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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Palatines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Louisiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Southeast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 New England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Pennsylvania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 American Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_German_American_population_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_German_American_population_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Colonial German American population by state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_German_American_population_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewish_Germans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_Germans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Jewish Germans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_Germans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Northeastern cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_of_the_Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_of_the_Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Cities of the Midwest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_of_the_Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Deep South </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Texas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germans_from_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germans_from_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.6 Germans from Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germans_from_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.7 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farmers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farmers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.8 Farmers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farmers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.9 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 World Wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Intellectuals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_anti-German_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_anti-German_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 World War I anti-German sentiment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_anti-German_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Contemporary period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German-speakers_and_German-Americans_of_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-speakers_and_German-Americans_of_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 German-speakers and German-Americans of color </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-speakers_and_German-Americans_of_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_American_population_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_American_population_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 German American population by state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_American_population_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-American_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-American_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 German-American communities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-American_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communities_with_highest_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities_with_highest_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities_with_highest_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Communities with the most residents born in Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Turners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Athletics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Assimilation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assimilation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_apparent_disappearance_of_German_American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_apparent_disappearance_of_German_American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The apparent disappearance of German American identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_apparent_disappearance_of_German_American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_I_on_German_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_World_War_I_on_German_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Impact of World War I on German Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_I_on_German_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_II_on_German_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_World_War_II_on_German_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Impact of World War II on German Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_II_on_German_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_making_German-Americans_susceptible_to_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_making_German-Americans_susceptible_to_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_making_German-Americans_susceptible_to_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistence_of_German_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistence_of_German_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Persistence of German language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistence_of_German_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-American_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-American_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 German-American influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German-American_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle German-American influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-German-American_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine_and_beers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine_and_beers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cuisine and beers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine_and_beers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German-American_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-American_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 German-American presidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-American_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 In German </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German-American_history_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-American_history_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 German-American history and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-American_history_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German-American_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German-American_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 German-American organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-American_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_German-American_history_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_German-American_history_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Local German-American history and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_German-American_history_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">German Americans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أمريكيون ألمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمريكيون ألمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="জার্মান মার্কিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান মার্কিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanwyr_Almaenig" title="Americanwyr Almaenig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Americanwyr Almaenig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysk-amerikanere" title="Tysk-amerikanere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tysk-amerikanere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsilfaanisch-deitsche_Geschicht_-_Zeittafel" title="Pennsilfaanisch-deitsche Geschicht - Zeittafel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Pennsilfaanisch-deitsche Geschicht - Zeittafel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschamerikaner" title="Deutschamerikaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschamerikaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germano-estadounidense" title="Germano-estadounidense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germano-estadounidense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آلمانی آمریکایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمانی آمریکایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germano-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Germano-Américains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germano-Américains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Americans of German birth or descent</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">German Americans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Deutschamerikaner (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_and_Germany.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="421" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the US">flag of the US</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/220px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/330px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/440px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">44,978,546 (13.6%) alone or in combination 15,447,670 (4.7%) German alone 2020 census<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nationwide, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, though less common in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-2">[2]</a> Plurality in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-census-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Christian <ul><li>51% <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, significantly <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> but also multiple other branches</li> <li>26% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><1% Jewish</li> <li>16% others including <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Americans">Jewish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> German Americans (German: Deutschamerikaner, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdɔʏtʃʔameʁɪˌkaːnɐ]</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> who have full or partial German ancestry. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>'s figures from 2022, German Americans make up roughly 41 million people in the US, which is approximately 12% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This represents a decrease from the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> where 50.7 million Americans identified as German.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The census is conducted in a way that allows this total number to be broken down in two categories. In the 2020 census, roughly two thirds of those who identify as German also identified as having another ancestry, while one third identified as German alone.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> German Americans account for about one third of the total population of people of <a href="/wiki/German_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="German ancestry">German ancestry</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British colonies</a> in the 1670s, and they settled primarily in the colonial states of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>. The Mississippi Company of France later transported thousands of Germans from Europe to what was then the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast,_Orleans_Territory" title="German Coast, Orleans Territory">German Coast, Orleans Territory</a> in present-day Louisiana between 1718 and 1750.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the U.S.</a> ramped up sharply during the 19th century. There is a German belt consisting of areas with predominantly German American populations that extends across the United States from eastern Pennsylvania, where many of the first German Americans settled, to the Oregon coast. Pennsylvania, with 3.5 million people of German ancestry, has the largest population of German-Americans in the U.S. and is home to one of the group's original settlements, the <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown</a> section of present-day <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, founded in 1683. Germantown is also the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/1688_Germantown_Quaker_Petition_Against_Slavery" title="1688 Germantown Quaker Petition Against Slavery">American antislavery movement</a>, which emerged there in 1688. Germantown also was the location of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>, an <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> battle fought between the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, on October 4, 1777. German Americans were drawn to colonial-era <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a> by its abundant land and religious freedom, and were pushed out of Germany by shortages of land and religious or <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political oppression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Many arrived seeking religious or <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, and others for the chance to start fresh in the New World. The arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their <a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">intensive farming</a> techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where German-speaking districts emerged.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> German Americans established the first <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> tradition,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and introduced popular foods such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a> to America.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">Americanized</a>; fewer than five percent speak German. German-American societies abound, as do celebrations that are held throughout the country to celebrate German heritage of which the <a href="/wiki/German-American_Steuben_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American Steuben Parade">German-American Steuben Parade</a> in New York City is one of the most well-known and is held every third Saturday in September. <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_celebrations#United_States" title="Oktoberfest celebrations">Oktoberfest celebrations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a> are popular festivities. There are major annual events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. Around 180,000 permanent residents from Germany were living in the United States in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/220px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/330px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/440px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13708" data-file-height="7590" /></a><figcaption>World map of German <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> (Germany, 1507), which first used the name America<a href="#cite_note-LoCmap-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Lutherans and Catholics typically opposed Yankee moralizing programs such as the prohibition of beer, and favored paternalistic families with the husband deciding the family position on public affairs.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They generally opposed women's suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> On the other hand, there were Protestant groups who emerged from European pietism such as the German Methodist and United Brethren; they more closely resembled the Yankee Methodists in their moralism.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial era">edit</a>]</div> The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, and were accompanied by the first German that was to settle in North America, physician and botanist Johannes (John) Fleischer (in South America <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Ehinger" title="Ambrosius Ehinger">Ambrosius Ehinger</a> had already founded <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> in 1529). He was followed in 1608 by five <a href="/wiki/Glassmakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glassmakers">glassmakers</a> and three carpenters or house builders.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Germantown, Pennsylvania</a>, founded near <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> on October 6, 1683.<a href="#cite_note-First_German-Americans-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jacob_Astor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/220px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/330px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/John_Jacob_Astor.jpg/440px-John_Jacob_Astor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, in an oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, 1794, was the first of the <a href="/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family">Astor family</a> dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.</figcaption></figure> Large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons.<a href="#cite_note-First_German-Americans-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_migration#Push_and_Pull" title="Human migration">Push factors</a> involved worsening opportunities for farm ownership in central Europe, persecution of some religious groups, and military conscription; <a href="/wiki/Human_migration#Push_and_Pull" title="Human migration">pull factors</a> were better economic conditions, especially the opportunity to own land, and religious freedom. Often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Large sections of Pennsylvania, <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Germans" title="Shenandoah Germans">Shenandoah Valley</a> of Virginia attracted Germans. Most were <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">German Reformed</a>; many belonged to small religious sects such as the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">German Catholics</a> did not arrive in number until after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatines">Palatines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palatines">edit</a>]</div> In 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatine</a> region of Germany escaped conditions of poverty, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> helped them get to the American colonies. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>. Many immigrants, particularly children, died before reaching America in June 1710.<a href="#cite_note-Knittle-32">[32]</a> The Palatine immigration of about 2100 people who survived was the largest single immigration to America in the colonial period. Most were first settled along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> in work camps, to pay off their passage. By 1711, seven villages had been established in New York on the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder" title="Robert Livingston the Elder">Robert Livingston</a> manor. In 1723 Germans became the first Europeans allowed to buy land in the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> west of <a href="/wiki/Little_Falls_(town),_New_York" title="Little Falls (town), New York">Little Falls</a>. One hundred homesteads were allocated in the Burnetsfield Patent. By 1750, the Germans occupied a strip some 12 miles (19 km) long along both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a>. The soil was excellent; some 500 houses were built, mostly of stone, and the region prospered in spite of Indian raids. <a href="/wiki/Herkimer_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Herkimer (town), New York">Herkimer</a> was the best-known of the German settlements in a region long known as the "German Flats".<a href="#cite_note-Knittle-32">[32]</a> They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The most famous of the early German Palatine immigrants was editor <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a>, who led the fight in colonial New York City for freedom of the press in America. A later immigrant, <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, who came from <a href="/wiki/Walldorf" title="Walldorf">Walldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Palatinate" title="Electoral Palatinate">Electoral Palatinate</a>, since 1803 <a href="/wiki/Baden" title="Baden">Baden</a>, after the Revolutionary War, became the richest man in America from his fur trading empire and real estate investments in New York.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Louisiana">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/German_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/German Americans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22German+Americans%22">"German Americans"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22German+Americans%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22German+Americans%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22German+Americans%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22German+Americans%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22German+Americans%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">John Law</a> organized the first colonization of Louisiana with German immigrants. Of the over 5,000 Germans initially immigrating primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace Region</a> as few as 500 made up the first wave of immigrants to leave France en route to the Americas. Less than 150 of those first indentured German farmers made it to Louisiana and settled along what became known as the German Coast. With tenacity, determination and the leadership of D'arensburg these Germans felled trees, cleared land, and cultivated the soil with simple hand tools as draft animals were not available. The German coast settlers supplied the budding City of New Orleans with corn, rice, eggs. and meat for many years following. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi Company</a> settled thousands of German pioneers in French Louisiana during 1721. It encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> to immigrate. <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> was sold to France within the greater context of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648). The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_de_Charlevoix" title="Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix">Charlevoix</a> traveled <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> (Canada and Louisiana) in the early 1700s. His letter said "these 9,000 Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate (Alsace part of France) were in Arkansas. The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and demanded passage to Europe. The Mississippi Company gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> about 25 miles (40 km) above New Orleans. The area is now known as 'the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a>'." A thriving population of Germans lived upriver from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana, known as the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a>. They were attracted to the area through pamphlets such as J. Hanno Deiler's "Louisiana: A Home for German Settlers".<a href="#cite_note-J._Hanno_Deiler-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl-Schurz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/220px-Carl-Schurz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/330px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Carl-Schurz.jpg/440px-Carl-Schurz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast">Southeast</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southeast">edit</a>]</div> Two waves of German colonists in 1714 and 1717 founded a colony in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> called <a href="/wiki/Germanna" title="Germanna">Germanna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Germanna_Foundation-36">[36]</a> located near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>. Virginia Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a>, taking advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Headright_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Headright system">headright system</a>, had bought land in present-day <a href="/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a> and encouraged German immigration by advertising in Germany for <a href="/wiki/Miner" title="Miner">miners</a> to move to Virginia and establish a mining industry in the colony. The name "Germanna", selected by Governor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Alexander Spotswood</a>, reflected both the German immigrants who sailed across the Atlantic to Virginia and the British queen, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, who was in power at the time of the first settlement at Germanna. In 1721, twelve German families departed Germanna to found <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Virginia" title="Germantown, Virginia">Germantown</a>. They were swiftly replaced by 70 new German arrivals from the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>, the start of a westward and southward trend of German migration and settlement across the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia" title="Piedmont region of Virginia">Virginia Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Palatine_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine German language">Palatine German</a> predominated. Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Virginia" title="Southwest Virginia">Southwest Virginia</a>, Virginia German acquired a <a href="/wiki/Swabian_German" title="Swabian German">Swabian German</a> accent.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dominion-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-cradle-39">[39]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, an expedition of German <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> living around <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem, Pennsylvania</a>, and a party from Europe led by <a href="/wiki/August_Gottlieb_Spangenberg" title="August Gottlieb Spangenberg">August Gottlieb Spangenberg</a>, headed down the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wagon_Road" title="Great Wagon Road">Great Wagon Road</a> and purchased 98,985 acres (400.58 km2) from <a href="/wiki/John_Carteret,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a> (one of the British Lords Proprietor) in the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> of North Carolina in 1753. The tract was dubbed Wachau-die-Aue, Latinized <a href="/wiki/Wachovia_Tract" title="Wachovia Tract">Wachovia</a>, because the streams and meadows reminded Moravian settlers of the <a href="/wiki/Wachau" title="Wachau">Wachau</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TarHeel-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-NC4Centuries-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCAHistory-42">[42]</a> They established German settlements on that tract, especially in the area around what is now <a href="/wiki/Winston-Salem,_North_Carolina" title="Winston-Salem, North Carolina">Winston-Salem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wachovia-44">[44]</a> They also founded the transitional settlement of <a href="/wiki/Bethabara,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethabara, North Carolina">Bethabara, North Carolina</a>, translated as House of Passage, the first planned Moravian community in North Carolina, in 1759. Soon after, the German Moravians founded the town of <a href="/wiki/Old_Salem" title="Old Salem">Salem</a> in 1766 (now a historical section in the center of Winston-Salem) and <a href="/wiki/Salem_College" title="Salem College">Salem College</a> (an early female college) in 1772. In the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia Colony</a>, Germans mainly from the <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabia</a> region settled in Savannah, St. Simon's Island and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frederica">Fort Frederica</a> in the 1730s and 1740s. They were actively recruited by <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> and quickly distinguished themselves through improved farming, advanced <a href="/wiki/Tabby_(cement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabby (cement)">tabby (cement)</a>-construction, and leading joint Lutheran-<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>-Reformed religious services for the colonists. German immigrants also settled in other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, including around the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fork" title="Dutch Fork">Dutch (Deutsch) Fork</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a> and Texas, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England">New England</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: New England">edit</a>]</div> Between 1742 and 1753, roughly 1,000 Germans settled in Broad Bay, Massachusetts (now <a href="/wiki/Waldoboro,_Maine" title="Waldoboro, Maine">Waldoboro, Maine</a>). Many of the colonists fled to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Maine, Nova Scotia, and North Carolina after their houses were burned and their neighbors killed or carried into captivity by Native Americans. The Germans who remained found it difficult to survive on farming, and eventually turned to the shipping and fishing industries.<a href="#cite_note-Faust-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></div> The tide of German immigration to Pennsylvania swelled between 1725 and 1775, with immigrants arriving as <a href="/wiki/Redemptioner" title="Redemptioner">redemptioners</a> or indentured servants. By 1775, Germans constituted about one-third of the population of the state. German farmers were renowned for their highly productive animal husbandry and agricultural practices. Politically, they were generally inactive until 1740, when they joined a <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a>-led coalition that took control of the legislature, which later supported the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Despite this, many of the German settlers were <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalists</a> during the Revolution, possibly because they feared their royal land grants would be taken away by a new republican government, or because of loyalty to a British German monarchy who had provided the opportunity to live in a liberal society.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Germans, comprising <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, and other sects, developed a rich religious life with a strong musical culture. Collectively, they came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> (from Deutsch).