/170px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/255px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg/340px-London%2C_the_Houses_of_Parliament%2C_Sunlight_Opening_in_Fog%2C_by_Claude_Monet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="889" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">London, Houses of Parliament. The Sun Shining through the Fog (1904), <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">During three trips to London between 1899 and 1901, <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a> worked on <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_series_(Monet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament series (Monet)">a series of canvasses</a> that depicted the Palace of Westminster under various lighting conditions; the building was often shrouded in the <a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog" title="Pea soup fog">smog</a> prevalent in the city in Victorian times. The paintings share the same vantage point—a terrace at <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="St Thomas's Hospital">St Thomas's Hospital</a>, across the river from the Palace—and many of the works were finished in Monet's studio in France over the following years.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a></div></div></div></div> The exterior of the Palace of Westminster—especially the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a> which houses the bell known as <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>, and its setting on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>—is recognised worldwide, and is one of the most visited tourist attractions in London. <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas I">Tsar Nicholas I</a> called it "a dream in stone".<a href="#cite_note-helmguardian-182">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO) classifies the Palace of Westminster, along with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. It is also a <a href="/wiki/Grade_I_listed_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade I listed building">Grade I listed building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> Although there is no casual access to the interior of the palace, there are several ways to gain admittance. UK residents may obtain tickets from an MP for a place in the viewing ("strangers") gallery of the House of Commons, or from a Lord for a seat in the gallery of the House of Lords. It is also possible for both UK residents and overseas visitors to queue for admission to them at any time of the day or night when either House is in session, but capacity is limited and there is no guarantee of admission. Either House may exclude "strangers" if it desires to sit in private.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Members of the public can also queue for a seat in a committee session, where admission is free and places cannot be booked,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> or they may visit the Parliamentary Archives for research purposes. Booking an appointment is necessary in the latter case, along with a proof of identity.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 210px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Front_detail,_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/210px-North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/315px-North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg/420px-North_Front_detail%2C_Palace_of_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3580" data-file-height="2386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oBUIo5R5qg">Charles Barry and A. W. N. Pugin, Palace of Westminster (Houses of Parliament), 1840–70</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smarthistory" title="Smarthistory">Smarthistory</a>, 6:27</td></tr></tbody></table> Free guided tours of the palace are held throughout the parliamentary session for UK residents, who can apply through their MP or a member of the House of Lords. The tours last about 75 minutes and include the state rooms, the chambers of the two Houses and Westminster Hall. Paid-for tours are available to both UK and overseas visitors during the summer recess and Saturdays throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> Tours of the Elizabeth Tower were suspended until 2021 while the tower underwent refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Architectural historian <a href="/wiki/Dan_Cruickshank" title="Dan Cruickshank">Dan Cruickshank</a> selected the palace as one of his five choices for the 2006 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television documentary series <a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Best_Buildings" title="Britain's Best Buildings">Britain's Best Buildings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> The nearest London Underground station is <a href="/wiki/Westminster_tube_station" title="Westminster tube station">Westminster</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/District_line" title="District line">District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle_line_(London_Underground)" title="Circle line (London Underground)">Circle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_line" title="Jubilee line">Jubilee lines</a>. In 2015, Parliament organised a year-long programme of events called "<a href="/wiki/Parliament_in_the_Making" title="Parliament in the Making">Parliament in the Making</a>" to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the sealing of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> on 15 June, and the 750th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Montfort%27s_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort's Parliament">first representative parliament</a> on 20 January.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> Events were coordinated with <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Week">Parliament Week</a>. The BBC held events throughout the year including a "Democracy Day" on 20 January consisting of live discussions and debate in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker's Office</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, including broadcasts from inside the Palace of Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_relocation" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation">Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislative_buildings" title="List of legislative buildings">List of legislative buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_building" title="Senedd building">Senedd Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament_Building" title="Scottish Parliament Building">Scottish Parliament Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Official royal residences in London</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> – The principal royal residence since 1837</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a> – The principal residence of English and later British monarchs between 1689 and 1760</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a> – The principal residence of the English kings from 1530 until 1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> – The principal royal residence from 1702 until 1837, which continues today as the formal palace of the monarchy as the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> – a princely home, built on palace grounds in the 1820s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_House" title="Bushy House">Bushy House</a> – future <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> took up residence here in 1797 when appointed Ranger of Bushy Park, and remained through his reign as king (1830–1837)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Depicted (clockwise) are the virtues of Courtesy, Religion, Generosity, Hospitality and Mercy. The two missing frescoes were meant to depict Fidelity and Courage.<a href="#cite_note-Guide,_p._26-66">[66]</a> Queen Victoria's portrait can be seen in the Parliamentary website.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> included all of Ireland until the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>'s creation in 1922. Decorative references to Ireland exist throughout the Palace of Westminster and include symbols like the <a href="/wiki/Irish_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish harp">Irish harp</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>. The saints' mosaics were planned from 1847, but Robert Anning Bell's design for Ireland was completed in 1924 and reflects the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">1920–22 partition</a>, with Saint Patrick flanked by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Columba" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Columba">Saint Columba</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Ulster">arms of Ulster</a> for <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Brigid" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Brigid">Saint Brigid</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Ireland">arms of Ireland</a> for the Free State.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The Member for the Isle of Wight, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Field" title="Barry Field">Barry Field</a>, subsequently commented that he was "showered by <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">national lottery</a> tickets" and asked the Speaker "whether they came from that long lottery finger in the advertisement that points down to people and says, 'It could be you' ".