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id="toc-Rural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Rural development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Electrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rural flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rural poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rural_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Important sectors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Important_sectors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Important sectors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Important_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Rural economics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_rural" title="Economía rural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía rural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="اقتصاد روستا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد روستا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%86%8D%EC%B4%8C%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="농촌경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="농촌경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Орон нутгийн эдийн засаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орон нутгийн эдийн засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="農村経済学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="農村経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_rural" title="Economia rural – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia rural" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought" title="Schools of economic thought">Schools</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" 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style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_crafts" title="Rural crafts">Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_industry_in_India" title="Rural industry in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_delivery_service" title="Rural delivery service">Delivery service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_housing" title="Rural housing">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservation_poverty" title="Reservation poverty">Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_ghetto" title="Rural ghetto">Ghetto</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_farm" title="Family farm">Family farmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farmworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">Tenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">Smallholders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_women" title="Rural women">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_in_agriculture" title="Gender roles in agriculture">in Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_(identity)" title="Country (identity)">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_diversity" title="Rural diversity">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agricultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rural_communities" title="Types of rural communities">Types of communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurality" title="Rurality">Rurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_society_by_country" title="Category:Rural society by country">By Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Canada" title="Rural Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_Laos" title="Rural society in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_areas_in_the_United_States" title="Rural areas in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rural_history" title="Rural history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural history">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional history">Regional</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_conflict" title="Nomadic conflict">Nomadic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_parliament" title="Rural parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_movement" title="Peasant movement">Peasant movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Campesina" title="Via Campesina">Via Campesina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rural_society" title="Template:Rural society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rural_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rural society (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rural_society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rural society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rural economics</b> is the study of rural <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a>. Rural economies include both <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">agricultural</a> and non-agricultural industries, so rural economics has broader concerns than <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">agricultural economics</a> which focus more on <a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">food systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Rural development</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finance<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempt to solve larger challenges within rural economics. These economic issues are often connected to the migration from rural areas due to lack of economic activities<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a>. Some interventions have been very successful in some parts of the world, with <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">rural electrification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">rural tourism</a> providing anchors for transforming economies in some rural areas. These challenges often create rural-urban income disparities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rural spaces add new challenges for economic analysis that require an understanding of <a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">economic geography</a>: for example understanding of size and spatial distribution of production and household units and interregional trade,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how low population density effects government policies as to development, investment, regulation, and transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_development">Rural development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Rural development</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_development&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rural_Development_Academy,_Bogra_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG/268px-Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="268" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG/402px-Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG/536px-Rural_Development_Academy%2C_Bogra_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A rural development academy in <a href="/wiki/Bogra" title="Bogra">Bogra</a>, Bangladesh. Many government and non-governmental agencies invest in capacity building and opportunities for rural communities to gain greater access to economic opportunities.