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Etymologically, the word Dutch originates from the Old High German word "diutisc" (from "diot" "people"), referring to the Germanic "language of the people" as opposed to Latin, the language of the learned (see also <a href="/wiki/Theodiscus" title="Theodiscus">theodiscus</a>). Eventually the word came to refer to people who speak a Germanic language, and only in the last couple centuries the people of the Netherlands. Other Germanic language variants for "deutsch/deitsch/dutch" are: Dutch "Duits" and "<a href="/wiki/Diets" class="mw-redirect" title="Diets">Diets</a>", Yiddish "daytsh", Danish/Norwegian "tysk", or Swedish "<a href="/wiki/Theodiscus#Etymology" title="Theodiscus">tyska</a>." The Japanese "ドイツ" (/doitsu/) also derives from the aforementioned "Dutch" variations. The <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker</a> brothers, forefathers of the wagon and automobile makers, arrived in Pennsylvania in 1736 from the famous blade town of <a href="/wiki/Solingen" title="Solingen">Solingen</a>. With their skills, they made wagons that carried the frontiersmen westward; their cannons provided the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> with artillery in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and their automobile company became one of the largest in America, although never eclipsing the "Big Three", and was a factor in the <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> and in the industrial foundations of the Army.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution">American Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Germans in the American Revolution">Germans in the American Revolution</a></div> Great Britain, whose <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> was also the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a> in Germany, hired 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessians</a>. They were mercenary soldiers rented out by the rulers of several small German states such as Hesse to fight on the British side. Many were captured; they remained as prisoners during the war but some stayed and became U.S. citizens.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In the American Revolution the Mennonites and other small religious sects were neutral pacifists. The Lutherans of Pennsylvania were <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">on the patriot side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Muhlenberg family, led by Rev. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Muhlenberg" title="Henry Muhlenberg">Henry Muhlenberg</a> was especially influential on the Patriot side.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg" title="Peter Muhlenberg">Peter Muhlenberg</a>, a Lutheran clergyman in Virginia became a major general and later a Congressman.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> However, in upstate New York, many Germans were neutral or supported the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> cause. From names in the 1790 U.S. census, historians estimate Germans constituted nearly 9% of the white population in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_German_American_population_by_state">Colonial German American population by state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colonial German American population by state">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Estimated German American population in the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Continental United States</a> as of the first <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">U.S Census of 1790</a><a href="#cite_note-ACLS1929-56">[56]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#C8E5EE;">State or Territory</th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#C8E5EE;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8E5EE;"># </th> <th style="background-color:#C8E5EE;">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td align="right">697 </td> <td align="right">0.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td align="right">509 </td> <td align="right">1.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td align="right">4,019 </td> <td align="right">7.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee"><img alt="Tennessee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tenn.</a> </td> <td align="right">13,026 </td> <td align="right">14.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td align="right">1,249 </td> <td align="right">1.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right">24,412 </td> <td align="right">11.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td align="right">1,120 </td> <td align="right">0.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td align="right">564 </td> <td align="right">0.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td align="right">15,636 </td> <td align="right">9.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York_%281896%E2%80%931901%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td align="right">25,778 </td> <td align="right">8.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right">13,592 </td> <td align="right">4.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right">140,983 </td> <td align="right">33.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td align="right">323 </td> <td align="right">0.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right">7,009 </td> <td align="right">5.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td align="right">170 </td> <td align="right">0.20% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right">27,853 </td> <td align="right">6.30% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies"><img alt="Thirteen Colonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%2C_square_canton%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="972" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790 Census Area</a> </td> <td align="right">276,940 </td> <td align="right">8.73% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> </td> <td align="right">445 </td> <td align="right">4.24% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France"><img alt="New France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French America</a> </td> <td align="right">1,750 </td> <td align="right">8.75% </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EEF0F0"> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"><img alt="Spanish Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> </td> <td align="right">85 </td> <td align="right">0.35% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" bgcolor="#B8E2E9"> <td align="center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td align="right">279,220 </td> <td align="right">8.65% </td></tr></tbody></table> The brief <a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a> was an anti-tax movement among Germans in Pennsylvania in 1799–1800.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_population_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/220px-German_population_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/330px-German_population_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/German_population_1872.jpg/440px-German_population_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>German population density in the United States, 1872</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">German Immigration to United States (1820–2004)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Immigration period</th> <th>Number of immigrants</th> <th>Immigration period</th> <th>Number of immigrants </th></tr> <tr> <td>1820–1840</td> <td style="text-align:right;">160,335</td> <td>1921–1930</td> <td style="text-align:right;">412,202 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1841–1850</td> <td style="text-align:right;">434,626</td> <td>1931–1940</td> <td style="text-align:right;">114,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851–1860</td> <td style="text-align:right;">951,667</td> <td>1941–1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">226,578 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1861–1870</td> <td style="text-align:right;">787,468</td> <td>1951–1960</td> <td style="text-align:right;">477,765 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871–1880</td> <td style="text-align:right;">718,182</td> <td>1961–1970</td> <td style="text-align:right;">190,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1881–1890</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,452,970</td> <td>1971–1980</td> <td style="text-align:right;">74,414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891–1900</td> <td style="text-align:right;">505,152</td> <td>1981–1990</td> <td style="text-align:right;">91,961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1901–1910</td> <td style="text-align:right;">341,498</td> <td>1991–2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911–1920</td> <td style="text-align:right;">143,945</td> <td>2001–2004</td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,253 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Total: 7,237,594 </th></tr></tbody></table> The largest flow of German immigration to America occurred between 1820 and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, during which time nearly six million Germans immigrated to the United States. From 1840 to 1880, they were the largest group of immigrants. Following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">Revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>, a wave of political refugees fled to America, who became known as <a href="/wiki/Forty-Eighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Forty-Eighters">Forty-Eighters</a>. They included professionals, journalists, and politicians. Prominent Forty-Eighters included <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Villard" title="Henry Villard">Henry Villard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg/220px-Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg/330px-Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg/440px-Germans-emigrate-1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>"From the Old to the New World" shows German emigrants boarding a steamer in Hamburg, to New York. Harper's Weekly, (New York) November 7, 1874</figcaption></figure> "Latin farmer" or <a href="/wiki/Latin_Settlement" title="Latin Settlement">Latin Settlement</a> is the designation of several settlements founded by some of the <a href="/wiki/Dreissiger" title="Dreissiger">Dreissiger</a> and other refugees from Europe after rebellions like the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Wachensturm" title="Frankfurter Wachensturm">Frankfurter Wachensturm</a> beginning in the 1830s—predominantly in Texas and Missouri, but also in other U.S. states—in which German intellectuals (<a href="/wiki/Freethinkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinkers">freethinkers</a>, German: Freidenker, and <a href="/wiki/Latinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinist">Latinists</a>) met together to devote themselves to the <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">philosophy</a>, science, classical music, and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a>. A prominent representative of this generation of immigrants was <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Koerner" title="Gustav Koerner">Gustav Koerner</a> who lived most of the time in <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_Illinois" title="Belleville, Illinois">Belleville, Illinois</a> until his death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish_Germans">Jewish Germans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jewish Germans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">History of the Jews in the United States</a></div> A few <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German Jews</a> came in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">the colonial era</a>. The largest numbers arrived after 1820, especially in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> They spread across the North and South (and California, where <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a> arrived in 1853). They formed small German-Jewish communities in cities and towns. They typically were local and regional merchants selling clothing; others were livestock dealers, agricultural commodity traders, bankers, and operators of local businesses. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lehman" title="Henry Lehman">Henry Lehman</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> in Alabama, was a particularly prominent example of such a German-Jewish immigrant. They formed <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform synagogues</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and sponsored numerous local and national philanthropic organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> This German-speaking group is quite distinct from the Yiddish-speaking East-European Jews who arrived in much larger numbers starting in the late 19th century and concentrated in New York. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeastern_cities">Northeastern cities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northeastern cities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Germans in Baltimore">History of the Germans in Baltimore</a></div> The port cities of New York City, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Germans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a> had large populations, as did <a href="/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey" title="Hoboken, New Jersey">Hoboken, New Jersey</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities_of_the_Midwest">Cities of the Midwest</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cities of the Midwest">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Chicago" title="Germans in Chicago">Germans in Chicago</a>; <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Milwaukee" title="Germans in Milwaukee">Germans in Milwaukee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Germans in Omaha, Nebraska</a>; and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Louisville" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Germans in Louisville">History of the Germans in Louisville</a></div> In the 19th century, German immigrants settled in Midwest, where land was available. Cities along the Great Lakes, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers attracted a large German element. The <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Chicago were favored destinations of German immigrants. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kentucky" title="Northern Kentucky">Northern Kentucky</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Louisville" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Germans in Louisville">Louisville</a> area along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> was also a favored destination. By 1900, the populations of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a> were all more than 40% German American. <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport, Iowa</a> had even larger proportions, as did <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>, Nebraska, where the proportion of German Americans was 57% in 1910. In many other cities of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, German Americans were at least 30% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Faust-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By 1850 there were 5,000 Germans, mostly <a href="/wiki/Schwabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwabian">Schwabians</a> living in, and around, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Many concentrations acquired distinctive names suggesting their heritage, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Over-the-Rhine" title="Over-the-Rhine">Over-the-Rhine</a>" district in Cincinnati, "<a href="/wiki/Dutchtown,_St._Louis" title="Dutchtown, St. Louis">Dutchtown</a>" in South St Louis, and "<a href="/wiki/German_Village" title="German Village">German Village</a>" in Columbus, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A particularly attractive destination was <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, which came to be known as "the German <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>". Radical Germans trained in politics in the old country dominated the city's <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Party (United States)">Socialists</a>. Skilled workers dominated many crafts, while entrepreneurs created the brewing industry; the most famous brands included <a href="/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company" title="Pabst Brewing Company">Pabst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company" title="Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company">Schlitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Brewing_Company" title="Miller Brewing Company">Miller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Blatz_Brewing_Company" title="Valentin Blatz Brewing Company">Blatz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Whereas half of German immigrants settled in cities, the other half established farms in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>. From Ohio to the Plains states, a heavy presence persists in rural areas into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_South">Deep South</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deep South">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Alabama" title="Germans in Alabama">Germans in Alabama</a></div> Few German immigrants settled in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, apart from <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a>, and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-German_Settlers_in_Louisiana_and_New_Orleans-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texas">Texas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Texas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Germans" title="Texas Germans">Texas Germans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG/220px-WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG/330px-WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG/440px-WahrenbergerHouseAustinTX.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wahrenberger_House" title="Wahrenberger House">Wahrenberger House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a> served as a German-American school.<a href="#cite_note-UTGermanAm-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> Texas attracted many Germans who entered through <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Texas" title="Indianola, Texas">Indianola</a>, both those who came to farm, and later immigrants who more rapidly took industrial jobs in cities such as Houston. As in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Germans in Houston built the brewing industry. By the 1920s, the first generation of college-educated German Americans were moving into the chemical and oil industries.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a> Texas had about 20,000 German Americans in the 1850s. They did not form a uniform bloc, but were highly diverse and drew from geographic areas and all sectors of European society, except that very few aristocrats or upper middle class businessmen arrived. In this regard, Texas Germania was a microcosm of the Germania nationwide. <blockquote>The Germans who settled Texas were diverse in many ways. They included peasant farmers and intellectuals; Protestants, Catholics, Jews, and atheists; Prussians, Saxons, and Hessians; abolitionists and slave owners; farmers and townsfolk; frugal, honest folk and ax murderers. They differed in dialect, customs, and physical features. A majority had been farmers in Germany, and most arrived seeking economic opportunities. A few dissident intellectuals fleeing the 1848 revolutions sought political freedom, but few, save perhaps the Wends, went for religious freedom. The German settlements in Texas reflected their diversity. Even in the confined area of the Hill Country, each valley offered a different kind of German. The Llano valley had stern, teetotaling German Methodists, who renounced dancing and fraternal organizations; the Pedernales valley had fun-loving, hardworking Lutherans and Catholics who enjoyed drinking and dancing; and the Guadalupe valley had freethinking Germans descended from intellectual political refugees. The scattered German ethnic islands were also diverse. These small enclaves included Lindsay in Cooke County, largely Westphalian Catholic; Waka in Ochiltree County, Midwestern Mennonite; Hurnville in Clay County, Russian German Baptist; and Lockett in Wilbarger County, Wendish Lutheran.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germans_from_Russia">Germans from Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germans from Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Germans_in_North_America" title="Russian Germans in North America">Russian Germans in North America</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volga-Germans-US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volga-Germans-US.jpg/220px-Volga-Germans-US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volga-Germans-US.jpg/330px-Volga-Germans-US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Volga-Germans-US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Temporary quarters for <a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga Germans</a> in central Kansas, 1875</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Germans_in_North_America" title="Russian Germans in North America">Germans from Russia</a> were the most traditional of German-speaking arrivals. They were Germans who had lived for generations throughout the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, but especially along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Their ancestors had come from all over the German-speaking world, invited by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> in 1762 and 1763 to settle and introduce more advanced German agriculture methods to rural Russia. They had been promised by the manifesto of their settlement the ability to practice their respective Christian denominations, retain their culture and language, and retain immunity from conscription for them and their descendants. As time passed, the Russian monarchy gradually eroded the ethnic German population's relative autonomy. Conscription eventually was reinstated; this was especially harmful to the Mennonites, who practice pacifism. Throughout the 19th century, pressure increased from the Russian government to culturally assimilate. Many Germans from Russia found it necessary to emigrate to avoid conscription and preserve their culture. About 100,000 immigrated by 1900, settling primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. Negatively influenced by the violation of their rights and cultural persecution by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, the Germans from Russia who settled in the northern <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> saw themselves as a downtrodden ethnic group separate from Russian Americans and having an entirely different experience from the German Americans who had emigrated from German lands. They settled in tight-knit communities who retained their German language and culture. They raised large families, built German-style churches, buried their dead in distinctive cemeteries using cast iron grave markers, and sang German hymns. Many farmers specialized in the production of sugar beets and wheat, which are still major crops in the upper Great Plains. During World War I, their identity was challenged by <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a>. By the end of World War II, the German language, which had always been used with English for public and official matters, was in serious decline. Today, German is preserved mainly through singing groups, recipes, and educational settings. While most descendants of Germans from Russia primarily speak English, many are choosing to learn <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">German</a> in an attempt to reconnect with their heritage. Germans from Russia often use <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, such as Kuchen for cake. Despite the loss of their language, the ethnic group remains distinct, and has left a lasting impression on the American West.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Musician <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Welk" title="Lawrence Welk">Lawrence Welk</a> (1903–1992) became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans in the American Civil War</a></div> Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery, especially among Forty-Eighters.<a href="#cite_note-Wittke-73">[73]</a> Notable Forty-Eighter <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Raster" title="Hermann Raster">Hermann Raster</a> wrote passionately against slavery and was very pro-Lincoln. Raster published anti-slavery pamphlets and was the editor of the most influential German language newspaper in America at the time.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> He helped secure the votes of German-Americans across the United States for Abraham Lincoln. When Raster died the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> published an article regarding his service as a correspondent for America to the German states saying, "His writings during and after the Civil War did more to create understanding and appreciation of the American situation in Germany and to float U.S. bonds in Europe than the combined efforts of all the U.S. ministers and consuls."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteered to fight for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865).<a href="#cite_note-Keller-76">[76]</a> The Germans were the largest immigrant group to participate in the Civil War; over 176,000 U.S. soldiers were born in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A popular Union commander among Germans, Major General <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a> was the highest-ranking German officer in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>, with many German immigrants claiming to enlist to "fight mit Sigel".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Germans1900.jpg/220px-Germans1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Germans1900.jpg/330px-Germans1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Germans1900.jpg/440px-Germans1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The German vote in 1900 was in doubt; they opposed the "repudiation" policy of <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a> (right poster), but also disliked the overseas expansion <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a> had delivered (left poster).</figcaption></figure> Although only one in four Germans fought in all-German regiments, they created the public image of the German soldier. Pennsylvania fielded five German regiments, New York eleven, and Ohio six.<a href="#cite_note-Keller-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farmers">Farmers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Farmers">edit</a>]</div> Western railroads, with large land grants available to attract farmers, set up agencies in Hamburg and other German cities, promising cheap transportation, and sales of farmland on easy terms. For example, the Santa Fe railroad hired its own commissioner for immigration, and sold over 300,000 acres (1,200 km2) to German-speaking farmers.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the German Americans showed a high interest in becoming farmers, and keeping their children and grandchildren on the land. While they needed profits to stay in operation, they used profits as a tool "to maintain continuity of the family".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> They used risk averse strategies, and carefully planned their inheritances to keep the land in the family. Their communities showed smaller average farm size, greater equality, less absentee ownership and greater geographic persistence. As one farmer explained, "To protect your family has turned out to be the same thing as protecting your land."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Germany was a large country with many diverse subregions which contributed immigrants. Dubuque was the base of the Ostfriesische Nachrichten ("East Frisian News") from 1881 to 1971. It connected the 20,000 immigrants from East Friesland (Ostfriesland), Germany, to each other across the Midwest, and to their old homeland. In Germany East Friesland was often a topic of ridicule regarding backward rustics, but editor Leupke Hündling shrewdly combined stories of proud memories of Ostfriesland. The editor enlisted a network of local correspondents. By mixing local American and local German news, letters, poetry, fiction, and dialogue, the German-language newspaper allowed immigrants to honor their origins and celebrate their new life as highly prosperous farmers with much larger farms than were possible back in impoverished Ostfriesland. During the world wars, when Germania came under heavy attack, the paper stressed its humanitarian role, mobilizing readers to help the people of East Friesland with relief funds. Younger generations could usually speak German but not read it, so the subscription base dwindled away as the target audience Americanized itself.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Politics">Politics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Relatively few German Americans held office, but the men voted once they became citizens. In general during the <a href="/wiki/Third_party_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party System">Third party System</a> (1850s–1890s), the Protestants and Jews leaned toward the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican party</a> and the Catholics were strongly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibition</a> was on the ballot, the Germans voted solidly against it. They strongly distrusted moralistic crusaders, whom they called "Puritans", including the temperance reformers and many <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populists</a>. The German community strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Free_Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">Free Silver</a>, and voted heavily against crusader <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in 1896. In 1900, many German Democrats returned to their party and voted for Bryan, perhaps because of President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>'s foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-Jensen1971-83">[83]</a> At the local level, historians have explored the changing voting behavior of the German-American community and one of its major strongholds, St. Louis, Missouri. The German Americans had voted 80 percent for Lincoln in 1860, and strongly supported the war effort. They were a bastion of the Republican Party in St. Louis and nearby immigrant strongholds in Missouri and southern Illinois. The German Americans were angered by a proposed Missouri state constitution that discriminated against Catholics and freethinkers. The requirement of a special loyalty oath for priests and ministers was troublesome. Despite their strong opposition the constitution was ratified in 1865. Racial tensions with the blacks began to emerge, especially in terms of competition for unskilled labor jobs. Germania was nervous about black suffrage in 1868, fearing that blacks would support puritanical laws, especially regarding the prohibition of beer gardens on Sundays. The tensions split off a large German element in 1872, led by Carl Schurz. They supported the Liberal Republican party led by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gratz_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Gratz Brown">Benjamin Gratz Brown</a> for governor in 1870 and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> for president in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Many Germans in late 19th century cities were communists; Germans played a significant role in the labor union movement.