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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barabasti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Barabasti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barabasti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lalkhani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lalkhani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lalkhani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lalkhani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardezi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardezi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Gardezi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardezi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Urdu-speaking people</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" style="font-family:'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Roz Urdu Punjabi Nastaleeq', 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Emad Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">اہلِ زبانِ اردو</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="184" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The phrase <i>Zuban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla</i> or "Language of the Exalted Camp"</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">68.62 million<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2019)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (diasporic <a href="/wiki/Urdu_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu Belt">Urdu Belt</a>, a regional belt that consists of <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a> belt states, many speakers live in various cities in <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> & mainly across <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">large cities in Sindh</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in Pakistan">other large Pakistani cities</a>)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,772,631 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,706,159 - 30,000,000 <small>(<a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census</a> & 2013)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Totalpop2017cen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totalpop2017cen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Totalpop2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totalpop2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skutsch2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">[a]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">397,502 (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu in the UK">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">270,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-CensusUK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CensusUK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">210,815 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">69,131 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-SBS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, small minority <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^a</a></b></span> The figure for Pakistan includes only first language Urdu-speakers, known as <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajirs</a>, and not other ethnic groups of Pakistan who may fluently speak Urdu as a first or second language, numbering up to an additional 94 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestorović2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> are spread across <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of them are Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi–Urdu Belt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy2020_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2020-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farooqi2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooqi2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Deccanis" title="Deccanis">Deccani people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan plateau</a> in south-central India (who speak <a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani Urdu</a>), and most of the <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajir people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AlexanderChatterji2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderChatterji2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skutsch2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical centres of Urdu speakers include <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2005Schmidt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005Schmidt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahapatra1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahapatra1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another defunct variety of the language was historically spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> for centuries before the name "Urdu" first began to appear. However, little is known about this defunct Lahori variety as it has not been spoken for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Urdu-speakers" does not encompass culturally non-native speakers who may use Urdu as a first or second language, which would additionally account for a much larger number of total speakers in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestorović2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early Muslim kingdoms developed Indian Muslim clan-groups who were well-rooted social groups that acted as warrior lineages providing court officers and military soldiers. These evolving communities or tribes played a key role in providing a local Muslim leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language developed at the time of <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi" title="List of sultans of Delhi">Sultans of Dehli</a> due to the mixture of people, likely to be soldiers, from Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Afghan and Indian background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1689, Europeans used the label <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">"Moors dialect"</a>, which simply meant "Muslim",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe Urdu, the language associated with the Muslims in North India,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as John Ovington, who visited India during the reign of Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The language of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Moors</a> is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India, but is oblig'd to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the <i>Moors dialect</i> is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Heathens</a>, or from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persians</a>, or other Nations.