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Rural development</a> is the process of improving the <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality <span lang="Hindi">of</span> life</a> and economic <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of people living in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a>, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, rural regions have experienced <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">rural poverty</a>, poverty greater than urban or suburban economic regions due to lack of access to economic activities, and lack of investments in key infrastructure such as education. </p><p>Rural development has traditionally centered on the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">exploitation</a> of land-intensive <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>. However, changes in <a href="/wiki/Global_production_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Global production networks">global production networks</a> and increased <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly <a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">rural tourism</a>, niche manufacturers, and <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource-based businesses. </p> Education, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship#Rural" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure all play an important role in developing rural regions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to urban regions, which have many similarities, rural areas are highly distinctive from one another. For this reason there are a large variety of rural development approaches used globally.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrification">Electrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Rural electrification</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_electrification&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">Rural electrification</a> is the process of bringing <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural</a> and remote areas. Rural communities are suffering from colossal <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">national grids</a> fall short of their demand for electricity. As of 2019, 770 million people live without access to electricity – 10.2% of the global population.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a> typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to rural areas, however, this process often runs into obstacles in developing nations. Expanding the national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Amortization_(accounting)" title="Amortization (accounting)">amortizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital costs</a> to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Unit_cost" title="Unit cost">unit cost</a> of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly populated areas (yielding higher <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable amounts of economic and social development. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rural_Electrification_Graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rural_Electrification_Graph.png/500px-Rural_Electrification_Graph.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rural_Electrification_Graph.png/750px-Rural_Electrification_Graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Rural_Electrification_Graph.png/1000px-Rural_Electrification_Graph.png 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>This graph shows the world rural electrification rate along with the electrification growth rate 1990–2016 and synthesizes data from the World Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_flight">Rural flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rural flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_flight&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rural_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/250px-Rural_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/375px-Rural_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rural_flight.jpg/500px-Rural_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Population age comparison between rural <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_Iowa" title="Pocahontas County, Iowa">Pocahontas County, Iowa</a>, and urban <a href="/wiki/Johnson_County,_Iowa" title="Johnson County, Iowa">Johnson County, Iowa</a>, illustrating the flight of young female adults (red) to urban centers in Iowa<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">Rural flight</a> (also known as rural-to-urban migration, rural depopulation, or rural exodus) is the <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migratory pattern</a> of people from <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">rural areas</a> into <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> seen from the rural perspective. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrializing economies</a> like <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom">Britain in the eighteenth century</a> or <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">East Asia in the twentieth century</a>, it can occur following the <a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">industrialization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary industries</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_agriculture" title="Industrial agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial fisheries">fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forestry_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry industry">forestry</a>—when fewer people are needed to bring the same amount of output to market—and related <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary industries</a> (refining and processing) are consolidated. Rural exodus can also follow an ecological or human-caused catastrophe such as a famine or resource depletion. These are examples of <a href="/wiki/Push_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Push factors">push factors</a>. </p><p>The same phenomenon can also be brought about simply because of <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">higher wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational access</a> available in urban areas; examples of <a href="/wiki/Pull_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Pull factors">pull factors</a>. </p><p>Once rural populations fall below a <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Critical mass (disambiguation)">critical mass</a>, the population is too small to support certain businesses, which then also leave or close, in a <a href="/wiki/Vicious_circle" title="Vicious circle">vicious circle</a>. Even in non-market sectors of the economy, providing services to smaller and more dispersed populations becomes <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">proportionately more expensive</a> for governments, which can lead to closures of state-funded offices and services, which further harm the rural economy. Schools are the archetypal example because they influence the decisions of parents of young children: a village or region without a school will typically lose families to larger towns that have one. But the concept (<a href="/wiki/Urban_hierarchy" title="Urban hierarchy">urban hierarchy</a>) can be applied more generally to many services and is explained by <a href="/wiki/Central_place_theory" title="Central place theory">central place theory</a>. </p> Government policies to combat rural flight include campaigns to expand services to the countryside, such as <a href="/wiki/Rural_electrification" title="Rural electrification">electrification</a> or <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>. Governments can also use restrictions like <a href="/wiki/Internal_passport" title="Internal passport">internal passports</a> to make rural flight illegal. Economic conditions that can counter rural depopulation include <a href="/wiki/Commodities_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities boom">commodities booms</a>, the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor-focused tourism</a>, and a shift to <a href="/wiki/Zoom_town" title="Zoom town">remote work</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Exurbanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Exurbanization">exurbanization</a>. To some extent, governments generally seek only to manage rural flight and channel it into certain cities, rather than stop it outright as this would imply taking on the expensive task of building airports, railways, hospitals, and universities in places with few users to support them, while neglecting growing urban and suburban areas.