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A few were anarchists.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Eight of the forty-two anarchist defendants in the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Affair">Haymarket Affair</a> of 1886 in Chicago were German. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars">World Wars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: World Wars">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intellectuals">Intellectuals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Intellectuals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Munsterberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hugo_Munsterberg.jpg/220px-Hugo_Munsterberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Hugo_Munsterberg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Münsterberg, Harvard professor of psychology</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1863–1916), a German psychologist, moved to Harvard in the 1890s and became a leader in the new profession. He was president of the American Psychological Association in 1898, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Association" title="American Philosophical Association">American Philosophical Association</a> in 1908, and played a major role in many other American and international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Preuss" title="Arthur Preuss">Arthur Preuss</a> (1871–1934) was a leading journalist, and theologian. A layman in St Louis. His Fortnightly Review (in English) was a major conservative voice read closely by church leaders and intellectuals from 1894 until 1934. He was intensely loyal to the Vatican. Preuss upheld the German Catholic community, denounced the "Americanism" heresy, promoted the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_America" title="Catholic University of America">Catholic University of America</a>, and anguished over the anti-German America hysteria during World War I. He provided lengthy commentary regarding the National Catholic Welfare Conference, the anti-Catholic factor in the presidential campaign of 1928, the hardships of the Great Depression, and the liberalism of the New Deal.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I_anti-German_sentiment">World War I anti-German sentiment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: World War I anti-German sentiment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">Internment of German Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg/623px-German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="623" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg/935px-German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg/1246px-German_American_internment_sites_during_World_War_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Map of German American internment sites in WWII</figcaption></figure> During World War I, German Americans were often accused of being too sympathetic to Imperial Germany. Former president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> denounced "<a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">hyphenated Americanism</a>", insisting that dual loyalties were impossible in wartime. A small minority came out for Germany, such as <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>. Similarly, Harvard psychology professor <a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> dropped his efforts to mediate between America and Germany, and threw his efforts behind the German cause.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> There was also some Anti-German hysteria like the killing of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kayser" title="Edmund Kayser">Pastor Edmund Kayser</a>. The Justice Department prepared a list of all German aliens, counting approximately 480,000 of them, more than 4,000 of whom were imprisoned in 1917–18. The allegations included spying for Germany or endorsing the German war effort.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Thousands were forced to buy war bonds to show their loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">Red Cross</a> barred individuals with German last names from joining in fear of sabotage. One person was killed by a mob; in <a href="/wiki/Collinsville,_Illinois" title="Collinsville, Illinois">Collinsville, Illinois</a>, German-born <a href="/wiki/Robert_Prager" title="Robert Prager">Robert Prager</a> was dragged from jail as a suspected spy and lynched.<a href="#cite_note-Hickey-95">[95]</a> A Minnesota minister was <a href="/wiki/Tarred_and_feathered" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarred and feathered">tarred and feathered</a> when he was overheard praying in German with a dying woman.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Questions of German American loyalty increased due to events like the German <a href="/wiki/Black_Tom_explosion" title="Black Tom explosion">bombing of Black Tom island</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and the U.S. entering World War I, many German Americans were arrested for refusing allegiance to the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> War hysteria led to the removal of German names in public, names of things such as streets,<a href="#cite_note-cincy-99">[99]</a> and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Schools also began to eliminate or discourage the teaching of the German language.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stock" title="Frederick Stock">Frederick Stock</a> temporarily stepped down as conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> until he finalized his naturalization papers. Orchestras replaced music by German composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a> with French composer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, the public library was asked to withdraw all German books from its shelves.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> German-named streets were renamed. The town, Berlin, Michigan, was changed to <a href="/wiki/Marne,_Michigan" title="Marne, Michigan">Marne, Michigan</a> (honoring those who fought in the Battle of Marne). In Iowa, in the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Babel_Proclamation" title="Babel Proclamation">Babel Proclamation</a>, the governor prohibited all foreign languages in schools and public places. Nebraska banned instruction in any language except English, but the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> ruled the ban illegal in 1923 (<a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a>).<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The response of German Americans to these tactics was often to "<a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanize</a>" names (e.g., Schmidt to Smith, Müller to Miller) and limit the use of the German language in public places, especially churches.<a href="#cite_note-Hawgood-104">[104]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic."><img alt="American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg/79px-WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg/118px-WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg/158px-WWIHunNatlArchives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="310" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">American wartime propaganda depicted the bloodthirsty German "Hun" soldier as an enemy of civilization, with his eyes on America from across the Atlantic.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Meintz,_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was tarred and feathered in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives."><img alt="German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was tarred and feathered in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg/94px-John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg/140px-John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg/187px-John_Meintz%2C_punished_during_World_War_I_-_NARA_-_283633_-_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2308" data-file-height="2958" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">German American farmer John Meints of Minnesota was <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarred and feathered</a> in August 1918 for allegedly not supporting war bond drives.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II">World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg/220px-Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg/330px-Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg/440px-Marlene_Dietrich_ww2_47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> signing a soldier's cast (Belgium, 1944)</figcaption></figure> Between 1931 and 1940, 114,000 Germans moved to the United States, many of whom—including Nobel prize winner <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a>—were <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Jewish Germans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Nazi">anti-Nazis</a> fleeing government oppression.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> About 25,000 people became paying members of the pro-Nazi <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a> during the years before the war.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> German aliens were the subject of suspicion and discrimination during the war, although prejudice and sheer numbers meant they suffered as a group generally less than <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Alien Registration Act of 1940</a> required 300,000 German-born resident aliens who had German citizenship to register with the Federal government and restricted their travel and property ownership rights.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Under the still active <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien Enemy Act of 1798</a>, the United States government <a href="/wiki/German_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="German American internment">interned nearly 11,000 German citizens</a> between 1940 and 1948. Civil rights violations occurred.<a href="#cite_note-real_people-109">[109]</a> An unknown number of "voluntary internees" joined their spouses and parents in the camps and were not permitted to leave.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Many Americans of German ancestry had top war jobs, including General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a> General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Andrew Spaatz">Carl Andrew Spaatz</a>. Roosevelt appointed Republican <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (who ironically ran against Roosevelt in the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 presidential election</a>) as a personal representative. German Americans who had fluent German language skills were an important asset to wartime intelligence, and they served as translators and as spies for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The war evoked strong pro-American patriotic sentiments among German Americans, few of whom by then had contacts with distant relatives in the old country.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-right"> <caption>Number of German Americans </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">Number </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1980<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12.3em;"></div>49,224,146</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">1990<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:14.5em;"></div>57,947,374</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2000<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:10.7em;"></div>42,885,162</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2010<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:12em;"></div>47,911,129</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2020<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:11.2em;"></div>44,978,546</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_period">Contemporary period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_(POLIZEI)._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg/220px-PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg/330px-PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg/440px-PARKING_METER_CHECKER_STANDS_BY_HIS_POLICE_VEHICLE_WHICH_IS_IMPRINTED_WITH_THE_GERMAN_WORD_FOR_POLICE_%28POLIZEI%29._IT..._-_NARA_-_558137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Parking meter checker stands by his police vehicle which is imprinted with the German word for police (Polizei). It is part of the town's highlighting its German ethnic origins. <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>, July 1974.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg/220px-Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg/330px-Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg/440px-Mathilda_Wehmeyer_German-American_Kindergarten_School_--_Galveston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="3553" /></a><figcaption>German American kindergarten building in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston TX</a></figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of World War II, millions of <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">ethnic Germans were forcibly expelled</a> from their homes within the redrawn borders of Central and Eastern Europe, including the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary and Yugoslavia. Most resettled in Germany, but others came as refugees to the United States in the late 1940s, and established cultural centers in their new homes. Some <a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube Swabians</a>, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Germans">ethnic Germans</a> who had maintained language and customs after settlement in Hungary and the Balkans, immigrated to the U.S. after the war. After 1970, the anti-German sentiment aroused by World War II faded away.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Today, German Americans who immigrated after World War II share the same characteristics as any other Western European immigrant group in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg/220px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg/330px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg/440px-Census-2000-Data-Top-US-Ancestries-by-County.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3766" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Ancestries by County, Germany in light blue, as of 2000<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit">[update]</a> census</figcaption></figure> The German American community supported reunification in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 United States Census">1990 U.S. Census</a>, 58 million Americans claimed to be solely or partially of German descent.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> According to the 2005 American Community Survey, 50 million Americans have German ancestry. German Americans represent 17% of the total U.S. population and 26% of the non-Hispanic white population.<a href="#cite_note-US_Census_Bureau,_German_population-124">[124]</a> The Economist magazine in 2015 interviewed Petra Schürmann, the director of the German-American Heritage Museum in Washington D.C. for a major article on German-Americans. She notes that all over the United States, celebrations such as German fests and Oktoberfests have been appearing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/220px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/330px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png/440px-Distribution_of_Americans_claiming_German_Ancestry_by_county_in_2018.png 2x" data-file-width="6900" data-file-height="4275" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Americans claiming German Ancestry by county in 2018</figcaption></figure> States with the highest proportions of German Americans tend to be those of the upper Midwest, including Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, and <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">the Dakotas</a>; all at over 30%.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-125">[125]</a> Of the four major U.S. regions, German was the most-reported ancestry in the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, second in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>, and third in both the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. German was the top reported ancestry in 23 states, and it was one of the top five reported ancestries in every state except Maine and Rhode Island.<a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-speakers_and_German-Americans_of_color">German-speakers and German-Americans of color</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: German-speakers and German-Americans of color">edit</a>]</div> During the 1800s, there were a number of German-speaking African-Americans, including Black <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> people. A few German-speaking African-Americans were <a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Jewish</a>. Some German-speaking African-Americans were adopted by white German-American families. Other Black German-Americans were immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Afro-Germans" title="Afro-Germans">Germany</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1870 United States Census">1870 Census</a>, 15 Black immigrants from Germany were listed living in New Orleans. Afro-German immigrants were also listed on the census living in Memphis, New York City, Charleston, and Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In Texas, many <a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejanos</a> have German ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Tejano culture, particularly Tejano music, has been deeply influenced by German immigrants to Texas and Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In German-speaking parts of Texas during the 19th and 20th centuries, many African-Americans spoke German. Many Black people who were enslaved by white German-Americans, as well as their descendants, learned to speak German.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_American_population_by_state">German American population by state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: German American population by state">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/220px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/330px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg/440px-Americans_with_German_Ancestry_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Americans with German Ancestry by state according to the U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey in 2020</figcaption></figure> As of 2020, the distribution of German Americans across the 50 states and DC is as presented in the following table: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a>Estimated German American population by state<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="#cite_note-ACS2020states-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-ACS2020-125">[125]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;">State </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;">Number </th> <th style="text-align:center; background-color:#9dbec3;">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td align="right">303,109 </td> <td align="right">6.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td align="right">105,160 </td> <td align="right">14.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right">913,671 </td> <td align="right">12.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td align="right">279,279 </td> <td align="right">9.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td align="right">2,786,161 </td> <td align="right">7.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td align="right">1,039,001 </td> <td align="right">18.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td align="right">300,323 </td> <td align="right">8.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td align="right">116,569 </td> <td align="right">12.05% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington%2C_D.C.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a> </td> <td align="right">51,073 </td> <td align="right">7.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td align="right">1,943,171 </td> <td align="right">9.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td align="right">669,497 </td> <td align="right">6.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td align="right">82,087 </td> <td align="right">5.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /> <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td align="right">291,509 </td> <td align="right">16.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td align="right">2,175,044 </td> <td align="right">17.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td align="right">1,378,584 </td> <td align="right">20.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /> <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td align="right">1,016,154 </td> <td align="right">32.26% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td align="right">703,246 </td> <td align="right">24.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td align="right">585,036 </td> <td align="right">13.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td align="right">312,583 </td> <td align="right">6.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /> <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td align="right">105,181 </td> <td align="right">7.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td align="right">728,155 </td> <td align="right">12.06% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td align="right">384,109 </td> <td align="right">5.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /> <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td align="right">1,849,636 </td> <td align="right">18.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td align="right">1,753,612 </td> <td align="right">31.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td align="right">143,117 </td> <td align="right">4.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td align="right">1,366,691 </td> <td align="right">22.32% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td align="right">256,295 </td> <td align="right">24.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td align="right">623,006 </td> <td align="right">32.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td align="right">303,225 </td> <td align="right">10.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td align="right">117,188 </td> <td align="right">8.65% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td align="right">867,285 </td> <td align="right">9.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td align="right">166,848 </td> <td align="right">7.96% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td align="right">1,809,206 </td> <td align="right">9.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right">997,739 </td> <td align="right">9.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="921" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td align="right">280,834 </td> <td align="right">36.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td align="right">2,730,617 </td> <td align="right">23.39% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td align="right">483,973 </td> <td align="right">12.25% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td align="right">721,995 </td> <td align="right">17.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td align="right">2,915,171 </td> <td align="right">22.78% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /> <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td align="right">53,192 </td> <td align="right">5.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td align="right">471,940 </td> <td align="right">9.27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td align="right">314,246 </td> <td align="right">35.74% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td align="right">612,083 </td> <td align="right">9.04% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td align="right">2,429,525 </td> <td align="right">8.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /> <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td align="right">326,656 </td> <td align="right">10.37% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td align="right">63,376 </td> <td align="right">10.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right">876,286 </td> <td align="right">10.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td align="right">1,177,478 </td> <td align="right">15.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td align="right">282,257 </td> <td align="right">15.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td align="right">2,195,662 </td> <td align="right">37.81% </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td align="right">131,730 </td> <td align="right">22.66% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" bgcolor="lightgrey"> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td align="right">42,589,571 </td> <td align="right">13.04% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-American_communities">German-American communities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: German-American communities">edit</a>]</div> Today, most German Americans have assimilated to the point they no longer have readily identifiable ethnic communities, though there are still many metropolitan areas where German is the most reported ethnicity, such as <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Kentucky" title="Northern Kentucky">Northern Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_%E2%80%93_Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis – Saint Paul">Minneapolis – Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitlin-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communities_with_highest_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry">Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Communities with highest percentages of people of German ancestry">edit</a>]</div> The 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Township,_Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Monterey Township, Putnam County, Ohio">Monterey, Ohio</a> 83.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Granville Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Granville Township, Ohio</a> 79.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Henry,_Ohio" title="St. Henry, Ohio">St. Henry, Ohio</a> 78.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_Township,_Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Germantown Township, Clinton County, Illinois">Germantown Township, Illinois</a> 77.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Dubois_County,_Indiana" title="Jackson Township, Dubois County, Indiana">Jackson, Indiana</a> 77.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Washington Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Washington Township, Ohio</a> 77.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rose_Township,_Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Saint Rose Township, Clinton County, Illinois">St. Rose, Illinois</a> 77.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Butler Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Butler, Ohio</a> 76.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Marion Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Marion Township, Ohio</a> 76.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Township,_Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Jennings Township, Putnam County, Ohio">Jennings, Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Illinois" title="Germantown, Illinois">Germantown, Illinois (village)</a> 75.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater,_Ohio" title="Coldwater, Ohio">Coldwater, Ohio</a> 74.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Ohio" title="Jackson, Ohio">Jackson, Ohio</a> 74.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union,_Ohio" title="Union, Ohio">Union, Ohio</a> 74.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minster,_Ohio" title="Minster, Ohio">Minster, Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalida,_Ohio" title="Kalida, Ohio">Kalida, Ohio</a> 73.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensburg_Township,_Putnam_County,_Ohio" title="Greensburg Township, Putnam County, Ohio">Greensburg, Ohio</a> 73.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviston,_Illinois" title="Aviston, Illinois">Aviston, Illinois</a> 72.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutopolis,_Illinois" title="Teutopolis, Illinois">Teutopolis, Illinois (village)</a> 72.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutopolis_Township,_Effingham_County,_Illinois" title="Teutopolis Township, Effingham County, Illinois">Teutopolis, Illinois (township)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_Township,_Brown_County,_Minnesota" title="Cottonwood Township, Brown County, Minnesota">Cottonwood, Minnesota</a> 72.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Township,_Michigan" title="Dallas Township, Michigan">Dallas, Michigan</a> 71.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Gibson Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Gibson Township, Ohio</a> 71.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Fond_du_Lac_County,_Wisconsin" title="Marshfield, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin">Town of Marshfield, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin</a> 71.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Township,_Clinton_County,_Illinois" title="Santa Fe Township, Clinton County, Illinois">Santa Fe, Illinois</a> 70.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Township,_Mercer_County,_Ohio" title="Recovery Township, Mercer County, Ohio">Recovery Township, Ohio</a> 70.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothertown,_Wisconsin" title="Brothertown, Wisconsin">Town of Brothertown, Wisconsin</a> 69.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman,_Dodge_County,_Wisconsin" title="Herman, Dodge County, Wisconsin">Town of Herman, Dodge County, Wisconsin</a> 69.8%</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_communities_with_high_percentages_of_people_of_German_ancestry">Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Large communities with high percentages of people of German ancestry">edit</a>]</div> Large U.S. communities with a high percentage of residents claiming German ancestry are:<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck, North Dakota</a> 56.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a> 43%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud, Minnesota</a> 38.