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_the_Mughal_Empire">Fall of the Mughal Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fall of the Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rural Upper Doab and Rohilkhand was dominated by a literate and homogenous elite, who embraced a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> style of culture. This service gentry, performing both clerical and military service for the Mughal empire and its successor states, provided cultural and literary patronage that contninued, even after the political decilne, to act as preservers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> traditions and values.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II(reigned 1806-1837) under British rule"><img alt="Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II(reigned 1806-1837) under British rule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/176px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/264px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/352px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cavalry in the Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II(reigned 1806-1837) under British rule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review,_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828"><img alt="Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/200px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/300px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg/400px-1st_Regiment_of_Skinner%27s_Horse_returning_from_a_General_Review%2C_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry, "drawn mainly from Muslism from Hindoostan"[25]"><img alt="Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry, "drawn mainly from Muslism from Hindoostan"[25]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg/200px-An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg/300px-An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg/400px-An_Officer_of_Col_Gardiner%E2%80%99s_irregular_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry, "drawn mainly from Muslism from Hindoostan"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry,_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sowar of the Rohilla Horse, 1815"><img alt="Sowar of the Rohilla Horse, 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg/94px-Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg/142px-Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg/189px-Sowar_of_Rohilla_Cavalry%2C_1815.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sowar of the Rohilla Horse, 1815</div> </li> </ul> <p>The end of Muslim rule saw a large number of unemployed <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslim">Indian Muslim</a> horsemen, who were employed in the army of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus 75% of the cavalry branch of the British army was composed of a social group referred to as the "Hindustani Mahomedans". This included Indian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Baradari_(brotherhood)" title="Baradari (brotherhood)">Baradaris</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Urdu-Hindustani Belt</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghar(Rajput Muslims)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh">Sheikhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Indianized Pathans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumit_Walia_2021_125_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumit_Walia_2021_125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British officers such as <a href="/wiki/James_Skinner_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="James Skinner (East India Company officer)">Skinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Lancers_(Gardner%27s_Horse)" title="2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)">Gardner</a> and Hearsay had become leaders of irregular cavalry that preserved the traditions of Mughal cavalry, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governor-general insisted that it was incumbent upon the British to "give military employment" to various north Indian Muslim soldiers, particularly those "formerly engaged in military service of the Native powers".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lingua franca spoken in the army was a form of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> referred to in colonial usage as "military Hindustani".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_Hussars,_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/220px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/330px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg/440px-7th_Hussars%2C_charging_a_body_of_the_Mutineer%27s_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>7th Hussars, charging a body of the Mutineer's Cavalry, Alam Bagh, Lucknow</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bengal_Light_Cavalry" title="3rd Bengal Light Cavalry">3rd Bengal Light Cavalry</a> in Meerut, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mutineers made for Delhi, where its garrison revolted, massacring its British population, and installed <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> as its nominal leader. The spread of the word that the British had been expelled from Delhi, interpreted as the breakdown of British authority, acted as a catalyst for mutiny as well as revolt. Regiments in other parts of northern India only revolted after Delhi had fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British characterizations of Muslims as fanatics took the fore during and after the Great Rebellion, as well as produced the Indian Muslims as a unified, cogent group, who were easily agitated, aggressive, and inherently disloyal.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu_nationalism">Urdu nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urdu nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohsinul_Mulk,_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/220px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/330px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg/440px-Mohsinul_Mulk%2C_Syed_Ahmad_Khan_and_Syed_Mahmood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1561" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed Ahmed Khan">Syed Ahmed Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Even in later days, the same clans were dominant groups in the associations in the defence of Urdu and district Muslim Leagues which were among the first forays of Muslims into electoral and pressure-group politics.