<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Sources differ on the exact number of demonstrators. A House of Commons spokeswoman stated that 45 people climbed to the roof,<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2009-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2009-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2009-155">[152]</a> and a Metropolitan Police spokeswoman said that 20 climbed down on the first day,<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2009-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent_2009-154">[151]</a> but 31 activists stayed there overnight according to Greenpeace,<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2009-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> and the BBC later reported that 54 people were charged with "trespassing on land designated a protected site".<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldhansrd/vo060517/text/60517-22.htm">"Planning (Application to the Houses of Parliament) Order 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. Vol. 682. United Kingdom: House of Lords. 17 May 2006. col. 339. <q>The Palace of Westminster is therefore Crown land because it is land in which there is a Crown interest, in this case an interest belonging to Her Majesty in right of the Crown.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Planning+%28Application+to+the+Houses+of+Parliament%29+Order+2006&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=col.-339&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2006-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldhansrd%2Fvo060517%2Ftext%2F60517-22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173323/https://restorationandrenewal.parliament.uk/factsheets/Factsheet_Palace_of_Westminster.pdf">"Palace of Westminster: Factsheet"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 5 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+the+Palace+of+Westminster%3A+1981%E2%80%9394&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Information+Office&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fcommons-information-office%2Fg12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Port">Port (1976)</a>, pp. 76, 109; <a href="#Riding">Riding and Riding (2000)</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#Quinault">Quinault (1991)</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#Fell">Fell and Mackenzie (1994)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#Fell">Fell and Mackenzie (1994)</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2009-10/1199">"Early day motion 1199: Union Flag at Parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Building+the+Great+Clock&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Fbuilding-clock-tower%2Fbuilding-great-clock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#Macdonald">Macdonald (2004)</a>, pp. xiii–xiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/facts-figures/great-clock-facts">"Great Clock facts"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Clock+facts&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Ffacts-figures%2Fgreat-clock-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#Fell">Fell and Mackenzie (1994)</a>, pp. 24, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/building-clock-tower/great-bell">"The Great Bell – Big Ben"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bell+%E2%80%93+Big+Ben&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Fbuilding-clock-tower%2Fgreat-bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#Macdonald">Macdonald (2004)</a>, pp. xvi–xvii, 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/big-ben/facts-figures/great-bell">"The Great Bell and the quarter bells"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 14 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Bell+and+the+quarter+bells&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fbuilding%2Fpalace%2Fbig-ben%2Ffacts-figures%2Fgreat-bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#Macdonald">Macdonald (2004)</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#Jones">Jones (1983)</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/visiting/online-tours/virtualtours/bigben-tour">"Elizabeth Tower virtual tour"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 15 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+Tower+virtual+tour&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fvisiting%2Fonline-tours%2Fvirtualtours%2Fbigben-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#Port">Port (1976)</a>, p. 221; <a href="#Jones">Jones (1983)</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#Jones">Jones (1983)</a>, pp. 108–109; <a href="#Field">Field (2002)</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riding,_p._120-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riding,_p._120_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riding,_p._120_46-1">b</a> <a href="#Riding">Riding and Riding (2000)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#Port">Port (1976)</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1965" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Peter (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingidealsin00coll/page/238">Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture 1750–1950</a> (1st ed.). Montreal, Quebec; Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingidealsin00coll/page/238">238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0048-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-0048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Ideals+in+Modern+Architecture+1750%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec%3B+Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=238&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0048-8&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingidealsin00coll%2Fpage%2F238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> cited in <a href="#Port">Port (1976)</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmcomm/1002/100208.htm">"Department of the Serjeant at Arms Annual Report 2001–02"</a>. House of Commons Commission. 2 July 2002. Retrieved 28 April 2010. <q>St Stephen's Tower: This project involved the renovation and re-modelling of offices on four floors above St Stephen's Entrance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Department+of+the+Serjeant+at+Arms+Annual+Report+2001%E2%80%9302&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Commission&rft.date=2002-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmselect%2Fcmcomm%2F1002%2F100208.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#Wilson">Wilson (2005)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#Riding">Riding and Riding (2000)</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/artwork/edward-m-barry/houses-of-parliament-st-stephen%27s-crypt-restored--about-1863-/1601">Art in Parliament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127160027/http://www.parliament.uk/worksofart/artwork/edward-m-barry/houses-of-parliament-st-stephen%27s-crypt-restored--about-1863-/1601">Archived</a> 27 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Houses of Parliament, St Stephen's Crypt (Restored). </li> <li id="cite_note-Guide,_p._28-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guide,_p._28_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guide,_p._28_53-1">b</a> <a href="#Guide">Guide to the Palace of Westminster</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/palace-s-interiors/st-stephen-s-hall/">"St Stephen's Hall"</a>. UK Parliament. 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The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 40 (227): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/861585">861585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine+for+Connoisseurs&rft.atitle=Westminster+Hall+and+Its+Roof&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=227&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=1922-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F861585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cescinsky&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Gribble%2C+Ernest+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/westminsterhall/government-and-administration/early-law-courts/">"Early law courts"</a>. 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Only six of the statues, rather damaged, remain, and the dias has been remodelled, but otherwise the hall remains largely as Richard and his master builder Henry Yevele left it. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouell1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Bouell, Charles</a> (1914). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (ed.). The Handbook to English Heraldry (11th ed.). 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Retrieved 21 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All+England+Frightened%3B+the+Damage+to+the+Parliament+Buildings+Enormous&rft.date=1885-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1885%2F01%2F26%2F106296159.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Daniel_Sullivan" title="Timothy Daniel Sullivan">Sullivan, T. D.</a> (1905). Recollections of Troubled Times in Irish Politics. Dublin: Sealy, Bryers & Walker; M. H. Gill & Son. pp. 172–173. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3808618">3808618</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23335082M">23335082M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Troubled+Times+in+Irish+Politics&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=172-173&rft.pub=Sealy%2C+Bryers+%26+Walker%3B+M.+H.+Gill+%26+Son&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3808618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23335082M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=T.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#Gerhold">Gerhold (1999)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/17/newsid_2514000/2514827.stm">"On This Day: 17 June – 1974: IRA bombs parliament"</a>. BBC News. 17 June 1974. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+17+June+%E2%80%93+1974%3A+IRA+bombs+parliament&rft.date=1974-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F17%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514827.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/30/newsid_2783000/2783877.stm">"On This Day: 30 March – 1979: Car bomb kills Airey Neave"</a>. BBC News. 30 March 1979. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+30+March+%E2%80%93+1979%3A+Car+bomb+kills+Airey+Neave&rft.date=1979-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fmarch%2F30%2Fnewsid_2783000%2F2783877.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallisterHoggart1979" class="citation news cs1">Pallister, David; Hoggart, Simon (31 March 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2009/mar/31/2">"From the archive: Airey Neave assassinated"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+the+archive%3A+Airey+Neave+assassinated&rft.date=1979-03-31&rft.aulast=Pallister&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hoggart%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2009%2Fmar%2F31%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrain2010" class="citation book cs1">Brain, Timothy (2010). A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921866-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921866-0"><bdi>978-0-19-921866-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Policing+in+England+and+Wales+from+1974%3A+A+Turbulent+Journey&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921866-0&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8301380.stm">"Who are the INLA?"</a>. BBC News. 11 October 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Who+are+the+INLA%3F&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F8301380.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1970" class="citation news cs1">Noyes, Hugh (24 July 1970). "CS gas thrown in Commons to 'cry' of Belfast". The Times. London. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=CS+gas+thrown+in+Commons+to+%27cry%27+of+Belfast&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1970-07-24&rft.aulast=Noyes&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1970/jul/23/european-communities-ministerial-meeting">"European Communities (Ministerial Meeting)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 23 July 1970. col. 785.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Communities+%28Ministerial+Meeting%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-785&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1970-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1970%2Fjul%2F23%2Feuropean-communities-ministerial-meeting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080404120150/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916281,00.html">"Northern Ireland: Ten Years Later: Coping and Hoping"</a>. Time. 17 July 1978. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916281,00.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Ten+Years+Later%3A+Coping+and+Hoping&rft.date=1978-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C916281%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1978/jul/06/scotland-bill#S5CV0953P0_19780706_HOC_246">"Scotland Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 6 July 1978. col. 675–676.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Scotland+Bill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-675-676&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1978-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1978%2Fjul%2F06%2Fscotland-bill%23S5CV0953P0_19780706_HOC_246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Previous_Protests-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Previous_Protests_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Previous_Protests_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7266567.stm">"Parliament's previous protests"</a>. BBC News. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Parliament%27s+previous+protests&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F7266567.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1996/jun/12/points-of-order#S6CV0279P0_19960612_HOC_291">"Points of Order"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Commons. 12 June 1996. col. 323.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Points+of+Order&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-323&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1996-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1996%2Fjun%2F12%2Fpoints-of-order%23S6CV0279P0_19960612_HOC_291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> See diagram of the Chamber's gallery level at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeele2004" class="citation book cs1">Peele, Gillian (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governingukbriti0004peel/page/203">Governing the UK</a> (4th ed.). Oxford; Malden, Massachusetts; Carlton, Victoria: Blackwell Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governingukbriti0004peel/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22681-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22681-9"><bdi>978-0-631-22681-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governing+the+UK&rft.place=Oxford%3B+Malden%2C+Massachusetts%3B+Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22681-9&rft.aulast=Peele&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoverningukbriti0004peel%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3728617.stm">"Blair hit during Commons protest"</a>. BBC News. 19 May 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Blair+hit+during+Commons+protest&rft.date=2004-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F3728617.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/3656524.stm">"Pro-hunt protesters storm Commons"</a>. BBC News. 15 September 2004. Retrieved 3 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pro-hunt+protesters+storm+Commons&rft.date=2004-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F3656524.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1988/feb/02/local-government-bill">"Local Government Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. House of Lords. 2 February 1988. col. 993–1023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Bill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-993-1023&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1988-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1988%2Ffeb%2F02%2Flocal-government-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis1988" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Alan (3 February 1988). "Rope trick ladies drop in on the Lords". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 5 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Big+Ben+and+the+Elizabeth+Tower+tours&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fvisiting%2Fvisiting-and-tours%2Ftours-of-parliament%2Fbigben%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070525052453/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/bbb-parliament.shtml">"Britain's Best Buildings: Palace of Westminster"</a>. UK: BBC Four. 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UK Parliament. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/2015-parliament-in-the-making/2015-historic-anniversaries/an-introduction-to-parliament-in-the-making/">the original</a> on 14 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+in+the+Making%3A+2015+Historic+Anniversaries+programme&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2F2015-parliament-in-the-making%2F2015-historic-anniversaries%2Fan-introduction-to-parliament-in-the-making%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104332/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/house/Papers/2013-14/180613/M2-13-14-06-2015-Anniversaries.pdf">"2015 Anniversaries: An Update"</a> (PDF). UK Parliament. 11 June 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/documents/lords-committees/house/Papers/2013-14/180613/M2-13-14-06-2015-Anniversaries.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Anniversaries%3A+An+Update&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2Flords-committees%2Fhouse%2FPapers%2F2013-14%2F180613%2FM2-13-14-06-2015-Anniversaries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magnacarta800th.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/BBC-Taking-Liberties-Press-Release.pdf">"BBC marks the 800th anniversary of the Magna Carta with 'Taking Liberties' season"</a> (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 18 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+marks+the+800th+anniversary+of+the+Magna+Carta+with+%27Taking+Liberties%27+season&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmagnacarta800th.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FBBC-Taking-Liberties-Press-Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cooke" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooke_(Conservative_politician)" title="Robert Cooke (Conservative politician)">Cooke, Sir Robert</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palaceofwestmins00sirr">The Palace of Westminster</a>. London: Burton Skira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-45923-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-45923-2"><bdi>978-0-333-45923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Burton+Skira&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-333-45923-2&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Sir+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalaceofwestmins00sirr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Fell" class="citation book cs1">Fell, Sir Bryan H.; <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_R._Mackenzie" title="Kenneth R. Mackenzie">Mackenzie, K. R.