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo, North Dakota</a> 31%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> 29%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay, Wisconsin</a> 29%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania" title="Levittown, Pennsylvania">Levittown, Pennsylvania</a> 22%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a> 22%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio 19.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, Pennsylvania 19.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a> 19.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon" title="Beaverton, Oregon">Beaverton, Oregon</a> 17%</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communities_with_the_most_residents_born_in_Germany">Communities with the most residents born in Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Communities with the most residents born in Germany">edit</a>]</div> The 25 U.S. communities with the most residents born in Germany are: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Lely_Resort,_Florida" title="Lely Resort, Florida">Lely Resort, Florida</a> 6.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemberton_Heights,_New_Jersey" title="Pemberton Heights, New Jersey">Pemberton Heights, New Jersey</a> 5.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempner,_Texas" title="Kempner, Texas">Kempner, Texas</a> 4.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Glen_Lakes,_New_Jersey" title="Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey">Cedar Glen Lakes, New Jersey</a> 4.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo, New Mexico</a> 4.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Acres,_Florida" title="Sunshine Acres, Florida">Sunshine Acres, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leisureville,_Florida" title="Leisureville, Florida">Leisureville, Florida</a> 4.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield,_Kansas" title="Wakefield, Kansas">Wakefield, Kansas</a> 4.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantico,_Virginia" title="Quantico, Virginia">Quantico, Virginia</a> 4.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crestwood_Village,_New_Jersey" title="Crestwood Village, New Jersey">Crestwood Village, New Jersey</a> 3.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandaken,_New_York" title="Shandaken, New York">Shandaken, New York</a> 3.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_Grove,_Kentucky" title="Vine Grove, Kentucky">Vine Grove, Kentucky</a> 3.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Store_Marina,_Florida" title="Burnt Store Marina, Florida">Burnt Store Marina, Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boles_Acres,_New_Mexico" title="Boles Acres, New Mexico">Boles Acres, New Mexico</a> 3.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenhurst,_Georgia" title="Allenhurst, Georgia">Allenhurst, Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security-Widefield,_Colorado" title="Security-Widefield, Colorado">Security-Widefield, Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grandview_Plaza,_Kansas" title="Grandview Plaza, Kansas">Grandview Plaza, Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Ranch,_California" title="Fairbanks Ranch, California">Fairbanks Ranch, California</a> 3.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Pine,_Mississippi" title="Standing Pine, Mississippi">Standing Pine, Mississippi</a> 2.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millers_Falls,_Massachusetts" title="Millers Falls, Massachusetts">Millers Falls, Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida" title="Marco Island, Florida">Marco Island, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daytona_Beach_Shores,_Florida" title="Daytona Beach Shores, Florida">Daytona Beach Shores, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radcliff,_Kentucky" title="Radcliff, Kentucky">Radcliff, Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_Florida" title="Beverly Hills, Florida">Beverly Hills, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davilla,_Texas" title="Davilla, Texas">Davilla, Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annandale,_New_Jersey" title="Annandale, New Jersey">Annandale, New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holiday_Heights,_New_Jersey" title="Holiday Heights, New Jersey">Holiday Heights, New Jersey</a> 2.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley_North,_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Riley North, Kansas">Fort Riley North, Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copperas_Cove,_Texas" title="Copperas Cove, Texas">Copperas Cove, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Glen_West,_New_Jersey" title="Cedar Glen West, New Jersey">Cedar Glen West, New Jersey</a> 2.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Bay,_Florida" title="Pelican Bay, Florida">Pelican Bay, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaryktown,_Florida" title="Masaryktown, Florida">Masaryktown, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highland_Beach,_Florida" title="Highland Beach, Florida">Highland Beach, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milford,_Kansas" title="Milford, Kansas">Milford, Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Langdon,_New_Hampshire" title="Langdon, New Hampshire">Langdon, New Hampshire</a> 2.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Home,_New_York" title="Forest Home, New York">Forest Home, New York</a>, Southwest Bell, Texas, <a href="/wiki/Vineyards,_Florida" title="Vineyards, Florida">Vineyards, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="South Palm Beach, Florida">South Palm Beach, Florida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basye-Bryce_Mountain,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Basye-Bryce Mountain, Virginia">Basye-Bryce Mountain, Virginia</a> 2.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausalito,_California" title="Sausalito, California">Sausalito, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovina,_New_York" title="Bovina, New York">Bovina, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanwood,_New_Jersey" title="Fanwood, New Jersey">Fanwood, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountain,_Colorado" title="Fountain, Colorado">Fountain, Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye_Brook,_New_York" title="Rye Brook, New York">Rye Brook, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desoto_Lakes,_Florida" title="Desoto Lakes, Florida">Desoto Lakes, Florida</a> 2.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Kansas" title="Ogden, Kansas">Ogden, Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Berry_Hill,_Texas" title="Blue Berry Hill, Texas">Blue Berry Hill, Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauderdale-by-the-Sea,_Florida" title="Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida">Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Connecticut" title="Sherman, Connecticut">Sherman, Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leisuretowne,_New_Jersey" title="Leisuretowne, New Jersey">Leisuretowne, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Station,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Station, New Jersey">White House Station, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junction_City,_Kansas" title="Junction City, Kansas">Junction City, Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Ridge,_Florida" title="Ocean Ridge, Florida">Ocean Ridge, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola,_New_York" title="Viola, New York">Viola, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waynesville,_Missouri" title="Waynesville, Missouri">Waynesville, Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mill_Neck,_New_York" title="Mill Neck, New York">Mill Neck, New York</a> 2.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_Plains,_Alabama" title="Level Plains, Alabama">Level Plains, Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingsbury,_Nevada" title="Kingsbury, Nevada">Kingsbury, Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tega_Cay,_South_Carolina" title="Tega Cay, South Carolina">Tega Cay, South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaretville,_New_York" title="Margaretville, New York">Margaretville, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Sands,_New_Mexico" title="White Sands, New Mexico">White Sands, New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamford,_New_York" title="Stamford, New York">Stamford, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Lookout,_New_York" title="Point Lookout, New York">Point Lookout, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mar,_Florida" title="Terra Mar, Florida">Terra Mar, Florida</a> 2.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifton,_New_York" title="Rifton, New York">Rifton, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key,_Florida" title="Manasota Key, Florida">Manasota Key, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Mar,_California" title="Del Mar, California">Del Mar, California</a>, Yuba Foothills, California, <a href="/wiki/Daleville,_Alabama" title="Daleville, Alabama">Daleville, Alabama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tesuque,_New_Mexico" title="Tesuque, New Mexico">Tesuque, New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plainsboro_Center,_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Center, New Jersey">Plainsboro Center, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_Ridge,_New_Jersey" title="Silver Ridge, New Jersey">Silver Ridge, New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a> 2.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental,_North_Carolina" title="Oriental, North Carolina">Oriental, North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holiday_City-Berkeley,_New_Jersey" title="Holiday City-Berkeley, New Jersey">Holiday City-Berkeley, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea,_New_York" title="North Sea, New York">North Sea, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponce_Inlet,_Florida" title="Ponce Inlet, Florida">Ponce Inlet, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Tennessee" title="Montgomery County, Tennessee">Woodlawn-Dotsonville, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Hurley,_New_York" title="West Hurley, New York">West Hurley, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Littlerock,_California" title="Littlerock, California">Littlerock, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felton,_California" title="Felton, California">Felton, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Woods,_California" title="Laguna Woods, California">Laguna Woods, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leisure_Village,_New_Jersey" title="Leisure Village, New Jersey">Leisure Village, New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Readsboro,_Vermont" title="Readsboro, Vermont">Readsboro, Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nolanville,_Texas" title="Nolanville, Texas">Nolanville, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Groveland-Big_Oak_Flat,_California" title="Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California">Groveland-Big Oak Flat, California</a> 2.0%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotonda,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotonda, Florida">Rotonda, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grayson,_California" title="Grayson, California">Grayson, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shokan,_New_York" title="Shokan, New York">Shokan, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows,_Florida" title="The Meadows, Florida">The Meadows, Florida</a>, Southeast Comanche, Oklahoma, <a href="/wiki/Lincolndale,_New_York" title="Lincolndale, New York">Lincolndale, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson_South,_Louisiana" title="Fort Johnson South, Louisiana">Fort Johnson South, Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Townsend,_Massachusetts" title="Townsend, Massachusetts">Townsend, Massachusetts</a> 1.9%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge,_Citrus_County,_Florida" title="Pine Ridge, Citrus County, Florida">Pine Ridge, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boca_Pointe,_Florida" title="Boca Pointe, Florida">Boca Pointe, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Village,_Delaware" title="Rodney Village, Delaware">Rodney Village, Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palenville,_New_York" title="Palenville, New York">Palenville, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Topsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Topsfield, Massachusetts">Topsfield, Massachusetts</a> 1.8%</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_restaurants" title="List of German restaurants">List of German restaurants</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS,_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM,_MINNESOTA,_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg/250px-MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg/375px-MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg/500px-MONUMENT_AND_STATUE_OF_HERMANN-ARMINIUS%2C_GERMAN_PATRIOT_WHICH_WAS_ERECTED_IN_NEW_ULM%2C_MINNESOTA%2C_IN_1888._THE_TOWN..._-_NARA_-_558113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2018" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heights_Monument" title="Hermann Heights Monument">Hermann Heights Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a>. Erected by the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Hermann" title="Sons of Hermann">Sons of Hermann</a>, it is the 3rd largest copper statue in the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portlandia_(statue)" title="Portlandia (statue)">Portlandia</a>. Historians have regarded <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Hermann</a>'s victory over Roman troops in 9 CE as Rome's greatest defeat,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> and in the 19th century he became a symbol of unity for German immigrants facing <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> The Germans worked hard to maintain and cultivate their language, especially through newspapers and classes in elementary and high schools. German Americans in many cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, brought their strong support of education, establishing German-language schools and teacher training seminaries (Töchter-Institut) to prepare students and teachers in German language training. By the late 19th century, the Germania Publishing Company was established in Milwaukee, a publisher of books, magazines, and newspapers in German.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> "Germania" was the common term for German American neighborhoods and their organizations.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Deutschtum was the term for transplanted German nationalism, both culturally and politically. Between 1875 and 1915, the German American population in the United States doubled, and many of its members insisted on maintaining their culture. German was used in local schools and churches, while numerous Vereine, associations dedicated to literature, humor, gymnastics, and singing, sprang up in German American communities. German Americans tended to support the German government's actions, and, even after the United States entered World War I, they often voted for antidraft and antiwar candidates. 'Deutschtum' in the United States disintegrated after 1918.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in 1741, the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> Settlements of <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazareth,_Pennsylvania" title="Nazareth, Pennsylvania">Nazareth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lititz,_Pennsylvania" title="Lititz, Pennsylvania">Lititz</a>, Pennsylvania, and <a href="/wiki/Wachovia,_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Wachovia, North Carolina">Wachovia</a> in North Carolina had highly developed musical cultures. Choral music, Brass and String Music and Congregational singing were highly cultivated. The Moravian Church produced many composers and musicians. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>'s Creation had its American debut in Bethlehem in the early 19th century. The spiritual beliefs of Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768) and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected in Beissel's treatises on music and hymns, which have been considered the beginning of America's musical heritage.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In most major cities, Germans took the lead in creating a musical culture, with popular bands, singing societies, operas and symphonic orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> A small city, <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling, West Virginia</a> could boast of 11 singing societies—Maennerchor, Harmonie, Liedertafel, Beethoven, Concordia, Liederkranz, Germania, Teutonia, Harmonie-Maennerchor, Arion, and Mozart. The first began in 1855; the last folded in 1961. An important aspect of Wheeling social life, these societies reflected various social classes and enjoyed great popularity until anti-German sentiments during World War I and changing social values dealt them a death blow.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Liederkranz, a German-American music society, played an important role in the integration of the German community into the life of <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>. Started in 1848, the organization was strengthened by the arrival of German liberals after the failure of the revolution of that year. By the mid-1850s the Germans formed one-third of Louisville's population and faced nativist hostility organized in the Know-Nothing movement. Violent demonstrations forced the chorus to suppress publicity of its performances that included works by composer Richard Wagner. The Liederkranz suspended operations during the Civil War, but afterward grew rapidly, and was able to build a large auditorium by 1873. An audience of 8,000 that attended a performance in 1877 demonstrated that the Germans were an accepted part of Louisville life.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> The Imperial government in Berlin promoted German culture in the U.S., especially music. A steady influx of German-born conductors, including Arthur Nikisch and Karl Muck, spurred the reception of German music in the United States, while German musicians seized on Victorian Americans' growing concern with 'emotion'. The performance of pieces such as Beethoven's Ninth Symphony established German serious music as the superior language of feeling.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turners">Turners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Turners">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turner societies</a> in the United States were first organized during the mid-19th century so German American immigrants could visit with one another and become involved in social and sports activities. The National Turnerbund, the head organization of the Turnvereine, started drilling members as in militia units in 1854. Nearly half of all Turners fought in the Civil War, mostly on the Union side, and a special group served as bodyguards for President Lincoln. By the 1890s, Turners numbered nearly 65,000. At the turn of the 21st century, with the ethnic identity of European Americans in flux and Americanization a key element of immigrant life, there were few Turner groups, athletic events were limited, and non-Germans were members. A survey of surviving groups and members reflects these radical changes in the role of Turner societies and their marginalization in 21st-century American society, as younger German Americans tended not to belong, even in strongholds of German heritage in the Midwest.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_American_journalism" title="German American journalism">German American journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795,_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005795%2C_Deutsche_Zeitungen_in_Nordamerika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>German newspapers in North America, 1922</figcaption></figure> As for any immigrant population, the development of a foreign-language press helped immigrants more easily learn about their new home, maintain connections to their native land, and unite immigrant communities.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> By the late 19th century, Germania published over 800 regular publications. The most prestigious daily newspapers, such as the <a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Staats-Zeitung" title="New Yorker Staats-Zeitung">New Yorker Staats-Zeitung</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anzeiger_des_Westens" title="Anzeiger des Westens">Anzeiger des Westens</a> in St. Louis, and the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Staats-Zeitung" title="Illinois Staats-Zeitung">Illinois Staats-Zeitung</a> in Chicago, promoted middle-class values and encouraged German ethnic loyalty among their readership.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The Germans were proud of their language, supported many German-language public and private schools, and conducted their church services in German.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> They published at least two-thirds of all foreign language newspapers in the U.S. The papers were owned and operated in the U.S., with no control from Germany. As Wittke emphasizes, press. it was "essentially an American press published in a foreign tongue". The papers reported on major political and diplomatic events involving Germany, with pride but from the viewpoint of its American readers.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> For example, during the latter half of the 19th century, at least 176 different German-language publications began operations in the city of Cincinnati alone. Many of these publications folded within a year, while a select few, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Freie_Presse" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Freie Presse">Cincinnati Freie Presse</a>, lasted nearly a century.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Other cities experienced similar turnover among immigrant publications, especially from opinion press, which published little news and focused instead on editorial commentary.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> By the end of the 19th century, there were over 800 German-language publications in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> German immigration was on the decline, and with subsequent generations integrating into English-speaking society, the German language press began to struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Dobbert,_G.A_1914-154">[154]</a> The periodicals that managed to survive in immigrant communities faced an additional challenge with <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiment</a> during World War I<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918" title="Sedition Act of 1918">Sedition Acts</a>, which authorized censorship of foreign language newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a> also had a destabilizing impact on the German immigrant communities upon which the German-language publications relied.<a href="#cite_note-Dobbert,_G.A_1914-154">[154]</a> By 1920, there were only 278 German language publications remaining in the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> After 1945, only a few publications have been started. One example is <a href="/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe" title="Hiwwe wie Driwwe">Hiwwe wie Driwwe</a> (Kutztown, PA), the nation's only <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a> newspaper, which was established in 1997. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> Germans brought organized gymnastics to America, and were strong supporters of sports programs. They used sport both to promote ethnic identity and pride and to facilitate integration into American society. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turner</a> movement offered exercise and sports programs, while also providing a social haven for the thousands of new German immigrants arriving in the United States each year. Another highly successful German sports organization was the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Germans" title="Buffalo Germans">Buffalo Germans</a> basketball team, winners of 762 games (against only 85 losses) in the early years of the 20th century. These examples, and others, reflect the evolving place of sport in the assimilation and socialization of much of the German-American population.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Notable German Americans include <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>, both native German speakers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg/220px-US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg/330px-US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg/440px-US_census_map_of_Lutheran_churches_-_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>This 1850 census map shows the Lutheran population. Nearly all were German, since few Scandinavians had arrived yet.</figcaption></figure> German immigrants who arrived before the 19th century tended to have been members of the Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Germany, and created the Lutheran Synods of Pennsylvania, North Carolina and New York. The largest Lutheran denominations in the U.S. today—the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>—are all descended from churches started by German immigrants among others. <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> Germans founded the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Reformed Church in the United States">Reformed Church in the United States</a> (especially in New York and Pennsylvania), and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Synod_of_North_America" title="Evangelical Synod of North America">Evangelical Synod of North America</a> (strongest in the Midwest), which is now part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. Many immigrants joined different churches from those that existed in Germany. Protestants often joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">Methodist</a> church.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a> In the 1740s, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Ludwig_Zinzendorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf">Count Nicolas von Zinzendorf</a> tried to unite all the German-speaking Christians—(Lutheran, Reformed, and Separatists)—into one "Church of God in the Spirit". The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> in America is one of the results of this effort, as are the many "Union" churches in rural Pennsylvania. Before 1800, communities of <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church#Missions" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a> had formed and are still in existence today. The Old Order Amish and a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a> still speak dialects of German, including Pennsylvania German, informally known as <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>. The Amish, who were originally from southern Germany and Switzerland, arrived in Pennsylvania during the early 18th century. Amish immigration to the United States reached its peak between the years 1727 and 1770. Religious freedom was perhaps the most pressing cause for Amish immigration to Pennsylvania, which became known as a haven for persecuted religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-The_Amish-159">[159]</a> The Hutterites are another example of a group of German Americans who continue a lifestyle similar to that of their ancestors. Like the Amish, they fled persecution for their religious beliefs, and came to the United States between 1874 and 1879. Today, Hutterites mostly reside in Montana, <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" title="The Dakotas">the Dakotas</a>, and Minnesota, and the western provinces of Canada. Hutterites continue to speak <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a>. Most are able to understand Standard German in addition to their dialect.<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic,_the_Hutterites-160">[160]</a> The German speaking <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">"Russian" Mennonites</a> migrated during the same time as the Hutterites, but assimilated relatively quickly in the United States, whereas groups of "Russian" Mennonites in Canada resisted assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Immigrants from Germany in the mid-to-late-19th century brought many different religions with them. The most numerous were Lutheran or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic</a>, although the Lutherans were themselves split among different groups. The more conservative Lutherans comprised the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Other Lutherans formed various synods, most of which merged with Scandinavian-based synods in 1988, forming the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Germans">Catholic Germans</a> started immigrating in large numbers in the mid to latter 19th century, spurred in particular by the <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a>. Some 19th-century immigrants, especially the "Forty-Eighters", were secular, rejecting formal religion. About 250,000 German Jews had arrived by the 1870s, and they sponsored reform synagogues in many small cities across the country. About two million Central and Eastern European Jews arrived from the 1880s to 1924, bringing more traditional religious practices.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>German speakers in the U.S. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Speakers </th></tr> <tr> <td>1910<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2,759,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1920<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2,267,128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">2,188,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,589,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,332,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970<a href="#endnote_foreignborn">a</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,201,535 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,586,593 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,547,987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,383,442 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,104,354 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right">1,083,637 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_foreignborn">^a</a> Foreign-born population only<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> After two or three generations, most German Americans adopted mainstream American customs – some of which they heavily influenced – and switched their language to English. As one scholar concludes, "The overwhelming evidence ... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of the pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on."