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A. | last2 = Warne | first2 = D.F. | title = Electrical Engineer's Reference Book, 16th Ed. | publisher = Newnes | date = 2002 | pages = 17–19 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5jOblzV5eZ8C&q=solenoid+%22induction+furnace%22&pg=SA9-PA18 | isbn = 0080523544 }}</ref><ref name="Campbell">{{cite book | last1 = Campbell | first1 = Flake C. | title = Metals Fabrication: Understanding the Basics | publisher = ASM International | date = 2013 | pages = 63–65 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MbhpBAAAQBAJ&q=%22induction+furnace%22&pg=PA64 | isbn = 978-1627080187 }}</ref><ref name="Bauccio">{{cite book | last1 = Bauccio | first1 = Michael | title = ASM Metals Reference Book, 3rd Ed. | publisher = American Society for Metals | date = 1993 | pages = 50 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ohkDUryVZ0C&q=%22induction+furnace%22&pg=PA50 | isbn = 0871704781 }}</ref> Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tons, and are used to melt [[iron]] and [[steel]], [[copper]], [[aluminum]], and [[precious metals]]. The advantage of the induction furnace is a clean, energy-efficient and well-controlled melting process, compared to most other means of metal melting. Most modern [[foundries]] use this type of furnace, and many iron foundries are replacing [[cupola furnace]]s with induction furnaces to melt [[cast iron]], as the former emit much [[dust]] and other [[pollutant]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Technical basics and applications of induction furnaces |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:zRYFdPBKpdYJ:www.uie.org/webfm_send/391+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESijYgzf4BC5rdfUZFHl0RVreIG3FB3B49CwujkV9b7TssRZpST0r07pMkNXNz-HtDtHvwRw7d_GYGtWuJn9s0rikz4qGM4tT14lDpRLqkIEpb8OIavyj3PvBpe7hamaNBmMGb33&sig=AHIEtbQQOYe5rh3IqwIpFSGaPUPxcKe5AA}}</ref> Induction furnaces do not require an arc, as in an [[electric arc furnace]], or combustion, as in a [[blast furnace]]. As a result, the temperature of the charge (the material entered into the furnace for heating, not to be confused with [[electric charge]]) is no higher than required to melt it; this can prevent the loss of valuable alloying elements.<ref>Phillip F. Ostwald, Jairo Muñoz, ''Manufacturing Processes and Systems'' (9th Edition), John Wiley & Sons, 1997 {{ISBN|978-0-471-04741-4}} page 48</ref> The one major drawback to induction furnace usage in a foundry is the lack of refining capacity: charge materials must be free of oxides and be of a known composition, and some alloying elements may be lost due to oxidation, so they must be re-added to the melt. ==Types== In the coreless type,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Electric Melting Practice |last=Robiette |first=A G |year=1935 |publisher=Charles Griffin & Co |chapter=V: Coreless Induction Furnaces |pages=153–252 }}</ref> metal is placed in a [[crucible]] surrounded by a water-cooled [[alternating current]] [[solenoid]] coil. A channel-type induction furnace has a loop of molten metal, which forms a single-turn secondary winding through an iron core.<ref>{{harvnb|Robiette|1935}} "Chapter IV: Channel Type or 'Low Frequency' Induction Furnaces", pp.&nbsp;153–252</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Induction and Dielectric Heating |year=1962 |publisher=British Electrical Development Association |series=Electricity and Productivity Series, Nº6 |ref=Induction and Dielectric Heating |pages=8–9 }}</ref> ==Operation== [[file:Induktionstiegelofen Schnitt.png|thumb|1 - Melt<br /> 2 - water-cooled coil<br /> 3 - yokes<br /> 4 - crucible]] An induction furnace consists of a nonconductive crucible holding the charge of metal to be melted, surrounded by a coil of copper wire. A powerful [[alternating current]] flows through the wire. The coil creates a rapidly reversing [[magnetic field]] that penetrates the metal. The magnetic field induces [[eddy current]]s, circular electric currents, inside the metal, by [[electromagnetic induction]].<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite book | last1 = Bhattacharya | first1 = S.K. | title = Fundamentals Of Power Electronics | publisher = Vikas Publishing House Pvt | date = 2009 | pages = 142–143 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=USl0x9yCfRAC&q=%22induction+furnace%22+%22eddy+current%22&pg=PA143 | isbn = 978-8125918530 }}</ref> The eddy currents, flowing through the [[electrical resistance]] of the bulk metal, heat it by [[Joule heating]]. In [[ferromagnetic]] materials like [[iron]], the material may also be heated by [[magnetic hysteresis]], the reversal of the molecular [[magnetic dipole]]s in the metal. Once melted, the eddy currents cause vigorous stirring of the melt, assuring good mixing. An advantage of induction heating is that the heat is generated within the furnace's charge itself rather than applied by a burning fuel or other external heat source, which can be important in applications where contamination is an issue. Operating frequencies range from [[utility frequency]] (50 or 60 [[Hertz|Hz]]) to 400&nbsp;kHz or higher, usually depending on the material being melted, the capacity (volume) of the furnace and the melting speed required. Generally, the smaller the volume of the melts, the higher the frequency of the furnace used; this is due to the [[skin depth]] which is a measure of the distance an alternating current can penetrate beneath the surface of a [[electrical conductor|conductor]]. For the same conductivity, the higher frequencies have a shallow skin depth—that is less penetration into the melt. Lower frequencies can generate stirring or turbulence in the metal. A preheated, one-ton furnace melting iron can melt cold charge to tapping readiness within an hour. Power supplies range from 10&nbsp;kW to 42&nbsp;MW, with melt sizes of 20&nbsp;kg to 65&nbsp;tons of metal respectively.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} An operating induction furnace usually emits a hum or whine (due to fluctuating magnetic forces and [[magnetostriction]]), the pitch of which can be used by operators to identify whether the furnace is operating correctly or at what power level.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} == Refractory lining == There is a disposable [[refractory]] lining used during casting. ==See also== {{Portal | Engineering }} *[[Electric arc furnace]]—for another type of electric furnace, used in larger foundries and mini-mill steelmaking operations ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|title=Foseco Ferrous Foundryman's Handbook|url=https://archive.org/details/Foseco_Ferrous_Foundrymans_Handbook|first=John|last=Brown|year=2000|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-0750642842|edition=11th}} ==External links== * [https://books.google.com/books?id=wCcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA118#v=twopage&q&f=true "How Induction Furnace Are Making It Hot For The Axis"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', November 1943. Detailed article on the basics with numerous illustrations {{Iron and steel production}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Induction Furnace}} [[Category:Industrial furnaces]] [[Category:Induction heating|Furnace, Induction]] [[Category:Metallurgy]] [[hr:Plasma Induction]] [[ja:高周波炉]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" 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