</a> (1994) [1930]. Natzler, D. L (ed.). The Houses of Parliament: A Guide to the Palace of Westminster (15th ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-701579-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-701579-1"><bdi>978-0-11-701579-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+Parliament%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Palace+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-11-701579-1&rft.aulast=Fell&rft.aufirst=Sir+Bryan+H.&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+K.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Field" class="citation book cs1">Field, John (2002). The Story of Parliament in the Palace of Westminster. London: Politico's Publishing; James & James Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904022-14-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904022-14-5"><bdi>978-1-904022-14-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Parliament+in+the+Palace+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Politico%27s+Publishing%3B+James+%26+James+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-904022-14-5&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gerhold" class="citation book cs1">Gerhold, Dorian (1999). Westminster Hall: Nine Hundred Years of History. London: James & James Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907383-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907383-88-8"><bdi>978-0-907383-88-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Hall%3A+Nine+Hundred+Years+of+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+%26+James+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-907383-88-8&rft.aulast=Gerhold&rft.aufirst=Dorian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Guide" class="citation book cs1">Guide to the Palace of Westminster. London: Warrington. 1911. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5081639">5081639</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13507081M">13507081M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Palace+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Warrington&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5081639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13507081M%23id-name%3DOL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Christopher (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpalacestory00jone">The Great Palace: The Story of Parliament</a>. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20178-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20178-6"><bdi>978-0-563-20178-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Palace%3A+The+Story+of+Parliament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20178-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpalacestory00jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Macdonald" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Peter (2004). Big Ben: The Bell, the Clock and the Tower. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3828-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3828-0"><bdi>978-0-7509-3828-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Ben%3A+The+Bell%2C+the+Clock+and+the+Tower&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3828-0&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Port" class="citation book cs1">Port, M. H., ed. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/housesofparliame0000unse_b1r4">The Houses of Parliament</a>. New Haven, Connecticut; London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02022-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-02022-9"><bdi>978-0-300-02022-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+Parliament&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%3B+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-300-02022-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhousesofparliame0000unse_b1r4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Quinault" class="citation journal cs1">Quinault, Roland (1992). "Westminster and the Victorian Constitution". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 6. 2: 79–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679100">10.2307/3679100</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679100">3679100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154705280">154705280</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Westminster+and+the+Victorian+Constitution&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=79-104&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154705280%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679100%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679100&rft.aulast=Quinault&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"> (subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Riding" class="citation book cs1">Riding, Christine; Riding, Jacqueline, eds. (2000). The Houses of Parliament: History, Art, Architecture. London: Merrell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-112-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85894-112-7"><bdi>978-1-85894-112-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+Parliament%3A+History%2C+Art%2C+Architecture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Merrell+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85894-112-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tanfield" class="citation book cs1">Tanfield, Jennifer (1991). In Parliament 1939–50: The Effect of the War on the Palace of Westminster. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-850640-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-850640-6"><bdi>978-0-10-850640-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26808272">26808272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Parliament+1939%E2%80%9350%3A+The+Effect+of+the+War+on+the+Palace+of+Westminster&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26808272&rft.isbn=978-0-10-850640-6&rft.aulast=Tanfield&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robert (2005) [1994]. The Houses of Parliament. Norwich: Jarrold Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84165-099-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84165-099-9"><bdi>978-1-84165-099-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+Parliament&rft.place=Norwich&rft.pub=Jarrold+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84165-099-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenton2012" class="citation book cs1">Shenton, Caroline (2012). The Day Parliament Burned Down. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-964670-8"><bdi>978-0-19-964670-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785869543">785869543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Parliament+Burned+Down&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785869543&rft.isbn=978-0-19-964670-8&rft.aulast=Shenton&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+of+Westminster" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palace_of_Westminster" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualexperience.co.uk/?page=projects&sub=westminsterhall">Westminster Hall – A Virtual Experience</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523131008/http://www.virtualexperience.co.uk/?page=projects&sub=westminsterhall">Archived</a> 23 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/churchill-death/queens-letter/">Winston Churchill State Funeral – Westminster Hall – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123758504383299443">"A Victorian Novel in Stone"</a>, Rosemary Hill, The Wall Street Journal, 20 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_BIR">Parliamentary Archives, Designs and working drawings for the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501012740/https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_BIR">Archived</a> 1 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliamentary_Estate" title="Template:Parliamentary Estate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Parliamentary_Estate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Parliamentary Estate (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliamentary_Estate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliamentary Estate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliamentary_Estate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Estate" title="Parliamentary Estate">Parliamentary Estate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Shaw_Buildings" title="Norman Shaw Buildings">Norman Shaw Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis_House" title="Portcullis House">Portcullis House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_House" title="Richmond House">Richmond House</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:London,_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg/75px-London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg/113px-London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg/150px-London%2C_Elizabeth_Tower_--_2016_--_4624.