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the19th century, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Syed_Ahmed_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Syed Ahmed Khan">Sir Syed Ahmed Khan</a> and his followers such as <a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a> further advocated for the adoption of Urdu as the language of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Indian Muslims</a>, and led organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Anjuman-i_Taraqqi-i_Urdu" title="Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu">Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_Defence_Association" title="Urdu Defence Association">Urdu Defence Association</a>, which won popular support in the <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deobandism" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandism">Deoband Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made the official language of British India in 1825 and got large opposition from the Hindus and thus sparking the <a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a> in 1867. This resulted in Sir Syed's <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two Nation Theory</a> in 1868. The Urdu language was used in the emergence of a political Muslim self-consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syed Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into a separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. Furthermore, in 2008 Syed Nadeem Ahmed brought forward the idea of Urdu Nationalism by presenting his theory of "Urdu Qaum" based on Urdu language and culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims originated from the nature of Islamization of the Indian populace during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clans">Clans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baradari_(brotherhood)" title="Baradari (brotherhood)">Baradari (brotherhood)</a></div> <p>The Biradari, a term of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> origin literally translating to "brotherhood",<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting the Biradari, and once taken binding on every member, especially in rural life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their tribal geneaologies tracing to foreign regions, these elites embellished rural seats and traditions within India, developing a sense of pride in home (watan). Families of Muslim service people from gentry families were bound together by tight marriage alliances, which often became permanent arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bitter factionalism over between clans over land-rights was also a common feature of society.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilgrami">Bilgrami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bilgrami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bilgram" title="Bilgram">Bilgram</a></div> <p>The Sadaat-i <a href="/wiki/Bilgram" title="Bilgram">Bilgram</a> are a tribe of Indian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> families who inhabit the historic district of Bilgram in <a href="/wiki/Hardoi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardoi District">Hardoi District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bilgrami Sayyid were important power brokers in the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, and remained an important and influential clan, throughout the Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bilgrami Sayyids were supporters of the Indo-Muslim Shaikhzada faction of <a href="/wiki/Munim_Khan_II" title="Munim Khan II">Munim Khan II</a> during the reign of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a>. When Ruh-ul-Amin Khan of Bilgram reportedly entered state service with only 60 horsemen and foot soldiers, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> Munim Khan created him a mansab of 6000 and made him his close associate.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Hussain_Bilgrami" title="Syed Hussain Bilgrami">Syed Hussain Bilgrami</a> was one of the early leaders of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barha">Barha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Barha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Sadaat-e-Bara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Barha Dynasty">Barha Dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Barha</a> tribe of Sayyids are an Indian Muslim community claiming <a href="/wiki/Zaidi_(surname)" title="Zaidi (surname)">Zaidi</a> Sayyid descent who are named after the <i>Barha country</i> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> between <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their settlements, known as <i>Qasbas</i>, are named <i>Behra Sadaat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their reputation for bravery, to the point of recklessness, the Barah tribe held the hereditary right to lead the vanguard of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Army of the Mughal Empire</a> in every battle.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6 years after Aurangzeb's death, the <a href="/wiki/Barha_dynasty" title="Barha dynasty">Barha Sayyid</a> nobles became highly influential in the Mughal Court under leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyid Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hassan_Ali_Khan_Barha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha">Qutb-ul-Mulk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Hussain_Ali_Khan_Barha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha">Hussain Ali Khan</a>, who became de-facto sovereigns of the empire when they began to make and unmake emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sayyids had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves and took up the cause of every individual as an insult to the whole group and an infringement to the rights of Sayyids in general.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_Defence_Association" title="Urdu Defence Association">Urdu Defence Association</a>, or the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu, committed to the perpetuation of the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-Totalpop2017_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Totalpop2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saif Khan Barha, a favorite of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir"><img alt="Saif Khan Barha, a favorite of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg/105px-Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg/158px-Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg/211px-Saif_Khan_Barha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Saif_Khan_Barha" title="Saif Khan Barha">Saif Khan Barha</a>, a favorite of the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of the Sayyid Brothers in the early 1700s"><img alt="Court of the Sayyid Brothers in the early 1700s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg/200px-A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg/300px-A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg/400px-A_seated_portrait_of_Sayyid_Abdullah_Khan_holding_court_Early_18th_century_The_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Court of the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Brothers">Sayyid Brothers</a> in the early 1700s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk, a Barha Syed of Etawah"><img alt="Mohsin-ul-Mulk, a Barha Syed of Etawah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/150px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/225px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg/300px-Nawab-Mohsin-ul-Mulk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a>, a