<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> By 1914, the older members attended German-language church services, while younger ones attended English services (in Lutheran, Evangelical and Catholic churches). In German parochial schools, the children spoke English among themselves, though some of their classes were in German. In 1917–18, after the American entry into World War I on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>, nearly all German language instruction ended, as did most German-language church services.<a href="#cite_note-Hawgood-104">[104]</a> About 1.5 million Americans speak German at home, according to the 2000 census. From 1860 to 1917, German was widely spoken in German neighborhoods; see <a href="/wiki/German_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="German in the United States">German in the United States</a>. There is a false claim, called the <a href="/wiki/Muhlenberg_legend" title="Muhlenberg legend">Muhlenberg legend</a>, that German was almost the official language of the U.S. There was never any such proposal. The U.S. has no <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, but use of German was strongly discouraged during World War I and fell out of daily use in many places.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> There were fierce battles in Wisconsin and Illinois around 1890 regarding proposals to stop the use of German as the primary language in public and parochial schools. The <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Law" title="Bennett Law">Bennett Law</a> was a highly controversial state law passed in Wisconsin in 1889 that required the use of English to teach major subjects in all public and private elementary and high schools. It affected the state's many German-language private schools (and some Norwegian schools), and was bitterly resented by German American communities. The German Catholics and Lutherans each operated large networks of parochial schools in the state. Because the language used in the classroom was German, the law meant the teachers would have to be replaced with bilingual teachers, and in most cases shut down. The Germans formed a coalition between Catholics and Lutherans, under the leadership of the Democratic Party, and the language issue produced a landslide for the Democrats, as Republicans dropped the issue until World War I. By 1917, almost all schools taught in English, but courses in German were common in areas with large German populations. These courses were permanently dropped.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Assimilation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_apparent_disappearance_of_German_American_identity">The apparent disappearance of German American identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The apparent disappearance of German American identity">edit</a>]</div> German Americans are no longer a conspicuous ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> As Melvin G. Holli puts it, "Public expression of German ethnicity is nowhere proportionate to the number of German Americans in the nation's population. Almost nowhere are German Americans as a group as visible as many smaller groups. Two examples suffice to illustrate this point: when one surveys the popular television scene of the past decade, one hears Yiddish humor done by comedians; one sees Polish, Greek, and East European detective heroes; Italian-Americans in situation comedies; and blacks such as the Jeffersons and Huxtables. But one searches in vain for quintessentially German-American characters or melodramas patterned after German-American experiences. ... A second example of the virtual invisibility is that, though German Americans have been one of the largest ethnic groups in the Chicago area (numbering near one-half million between 1900 and 1910), no museum or archive exists to memorialize that fact. On the other hand, many smaller groups such as Lithuanians, Poles, Swedes, Jews, and others have museums, archives, and exhibit halls dedicated to their immigrant forefathers".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 93–94 <a href="#cite_note-176">[a]</a> But this inconspicuousness was not always the case. By 1910, German Americans had created their own distinctive, vibrant, prosperous German-language communities, referred to collectively as "Germania". According to historian Walter Kamphoefner, a "number of big cities introduced German into their public school programs".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a> and other cities "had what we now call two-way immersion programs: school taught half in German, half in English".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> This was a tradition which continued "all the way down to World War I".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> According to Kamphoefner, German "was in a similar position as the Spanish language is in the 20th and 21st century"; it "was by far the most widespread foreign language, and whoever was the largest group was at a definite advantage in getting its language into the public sphere".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> Kamphoefner has come across evidence that as late as 1917, a German version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was still being sung in public schools in Indianapolis.<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon, writing about <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, states that before World War I "German was the primary language in the homes, churches and parochial schools"<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">[177]</a> of German American settlers. She states that "Many street signs were in German. (Main Street, for instance, was Haupt Strasse.) A large portion of local industry and commercial enterprises had at its roots German tooling and emigres. (An entire German town was moved to Fort Wayne when Wayne Knitting Mills opened.) Mayors, judges, firefighters and other community leaders had strong German ties. Social and sporting clubs and Germania Park in St. Joseph Township provided outlets to engage in traditional German activities".<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">[177]</a> She goes on to state that "The cultural influences were so strong, in fact, that the Chicago Tribune in 1893 declared Fort Wayne a 'most German town'."<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">[177]</a> Melvin G. Holli states that "No continental foreign-born group had been so widely and favorably received in the United States, or had won such high marks from its hosts as had the Germans before World War I. Some public opinion surveys conducted before the war showed German Americans were even more highly regarded than immigrants from the mother culture, England".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 106  Holli states that the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Chicago Symphony Orchestra">Chicago Symphony Orchestra</a> once "had so many German-American musicians that the conductor often addressed them in the German language",<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 101  and he states that "No ethnic theater in Chicago glittered with such a classy repertory as did the German-American theater, or served to introduce so many European classical works to American audiences".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 102  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_World_War_I_on_German_Americans">Impact of World War I on German Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Impact of World War I on German Americans">edit</a>]</div> The transition to the English language was abrupt, forced by federal, state and local governments, and by public opinion, when the U.S. was at war with Germany in 1917–18. After 1917, the German language was seldom heard in public; most newspapers and magazines closed; churches and parochial schools switched to English. Melvin G. Holli states, "In 1917, the Missouri Synod's Lutheran Church conference minutes appeared in English for the first time, and the synod's new constitution dropped its insistence on using the language of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> only and instead suggested bilingualism. Dozens of Lutheran schools also dropped instruction in the German language. English-language services also intruded themselves into parishes where German had been the lingua franca. Whereas only 471 congregations nationwide held English services in 1910, the number preaching in English in the synod skyrocketed to 2,492 by 1919. The German Evangelical Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states also anglicized its name by dropping German from the title".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 106  Writing about Fort Wayne, Indiana, Cynthia Moothart O'Bannon states that, in the First World War, "Local churches were forced to discontinue sermons in German, schools were pressured to stop teaching in German, and the local library director was ordered to purchase no more books written in German. The library shelves also were purged of English-language materials deemed sympathetic to or neutral on Germany. Anti-German sentiment forced the renaming of several local institutions. Teutonia Building, Loan & Savings became Home Loan & Savings, and The German-American bank became Lincoln National Bank & Trust Co."<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">[177]</a> She continues that "in perhaps the most obvious bend to prevailing trends, Berghoff Brewery changed its motto from "A very German brew" to "A very good brew," according to "Fort Wayne: A Most German Town," a documentary produced by local public television station WFWA, Channel 39".<a href="#cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">[177]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> wrote how "I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice as he recalled being yanked out of Lutheran school during World War I and forbidden by his immigrant parents ever to speak German again".<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Melvin G. Holli states, regarding Chicago, that "After the Great War it became clear that no ethnic group was so de-ethnicized in its public expression by a single historic event as German Americans. While Polish Americans, Lithuanian Americans, and other subject nationalities underwent a great consciousness raising, German ethnicity fell into a protracted and permanent slump. The war damaged public expression of German ethnic, linguistic, and cultural institutions almost beyond repair".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 106  He states that, after the war, German ethnicity "would never regain its prewar public acclaim, its larger-than-life public presence, with its symbols, rituals, and, above all, its large numbers of people who took pride in their Teutonic ancestry and enjoyed the role of Uncle Sam's favored adopted son".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 107  He states "A key indicator of the decline of "Deutschtum" in Chicago was the census: the number identifying themselves to the census-taker as German-born plummeted from 191,000 in 1910 to 112,000 in 1920. This drop far exceeds the natural mortality rate or the number who might be expected to move. Self-identifiers had found it prudent to claim some nationality other than German. To claim German nationality had become too painful an experience".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 106  Along similar lines, Terrence G. Wiley states that, in Nebraska, "around 14 percent of the population had identified itself as being of German-origin in 1910; however, only 4.4 percent made comparable assertions in 1920. In Wisconsin, the decline in percentage of those identifying themselves as Germans was even more obvious. The 1920 census reported only 6.6. percent of the population as being of German-origin, as opposed to nearly 29 percent ten years earlier ... These statistics led Burnell ... to conclude that: "No other North American ethnic group, past or present, has attempted so forcefully to officially conceal their ... ethnic origins. One must attribute this reaction to the wave of repression that swept the Continent and enveloped anyone with a German past"".<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> The Catholic high schools were deliberately structured to commingle ethnic groups so as to promote ethnic (but not interreligious) intermarriage.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> German-speaking taverns, beer gardens and saloons were all shut down by Prohibition; those that reopened in 1933 spoke English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_World_War_II_on_German_Americans">Impact of World War II on German Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Impact of World War II on German Americans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg/220px-Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg/330px-Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg/440px-Anastasy_Vonsyatsky_marching_with_the_German_American_Bund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Anastasy Vonsyatsky</a> marching with the <a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a> in 1939</figcaption></figure> While its impact appears to be less well-known and studied than the impact which World War I had on German Americans, World War II was likewise difficult for them and likewise had the impact of forcing them to drop distinctive German characteristics and assimilate into the general U.S. culture.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> According to Melvin G. Holli, "By 1930, some German American leaders in Chicago felt, as Dr. Leslie Tischauser put it, 'the damage done by the wartime experience had been largely repaired'. The German language was being taught in the schools again; the German theater still survived; and German Day celebrations were drawing larger and larger crowds. Although the assimilation process had taken its toll of pre-1914 German immigrants, a smaller group of newer postwar arrivals had developed a vocal if not impolitic interest in the rebuilding process in Germany under <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. As the 1930s moved on, Hitler's brutality and Nazi excesses made Germanism once again suspect. The rise of Nazism, as Luebke notes, 'transformed German ethnicity in America into a source of social and psychological discomfort, if not distress. The overt expression of German-American opinion consequently declined, and in more recent years, virtually disappeared as a reliable index of political attitudes ...'"<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 108  Holli goes on to state that "The pain increased during the late 1930s and early 1940s, when Congressman <a href="/wiki/Martin_Dies_Jr." title="Martin Dies Jr.">Martin Dies</a> held public hearings about the menace of Nazi subversives and spies among the German Americans. In 1940, the Democratic party's attack on anti-war elements as disloyal and pro-Nazi, and the advent of the war itself, made German ethnicity too heavy a burden to bear. As Professor Tischauser wrote, "The notoriety gained by those who supported the German government between 1933 and 1941 cast a pall over German-Americans everywhere. Leaders of the German-American community would have great difficulty rebuilding an ethnic consciousness ... Few German-Americans could defend what Hitler ... had done to millions of people in pursuit of the 'final solution', and the wisest course for German-Americans was to forget any attachment to the German half of their heritage.""<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 108–109  A notable example which highlights the generational effect of this de-germanization on German-American cultural identity is <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">U.S. President Donald Trump's</a> erroneous assertion of Swedish heritage as late as 1987 in <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_the_Deal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art of the Deal">The Art of the Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Swedish-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> This error stems from Donald Trump's father, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Trump" title="Fred Trump">Fred Trump</a>, who was of German heritage but attempted to pass himself off as Swedish amid the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II, a claim which would continue to mislead his family for decades.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Swedish-184">[183]</a> By the 1940s, Germania had largely vanished outside some rural areas and the Germans were thoroughly assimilated.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> According to Melvin G. Holli, by the end of World War II, German Americans "were ethnics without any visible national or local leaders. Not even politicians would think of addressing them explicitly as an ethnic constituency as they would say, Polish Americans, Jewish Americans, or African Americans."<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 109  Holli states that "Being on the wrong side in two wars had a devastating and long-term negative impact on the public celebration of German-American ethnicity".<a href="#cite_note-Holli-174">[174]</a>: 106  Historians have tried to explain what became of the German Americans and their descendants. Kazal (2004) looks at Germans in Philadelphia, focusing on four ethnic subcultures: middle-class Vereinsdeutsche, working-class socialists, Lutherans, and Catholics. Each group followed a somewhat distinctive path toward assimilation. Lutherans, and the better situated Vereinsdeutsche with whom they often overlapped, after World War I abandoned the last major German characteristics and redefined themselves as old stock or as "Nordic" Americans, stressing their colonial roots in Pennsylvania and distancing themselves from more recent immigrants. On the other hand, working-class and Catholic Germans, groups that heavily overlapped, lived and worked with <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> and other European ethnics; they also gave up German characteristics but came to identify themselves as White ethnics, distancing themselves above all from African American recent arrivals in nearby neighborhoods. Well before World War I, women in particular were becoming more and more involved in a mass consumer culture that lured them out of their German-language neighborhood shops and into English-language downtown department stores. The 1920s and 1930s brought English-language popular culture via movies and radio that drowned out the few surviving German language venues.<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_making_German-Americans_susceptible_to_assimilation">Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Factors making German-Americans susceptible to assimilation">edit</a>]</div> Kazal points out that German Americans have not had an experience that is especially typical of immigrant groups. "Certainly, in a number of ways, the German-American experience was idiosyncratic. No other large immigrant group was subjected to such strong, sustained pressure to abandon its ethnic identity for an American one. None was so divided internally, a characteristic that made German Americans especially vulnerable to such pressure. Among the larger groups that immigrated in the country after 1830, none – despite regional variations – appears to have muted its ethnic identity to so great an extent."<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273  This quote from Kazal identifies both external pressures on German Americans and internal dividedness among them as reasons for their high level of assimilation. Regarding the external pressures, Kazal writes: "The pressure imposed on German Americans to forsake their ethnic identity was extreme in both nature and duration. No other ethnic group saw its 'adoptive fatherland' twice enter a world war against its country of origin. To this stigma, the Third Reich added the lasting one of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. In her study of ethnic identity in the 1980s, sociologist Mary Waters noted that the 'effect of the Nazi movement and World War II was still quite strong' in shaping 'popular perceptions of the German-American character', enough so that some individuals of mixed background often would acknowledge only the non-German part of their ancestry."<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273 <a href="#cite_note-190">[b]</a> Kazal contrasts this experience with the experiences of the Japanese, Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, east European Jews, and Irish. "Japanese Americans, of course, suffered far more during the Second World War",<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273  but until at least the 1950s, the pressure on Japanese Americans "ran toward exclusion from, rather than inclusion in, the nation".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273  "The state and many ordinary European Americans refused to recognize Asians as potentially American. In contrast, they pressured Germans to accept precisely that American identity in place of a German one".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273  Kazal goes on to state "The burden of "enemy" status made those pressures far greater for Germans than for other European ethnic groups. To some extent, American intervention in World War I actually helped fuel ethnic nationalism in the United States among Poles, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and east European Jews, who felt their desires for existing or prospective homelands stood to gain from an Allied victory. Indeed, some historians have depicted the following decade as one when immigrants transcended local or regional homeland affiliations to craft or further consolidate national identities as Poles, Czechs, and Italians. Such groups escaped the fury of "100 percent Americanism" during the war, in part because of their obvious stake in the defeat of the Central Powers".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 273–274  As for Irish Americans, Kazal states that the lack of enthusiasm of many of them for helping England made them "vulnerable to the wartime "antihyphen" climate",<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 274  but that "Irish nationalist activity intensified during and immediately after that war, as many Irish Americans became swept up in the events leading to the creation of the Irish Free State",<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 274  and that "It made a difference for the long-term viability of Irish-American identity that the Irish homeland not only did not go to war with the United States but, in fact, emerged during the interwar years as a sovereign nation".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 274  Kazal then goes on to discuss the internal dividedness. He writes: "German-American identity fell victim not only to a peculiar set of events, but also to an extraordinarily high level of internal diversity. All ethnic groups have internal divides, whether of class, religion, gender, politics, or homeland region. What distinguished German America was that it incorporated not just some but all of these divisions. Irish Americans, for example, had lost their status as primarily a proletarian group by 1900, yet they were united by religion and politics. "Irish American" had come to mean Irish Catholic; the vast majority of Irish Americans subscribed to some form of Irish nationalism conflated with American patriotism; and Irish-American voters were overwhelmingly Democrats. The power of this synthesis, Kerby Miller argued, explains the survival of Irish-American identity despite the ebbing of organized Irish-American nationalism after the Free State's founding. For German Americans, religion and party politics were sources of division rather than of unity".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 274  Kazal goes on to state that "The subcultures of German America, meanwhile, had ample opportunity for contact, however testy, with non-German counterparts. The latter beckoned as destinations when the cost of being German-American rose too high".<a href="#cite_note-Kazal-188">[187]</a>: 274  It is not just Kazal who has pointed out the internal dividedness of the German American community. Kathleen Neils Conzen has pointed it out; David Peterson states that Conzen, "along with many others, concludes that German-Americans' heterogeneity, particularly in religion, hampered their ability to build socially and politically stable ethnic communities",<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-191">[189]</a>: 27  and that Conzen "stresses that German Americans assimilated relatively rapidly and that their diversity played a key role in that assimilation".<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-191">[189]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-192">[c]</a> (Conzen is also drawn upon by Joy Kristina Adams, who cites Conzen when she (Adams) states that "The diversity and size of the German settlements made them susceptible to long-term Americanization by fostering factionalism, increasing contacts between Germans and non-Germans, and weakening unified leadership".)<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> The Encyclopedia of the Great Plains also stresses the internal dividedness, stating "One of the distinguishing characteristics of the German population in North America (especially in comparison to other immigrant groups) has been its relative degree of cultural diversity, reflected especially in the number of Christian denominations to which Germans belonged. In part this reflects patterns that had developed over centuries in Germany, whose population came to include nearly every variety of Christianity–from Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed groups to more radical Anabaptist pietistic movements such as Amish, Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and the Moravian church. It is not surprising, then, that nearly all of these denominations were represented among the German immigrant population in North America."<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Robert Paul McCaffery points out that "Despite their numbers ... and unlike many immigrant groups, Germans never united as a powerful ethnic block. Religious disputes brought from the old country prevented them from uniting in the new. The two strongest denominations, Catholics and Lutherans, could not come together; and the Free Thinkers distrusted and shunned them both."<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery-195">[192]</a>: 4  "These divisions ran so deep that German-Americans could neither unite to fend off attacks engendered by World War I, nor elect German candidates for political office".<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery-195">[192]</a>: 4  McCaffery states that "Discussions of the disunity of the Germans are many",<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery-195">[192]</a>: 15  giving a work by Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and a work by Kathleen Neils Conzen as examples,<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery-195">[192]</a>: 15  and he states that Leslie V. Tischauser "maintains that neither World War I, political questions of importance to Germans, nor German candidates could unite the German-Americans of Chicago".<a href="#cite_note-McCaffery-195">[192]</a>: 16  Jason Todd Baker, meanwhile, writes that "Divided by imported regional prejudices, religious differences, political affiliations, and spread in pockets across the city, the Germans in nineteenth-century <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> comprised the city's largest immigrant ethnicity and possibly its least cohesive".<a href="#cite_note-Baker-196">[193]</a>: 95  He goes on to state that German Americans in St. Louis "could not be relied upon to do much of anything as a group. St. Louis served (and still does) as the seat of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a conservative American Lutheran confession, and their local strength led to friction with Germans of other faiths. These Lutherans did not traffic much with the sizable German Catholic population of the city, who often shared their houses of worship and political stances with the Irish. The small rabbinical German Jewish community remained insular. The Freethinkers, atheists, socialists, et al., had little use for any of these groups. In addition, the Germans, while heavily concentrated in a few pockets of north and south St. Louis, were spread across the city proper and into the larger countryside".<a href="#cite_note-Baker-196">[193]</a>: 99  And according to the <a href="/wiki/Max_Kade" title="Max Kade">Max Kade</a> Institute for German-American Studies, "The diversity of religious expression among German-speaking immigrants was paralleled by a high degree of heterogeneity stemming from differences in regional and linguistic origins. This situation differed from that of other nineteenth-century immigrant groups, notably the Irish, but also Italians and people of other European backgrounds. The resulting lack of a unified and clearly definable German-American community explains in part why only few Americans, including those of German descent, have any idea when Steuben Day or German-American Day falls, whereas the Irish St. Patrick's Day is one of America's most popular celebrations, and Columbus Day, named after the Italian explorer, is a federal holiday".<a href="#cite_note-Max_Kade_Institute-197">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistence_of_German_language">Persistence of German language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Persistence of German language">edit</a>]</div> Despite the remarkable level of language assimilation reached by German Americans, distinct German usage survived well into the mid-to-late-20th century in some places. Writing about the town of <a href="/wiki/Hustisford,_Wisconsin" title="Hustisford, Wisconsin">Hustisford, Wisconsin</a>, Jennifer Ludden discusses Mel Grulke, who was born in 1941, with German his first language at home; "Grulke's great-grandparents immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1880s, yet three generations later, his farmer parents still spoke German at home, attended German language church services and chatted in German with shopkeepers when they brought their farm eggs into town to sell".<a href="#cite_note-Ludden-177">[176]</a> To this day, German speakers can be found in the United States among long-established <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> groups – the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Old Order Amish</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsatian language">Alsatian</a> by a minority of Amish) along with <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> to various degrees (though they are generally fluent in English).<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> All <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterites</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">"Russian" Mennonites</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> dialect coming originally from the area around <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>. The three Amish dialects as well as Hutterite German are still learned by all children of the group, whereas Plautdietsch-speakers tend much more to switch to English. Another group of German-speakers can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Amana_Colonies" title="Amana Colonies">Amana Colonies</a> in Iowa; according to the website Statistical Atlas, all the residents of <a href="/wiki/East_Amana,_Iowa" title="East Amana, Iowa">East Amana</a> speak German at home, and only 67.7% can speak English "very well".