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_poverty">Rural poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rural poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Rural poverty</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_poverty&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_(1819-1877)_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg/220px-Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg/330px-Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg/440px-Gustave_Courbet_%281819-1877%29_-_Poor_Woman_of_the_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Gustave Courbet depicted nineteenth century rural poverty in this painting.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Rural poverty</a> refers to situations where people living in <a href="/wiki/Rural_area" title="Rural area">non-urban regions</a> are in a <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">state or condition of lacking the financial resources and essentials</a> for living. It takes account of factors of <a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural society</a>, rural economy, and <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> systems that give rise to the marginalization and economic disadvantage found there.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Janvry_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_Janvry-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural areas, because of their small, spread-out populations, typically have less well maintained infrastructure and a harder time accessing markets, which tend to be concentrated in population centers. </p><p>Rural communities also face disadvantages in terms of legal and social protections, with women and marginalized communities frequently having a harder time accessing land, education and other support systems that help with economic development. Several policies have been tested in both developing and developed economies, including rural electrification and access to other technologies such as internet, <a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_poverty" title="Feminization of poverty">gender parity</a>, and improved access to credit and income. </p><p>In academic studies, rural poverty is often discussed in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Spatial_inequality" title="Spatial inequality">spatial inequality</a>, which in this context refers to the inequality between urban and rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Kanbur_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_Kanbur-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both rural poverty and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_inequality" title="Spatial inequality">spatial inequality</a> are global phenomena, but like poverty in general, there are higher rates of rural poverty in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> than in <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Jazairy_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_Jazairy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_(18851895624).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg/339px-Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="339" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg/509px-Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg/678px-Mozambikes_Fighting_Poverty_Using_Efficient_and_Affordable_Transportation_in_Rural_Mozambique_%2818851895624%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Many parts of rural Africa, such as this community in Mozambique, experience rural poverty. This woman was given access to a bicycle through a rural development program through a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_poverty_reduction" title="Bicycle poverty reduction">Bicycle poverty reduction</a> program. Access to affordable transportation has been a key part of gaining access to greater economic mobility in many parts of the world. For example, distributing bicycles was one of the key strategies used by China to reduce rural poverty in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Eradicating rural poverty through effective policies and economic growth is a continuing difficulty for the international community, as it invests in <a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">rural development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Jazairy_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_Jazairy-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Otuska_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_Otuska-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">International Fund for Agricultural Development</a>, 70 percent of the people in extreme poverty are in rural areas, most of whom are <a href="/wiki/Smallholding" title="Smallholding">smallholders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">agricultural workers</a> whose livelihoods are heavily dependent on agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These food systems are vulnerable to extreme weather, which is expected to <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">affect agricultural systems the world over more as climate change increases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Thus the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a> is expected to reduce the effectiveness of programs reducing rural poverty and cause <a href="/wiki/Climate_migrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate migrant">displacement of rural communities to urban centers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_:2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_1" title="Sustainable Development Goal 1">Sustainable Development Goal 1: No Poverty</a> sets international goals to address these issues, and is deeply connected with investments in a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food system</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_2" title="Sustainable Development Goal 2">Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rural_poverty_:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rural_poverty_:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_sectors">Important sectors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Important sectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_economics&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economics</a> is an applied field of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> concerned with the application of economic theory in optimizing the production and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">fiber</a> products. </p> Agricultural economics began as a branch of economics that specifically dealt with <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land usage</a>. It focused on maximizing the <a href="/wiki/Crop_yield" title="Crop yield">crop yield</a> while maintaining a good <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">soil ecosystem</a>. Throughout the 20th century the discipline expanded and the current scope of the discipline is much broader. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">Agricultural</a> economics today includes a variety of applied areas, having considerable overlap with conventional economics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Agricultural_economics_Sumner_et_al._(2010)_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agricultural_economics_Sumner_et_al._(2010)-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural economists have made substantial contributions to research in economics, <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental economics</a>. Agricultural economics influences <a href="/wiki/Food_policy" title="Food policy">food policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">agricultural policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental policy</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peasantry">Peasantry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peasantry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peasant_economics&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_anthropology" title="Category:Economic anthropology">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">applied</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">development <br />anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">Commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_studies_of_finance" title="Social studies of finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Redistribution (cultural anthropology)">Redistribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth#Anthropological_views" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_good" title="Limited good">Limited good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inalienable_possessions" title="Inalienable possessions">Inalienable possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_pathway_diversion" title="Commodity pathway diversion">Singularization <span style="font-size:85%;">(commodity pathway)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_exchange" title="Spheres of exchange">Spheres of exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Provisioning systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunting-gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">Nomadic pastoralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_economy" title="Moral economy">Moral economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><i>Prestations</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kula_ring" title="Kula ring">Kula ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_exchange" title="Moka exchange">Moka exchange</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch" title="Potlatch">Potlatch</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Gifting</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gifting_remittances" title="Gifting remittances">Gifting remittances</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_gifting" title="Organ gifting">Organ gifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shell money</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Provisioning</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aché people">Aché people</a> (hunter-gatherers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek people</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Colonialism and development</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the <br />People Without History</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Political economy</i></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_economy" title="Jim Crow economy">Jim Crow economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_affluent_society" title="Original affluent society">Original affluent society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalist%E2%80%93substantivist_debate" title="Formalist–substantivist debate">Formalist–substantivist debate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_formation" title="State formation">State formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_commodification" title="Heritage commodification">Heritage commodification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Anthropology of development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bohannan" title="Paul Bohannan">Paul Bohannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Alexander Chayanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Diamond" title="Stanley Diamond">Stanley Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Firth" title="Raymond Firth">Raymond Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Godelier" title="Maurice Godelier">Maurice Godelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_I._Guyer" title="Jane I. Guyer">Jane I. Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hart_(anthropologist)" title="Keith Hart (anthropologist)">Keith Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Harris" title="Marvin Harris">Marvin Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Mintz" title="Sidney Mintz">Sidney Mintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_K._Schneider" title="Harold K. Schneider">Harold K. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Eric Wolf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Template talk:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_%26_development_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic & development anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Peasant_economics" title="Peasant economics">Peasant economics</a> is an area of economics in which a wide variety of economic approaches ranging from the neoclassical to the marxist are used to examine the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a>. The defining feature of the peasants are that they are typically seen to be only partly integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> -— an economy which, in societies with a significant peasant population, is typically found to have many imperfect, incomplete or missing markets. Peasant economics treats peasants as something different from other farmers as they are not assumed to be simply small profit maximizing farmers; by contrast, peasant economics covers a wide range of different theories of peasant household behavior. These include various assumptions about the maximization of profits, <a href="/wiki/Risk_aversion" title="Risk aversion">risk aversion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drudgery_aversion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drudgery aversion (page does not exist)">drudgery aversion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a>. The assumptions, logic, and predictions of these theories are examined and the impact of subsistence is typically found to have important implications in terms of producers decisions about supply, consumption and price. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chayanov" title="Alexander Chayanov">Chayanov</a> was an early proponent of the importance of understanding peasant behaviour arguing that peasants would work as hard as they needed in order to meet their subsistence needs, but had no incentive beyond those needs and therefore would slow and stop working once they were met. This principle, the consumption-labour-balance principle, implies that the peasant household will increase its work until it meets (balances) the needs (consumption) of the household. A possible implication of this view of peasant societies is that they will not develop without some external, added factor. Peasant economics has been seen as being an important area of study by some development economists, agricultural sociologists, and anthropologists.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural tourism</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_tourism&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg/220px-Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg/330px-Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg/440px-Caminhada_Internacional_da_Natureza_de_F%C3%AAnix-PR_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Tourists visiting a rural area in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Rural_tourism" title="Rural tourism">Rural tourism</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a> that focuses on actively participating in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, emphasizing sustainable practices and community involvement. Many villages can facilitate tourism because of the hospitality and eagerness of villagers to welcome or host visitors. The mechanization of agriculture has reduced the need for manual labor, leading to economic pressures on some villages and prompting young people to migrate to <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">urban</a> areas. However, a segment of the urban population is increasingly interested in visiting rural areas to experience and understand the rural lifestyle. </p><p>In developed nations, rural tourism can play a significant role in local economies. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, niche tourism programs such as wine tours, <a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">agritourism</a>, and seasonal events are prominent in rural areas. These tourism activities contribute to rural community development and provide economic benefits, including job creation and support for local businesses. </p> Community ecotourism is a related concept that focuses on responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being of local people. Organizations like <a href="/wiki/The_International_Ecotourism_Society" title="The International Ecotourism Society">TIES</a> promote sustainable practices that benefit both hosts and tourists. Community ecotourism empowers local communities by involving them in tourism planning and operations, ensuring that economic, social, and environmental benefits are maximized.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_efficiency_on_United_States_farms" title="Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms">Electrical energy efficiency on United States farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIGA_Project" title="RIGA Project">RIGA Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_development" title="Rural development">Rural development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ranis" title="Gustav Ranis">Gustav Ranis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Stewart_(economist)" title="Frances Stewart (economist)">Frances Stewart</a> (1993). "Rural Nonagricultural Activities in Development: Theory and Application", <i>Journal of Development Economics</i>, 40(1), pp. 75-101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VBV-45N4YJ7-N/2/b08002e942285a7b59c62097173e31f1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Jean O. Lanjouwb and Peter Lanjouw (2001). "The Rural Non-farm Sector: Issues and Evidence from Developing Countries", <i>Agricultural Economics</i>, 26(1), pp. 1-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111101129/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3V-44B2874-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=11df19951c3e421cf9fc2706935caf7f">Abstract.</a><br />   • Thomas Reardon et al. (2008). "Effects of Non-Farm Employment on Rural Income Inequality in Developing Countries: An Investment Perspective", <i>Journal of Agricultural Economics</i>,51(2), pp. 266-288. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105063700/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120099092/abstract">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Thomas P. Tomich, Peter Kilby, and Bruce F. Johnston (1995). <i>Transforming Agrarian Economies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gL4nos96XAC&dq=%22rural+economics%22=&pg=PR7">Arrow-page searchable.</a><br />   • Alain de Janvry, Rinku Murgai, and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sadoulet" title="Elisabeth Sadoulet">Elisabeth Sadoulet</a> (2002). "Rural Development and Rural Policy", in <i>Handbook of Agricultural Economics</i>, v. 2A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNE68DixkLkC">(scrollable preview)</a>, ch. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.scientificcommons.org/33453986">Abstract.</a><br />   • Bruce L. Gardner (2005). "Causes of Rural Economic Development", <i>Agricultural Economics</i>, 32(s1), pp. 21-41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130105121839/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118695090/abstract">Abstract.</a><br />   • Kiminori Matsuyama (2008). "Structural change", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i> 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000440&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a><br />   • Steven C. Deller <i>et al.</i> (2001). "The Role of Amenities and Quality of Life in Rural Economic Growth", <i>American Journal of Agricultural Economics</i>, 83(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etmd.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/29686/1/IND23220343.pdf">352-365</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070118/http://etmd.nal.usda.gov/bitstream/10113/29686/1/IND23220343.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (close Pages tab).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Michael R. Carter (2008), "agricultural finance", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000064&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=8">Abstract.</a> <br />   • Karla Hoff and Joseph E. Stiglitz (1993). "Imperfect Information and Rural Credit Markets: Puzzles and Policy Perspectives", in Karla Hoff, <a href="/wiki/Avishay_Braverman" title="Avishay Braverman">Avishay Braverman</a>, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, ed., <i>Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy</i>, ch. 2, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ucr.edu/~jorgea/econ261/hoff_credit.pdf">33-52</a> (press <b>+</b>).<br />   • Rodrigo A. Chaves and Claudio Gonzalez-Vega (1996). "The Design of Successful Rural Financial Intermediaries: Evidence from Indonesia", <i>World Development</i>, 24(1), pp. 65-78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130111090000/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-3VWPM49-J&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1090112157&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6084e58fc28ff7c53890e82d5d060fe8">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• James Roumasset (2008). "population and agricultural growth", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000065&q=rural&topicid=&result_number=75">Abstract.