Barha Syed of Etawah</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alvi">Alvi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alvi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-President_of_Pakistan_Dr_Arif_Alvi_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7168" data-file-height="10029" /></a><figcaption>The former president of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Arif Alvi</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alvis</a> (the term derived from the Arabic term <i>al-Alawi</i>, meaning 'of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>') are those who claim descent from the 4th <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (the cousin, son-in-law, and companion of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), through his wives whom he married after the death of <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>, the prophet's daughter. In the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, they settled mainly in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. The former president of Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Arif Alvi</a> belongs to the same Alvi clan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Urdu-speaking people, the Alvis of Kakori are referred to as Moulvizadigan (Moulvis) or Makhdûmzadigan (Makhdûms) indicating whether they are descendants of Mullah Abu Bakr Jami Alavi, who settled in Kakori in 1461 or descendants of Qari Amir Saifuddin Alavi, who settled in Kakori in 1552, they are mostly known as <a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Shaikh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-People_of_India_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_of_India-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ansari">Ansari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ansari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg/100px-A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg/150px-A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg/200px-A_PORTRAIT_OF_LUTFULLAH_KHAN_SADIQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal Portrait</a> of Lutfullah Khan Sadiq Panipati</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ansari_(Panipat)" title="Ansari (Panipat)">Ansaris</a> who claim origin from the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ayyub_al-Ansari" title="Abu Ayyub al-Ansari">Abu Ayyub al-Ansari</a> (the stand-bearer of the Islamic prophet, in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>), mainly through the 13th century <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Pir Haravi</a>, inhabited the town of <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Ansaris in the pre-modern era include Lutfullah Khan Sadiq, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Old_Delhi" title="Old Delhi">Shahjahanabad</a> under the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a>. His brother Sher Afkan Panipati possessed an armed train composed solely of Indian Muslims or Hindustanis.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern era, the Urdu poet <a href="/wiki/Altaf_Hussain_Hali" title="Altaf Hussain Hali">Altaf Hussain Hali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote the book Musaddas-e Hali is considered by Pakistani scholars as an important text leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other towns were also inhabited by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Abdullah Ansari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Firangi_Mahal" title="Firangi Mahal">Firangi Mahal</a> is home to many <a href="/wiki/Ansari_(nesba)" title="Ansari (nesba)">Ansari</a> scholars, <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakori" title="Kakori">Kakori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yusufpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusufpur">Yusufpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian political activist <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a> hailed from the <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a> branch of the family. Many great figures also arose from the <a href="/wiki/Yusufpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusufpur">Yusufpur</a> branch of the family such as Dr. <a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a>, Qazi <a href="/wiki/Faridul_Haq_Ansari" title="Faridul Haq Ansari">Faridul Haq Ansari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaukatullah_Shah_Ansari" title="Shaukatullah Shah Ansari">Shaukatullah Shah Ansari</a> and former Indian Vice-President, <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamid Ansari">Hamid Ansari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ranghar">Ranghar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ranghar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Ranghar</a> were classified as an "agricultural tribe" by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> administration and were recruited heavily in the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> ,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/1st_Horse_(Skinner%27s_Horse)" title="1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)">Skinner's Horse</a>. the Ranghars were the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bengal_Light_Cavalry" title="3rd Bengal Light Cavalry">3rd Bengal Light Cavalry</a> which captured Delhi in 1857<sup id="cite_ref-Sumit_Walia_2021_125_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumit_Walia_2021_125-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar,_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regimental Durbar of Skinner's Horse, predominantly recruited from Ranghars"><img alt="Regimental Durbar of Skinner's Horse, predominantly recruited from Ranghars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg/200px-Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg/300px-Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg/400px-Colonel_James_Skinner_holding_a_Regimental_Durbar%2C_1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Regimental <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a> of Skinner's Horse, predominantly recruited from Ranghars</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise,_1840_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 (c)"><img alt="Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 (c)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg/150px-Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg/225px-Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg/299px-Skinner%27s_Horse_at_Exercise%2C_1840_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skinner's Horse at Exercise, 1840 (c)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skinner%27s_Horse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Skinner's Horse"><img alt="Skinner's Horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skinner%27s_Horse.png/121px-Skinner%27s_Horse.