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2638" data-file-height="4690" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palace of Westminster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Yard" title="New Palace Yard">New Palace Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_War_Memorial" title="Parliamentary War Memorial">Parliamentary War Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Undercroft" title="St Mary Undercroft">St Mary Undercroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Tower" title="Victoria Tower">Victoria Tower</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">House of Commons Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members%27_Lobby" title="Members' Lobby">Members' Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker%27s_House" title="Speaker's House">Speaker's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangers%27_Bar" title="Strangers' Bar">Strangers' Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitors%27_Gallery" title="Visitors' Gallery">Visitors' Gallery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">House of Lords Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Palace</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Requests" title="Court of Requests">Court of Requests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Tower" title="Jewel Tower">Jewel Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Chamber" title="Painted Chamber">Painted Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Chamber" title="White Chamber">White Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings and sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armada_Tapestries" title="Armada Tapestries">Armada Tapestries</a> (lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur_de_Lion_(statue)" title="Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)">Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Old_Palace_Yard" title="Old Palace Yard">Old Palace Yard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Margaret_Thatcher_(Palace_of_Westminster)" title="Statue of Margaret Thatcher (Palace of Westminster)">Statue of Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Palace_of_Westminster" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Palace of Westminster">Statue of Winston Churchill</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Members%27_Lobby" title="Members' Lobby">Members' Lobby</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Nelson_(Maclise_painting)" title="The Death of Nelson (Maclise painting)">The Death of Nelson</a> (1859 –1864), <a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_of_Wellington_and_Bl%C3%BCcher_after_the_Battle_of_Waterloo" title="The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo">The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo</a> (1861) (in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Royal_Gallery">Royal Gallery</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Palace_of_Westminster" title="History of the Palace of Westminster">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> (1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval" title="Assassination of Spencer Perceval">Assassination of Spencer Perceval</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">Burning of Parliament</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Provisional IRA bombing</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Assassination of Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_data_breach" title="2017 Westminster data breach">2017 Westminster data breach</a> (2017)</li> <li>Westminster attacks (<a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">2017</a>) (<a href="/wiki/2018_Westminster_car_attack" title="2018 Westminster car attack">2018</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Earl_of_Chatham" title="The Death of the Earl of Chatham">The Death of the Earl of Chatham</a> (1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Panoramic_View_of_London,_from_the_Tower_of_St._Margaret%27s_Church,_Westminster" title="A Panoramic View of London, from the Tower of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster">A Panoramic View of London, from the Tower of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Houses_of_Lords_and_Commons" title="The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons">The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament_(Monet_series)" title="Houses of Parliament (Monet series)">Houses of Parliament (Monet series)</a> (1899 –1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Terrace,_1909" title="The Terrace, 1909">The Terrace, 1909</a> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_history" title="Template:London history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_history" title="Template talk:London history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Lundenwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_London" title="Timeline of London">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Roman London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Anglo-Saxon London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_and_Medieval_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman and Medieval London">Norman and Medieval London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_London" title="Tudor London">Tudor London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_London" title="Stuart London">Stuart London</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_London" title="18th-century London">18th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_London" title="19th-century London">19th-century London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London_(1900%E2%80%931939)" title="History of London (1900–1939)">1900–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_in_World_War_II" title="London in World War II">World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#1945–2000" title="History of London">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_London#21st_century" title="History of London">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London" title="Great Plague of London">Great Plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Stink" title="Great Stink">Great Stink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Exhibition" title="Franco-British Exhibition">1908 Franco-British Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">The Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Sixties" title="Swinging Sixties">Swinging London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">1966 FIFA World Cup final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_February_2003_anti-war_protests#London" title="15 February 2003 anti-war protests">Anti-war protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7/7 bombings</a></li> <li>Olympic Games <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Paralympics" title="2012 Summer Paralympics">2012 Summer Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Tower_fire" title="Grenfell Tower fire">Grenfell Tower fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_London" title="COVID-19 pandemic in London">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_London" title="History of local government in London">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Works" title="Metropolitan Board of Works">Metropolitan Board of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Council" title="Greater London Council">Greater London Council</a></li></ul></li> <li>Current <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_London" title="List of political parties in London">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="London Labour Party">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Liberal_Democrats" title="London Liberal Democrats">Liberal Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Green_Party" title="London Green Party">London Green Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Street_Runners" title="Bow Street Runners">Bow Street Runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Metropolitan_Police" title="History of the Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Ambulance_Service" title="London Ambulance Service">London Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_London_Authority" title="Port of London Authority">Port of London Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_sewer_system" title="London sewer system">London sewer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_London_Underground" title="History of the London Underground">London Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="London Metropolitan Archives">London Metropolitan Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor%27s_Show" title="Lord Mayor's Show">Lord Mayor's Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Police" title="City of London Police">City of London Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">The Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_London" title="Fortifications of London">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Greater_London" title="Scheduled monuments in Greater London">Scheduled monuments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_London" title="Category:History of London">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="London_landmarks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:London_landmarks" title="Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:London_landmarks" title="Template talk:London landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:London_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:London landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="London_landmarks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> landmarks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Buildings and structures in London">Buildings and structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Bridges_in_London" title="Category:Bridges in London">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London" title="Albert Bridge, London">Albert Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Bridge" title="Battersea Bridge">Battersea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge" title="Chelsea Bridge">Chelsea Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Bridge" title="Hammersmith Bridge">Hammersmith Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungerford_Bridge_and_Golden_Jubilee_Bridges" title="Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges">Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Bridge" title="Lambeth