<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> It has been shown that cultural differences between the attitudes towards farming of German Americans, on the one hand, and of British-ancestry "Yankees", on the other, lasted into the 1980s and have to some extent lasted into the 21st century; German Americans have tended to see farming in a more family-oriented manner than Yankees.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German-American_influence">German-American influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: German-American influence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German language in the United States</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:410px;max-width:410px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Late-19th-century German-American buildings in Manhattan</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg/170px-Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg/255px-Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg/340px-Freie_Bibliothek_and_Deutsches_Dispensary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1655" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Freie Bibliothek und Lesehalle (Free Library and Reading Hall) and Deutsches Dispensary (German Dispensary), both by William Schickel (1883–1884) on <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_(Manhattan)" title="Second Avenue (Manhattan)">Second Avenue</a> at St Mark's Place in the <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Germany_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Germany_House.jpg/120px-Little_Germany_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Germany_House.jpg/180px-Little_Germany_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Little_Germany_House.jpg/240px-Little_Germany_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="1707" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Deutsch-Amerikanische Schützen Gesellschaft (German-American Shooting Society) by William C. Frohne (1885) on St. Mark's Place in the East Village</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg/108px-Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg/162px-Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg/216px-Scheffel_Hall_190_Third_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1975" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Scheffel Hall by Weber and Drosser (1894) on <a href="/wiki/Third_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Avenue (Manhattan)">Third Avenue</a> between <a href="/wiki/17th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Street (Manhattan)">17th</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Street (Manhattan)">18th</a> Streets, near <a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy Park</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine_and_beers">Cuisine and beers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cuisine and beers">edit</a>]</div> The influence of <a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a> is seen in the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">cuisine of the United States</a> throughout the country, especially regarding pastries, meats and sausages, and above all, beer. <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">Frankfurters</a> (or "wieners", originating from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, respectively), <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">bratwurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strudel" title="Strudel">strudel</a> are common dishes. German bakers introduced the <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a>, which is popular across the United States. Germans introduced America to <a href="/wiki/Lager" title="Lager">lager</a>, the most-produced beer style in the United States, and have been the dominant ethnic group in the beer industry since 1850.<a href="#cite_note-Conzen-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> The oldest extant brewery in the United States is <a href="/wiki/Yuengling" title="Yuengling">D. G. Yuengling & Son</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pottsville,_Pennsylvania" title="Pottsville, Pennsylvania">Pottsville, Pennsylvania</a> (approximately 80 miles northwest of Philadelphia), founded in 1829 by an immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Aldingen" title="Aldingen">Aldingen</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>; the brewery's flagship product remains a 19th-century German-style amber lager.<a href="#cite_note-beerhistory-205">[201]</a> By the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, with a large population of German origin, was once the home to four of the world's largest breweries owned by ethnic Germans (Schlitz, Blatz, Pabst, and Miller) and was the number one beer producing city in the world for many years. Almost half of all current beer sales in the United States can be attributed to German immigrants, Capt. A. Pabst, Eberhard Anheuser, and Adolphus Busch, who founded <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Amy_Mittelman_2007-206">[202]</a> Later German immigrants figured prominently in the rebirth of craft brews following <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrew</a> movement that swept the U.S. beginning in the late 1980s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> German and German-American celebrations, such as <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Germany,_Switzerland_and_Austria" title="Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria">Rhenish Carnival</a>, <a href="/wiki/German-American_Day" title="German-American Day">German-American Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a> are held regularly throughout the country. One of the largest is the <a href="/wiki/German-American_Steuben_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American Steuben Parade">German-American Steuben Parade</a> in New York City, held every third Saturday in September. There are also major annual events in Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square,_Chicago" title="Lincoln Square, Chicago">Lincoln Square</a> neighborhood, a traditional a center of the city's German population, in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, where its annual <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest_Zinzinnati" title="Oktoberfest Zinzinnati">Oktoberfest Zinzinnati</a><a href="#cite_note-Oktoberfest-Zinzinnati_USA-207">[203]</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> outside of Germany<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> and in Milwaukee, which celebrates its German heritage with an annual <a href="/wiki/German_Fest" title="German Fest">German Fest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitlin-131">[131]</a> Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then "<a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_Pennsylvania" title="Allegheny, Pennsylvania">Allegheny City</a>" (now part of the <a href="/wiki/North_Side_(Pittsburgh)" title="North Side (Pittsburgh)">North Side</a> of the City of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>). So many German speakers arrived, the area became known as "<a href="/wiki/East_Allegheny_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Allegheny (Pittsburgh)">Deutschtown</a>" and has been revived as such.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Within Deutschtown and since 1854, <a href="/wiki/Teutonia_Maennerchor_Hall" title="Teutonia Maennerchor Hall">The Teutonia Männerchor</a> has been promoting and furthering German cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Skat_(card_game)" title="Skat (card game)">Skat</a>, the most popular <a href="/wiki/Card_game" title="Card game">card game</a> in Germany, is also played in areas of the United States with large German American populations, such as Wisconsin and Texas.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitlin-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> The following German international schools are in operation in the United States, serving German citizens, Americans, and other U.S. residents: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_International_School_Boston" title="German International School Boston">German International School Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_School_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="German School New York">German School New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_School_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="German American School of Portland">German American School of Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_International_School_of_Silicon_Valley" title="German International School of Silicon Valley">German International School of Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_School_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="German School Washington, D.C.">German School Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Americans" title="List of German Americans">List of German Americans</a>.</div> German Americans have been influential in almost every field in American society, including science, architecture, business, sports, entertainment, theology, politics, and the military. German American general/flag military officers <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Baron von Steuben</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pershing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pershing">John Pershing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andrew_Spaatz" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Andrew Spaatz">Carl Andrew Spaatz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Schwarzkopf">Norman Schwarzkopf</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Gulf War">Persian Gulf War</a>, respectively. German Americans were famous American politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hecker" title="Friedrich Hecker">Friedrich Hecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Henry Morgenthau, Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> was a famous diplomat. Many German Americans have played a prominent role in American industry and business, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Heinz" title="Henry J. Heinz">Henry J. Heinz</a> (<a href="/wiki/H._J._Heinz_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Heinz Company">H. J. Heinz Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Firestone" title="Harvey S. Firestone">Harvey S. Firestone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Firestone Tire and Rubber Company">Firestone Tire and Rubber Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frank_Seiberling" title="Frank Seiberling">Frank Seiberling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goodyear_Tire_and_Rubber_Company" title="Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company">Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Disney" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney">Disney</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>), <a href="/wiki/William_Boeing" class="mw-redirect" title="William Boeing">William Boeing</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Boeing Company">The Boeing Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysler Corporation">Chrysler Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fred_Duesenberg" title="Fred Duesenberg">Frederick</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Duesenberg" title="August Duesenberg">August Duesenberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duesenberg" title="Duesenberg">Duesenberg Automobile Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Studebaker" title="Studebaker">Studebaker Automobile Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>), <a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss" title="Levi Strauss">Levi Strauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levi_Strauss_%26_Co." title="Levi Strauss & Co.">Levi Strauss & Co.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Guth" title="Charles Guth">Charles Guth</a> (<a href="/wiki/PepsiCo_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="PepsiCo Inc.">PepsiCo Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> (<a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>), <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (<a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Motors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Motors">Tesla Motors</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_L._Kraft" title="James L. Kraft">James L. Kraft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kraft_Foods_Inc." title="Kraft Foods Inc.">Kraft Foods Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Steinway" title="Henry E. Steinway">Henry E. Steinway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons" title="Steinway & Sons">Steinway & Sons</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pfizer" title="Charles Pfizer">Charles Pfizer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pfizer,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Pfizer, Inc.">Pfizer, Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Astoria_Hotels_and_Resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts">Waldorf Astoria Hotels and Resorts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hilton" title="Conrad Hilton">Conrad Hilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="Hilton Hotels & Resorts">Hilton Hotels & Resorts</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_family" title="Guggenheim family">Guggenheim family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Foundation" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation">Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Partners" title="Guggenheim Partners">Guggenheim Partners</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Goldman" title="Marcus Goldman">Marcus Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sachs" title="Samuel Sachs">Samuel Sachs</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Goldman_Sachs_Group,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.">The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers_Holdings_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.">Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Diebold" title="Charles Diebold">Charles Diebold</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diebold_Nixdorf" title="Diebold Nixdorf">Diebold Nixdorf</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kroger" title="Bernard Kroger">Bernard Kroger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kroger" title="Kroger">Kroger</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carl_Laemmle" title="Carl Laemmle">Carl Laemmle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Studios</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Loew" title="Marcus Loew">Marcus Loew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_Studios_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Harry_Cohn" title="Harry Cohn">Harry Cohn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures_Industries,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.">Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines Corporation">International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)</a>), <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a>),<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dell" title="Michael Dell">Michael Dell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dell_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Dell Inc.">Dell Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Google Inc.">Google Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a> (<a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal Inc.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Simon_Ochs" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph Simon Ochs">Adolph Simon Ochs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ochs_Sulzberger" title="Arthur Ochs Sulzberger">Arthur Ochs Sulzberger</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bergstresser" title="Charles Bergstresser">Charles Bergstresser</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>), <a href="/wiki/Al_Neuharth" title="Al Neuharth">Al Neuharth</a> (<a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Meyer_(financier)" title="Eugene Meyer (financier)">Eugene Meyer</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>) etc. German Americans were pioneers and dominated <a href="/wiki/Beer_brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer brewing">beer brewing</a> for much of American history, beginning with breweries founded in the 19th century by German immigrants <a href="/wiki/August_Schell" class="mw-redirect" title="August Schell">August Schell</a> (<a href="/wiki/August_Schell_Brewing_Company" title="August Schell Brewing Company">August Schell Brewing Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christian_Moerlein" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Moerlein">Christian Moerlein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_Moerlein_Brewing_Co." title="Christian Moerlein Brewing Co.">Christian Moerlein Brewing Co.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Anheuser" title="Eberhard Anheuser">Eberhard Anheuser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Busch" title="Adolphus Busch">Adolphus Busch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a>, currently part of <a href="/wiki/AB_InBev" title="AB InBev">AB InBev</a>), <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Coors" title="Adolph Coors">Adolph Coors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molson_Coors_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson Coors Brewing Company">Molson Coors Brewing Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Miller" title="Frederick Miller">Frederick Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Miller_Brewing_Company" title="Miller Brewing Company">Miller Brewing Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pabst" title="Frederick Pabst">Frederick Pabst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pabst_Brewing_Company" title="Pabst Brewing Company">Pabst Brewing Company</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stroh%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Stroh's">Bernhard Stroh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stroh_Brewery_Company" title="Stroh Brewery Company">Stroh Brewery Company</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz" title="Joseph Schlitz">Joseph Schlitz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schlitz_Brewing_Company" title="Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company">Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Amy_Mittelman_2007-206">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/John_A._Roebling" title="John A. Roebling">John A. Roebling</a> and architects <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a>, left behind visible landmarks. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ustick_Walter" title="Thomas Ustick Walter">Thomas Ustick Walter</a> designed the famous <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">United States Capitol dome</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a> have been greatly enriched by German-American authors such as <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stevens" title="Wallace Stevens">Wallace Stevens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bukowski" title="Charles Bukowski">Charles Bukowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Highsmith" title="Patricia Highsmith">Patricia Highsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut" title="Kurt Vonnegut">Kurt Vonnegut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</a>. <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Dr. Seuss</a> were popular children's authors, while <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a> were famous journalists. <a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse" title="David Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a> was an important scientist, inventor and astronomer of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">colonial Pennsylvania</a>. His nephew <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Smith_Barton" title="Benjamin Smith Barton">Benjamin Smith Barton</a>, was an early naturalist and publisher of the first botanical textbook in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kuhn" title="Adam Kuhn">Adam Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Michael Leib</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wistar_(physician)" title="Caspar Wistar (physician)">Caspar Wistar</a> were noted physicians. The 19th century saw pioneering inventions by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Singer" title="Isaac Singer">Isaac Singer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">sewing machines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ottmar_Mergenthaler" title="Ottmar Mergenthaler">Ottmar Mergenthaler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">Linotype</a>), <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">tabulating machine</a>), and <a href="/wiki/John_Froelich" title="John Froelich">John Froelich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">gasoline-powered tractor</a>). <a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken">Howard H. Aiken</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Stibitz" title="George Stibitz">George Stibitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> made significant contributions to the field of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a> invented the world's first successful airplane in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Famous German-American scientists include <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Spencer Gasser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Joseph Muller</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_H._Northrop" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Northrop">John H. Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Compton">Arthur H. Compton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold C. Urey">Harold C. Urey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richter" title="Charles Richter">Charles Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a>, among others. After World War II, <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, and most of the leading engineers from the former German V-2 rocket base at <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a>, were brought to the U.S. They contributed decisively to the development of U.S. military rockets, as well as rockets for the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> space program and the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> to land on the Moon. Similarly, fellow German aviation technologist <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Knemeyer" title="Siegfried Knemeyer">Siegfried Knemeyer</a>, the former top aviation technologist within the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Air_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Air Ministry">Reich Air Ministry</a> during World War II, was brought to the United States through a similar path to von Braun, and served as a civilian employee of the <a href="/wiki/USAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAF">USAF</a> for over twenty years. <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> was the first human to land on the moon.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> There were many celebrities. <a href="/wiki/MrBeast" title="MrBeast">James Stephen Donaldson</a>(commonly known as MrBeast), <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eyser" title="George Eyser">George Eyser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus" title="Jack Nicklaus">Jack Nicklaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Keaton" title="Michael Keaton">Michael Keaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt" title="Dale Earnhardt">Dale Earnhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Day" title="Doris Day">Doris Mary Ann Kappelhoff (Doris Day)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller" title="Johnny Weissmuller">Johnny Weissmuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Damrosch" title="Walter Damrosch">Walter Damrosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">Henry John Deutschendorf (John Denver)</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(musician)" title="John Kay (musician)">John Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Klum" title="Heidi Klum">Heidi Klum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Basinger" title="Kim Basinger">Kim Basinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Pfeiffer" title="Michelle Pfeiffer">Michelle Pfeiffer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Cranston" title="Bryan Cranston">Bryan Cranston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bullock" title="Sandra Bullock">Sandra Bullock</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hasselhoff" title="David Hasselhoff">David Hasselhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Peters" title="Evan Peters">Evan Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zazie_Beetz" title="Zazie Beetz">Zazie Beetz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_James" title="Kevin James">Kevin George Knipfing (Kevin James)</a> became prominent athletes, actors, film directors or artists.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-American_presidents">German-American presidents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: German-American presidents">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Trump_official_portrait_(3x4_cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg/220px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg/440px-Donald_Trump_official_portrait_%283x4_cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="2794" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></figcaption></figure> There have been three presidents whose fathers were of German descent: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (original family name Eisenhauer and maternal side is also German/Swiss), <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (original family name Huber), and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (original family name Drumpf;<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> his paternal grandparents, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Trump" title="Frederick Trump">Frederick Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Christ_Trump" title="Elizabeth Christ Trump">Elizabeth Christ Trump</a> immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Kallstadt" title="Kallstadt">Kallstadt</a> in 1902). Presidents with maternal German ancestry include <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, whose maternal grandfather Solomon Young was a descendant of Johann Georg Jung and Hans Michael Gutknecht, who emigrated from Germany together in 1752,<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Milhous Nixon</a>, whose maternal ancestors were Germans who anglicized Melhausen to Milhous,<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, whose maternal family's ancestry includes German immigrants from the South German town of <a href="/wiki/Besigheim" title="Besigheim">Besigheim</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Bischwiller" title="Bischwiller">Bischwiller</a> in the historically culturally Germanic <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> region that is now part of France; both families came to America around 1750.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Germany" title="Americans in Germany">Americans in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">German Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">German diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-American_Heritage_Foundation_of_the_USA" title="German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA">German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States" title="German language in the United States">German language in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Puerto_Rican" class="mw-redirect" title="German Puerto Rican">German Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany–United States relations</a>, covers diplomacy, trade and culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">Hyphenated American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)_in_the_United_States#Anti-German" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativism (politics) in the United States">Nativism (politics) in the United States#Anti-German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_County,_Kansas#English_and_Russian-German_immigrants" title="Ellis County, Kansas">Ellis County, Kansas#English and Russian-German immigrants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Similarly, W. Bruce Leslie has written that "German American invisibility in contemporary society and in history is an anomaly deserving attention. By standard statistical measurement, the Germans were the largest immigrant group. Yet historians have been far more interested in Italian, Irish, Polish, and Eastern European Jewish immigration and culture. Irish bars, Italian restaurants, and Jewish humor abound. German language is rarely studied in high schools or colleges and German restaurants are an endangered culinary species. The blending of so many millions into the American mainstream with barely a trace is one of the major untold stories in American history".<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>: 294  </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> In the book that Kazal appears to be quoting here, Waters states "Many people cited various political or social events as having an effect on their consciousness and degree of ethnic identity. I have already noted Laurie Jablonski's stronger identification with her Polish than with her German ancestry, a fact she attributed to the influence her surname had on how others reacted to her. When I asked about times when the relative influence of one or the other side might be stronger, she revealed that political events in Germany and Poland had a lot to do with how she chose to identify herself".<a href="#cite_note-Waters-189">[188]</a>: 83  Waters goes on to state that "The association of being German with being a Nazi is still strong for Laurie, forty years after World War II. A similar story to Laurie's is related in a description by Hinda Winawer-Steiner and Norbert Wetzel of a workshop for family therapists on ethnicity and family therapy. The therapists were supposed to talk about their ethnicity and how it might influence their work. A discussion of a German-American family revealed that two of the therapists who had identified themselves as Polish-American at the beginning of the workshop were, in fact, half German. It turned out that they were suppressing their German identity because of the negative connotations associated with being German. "When asked, one explained that she simply considered herself Polish. The other, after some reflection, said that in a group that was half Jewish, she had been reluctant to acknowledge her German heritage" (Winawer-Steiner and Wetzel 1982, 253)".