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skinner%27s_Horse.png/182px-Skinner%27s_Horse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Skinner%27s_Horse.png/243px-Skinner%27s_Horse.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skinner's Horse</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barabasti">Barabasti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Barabasti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barabasti" title="Barabasti">Barabasti</a> refers to a Biradari of <a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Indian Pathans</a> named after their origin from twelve villages known as Barah Basti in <a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr" title="Bulandshahr">Bulandshahr</a>, where "Barah" means "twelve" in Hindustani, similar to the naming of the Indian Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Barah Sayyids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar" title="Muzaffarnagar">Muzaffarnagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Pathans in Northern India, they are quite Indian in language, manners and appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="War of 1857">War of 1857</a>, Abdul Latif Khan of Khanpur, the head of the Barah Basti Pathans raised the standard of revolt against the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing a petition to the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> promising to come to the Dehli court, and to bring some elephants with him, representing that he had been unwell.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nawab Walidad Khan of Malagarh occupied <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khurja" title="Khurja">Khurja</a> and attracted to his standard the fanatic Muslims of Barah Basti community from which many of the sowars of the <a href="/wiki/Silladar_Cavalry" title="Silladar Cavalry">Irregular Cavalry</a> were recruited, along with the Sayyids of <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Bulandshahr" title="Shikarpur, Bulandshahr">Shikarpur</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his 'near relation' Ismail Khan, who was the <a href="/wiki/Kotwal" title="Kotwal">kotwal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> and had served in the <a href="/wiki/1st_Horse_(Skinner%27s_Horse)" title="1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)">Skinner's Horse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Indian Pathan"><img alt="An Indian Pathan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg/90px-A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg/136px-A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg/181px-A_Pathan_Soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1870" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Indian Pathan</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lalkhani">Lalkhani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lalkhani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhanis</a> are <i>Muslim Rajput</i> converts from the <a href="/wiki/Bargujar" title="Bargujar">Bargujar</a> tribe, who assimilated to Lalkhani identity after their conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lalkhanis held estates in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr_district" title="Bulandshahr district">Bulandshahr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahar Ali Khan, who received the Taluqa of Pitampur from the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a> in 1774, offered resistance against the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> with his nephew Dunde Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baquar_Ali_Khan" title="Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan">Mir Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan</a> was the Raja Of <a href="/wiki/Pindrawal" title="Pindrawal">Pindrawal</a> while Nawab <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_Said_Khan_Chhatari" title="Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari">Saeed-ul-Mulk Chhatari</a>, the last Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, was one of the most prominent politicians of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raja Mir Jaffer Ali Khan"><img alt="Raja Mir Jaffer Ali Khan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg/89px-Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg/134px-Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg/178px-Raja_Mir_Jaffer_Ali_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="812" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raja Mir Jaffer Ali Khan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nawab Chhatari with Syedna Tahir"><img alt="Nawab Chhatari with Syedna Tahir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg/77px-Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg/115px-Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg/154px-Nawab_Chhatari_with_Syedna_Tahir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nawab Chhatari with Syedna Tahir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_(Aligarh).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qasim Ali Khan son of Raja Akbar Ali Khan saheb from Pindrawal"><img alt="Qasim Ali Khan son of Raja Akbar Ali Khan saheb from Pindrawal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg/88px-Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg/132px-Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg/176px-Qasim_Ali_Khan_son_of_Raja_Akbar_Ali_Khan_saheb_from_Pindrawal_%28Aligarh%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="716" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Qasim Ali Khan son of Raja Akbar Ali Khan saheb from Pindrawal </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardezi">Gardezi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gardezi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syed_Rafi_Mohammad" title="Syed Rafi Mohammad">Syed Rafi Mohammad</a></div></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gardezi_(surname)" title="Gardezi (surname)">Gardezi</a> tribe of Manikpur are an Indian community of Sayyids who had settled in <a href="/wiki/Manikpur,_Pratapgarh" title="Manikpur, Pratapgarh">Manikpur</a> since the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1700s, Raji Muhammad Khan who belonged to the Gardezi tribe of Manikpur was the Mir-i-Atish, or artillery chief, of the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a> after he had blown up prince Jahan Shah's powder magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangash">Bangash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bangash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash,_ca_1730,_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg/220px-Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg/330px-Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg/440px-Nawab_Muhammad_Khan_Bangash%2C_ca_1730%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Nawab Muhammad Khan Bangash ca 1730</figcaption></figure> <p>The first immigrants to Mau were the descendants of the Khwaja Bayazid Ansari, the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Ormur" title="Ormur">Ormur</a> leader and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshaniyya movement</a> who had settled in Mau and Shamsabad. Muhammad Khan Bangash, the first Hindustani Pathan mercenary,<sup id="cite_ref-awadh_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-awadh-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was rewarded with the <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> of Farrukhabad area.