Bridge">Lambeth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Bridge,_London" title="Millennium Bridge, London">Millennium Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putney_Bridge" title="Putney Bridge">Putney Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Bridge,_London" title="Richmond Bridge, London">Richmond Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Bridge" title="Southwark Bridge">Southwark Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge" title="Vauxhall Bridge">Vauxhall Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bridge" title="Waterloo Bridge">Waterloo Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Entertainment_venues_in_London" title="Category:Entertainment venues in London">Entertainment venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinemas_in_London" title="Category:Cinemas in London">Cinemas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BFI_IMAX" title="BFI IMAX">BFI IMAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire,_Leicester_Square" title="Empire, Leicester Square">Empire, Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon_Luxe_Leicester_Square" title="Odeon Luxe Leicester Square">Odeon Luxe Leicester Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Football stadia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a> (national stadium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentford_Community_Stadium" title="Brentford Community Stadium">Brentford Community Stadium</a> (Brentford)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Road" title="Brisbane Road">Brisbane Road</a> (Leyton Orient)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craven_Cottage" title="Craven Cottage">Craven Cottage</a> (Fulham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Den" title="The Den">The Den</a> (Millwall)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Stadium" title="Emirates Stadium">Emirates Stadium</a> (Arsenal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loftus_Road" title="Loftus Road">Loftus Road</a> (Queens Park Rangers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stadium" title="London Stadium">London Stadium</a> (West Ham United)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plough_Lane" title="Plough Lane">Plough Lane</a> (AFC Wimbledon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selhurst_Park" title="Selhurst Park">Selhurst Park</a> (Crystal Palace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> (Chelsea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Valley (London)">The Valley</a> (Charlton Athletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_Stadium" title="Tottenham Hotspur Stadium">Tottenham Hotspur Stadium</a> (Tottenham Hotspur)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_venues_in_London" title="Category:Sports venues in London">Other major sports venues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championship_Course" title="The Championship Course">The Championship Course</a> (rowing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_National_Sports_Centre" title="Crystal Palace National Sports Centre">Crystal Palace National Sports Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Olympic_Park" title="Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park">Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oval" title="The Oval">The Oval</a> (cricket)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium" title="Twickenham Stadium">Twickenham Stadium</a> (rugby)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_London" title="Template:Theatres in London">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphi_Theatre" title="Adelphi Theatre">Adelphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Victoria_Theatre" title="Apollo Victoria Theatre">Apollo Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Coliseum" title="London Coliseum">Coliseum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_Theatre" title="Criterion Theatre">Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theatre" title="Dominion Theatre">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">Old Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Palladium" title="London Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Theatre Royal, Drury Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal_Haymarket" title="Theatre Royal Haymarket">Theatre Royal Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Palace" title="Alexandra Palace">Alexandra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brixton_Academy" title="Brixton Academy">Brixton Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExCeL_London" title="ExCeL London">ExCeL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Apollo" title="Hammersmith Apollo">Hammersmith Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_O2_Arena" title="The O2 Arena">The O2 Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall" title="Royal Festival Hall">Royal Festival Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Arena" title="Wembley Arena">Wembley Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Arch" title="Admiralty Arch">Admiralty Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Southwark)" title="City Hall, London (Southwark)">City Hall (Southwark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_London_(Newham)" title="City Hall, London (Newham)">City Hall (Newham)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_London" title="County Hall, London">County Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_(building)" title="Horse Guards (building)">Horse Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansion_House,_London" title="Mansion House, London">Mansion House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bailey" title="Old Bailey">Old Bailey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palace of Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIS_Building" title="SIS Building">SIS Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums_in_London" title="Category:Museums in London">Museums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_London" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in London">galleries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Gallery" title="Courtauld Gallery">Courtauld Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutty_Sark" title="Cutty Sark">Cutty Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hinde_(1973)" title="Golden Hinde (1973)">Golden Hinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildhall_Art_Gallery" title="Guildhall Art Gallery">Guildhall Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Belfast" title="HMS Belfast">HMS Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate_Modern" title="Tate Modern">Tate Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Collection" title="Wallace Collection">Wallace Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_V%26A" title="Young V&A">Young V&A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_London" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in London">Places of worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Hallows-by-the-Tower" title="All Hallows-by-the-Tower">All Hallows-by-the-Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_London" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London">BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Westminster" title="Methodist Central Hall, Westminster">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">Regent's Park Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's, Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin-in-the-Fields" title="St Martin-in-the-Fields">St Martin-in-the-Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary-le-Bow" title="St Mary-le-Bow">St Mary-le-Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwark_Cathedral" title="Southwark Cathedral">Southwark Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Cathedral" title="Westminster Cathedral">Westminster Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Retailing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shops_in_London" title="Category:Shops in London">Shops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortnum_%26_Mason" title="Fortnum & Mason">Fortnum & Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamleys" title="Hamleys">Hamleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Nichols" title="Harvey Nichols">Harvey Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatchards" title="Hatchards">Hatchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(department_store)" title="Liberty (department store)">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jones_(department_store)" title="Peter Jones (department store)">Peter Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges,_Oxford_Street" title="Selfridges, Oxford Street">Selfridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shopping_centres_in_London" title="Category:Shopping centres in London">Shopping centres</a> and markets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_Market" title="Borough Market">Borough Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Cross_Shopping_Centre" title="Brent Cross Shopping Centre">Brent Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlington_Arcade" title="Burlington Arcade">Burlington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Market" title="Camden Market">Camden Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Arcade" title="Kensington Arcade">Kensington Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadenhall_Market" title="Leadenhall Market">Leadenhall Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_New_Change" title="One New Change">One New Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_Lane_Market" title="Petticoat Lane