<a href="#cite_note-Waters-189">[188]</a>: 84  </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Peterson himself seems not to fully agree with this, stating "Most community studies have examined very large, heterogeneous German-American urban populations that assimilated relatively quickly or, less commonly, large, homogeneous rural ones that did not. Hence, German-Americans' diversity has emerged as perhaps the crucial variable accounting for their assimilationist propensities. Otter Tail County, certainly a rural area, had German-American communities that were diverse and small, and these communities succeeded in maintaining crucial ethnic boundaries into the twentieth century. The persistence of these heterogeneous, lightly populated German-American communities suggest that place of residence was the key factor in the rate of German-American assimilation. Urban orientation may have corroded German-American ethnic boundaries more than diversity did, though the two variables were not unrelated".<a href="#cite_note-Peterson-191">[189]</a>: 47–48  </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> A similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Andrew R. L. Cayton: "In the process of participating in the public culture of Ohio, some Germans struggled to keep connections with their birthplaces. A coherent community was difficult to maintain, however. Proud as they were of 'Deutschthum', or the sum of Germanness, it became increasingly vague. Germans were too diverse in terms of religion and politics. 'Wherever four Germans gathered,' observed the Deutsche Pionier in 1879, 'they will find four different ideas.'"<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a>: 155  Another similar statement about the diversity of German Americans has been made by Randall M. Miller. Writing about <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Miller states "During the nineteenth century, the Irish and Germans provided the largest numbers of mmigrants and gave the city its immigrant cast. The Irish and Germans differed in their ethnic cohesiveness and interactions with the host culture(s)".<a href="#cite_note-Miller-199">[196]</a>: 129  Miller then states that "German immigrants ... lacked sufficient cultural and social unity to impose a single powerful German imprint on the city. They were widely dispersed throughout the Second and Third Municipalities, and in Carrollton and Lafayette, and they were fragmented by differences in religion, region of origin, and class. The proliferation of German clubs, associations, and institutions bespoke the Germans' numerical significance in the city, but it also attested to their divisions, for such organizations tended to cater to very specific groups rather than bind the various German strands together. To be sure, distinct concentrations of Germans existed in various parts of the city, wherein various German cultural values survived and influenced the culture of non-Germans in their midst, and German Gemütlichkeit was easily accommodated in the city's genial public culture. But, overall, Germans were too diverse and divided to dominate the city".<a href="#cite_note-Miller-199">[196]</a>: 129  Miller contrasts this situation with the situation of Irish Americans in New Orleans: "Irish immigrants had greater cohesion and wider influence than the Germans. In the great waves of late antebellum immigration, the vast majority of Irish immigrants entering New Orleans came from a few select counties in Ireland. They shared a common faith, poverty, and national identity. ... New Orleans was small enough so that dispersal did not diminish Irish power; in fact, Irish immigrants everywhere shared so many common cultural and class interests that dispersion served to broaden Irish influence on the city's culture".<a href="#cite_note-Miller-199">[196]</a>: 129  </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2023/09/2020-census-dhc-a-race-overview.html">"Census Bureau Releases 2020 Census Population for More Than 200 New Detailed Race and Ethnicity Groups"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html">the original</a> on May 4, 2009: 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germans+and+foreigners+with+an+immigrant+background&rft.pub=The+Federal+Ministry+of+the+Interior+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.en.bmi.bund.de%2Fnn_148248%2FInternet%2FContent%2FThemen%2FAuslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung%2FDatenundFakten%2FDeutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuevas2014" class="citation book cs1">Cuevas, John (January 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11">Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island</a>. 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Retrieved January 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wohin-Auswandern.de&rft.atitle=Auswandern+in+die+USA+%E2%80%93+das+Land+der+unbegrenzten+M%C3%B6glichkeiten&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wohin-auswandern.de%2Fauswandern-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoCmap-22"><a href="#cite_ref-LoCmap_22-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>LoCmap</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Paul Kleppner, The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (1979) pp 147–58 maps out the political beliefs of key subgroups. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2007" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Belinda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMDCCBmzEsIC&pg=PA55">Christian Clergy Response to Intimate Partner Violence: Attitudes, Training, Or Religious Views?</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549564379" title="Special:BookSources/9780549564379"><bdi>9780549564379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Clergy+Response+to+Intimate+Partner+Violence%3A+Attitudes%2C+Training%2C+Or+Religious+Views%3F&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780549564379&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Belinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMDCCBmzEsIC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Lerner2009" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. 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More than 90% of these words are in German</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German-American+Journal&rft.atitle=Tour+of+German-American+Sites+at+James+Fort%2C+Historic+Jamestown&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2008-06%2F2008-07&rft.aulast=Grassl&rft.aufirst=Gary+Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dank.org%2FFiles%2FNewspaperArchives%2FDANK%2520Journal%252056-3%2520LR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081116093035/http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/08__Politics/03/02__Heritage/Jamestown.html">Where it All Began – Celebrating 400 Years of Germans in America</a>, German Information Center, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/08__Politics/03/02__Heritage/Jamestown.html">the original</a> on November 16, 2008, retrieved May 26, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+it+All+Began+%E2%80%93+Celebrating+400+Years+of+Germans+in+America&rft.pub=German+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germany.info%2FVertretung%2Fusa%2Fen%2F08__Politics%2F03%2F02__Heritage%2FJamestown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100121223446/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS191760+25-Mar-2008+PRN20080325">Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the First Germans in America, April 18</a>, Reuters, March 25, 2008, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS191760+25-Mar-2008+PRN20080325">the original</a> on January 21, 2010, retrieved May 26, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebration+of+the+400th+Anniversary+of+the+First+Germans+in+America%2C+April+18&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2008-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FpressRelease%2FidUS191760%2B25-Mar-2008%2BPRN20080325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988">;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJabs2008" class="citation cs2">Jabs, Albert E. 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Jensen (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC&q=McKinley%27s+inclusive+appeal">The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–1896</a>. Richard Jensen. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-39825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-39825-9"><bdi>978-0-226-39825-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212235/https://books.google.com/books?id=XpCgCNZwpvoC&q=McKinley%27s+inclusive+appeal">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2023. 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Retrieved June 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Use+in+the+United+States%3A2007&rft.pub=United+States+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhhes%2Fsocdemo%2Flanguage%2Fdata%2Facs%2FACS-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190908175914/https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-22/acs-22.pdf">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home by English-Speaking Ability for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2011"</a> (PDF). census.gov. <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2013/acs/acs-22/acs-22.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+by+English-Speaking+Ability+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over%3A+2011&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2F2013%2Facs%2Facs-22%2Facs-22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab06.html">"Mother Tongue of the Foreign-Born Population: 1910 to 1940, 1960, and 1970"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. March 9, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000602111328/https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0029/tab06.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2000. Retrieved August 6, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mother+Tongue+of+the+Foreign-Born+Population%3A+1910+to+1940%2C+1960%2C+and+1970&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=1999-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0029%2Ftab06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html">"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: the Case of an Over-confident Minority"</a>. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709124147/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved March 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Language+loyalty+in+the+German-American+Church%3A+the+Case+of+an+Over-confident+Minority.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccat.sas.upenn.edu%2F~haroldfs%2F540%2Fhandouts%2Fgachurch%2Fbiggac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usa.usembassy.de/germanamericans-language.htm">U.S. State Department, "German Language in the U.S"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330055644/http://usa.usembassy.de/germanamericans-language.htm">Archived</a> March 30, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Robert J. Ulrich, The Bennett Law of Eighteen Eighty-Nine: Education and Politics in Wisconsin (1981). </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/2015/02/05/the-silent-minority">"The silent minority"</a>. The Economist. February 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025356/https://www.economist.com/united-states/2015/02/05/the-silent-minority">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+silent+minority&rft.date=2015-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F2015%2F02%2F05%2Fthe-silent-minority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holli-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holli_174-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolli1995" class="citation book cs1">Holli, Melvin G. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JbU1d9Xil0C">"German American Ethnic and Cultural Identity from 1890 Onward"</a>. In Holli, Melvin G.; Jones, Peter d'A. (eds.). Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802870537" title="Special:BookSources/9780802870537"><bdi>9780802870537</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212218/https://books.google.com/books?id=2JbU1d9Xil0C">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+American+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Identity+from+1890+Onward&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chicago%3A+A+Multicultural+Portrait&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780802870537&rft.aulast=Holli&rft.aufirst=Melvin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JbU1d9Xil0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie1997" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, W. Bruce (1997). "German Americans". In Parish, Peter J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYyunEndulsC">Reader's Guide to American History</a>. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134261895" title="Special:BookSources/9781134261895"><bdi>9781134261895</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212618/https://books.google.com/books?id=uYyunEndulsC">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Americans&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+American+History&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781134261895&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=W.+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYyunEndulsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludden-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludden_177-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden,_Jennifer2009" class="citation web cs1">Ludden, Jennifer (April 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102523977">"German"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224020152/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102523977">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.au=Ludden%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D102523977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fort_Wayne-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Wayne_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Wayne_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Wayne_178-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Wayne_178-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fort_Wayne_178-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoothart_O'Bannon" class="citation news cs1">Moothart O'Bannon, Cynthia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwn-egen2.fortwayne.com/ns/projects/history/2000/1910/ind1.php">"WWI altered the German accent of Allen County"</a>. fortwayne.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802101654/http://fwn-egen2.fortwayne.com/ns/projects/history/2000/1910/ind1.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=fortwayne.com&rft.atitle=WWI+altered+the+German+accent+of+Allen+County&rft.aulast=Moothart+O%27Bannon&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwn-egen2.fortwayne.com%2Fns%2Fprojects%2Fhistory%2F2000%2F1910%2Find1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Ebert, Roger</a> (April 12, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/maryam-2002">"I could hear the pain in my German-American father's voice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109081455/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/maryam-2002">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2019. Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=I+could+hear+the+pain+in+my+German-American+father%27s+voice&rft.date=2002-04-12&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerebert.com%2Freviews%2Fmaryam-2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley1998" class="citation book cs1">Wiley, Terrence G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vURAAAAAQBAJ">"What Happens After English is Declared the Official Language of the United States?"</a>. In Kibbee, Douglas A. (ed.). Language Legislation and Linguistic Rights. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027275073" title="Special:BookSources/9789027275073"><bdi>9789027275073</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212619/https://books.google.com/books?id=vURAAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved May 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Happens+After+English+is+Declared+the+Official+Language+of+the+United+States%3F&rft.btitle=Language+Legislation+and+Linguistic+Rights&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789027275073&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Terrence+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvURAAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Edward R. Kantowicz, Corporation Sole: Cardinal Mundelein and Chicago Catholicism (1983) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loyolanotredamelib.org/php/report05/articles/pdfs/report44Holian81-98.pdf">"FRAGILE AND BELEAGUERED ARE THE MANY:THE RECURRENCE OF ANTI-GERMAN ACTIVITIES DURING WORLD WAR II"</a> (PDF). loyolanotredamelib.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308212229/https://loyolanotredamelib.org/php/report05/articles/pdfs/report44Holian81-98.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loyolanotredamelib.org&rft.atitle=FRAGILE+AND+BELEAGUERED+ARE+THE+MANY%3ATHE+RECURRENCE+OF+ANTI-GERMAN+ACTIVITIES+DURING+WORLD+WAR+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floyolanotredamelib.org%2Fphp%2Freport05%2Farticles%2Fpdfs%2Freport44Holian81-98.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2004" class="citation web cs1">McIntyre, Jennifer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/12405/31295019381176.pdf?sequence">"ALLEGIANCE AND HERITAGE: THE GERMAN-AMERICANs OF FREDERICKSBURG, TEXAS IN THE NAZI ERA, 1933–1945"</a> (PDF). ttu-ir.tdl.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706103926/https://ttu-ir.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/12405/31295019381176.pdf?sequence">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ttu-ir.tdl.org&rft.atitle=ALLEGIANCE+AND+HERITAGE%3A+THE+GERMAN-AMERICANs+OF+FREDERICKSBURG%2C+TEXAS+IN+THE+NAZI+ERA%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fttu-ir.tdl.org%2Fttu-ir%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2346%2F12405%2F31295019381176.pdf%3Fsequence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_Swedish-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Swedish_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Swedish_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansler2017" class="citation news cs1">Hansler, Jennifer (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/28/politics/trump-family-heritage/index.html">"Trump's family denied German heritage for years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928021526/https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/28/politics/trump-family-heritage/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+family+denied+German+heritage+for+years&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Hansler&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2017%2F11%2F28%2Fpolitics%2Ftrump-family-heritage%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlström2017" class="citation news cs1">Carlström, Vilhelm (November 28, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418085603/https://nordic.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-told-the-world-he-was-of-swedish-ancestry---but-its-a-lie-2016-8">"Donald Trump claimed he was of Swedish ancestry – but it's a lie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordic.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-told-the-world-he-was-of-swedish-ancestry---but-its-a-lie-2016-8">the original</a> on April 18, 2019. 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Retrieved January 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Teutonia+M%C3%A4nnerchor+%26%23124%3B+Teutonia+M%C3%A4nnerchor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pghmannerchor.com%2Fabout-the-teutonia-mannerchor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988">"'About the Teutonia Männerchor' – THE EARLY 1800s – Around the early and the mid-1800s and through the end of the 20th century, there was a mass immigration from all across Europe to the United States. Many of the immigrants from Germany and other German-speaking countries came to Pennsylvania to what was then "Allegheny City" (now the Northside) – just across the river from the City of Pittsburgh. 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"From emigration to immigration: The German experience in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." Central European History 28.4 (1995): 507–535.</li> <li>Bade, Klaus J. "German emigration to the United States and continental immigration to Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." Central European History 13.4 (1980): 348–377.</li> <li>Bank, Michaela. Women of Two Countries: German-American Women, Women's Rights and Nativism, 1848–1890 (Berghahn, 2012).</li> <li>Baron, Frank, "Abraham Lincoln and the German Immigrants: Turners and Forty-Eighters," Yearbook of German-American Studies, 4 (Supplemental Issue 2012), 1–254.</li> <li>Barry, Colman J. The Catholic Church and German Americans. (1953).</li> <li>Bronner, Simon J. and Joshua R. Brown, eds. Pennsylvania Germans: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (: Johns Hopkins UP, 2017), xviii, 554 pp.</li> <li>Brancaforte, Charlotte L., ed. The German Forty-Eighters in the United States. (1989).</li> <li>Bungert, Heike, Cora Lee Kluge, & Robert C. Ostergren (eds.). Wisconsin German Land and Life. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006.</li> <li>Coburn, Carol K. Life at Four Corners: Religion, Gender, and Education in a German-Lutheran Community, 1868–1945. (1992).</li> <li>Conzen, Kathleen Neils. "Germans" in <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Thernstrom" title="Stephan Thernstrom">Thernstrom, Stephan</a>; Orlov, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Handlin, Oscar</a>, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther">Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</a>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674375122" title="Special:BookSources/0674375122">0674375122</a>. (1980). pp. 405–425.</li> <li>Conzen, Kathleen Neils. Germans in Minnesota. (2003).</li> <li>Conzen, Kathleen Neils. Immigrant Milwaukee, 1836–1860: Accommodation and Community in a Frontier City. (1976).</li> <li>DeWitt, Petra. Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War I (Ohio University Press, 2012).</li> <li>Dobbert, Guido A. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2710894">German-Americans between New and Old Fatherland, 1870–1914</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319012451/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2710894">Archived</a> March 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/American_Quarterly" title="American Quarterly">American Quarterly</a> 19 (1967): 663–680.</li> <li>Efford, Alison Clark. German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_Racial_Studies" title="Ethnic and Racial Studies">Ethnic and Racial Studies</a> 17 (April 1994): 238–259.</li> <li>Emmerich, Alexander. <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a> and the First Great American Fortune. (2013); Astor (1763–1848) came to the US in 1783</li> <li>Ernst, Robert. Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825–1863 (1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish.</li> <li>Faust, Albert Bernhardt. The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence. 2 vol (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2Q6RgAJTsgC&pg=PP1">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germanelementin03fausgoog">vol. 2</a></li> <li>Fogleman, Aaron. Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717–1775 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/4596187/hopeful-journeys-german-immigration-settlement">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190325054118/https://www.questia.com/library/4596187/hopeful-journeys-german-immigration-settlement">Archived</a> March 25, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21642222-americas-largest-ethnic-group-has-assimilated-so-well-people-barely-notice-it?fsrc=email_to_a_friend">German-Americans: The silent minority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914035155/https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21642222-americas-largest-ethnic-group-has-assimilated-so-well-people-barely-notice-it?fsrc=email_to_a_friend">Archived</a> September 14, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Economist February 7, 2015, With a statistical map by counties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical Institute">German Historical Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/">Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804022304/https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/">Archived</a> August 4, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (2010, updated continually)</li> <li>Gross, Stephen John. "Handing down the farm: Values, strategies, and outcomes in inheritance practices among rural German Americans", Journal of Family History, (1996) 21: 2, 192–217.</li> <li>Grubb, Farley. German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709–1920 (Routledge Explorations in Economic History) (2011).</li> <li>Guenther, Karen. "A Question of Loyalty: German Churches in Reading During the First World War," Pennsylvania History (2017) 84#3:325-53 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663965">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414011428/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/663965">Archived</a> April 14, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hawgood, John. The Tragedy of German-America. (1940).</li> <li>Iverson, Noel. Germania, U.S.A.: Social Change in New Ulm, Minnesota. (1966). emphasizes Turners.</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues.</li> <li>Johnson, Hildegard B. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2561181">The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West</a>". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 41 (1951): 1–41.</li> <li>Jordon, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas. (1966).</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective. Madison, Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/Max_Kade_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Kade Institute">Max Kade Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> (2004).</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, 103 (January 2009), 71–89.</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants." Journal of American Ethnic History (2009): 34–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543427">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815001556/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40543427">Archived</a> August 15, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on deep-reading their letters</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D. Germans in America: A Concise History. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2021.</li> <li>Kazal, Russell A. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. (2004). a major study of Philadelphia</li> <li>Keil, Hartmut and Jentz, John B., eds. German Workers in Industrial Chicago, 1850–1910: A Comparative Perspective (1983). 252 pp.</li> <li>Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers," <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Military_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Military History">Journal of Military History</a>, 73 (January 2009), 117–145.</li> <li>Keller, Phyllis. States of Belonging: German-American Intellectuals and the First World War. (Harvard UP, 1979).</li> <li>Kibler, Amanda. "Speaking like a 'good American': National identity and the legacy of German-language education." Teachers College Record 110.6 (2008): 1241–1268. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/016146810811000604">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212703/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016146810811000604">Archived</a> November 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Knarr, Mary L. "Faith, frauen, and the formation of an ethnic identity: German Lutheran women in south and central Texas, 1831–1890". (Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Christian U. 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://txcwcivilian.fatcow.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/german_lutheran.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818115243/http://txcwcivilian.fatcow.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/german_lutheran.pdf">Archived</a> August 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Krawatzek, Félix, and Gwendolyn Sasse. "Integration and Identities: The Effects of Time, Migrant Networks, and Political Crises on Germans in the United States." Comparative Studies in Society and History 60.4 (2018): 1029–1065. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gwendolyn-Sasse/publication/328005527_Integration_and_Identities_The_Effects_of_Time_Migrant_Networks_and_Political_Crises_on_Germans_in_the_United_States/links/5c44c537a6fdccd6b5bc6716/Integration-and-Identities-The-Effects-of-Time-Migrant-Networks-and-Political-Crises-on-Germans-in-the-United-States.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706102109/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gwendolyn-Sasse/publication/328005527_Integration_and_Identities_The_Effects_of_Time_Migrant_Networks_and_Political_Crises_on_Germans_in_the_United_States/links/5c44c537a6fdccd6b5bc6716/Integration-and-Identities-The-Effects-of-Time-Migrant-Networks-and-Political-Crises-on-Germans-in-the-United-States.pdf">Archived</a> July 6, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kulas, S. John. Der Wanderer of St. Paul: The First Decade, 1867–1877: a Mirror of the German-Catholic Immigrant Experience in Minnesota (Peter Lang, 1996), newspaper history</li> <li>Levine, Bruce. The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.</li> <li>Luebke, Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty: German Americans During World War I. (1974).</li> <li>Luebke, Frederick C., ed. Ethnic Voters and the Election of Lincoln. (1971).</li> <li>Luebke, Frederick C. Germans in the New World. (1990).</li> <li>Luebke, Frederick. Immigrants and Politics: The Germans of Nebraska, 1880–1900. (1969).</li> <li>Nadel, Stanley. Little Germany: Ethnicity, Religion, and Class in New York City, 1845–80 (1990).</li> <li>O'Connor, Richard. German-Americans: an Informal History. (1968), popular history</li> <li>Olson, Audrey Louise. "St. Louis Germans, 1850–1920: The Nature of an Immigrant Community and Its Relation to the Assimiliation Process" (PhD dissertation, University of Kansas; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7025388).</li> <li>Otterness, Philip. Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York (2004) 235 pp.</li> <li>Pickle, Linda. Contented among Strangers: Rural German-Speaking Women and Their Families in the Nineteenth-Century Midwest (1996).</li> <li>Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schultz; German Culture in America, 1600–1900: Philosophical and Literary Influences. (1957).