</a><br />   • David McGranahan (1999).<i>Natural Amenities Drive Rural Population Change</i>. Agricultural Economic Report No. (AER781) 32 pp, Description and chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer781/">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403163335/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AER781/">Archived</a> 2009-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• JunJie Wu, Paul W. Barkley, and Bruce A. Weber, ed. (2008). <i>Frontiers in Resource and Rural Economics</i>. Resources for the Future. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933115-65-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933115-65-8">978-1-933115-65-8</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rff.org/rff_press/pages/bookdetail.aspx?outputid=9966">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081031084746/http://www.rff.org/rff_press/pages/bookdetail.aspx?outputid=9966">Archived</a> 2008-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#Urban,_rural,_and_regional_economics_JEL:_R_Subcategories" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes#Urban, rural, and regional economics JEL: R Subcategories</a><br />   • Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2007). "Toward a Territorial Approach to Rural Development", <i>Journal of Agricultural and Development</i>, 4(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai192e/ai192e00.pdf">66-98.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Anthony J. Venables (2008). "New economic geography". <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000247&q=geography&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a> <br />   • France Ivry (1994). <i>Agricultural Household Modelling and Family Economics</i>. Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19951803068.html;jsessionid=6B96AD6635983D86E5FEE2E41F2A8CF7">Abstract</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Alain de Janvry and Elisabeth Sadoulet (2008). "access to land and development", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i> 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000212&q=rural%20land%20&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a><br />   • JunJie Wu (2008). "Land Use Changes: Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts", <i>Choices: The Magazine of Food, Farm, and Resource Issues</i>, 23(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choicesmagazine.org/magazine/pdf/article_49.pdf">6-10</a> (press <b>+</b>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• John W. Mellor (2008). "agriculture and economic development", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000068&q=rural%20economics&topicid=&result_number=2">Abstract.</a><br />   • Christopher B. Barrett and Emelly Mutambatsere (2008). "agricultural markets in developing countries", <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000209&q=rural%20economics&topicid=&result_number=48">Abstract.</a><br />   • Karla Hoff, <a href="/wiki/Avishay_Braverman" title="Avishay Braverman">Avishay Braverman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Stiglitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph E. Stiglitz">Joseph E. Stiglitz</a>, ed. (1993). <i>Economics of Rural Organization: Theory, Practice and Policy</i>. Oxford University Press for the World Bank.<br />   • William A. Galston and Karen Baehler (1995). <i>Rural Development in the United States: Connecting Theory, Practice, and Possibilities</i>. Wash., D.C.: Island Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED388488&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED388488">Description</a> and TOC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Rural-Development-United-States-Possibilities/dp/1559633263#reader">link.</a><br />   • Alan Okagaki, Kris Palmer, and Neil S. Mayer (1998). <i>Strengthening Rural Economics</i>. Wash., D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/8731.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509153521/http://www.huduser.org/publications/econdev/8731.html">Archived</a> 2009-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huduser.org/Publications/PDF/ccc_rural.pdf">PDF</a> (press <b>+</b>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2003" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003). <i>Rural development : principles and practice</i> (1. publ. ed.). London [u.a.]: SAGE. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4766-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-4766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+development+%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4766-0&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBrown,_David_L.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Neil; Brown, David L. (1 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00343400903234696">"Placing the Rural in Regional Development"</a>. <i>Regional Studies</i>. <b>43</b> (10): 1237–1244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RegSt..43.1237W">2009RegSt..43.1237W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00343400903234696">10.1080/00343400903234696</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+Studies&rft.atitle=Placing+the+Rural+in+Regional+Development&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1237-1244&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00343400903234696&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009RegSt..43.1237W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Brown%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00343400903234696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley1996" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, Thomas D., ed. (1996). <i>Rural development research : a foundation for policy</i> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29726-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29726-7"><bdi>978-0-313-29726-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+development+research+%3A+a+foundation+for+policy&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29726-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2003" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003). <i>Rural development : principles and practice</i> (1. publ. ed.). London [u.a.]: SAGE. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4766-0"><bdi>978-0-7619-4766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+development+%3A+principles+and+practice&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4766-0&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Assche, Kristof. & Hornidge, Anna-Katharina. (2015) <i>Rural development. Knowledge & expertise in governance</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wageningenacademic.com/ruraldevelopment">Wageningen Academic Publishers</a>, Wageningen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEA (2022), SDG7: Data and Projections, IEA, Paris <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections">https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections</a>, License: CC BY 4.0</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/eg.elc.accs.ru.zs">"Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) | Data"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917073727/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.RU.ZS">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Access+to+electricity%2C+rural+%28%25+of+rural+population%29+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2Feg.elc.accs.ru.zs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000 U.S. Census Data</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_poverty_Janvry-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Janvry_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janvry, A. de, E. Sadoulet, and R. Murgai. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://are.berkeley.edu/~sadoulet/papers/Handbook_text.pdf">"Rural Development and Rural Policy"</a>. In B.GardnerG. Rausser (eds.), Handbook of Agricultural Economics, vol. 2, A, Amsterdam: NorthHolland: 1593–658.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_poverty_Kanbur-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Kanbur_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanburVenables2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Kanbur" title="Ravi Kanbur">Kanbur, Ravi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Venables" title="Anthony Venables">Venables, Anthony J.</a> (2005). <i>Spatial inequality and development</i>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199278633" title="Special:BookSources/9780199278633"><bdi>9780199278633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spatial+inequality+and+development&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199278633&rft.aulast=Kanbur&rft.aufirst=Ravi&rft.au=Venables%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arts.cornell.edu/poverty/kanbur/SpatialIneqIntro.pdf">Pdf version.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rural_poverty_Jazairy-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Jazairy_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rural_poverty_Jazairy_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazaïryAlamgirPanuccio1992" class="citation book cs1">Jazaïry, Idriss; Alamgir, Mohiuddin; Panuccio, Theresa (1992). <i>The State of World Rural Poverty: An Inquiry into Its Causes and Consequences</i>. New York: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290720034" title="Special:BookSources/9789290720034"><bdi>9789290720034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+World+Rural+Poverty%3A+An+Inquiry+into+Its+Causes+and+Consequences&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9789290720034&rft.aulast=Jaza%C3%AFry&rft.aufirst=Idriss&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+Mohiuddin&rft.au=Panuccio%2C+Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARural+economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2018" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Frankie (2018-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/12/31/a-billion-bicyclists-can-be-wrong-china-business-bikeshare/">"The Rise and Fall of China's Cycling Empires"</a>. <i>Foreign Policy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"agricultural economics," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 1, pp. 55–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. L. Gardner (2001), "Agriculture, Economics of," <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a></i>, v. 1, pp. 337-344. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02313-5">Abstract & outline.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Ford Runge (2008). 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"Evolution of the Economics of Agricultural Policy", <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Agricultural_Economics" title="American Journal of Agricultural Economics">American Journal of Agricultural Economics</a></i>, v. 92, pp. 403-423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellis_(economist)" title="Frank Ellis (economist)">Ellis, Frank</a> (1988) <i>Peasant Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Development</i>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taussig, M. (1978) Peasant Economics and the Development of Capitalist Agriculture in the Cauca Valley, Colombia, <i>Latin American Perspectives</i> , Vol. 5, No. 3, Peasants, Capital Accumulation and Rural Underdevelopment, Summer, pp. 62-91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalton, George (1971) <i>Traditional tribal and peasant economies: An introductory survey of economic anthropology</i>, Addison-Wesley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durrenberger, E. Paul (1980) Chayanov's Economic Analysis in Anthropology, <i>Journal of Anthropological Research</i>, Vol. 36, No. 2, Summer, pp. 133-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halstead, P. and J. O'Shea, eds.(1989) <i>Bad year economics : cultural responses to risk and uncertainty</i>, Cambridge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chayanov, A. V., In Thorner, D., Kerblay, B. H., In Smith, R. E. F., & American Economic Association. (1966). <i>The theory of peasant economy</i>. Homewood, Ill: Published for the American Economic Association, by R.D. Irwin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Janvry, A., M. Fafchamps, and E. Sadoulet. (1991) Peasant Household Behaviour with Missing Markets: Some Paradoxes Explained. <i>Economic Journal</i> 101(409):1400–17</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nixon_Carver" title="Thomas Nixon Carver">Thomas Nixon Carver</a> (1911). <i>Principles of Rural Economics</i>. Chapter links, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FxMAAAAIAAJ&q=frontcover">vii</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FxMAAAAIAAJ&q=frontcover">x.</a></li> <li>_____, ed. (1926). <i>Selected Readings in Rural Economics</i>, Chapter links, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ruBnAAAAMAAJ&dq=ots=-1EmfOm8-H&pg=PP11">vii</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z80XAAAAIAAJ&dq=%25ots%3Dqt3Z2yxmdH&pg=PR10">x.</a></li> <li>John Ise (1920). "What is Rural Economics", <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 34(2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cIDcThrNKoC&dq=bl&pg=PA781">300</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cIDcThrNKoC&dq=bl&pg=PA781">312.</a></li> <li>Yves Léon (2005). "Rural Development in Europe: A Research Frontier for Agricultural Economists", <i>European Review of Agricultural Economics</i>, 32(3), pp. 301–317. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erae.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/32/3/301?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=%E3%B5es&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&resourcetype=HWCIT">Abstract.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Ida J. Terluin and Jaap H. Post, ed. (2001). <i>Employment Dynamics in Rural Europe</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SCE8BDObXkC&q=lr=">Chapter previews.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&oldid=1258983215">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rural_economics&oldid=1258983215</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_economics" title="Category:Rural economics">Rural economics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2021">Articles with dead external links from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 18:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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