Market">Petticoat Lane Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_London" title="Westfield London">Westfield London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Stratford_City" title="Westfield Stratford City">Westfield Stratford City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_buildings_in_London" title="Category:Royal buildings in London">Royal buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Partly occupied by the royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Unoccupied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="Banqueting House, Whitehall">Banqueting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Palace" title="Kew Palace">Kew Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallery">The Queen's Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Skyscrapers_in_London" title="Category:Skyscrapers in London">Skyscrapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_Canada_Square" title="One Canada Square">One Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Churchill_Place" title="One Churchill Place">One Churchill Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_Canada_Square" title="8 Canada Square">8 Canada Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_Fenchurch_Street" title="20 Fenchurch Street">20 Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122_Leadenhall_Street" title="122 Leadenhall Street">122 Leadenhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgate_Tower" title="Broadgate Tower">Broadgate Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citigroup_Centre_(London)" title="Citigroup Centre (London)">Citigroup Centre (London)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gherkin" title="The Gherkin">The Gherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Tower" title="Heron Tower">Heron Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shard" title="The Shard">The Shard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George_Wharf_Tower" title="St George Wharf Tower">St George Wharf Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_42" title="Tower 42">Tower 42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal_Orbit" title="ArcelorMittal Orbit">ArcelorMittal Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph" title="The Cenotaph">The Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra%27s_Needle,_London" title="Cleopatra's Needle, London">Cleopatra's Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Palace_transmitting_station" title="Crystal Palace transmitting station">Crystal Palace transmitting station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Eye" title="London Eye">London Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch" title="Marble Arch">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Great_Fire_of_London" title="Monument to the Great Fire of London">Monument to the Great Fire of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Memorial_Fountain" title="Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain">Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain ("Eros")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thames_Barrier" title="Thames Barrier">Thames Barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Arch" title="Wellington Arch">Wellington Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_City_Airport" title="London City Airport">City Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_station" title="Blackfriars station">Blackfriars station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_railway_station" title="Charing Cross railway station">Charing Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Junction_railway_station" title="Clapham Junction railway station">Clapham Junction station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street_railway_station" title="Fenchurch Street railway station">Fenchurch Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_station" title="London Bridge station">London Bridge station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">Paddington station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_station" title="Stratford station">Stratford station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Victoria_station" title="London Victoria station">Victoria station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Waterloo_station" title="London Waterloo station">Waterloo station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">London Cable Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Coach_Station" title="Victoria Coach Station">Victoria Coach Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbican_Estate" title="Barbican Estate">Barbican Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Power_Station" title="Battersea Power Station">Battersea Power Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower" title="BT Tower">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_building" title="Lloyd's building">Lloyd's building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_Tower" title="Oxo Tower">Oxo Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market">Smithfield Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_London" title="Parks and open spaces in London">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Parks_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Parks of London">Royal Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy_Park" title="Bushy Park">Bushy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Park" title="Green Park">Green Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Park" title="Greenwich Park">Greenwich Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Park" title="Hampton Court Park">Hampton Court Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Gardens" title="Kensington Gardens">Kensington Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battersea_Park" title="Battersea Park">Battersea Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Park" title="Burgess Park">Burgess Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapham_Common" title="Clapham Common">Clapham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">College Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park" title="Finsbury Park">Finsbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Park" title="Holland Park">Holland Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitcham_Common" title="Mitcham Common">Mitcham Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osterley_Park" title="Osterley Park">Osterley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Park" title="Trent Park">Trent Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_London" title="Victoria Park, London">Victoria Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandsworth_Common" title="Wandsworth Common">Wandsworth Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Common" title="Wimbledon Common">Wimbledon Common</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Squares_in_London" title="Squares in London">Squares</a> and public spaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_Guards_Parade" title="Horse Guards Parade">Horse Guards Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester_Square" title="Leicester Square">Leicester Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Square" title="Sloane Square">Sloane Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_London" title="Category:Streets in London">Streets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych" title="Aldwych">Aldwych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Street" title="Baker Street">Baker Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaby_Street" title="Carnaby Street">Carnaby Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross_Road" title="Charing Cross Road">Charing Cross Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Street" title="Denmark Street">Denmark Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenchurch_Street" title="Fenchurch Street">Fenchurch Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Street" title="Fleet Street">Fleet Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket,_London" title="Haymarket, London">Haymarket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermyn_Street" title="Jermyn Street">Jermyn Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_High_Street" title="Kensington High Street">Kensington High Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Road" title="King's Road">King's Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_London" title="The Mall, London">The Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Avenue,_Hounslow" title="Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow">Myrtle Avenue, Hounslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Street" title="Oxford Street">Oxford Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Lane" title="Park Lane">Park Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly" title="Piccadilly">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portobello_Road" title="Portobello Road">Portobello Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Street" title="Sloane Street">Sloane Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_royal_residences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_palaces_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal palaces in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_royal_residences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">British royal residences</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace" title="Kensington Palace">Kensington Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkhall" title="Birkhall">Birkhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigowan_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigowan Lodge">Craigowan Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatcombe_Park" title="Gatcombe