</li> <li>Rippley, LaVern J. "German Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 207–223) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300078/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=dbb88516">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130212624/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3273300078&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=dbb88516">Archived</a> November 30, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ritter, Luke, "Sunday Regulation and the Formation of German American Identity in St. Louis, 1840–1860," Missouri Historical Review, (2012), vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–40.</li> <li>Roeber, A. G. Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America. (1998).</li> <li>Salamon, Sonya. Prairie Patrimony: Family, Farming, and Community in the Midwest (<a href="/wiki/U_of_North_Carolina_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="U of North Carolina Press">U of North Carolina Press</a>, 1992), focus on German Americans.</li> <li>Salmons, Joseph C. The German Language in America, 1683–1991. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993.</li> <li>Schiffman, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html">"Language loyalty in the German-American Church: The Case of an Over-confident Minority</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709124147/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/540/handouts/gachurch/biggac.html">Archived</a> July 9, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (1987).</li> <li>Schirp, Francis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06475c.htm">"Germans in the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322054859/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06475c.htm">Archived</a> March 22, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 6. New York: Appleton, 1909.</li> <li>Schlossman, Steven L. "Is there an American tradition of bilingual education? German in the public elementary schools, 1840–1919." American Journal of Education (1983): 139–186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1085040">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319012437/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1085040">Archived</a> March 19, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Tatlock, Lynne and Matt Erlin, eds. German Culture in Nineteenth-Century America: Reception, Adaptation, Transformation. (2005).</li> <li>Tischauser, Leslie V. The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941. (1990).</li> <li>Tolzmann, Don H., ed. German Americans in the World Wars, 2 vols. Munich, Germany: K.G. Saur, (1995).</li> <li>Tolzmann, Don H. German-American Literature (Scarecrow Press, 1977).</li> <li>Trommler, Frank & Joseph McVeigh, eds. America and the Germans: An Assessment of a Three-Hundred-Year History. (2 vol 1985); vol 1: Immigration, Language, Ethnicity; vol 2: The Relationship in the Twentieth Century. Essays by scholars covering broad themes.</li> <li>Turk, Eleanor L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kshs.org/publicat/history/2005spring_turk.pdf">Germans in Kansas: Review Essay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423214137/https://kshs.org/publicat/history/2005spring_turk.pdf">Archived</a> April 23, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Kansas_History:_A_Journal_of_the_Central_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains">Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains</a> 28 (Spring 2005): 44–71.</li> <li>van Ravenswaay, Charles. The Arts and Architecture of German Settlements in Missouri: A Survey of a Vanishing Culture (1977; reprint University of Missouri Press, 2006).</li> <li>Walker, Mack. Germany and the Emigration, 1816–1885 (1964).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=6834&r=">Where Have All the Germans Gone?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618031605/http://www.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=6834&r=">Archived</a> June 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Films Media Group, 1976.</li> <li>Wilkerson, Miranda E., and Heather Richmond. Germans in Illinois (Southern Illinois UP, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLObDwAAQBAJ&dq=Germans+in+Illinois+by+Miranda+E.+Wilkerson,+Heather+Richmond&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederick_Wittke" title="Carl Frederick Wittke">Wittke, Carl Frederick.</a> The German-Language Press in America. (1957).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederick_Wittke" title="Carl Frederick Wittke">Wittke, Carl Frederick.</a> Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America. (1952).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederick_Wittke" title="Carl Frederick Wittke">Wittke, Carl Frederick.</a> We Who Built America: The Saga of the Immigrant. (1939), ch. 6, 9.</li> <li>Wood, Ralph, ed. The Pennsylvania Germans. (1942).</li> <li>Zeitlin, Richard. Germans in Wisconsin. Madison: <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a>, (2000).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423010019/https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1140&context=etds">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1140%26context%3Detds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazal1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kazal, Russell A. (1995). "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History". <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a>. 100 (2): 437–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2169006">10.2307/2169006</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2169006">2169006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Assimilation%3A+The+Rise%2C+Fall%2C+and+Reappraisal+of+a+Concept+in+American+Ethnic+History&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=437-471&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2169006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2169006%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kazal&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kluge, Cora Lee. Other Witnesses: An Anthology of Literature of the German Americans, 1850–1914. Madison, Wis.: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, 2007.</li> <li>Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22.</li> <li>Nollendorfs, Valters. "The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies." Monatshefte 86.3 (1994): 319–330 online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNollendorfs1994" class="citation journal cs1">Nollendorfs, Valters (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802232352/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30153298">"The Field, the Boundaries, and the Cultivators of German-American Studies"</a>. Monatshefte. 86 (3): 319–330. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30153298">30153298</a>. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=The+Field%2C+the+Boundaries%2C+and+the+Cultivators+of+German-American+Studies&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-330&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30153298%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nollendorfs&rft.aufirst=Valters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30153298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li>Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.), Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past. (University of Illinois Press, 2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParish2013" class="citation book cs1">Parish, Peter J., ed. (2013). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 294–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+American+History&rft.pages=294-95&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pochmann, Henry A. and Arthur R. Schult. Bibliography of German Culture in America to 1940 (2nd ed 1982); massive listing, but no annotations.</li> <li>Tolzmann, Don Heinrich. "German-American studies: History and development." Monatshefte (1988): 278–288. online <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolzmann1988" class="citation journal cs1">Tolzmann, Don Heinrich (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215352/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30161608">"German-American Studies: History and Development"</a>. Monatshefte. 80 (3): 278–288. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30161608">30161608</a>. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=German-American+Studies%3A+History+and+Development&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=278-288&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30161608%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tolzmann&rft.aufirst=Don+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30161608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</li> <li>Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, ed. German-American Studies: Selected Essays (Peter Lang, 2001).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home. (U of North Carolina Press, 2006).</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer, eds. News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home. (Cornell University Press, 1991).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/#filters/group/german?page=1">"German"</a>. Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> of Illinois. 1942. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230626075128/https://flps.newberry.org/#filters/group/german?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2014 – via <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Library" title="Newberry Library">Newberry Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Foreign+Language+Press+Survey&rft.atitle=German&rft.date=1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflps.newberry.org%2F%23filters%2Fgroup%2Fgerman%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"> (English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855–1938).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: In German">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Emmerich, Alexander. Geschichte der Deutschen in Amerika von 1680 bis in die Gegenwart. (2013).</li> <li>Rehs, Michael. Wurzeln in fremder Erde: Zur Geschichte der südwestdeutschen Auswanderung nach Amerika DRW-Verlag, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87181-231-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-87181-231-5">3-87181-231-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geoprowellcosame1880newy#page/517/mode/1up">"List of Newspapers and Periodicals Printed Wholly or in Part in Languages Other Than English: German"</a>, American Newspaper Directory, New York: <a href="/wiki/George_P._Rowell" title="George P. Rowell">Geo. P. Rowell & Co.</a>, 1880</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=List+of+Newspapers+and+Periodicals+Printed+Wholly+or+in+Part+in+Languages+Other+Than+English%3A+German&rft.btitle=American+Newspaper+Directory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Geo.+P.+Rowell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeoprowellcosame1880newy%23page%2F517%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+Americans" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:German_diaspora_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:German diaspora in the United States">German diaspora in the United States</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://germanrootsusa.org/">Discover America´s German Roots</a>, German-American Heritage Foundation of the USA</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-American_history_and_culture">German-American history and culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: German-American history and culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/imde/germchro.html">Chronology: Germans in America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxkade.iupui.edu/merrill/home.html">German Immigrant Culture in America: Syllabus (1998)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161118022242/http://maxkade.iupui.edu/merrill/home.html">Archived</a> November 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswandererbriefe.de">Emigrant Letters to Germany (in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries.php">German-American Business Biographies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054125/https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries.php">Archived</a> May 29, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical Institute">German Historical Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529145701/http://www.gamhof.org/famous_ga.html">German-American Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113073213/https://mki.wisc.edu/sites/mki.wisc.edu/files/HGIA_booklet.pdf">How German Is American?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanhollywood.com/">The German-Hollywood Connection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flps.newberry.org/">Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey: English translations of 120,000 pages of newspaper articles from Chicago's foreign language press from 1855 to 1938, many from German papers.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://germanletters.org/">German Heritage in Letters</a> by the German Historical Institute Washington.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German-American_organizations">German-American organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: German-American organizations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gahmusa.org/">German-American Heritage Museum of the USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181228070758/http://steubensociety.org/">Steuben Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gahc.org/">German American Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grhs.org/">Germans from Russia Heritage Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.wisc.edu/">Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxkade.iupui.edu">Max Kade German-American Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_%E2%80%93_Purdue_University_Indianapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis">Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germantownhistory.org/">The Germantown Historical Society (Philadelphia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germansociety.org">The German Society of Pennsylvania (oldest German Society in the U.S.)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pgs.org/default.asp">The Pennsylvania German Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kutztown.edu/about-ku/administrative-offices/pennsylvania-german-cultural-heritage-center.htm">Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kutztown_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutztown University">Kutztown University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ighs.org">Indiana German Heritage Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_German-American_history_and_culture">Local German-American history and culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Local German-American history and culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007032152/http://encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/512.html">Germans in Chicago</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germantracesnyc.org">German Traces NYC from the Goethe-Institut</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820091545/http://www.washjeff.edu/german/pittsburgh/">Interactive German-History Map of Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478">Zinzinnati History (Cincinnati, Ohio)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120150023/http://www.oktoberfestzinzinnati.com/okt.aspx?menu_id=256&id=8478">Archived</a> November 20, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stimmungstunde.com">Milwaukee German-American Radio Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pghmannerchor.com">Teutonia Männerchor in Pittsburgh</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mki.wisc.edu/sites/mki.wisc.edu/files/graphics/Some_German_Contributions_to_Wisconsin_Life-Seifert.pdf">Some German Contributions to Wisconsin Life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113073238/https://mki.wisc.edu/sites/mki.wisc.edu/files/graphics/Some_German_Contributions_to_Wisconsin_Life-Seifert.pdf">Archived</a> November 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_Americans_by_location" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template:German Americans by location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template talk:German Americans by location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German Americans by location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_Americans_by_location" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German Americans</a> by location</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Alabama" title="Germans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Chicago" title="Germans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li>Kentucky (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Louisville" title="History of Germans in Louisville">Louisville</a>)</li> <li>Louisiana (<a href="/wiki/German_Coast" title="German Coast">German Coast</a>)</li> <li>Maryland (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Germans_in_Baltimore" title="History of the Germans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</li> <li>Massachusetts (<a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Holyoke">Holyoke</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nebraskan" title="German Nebraskan">Nebraska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>)</li> <li>New York <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Syracuse,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Syracuse, New York (page does not exist)">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Cincinnati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Cincinnati (page does not exist)">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Cleveland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Cleveland (page does not exist)">Cleveland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">Texas</a></li> <li>Virginia (<a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Germans" title="Shenandoah Germans">Shenandoah Valley</a>)</li> <li>Wisconsin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Milwaukee" title="Germans in Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Americans" title="Template:European Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Americans" title="Template talk:European Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">Czech South Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">German Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">German Mennonites from Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarian Ohioans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Americans (page does not exist)">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Findians" title="Findians">Findian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Americans" title="Greenlandic Americans">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Norwegian Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Norwegian Minnesotan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan Americans (page does not exist)">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Alaska">Alaskan Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Michigander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan Americans (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Americans (page does not exist)">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles and Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li>Cajun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li>Cajun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> <ul><li>Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germans" title="Template:Germans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germans" title="Template talk:Germans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bundesdeutsche</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsdeutsche" title="Reichsdeutsche">Reichsdeutsche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatines" title="Palatines">Palatines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_diaspora" title="German diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Germans in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">Sudeten Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary" title="Germans of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland" title="German minority in Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Germans" title="Vistula Germans">Vistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%99ders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olęders">Olęders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walddeutsche" title="Walddeutsche">Walddeutsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_German" title="Silesian German">Silesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="German immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Belarus" title="Germans in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Landlers" title="Transylvanian Landlers">Landlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Swabians" title="Danube Swabians">Danube</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Banat_Swabians" title="Banat Swabians">Banat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banat_Highland_Germans" title="Banat Highland Germans">Highland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walser_people" title="Walser people">Walser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satu_Mare_Swabians" title="Satu Mare Swabians">Satu Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina_Germans" title="Bukovina Germans">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Germans" title="Dobrujan Germans">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regat_Germans" title="Regat Germans">Regat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipser_Germans" title="Zipser Germans">Zipser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Germans" title="Volga Germans">Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">North Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Germans" title="Bessarabia Germans">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Germans" title="Black Sea Germans">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Germans" title="Carpathian Germans">Carpathian Ruthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_Germans" title="Crimea Germans">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Germans" title="Galician Germans">Galicia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_minority_in_Denmark" title="German minority in Denmark">Denmark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Schleswig_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="North Schleswig Germans">North Schleswig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Germans" title="Potato Germans">Potato Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Finland" title="Germans in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Sweden" title="Germans in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Bulgaria" title="Germans in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Tyrol" title="History of South Tyrol">Italy (South Tyrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Yugoslavia" title="Germans of Yugoslavia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Croatia" title="Germans of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Serbia" title="Germans of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottscheers" title="Gottscheers">Gottscheers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium" title="German-speaking Community of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_France" title="Germans in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alsatians_and_Lotharingians" title="List of Alsatians and Lotharingians">Alsatians and Lotharingians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Germans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multinational dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_settlement_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="German colonization of the Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Argentines" title="German Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Belize" title="Mennonites in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bolivians" title="German Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Brazilians" title="German Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Canadians" title="German Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Canadian_history_in_British_Columbia" title="German-Canadian history in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Chileans" title="German Chileans">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Los_R%C3%ADos_Region" title="Los Ríos Region">Los Ríos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region" title="Los Lagos Region">Los Lagos Region</a> (including German, Swiss and Austrians)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colombian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colombian">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Colombia" title="Mennonites in Colombia">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Costa_Rica#Germans" title="Immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Guatemalan" title="German Guatemalan">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Haitians" title="German Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Jamaica" title="Germans in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nicaraguan" title="German Nicaraguan">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Peruvians" title="German Peruvians">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pozuzo" title="Pozuzo">Pozuzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Salvadoran" title="German Salvadoran">El Salvador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_El_Salvador" title="Mennonites in El Salvador">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish#Para-Amish_groups" title="Subgroups of Amish">Para-Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believers_in_Christ,_Lobelville" title="Believers in Christ, Lobelville">Believers in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Communities_(Elmo_Stoll)" title="Christian Communities (Elmo Stoll)">Christian Communities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caneyville_Christian_Community" title="Caneyville Christian Community">Caneyville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Community,_Hestand" title="Vernon Community, Hestand">Vernon Community</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariusleut" title="Dariusleut">Dariusleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrerleut" title="Lehrerleut">Lehrerleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmiedeleut" title="Schmiedeleut">Schmiedeleut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Nebraskan" title="German Nebraskan">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Russian Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Germans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Palatines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Palatines">Palatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_immigration_to_Puerto_Rico" title="German immigration to Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:German_Americans_by_location" title="Template:German Americans by location">by city</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Uruguayans" title="German Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Venezuelans" title="German Venezuelans">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Tovar" title="Colonia Tovar">Colonia Tovar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Angolans" title="German Angolans">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Cameroonians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Cameroonians (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douala" title="Douala">Douala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9" title="Yaoundé">Yaoundé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghanaian_Germans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghanaian Germans (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Guineans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Guineans (page does not exist)">Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Ivorians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Ivorians (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_Nigerians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans Nigerians (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_South_Africa" title="Germans in South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Tanzanians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Tanzanians (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagamoyo" title="Bagamoyo">Bagamoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguida" title="Baguida">Baguida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebe" title="Sebe">Sebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom%C3%A9" title="Lomé">Lomé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners_in_Zimbabwe" title="Afrikaners in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Azerbaijan" title="Germans in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_India" title="Germans in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Speaking_Protestant_Congregation_in_Iran" title="German Speaking Protestant Congregation in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw" title="jp:在日ドイツ人">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakhstan Germans">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Korea" title="Germans in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Germans" title="Kyrgyzstan Germans">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="German settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Turkey" title="Germans in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosporus_Germans" title="Bosporus Germans">Bosporus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Australians" title="German Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detention_River_Christian_Community" title="Detention River Christian Community">Hutterites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Zealanders" title="German New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokopo" title="Kokopo">Kokopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Samoans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Samoans (page does not exist)">German Samoans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141817#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141817#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1027976557">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054331">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119798805">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119798805">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565438605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640573">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&oldid=1259228574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_Americans&oldid=1259228574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the United States">Ethnic groups in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_German_descent" title="Category:American people of German 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