Park">Gatcombe Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House</a></li> <li>Kensington Palace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Cottage" title="Ivy Cottage">Ivy Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Cottage" title="Nottingham Cottage">Nottingham Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_House" title="Wren House">Wren House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwynywermod" title="Llwynywermod">Llwynywermod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anmer_Hall" title="Anmer Hall">Anmer Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_Farm" title="Wood Farm">Wood Farm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarisk,_Isles_of_Scilly" title="Tamarisk, Isles of Scilly">Tamarisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatched_House_Lodge" title="Thatched House Lodge">Thatched House Lodge</a></li> <li>Windsor <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Cottage" title="Adelaide Cottage">Adelaide Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagshot_Park" title="Bagshot Park">Bagshot Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogmore_Cottage" title="Frogmore Cottage">Frogmore Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Lodge" title="Royal Lodge">Royal Lodge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEF;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_residences#Former_royal_residences" title="List of British royal residences">Former royal residences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Royal_Palaces" title="Historic Royal Palaces">Historic Royal Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parliament_Square,_London" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliament_Square" title="Template:Parliament Square"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliament_Square" title="Template talk:Parliament Square"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament_Square" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliament Square"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parliament_Square,_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Clockwise from Southwest: <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_Guildhall" title="Middlesex Guildhall">Middlesex Guildhall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">12 Great George Street</a> <ul><li>RICS</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Offices_Great_George_Street" title="Government Offices Great George Street">Government Offices Great George Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customs" title="HM Revenue and Customs">HM Revenue and Customs</a></li></ul></li> <li>10 Bridge Street <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Stephens_Tavern" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephens Tavern">St Stephens Tavern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis_House" title="Portcullis House">Portcullis House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Underground_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Underground Station">Westminster Underground Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palace of Westminster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Palace_Yard" title="New Palace Yard">New Palace Yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="St Margaret's Westminster">St Margaret's Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxton_Memorial_Fountain" title="Buxton Memorial Fountain">Buxton Memorial Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_Square_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Parliament Square, London"><img alt="Parliament Square, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parliament_Square_1980.jpg/185px-Parliament_Square_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parliament_Square_1980.jpg/278px-Parliament_Square_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Parliament_Square_1980.jpg/370px-Parliament_Square_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the square</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Clockwise from Southwest: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Nelson_Mandela,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Nelson Mandela, Parliament Square">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_Peel,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Robert Peel, Parliament Square">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Disraeli,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Benjamin Disraeli, Parliament Square">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Earl_of_Derby,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of the Earl of Derby, Parliament Square">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lord_Palmerston,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Lord Palmerston, Parliament Square">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Jan_Smuts,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Jan Smuts, Parliament Square">Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Lloyd_George,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of David Lloyd George, Parliament Square">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Winston_Churchill,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">Churchill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By Middlesex Guildhall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Canning,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of George Canning, Parliament Square">Canning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Oliver_Cromwell,_Westminster" title="Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster">Cromwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adjacent streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broad_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Broad Sanctuary</a> (leading to <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Street,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Street, London">Victoria Street</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Little Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_George_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little George Street (page does not exist)">Little George Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_George_Street" title="Great George Street">Great George Street</a> (leading to <a href="/wiki/Birdcage_Walk" title="Birdcage Walk">Birdcage Walk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Street,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Street, London">Parliament Street</a> (leading to <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Street,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge Street, London">Bridge Street</a> (leading <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Green,_London" title="College Green, London">Abingdon Street</a> (leading to <a href="/wiki/Millbank" title="Millbank">Millbank</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grey_Wornum" title="George Grey Wornum">George Grey Wornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Brydon" title="J. M. Brydon">John Brydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Glen_Sivewright_Gibson" title="James Glen Sivewright Gibson">J.S. Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hopkins_(architect)" title="Michael Hopkins (architect)">Michael Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Architects" title="Hopkins Architects">and Partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square_Peace_Campaign" title="Parliament Square Peace Campaign">Parliament Square Peace Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Haw" title="Brian Haw">Brian Haw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">2010 United Kingdom student protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Parliament_Square" title="Category:Parliament Square">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parliament_Square,_London" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parliament Square, London">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/11px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/17px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png/22px-Clock_Tower_-_Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_May_2007_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:London" title="Portal:London">London</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/21px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/32px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/42px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/20px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/31px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/40px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62408#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62408#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62408#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172644544">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4419985-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85146307">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0273358&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007287164305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20006475">Structurae</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/eae32155-1d7f-4fef-bbb9-c988a77f348d">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500301926">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1525801">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&oldid=1262226734">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palace_of_Westminster&oldid=1262226734</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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