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was so illiterate that he did not understand a single word of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being few in number, the bulk of Muhammad Khan's soldiers were elite slaves known as 'disciples', primarily Hindu Rajputs and sometimes Brahmins who were adopted, converted to Islam and submitted to a regime of religious, literary and military training which was focused on the transformation of the recruit's identity, who played a significant role as a kind of artificial family in-group attached to their patron. Before Muhammad Khan's death, the separation between the various tribes and castes broke down, forming a homogenous group, so that Muhammad Khan had founded his own Indian Muslim tribe or caste. To increase his independence from his nobles further, he continued to encourage immigration of Pashtuns of the Bangash and Afridi clan in Tirah. In India they were referred to as <i>qaum-i-bangash</i> which became a wider and more diffused label. <sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turk">Turk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1.5 million residents in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Moradabad" title="Moradabad">Moradabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amroha" title="Amroha">Amroha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambhal" title="Sambhal">Sambhal</a>, belonging to an Indian Muslim brotherhood descending from Turks, primarily from the era of the Delhi Sultanate. According to Professor Abhay Singh, these community originate from the era of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Forty" title="Corps of Forty">Turkan-e-Chahalgani</a>, the Corps of Forty Turkic slave emirs, whose power was broken up by <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud din Balban</a>, and as a result they fled and settled down in the different villages of Katehr, near Badayun which was an important centre of the empire. They primarily speak Urdu and are Indian Muslims in customs, traditions, and language.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspicious of outside interference, the Turk villages are closely knit together into a Biradari (brotherhood) whose affairs are controlled by annually elected Sardars, the chief of the Biradari. they control all the activities of the community both internally and in relation with the outside world. The delinquent is severely ostracised which in their parlance, the man punished is not respectable enough to smoke the same Huqqa or drink from the same bowl as the honourable Biradari. If the offender repends and expresses a desire to retrieve his guilt, he must atone by means of a grand feast to the community. Occasions of celebration in the villages include the event of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Saiyyad_Salar_Masud" title="Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud">Ghazi Salar Masud's</a> invasion on his way to Bahraich, which are celebrated with wrestling and fencing matches.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amrohi_Sadaat">Amrohi Sadaat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Amrohi Sadaat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27,_1841_(c).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg/220px-%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg/330px-%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg/440px-%277th_Irregular_Cavalry%27%2C_1841_%28c%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The 7th Irregular cavalry recruited a large number of Indian Sayyids from the Bareilly region, as well as Indian Pathans and Muslim Rajputs.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sadaat-i-Amroha belong mainly to the <a href="/wiki/Naqvi" title="Naqvi">Naqvi</a> sub-group, because they are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saint <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Syed</a> Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat. The Amrohi Sayyids formed the military and service gentry of the region in the Mughal empire.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amroha became a hereditary jagir, as the family of Saiyyid Khwaja Ahmad Khan, sadat-i-Amroha, held pargana Amroha in their jagir for about a hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Marathas invaded and plundered <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a>, the country of Western <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> was burnt with the exception of Amroha owing to a few thousand Amrohi Sayyid soldiers that drove out and conciliated with the Marathas.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> poet, Mir Taqi Mir, it was a <a href="/wiki/Amrohi_Syed" title="Amrohi Syed">Sayyid of Amroha</a>, Syed Sadaat Ali, who convinced him to pursue poetry in Urdu, the verse which resembled Persian poetry, which was the "language of Hindustan by the authority of the king".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rohillas_of_Shahjahanpur">Rohillas of Shahjahanpur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rohillas of Shahjahanpur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first use of the term <i>Rohilla</i> was in the 1600s, to refer to the community of Diler Khan Rohilla, who was born in India,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the founder of his community in <a href="/wiki/Shahjahanpur" title="Shahjahanpur">Shahjahanpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardoi" title="Hardoi">Hardoi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This community over generations had become culturally closer to the <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> than to the Rohillas of Rampur, and sympathized with the Nawab of Awadh.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number were recruited in the army of <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_Khan" title="Ghulam Muhammad Khan">Ghulam Muhammad Khan</a> of Rampur during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Rohilla_War" title="Second Rohilla War">Second Rohilla War</a>. A large number led by Diler Khan betrayed the Nawab of Rampur and defected to the side of the Nawab of Awadh.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan Barkat Ali Khan who belonged to the Shahjahanpur Pathans as a risaldar rendered services to the British during the Anglo-Sikh War of 1848. After his retirement he settled down in Lahore and devoted work to the Anjuman-i-Islamiya. He gave constant support to the <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a> and to Sayyid Ahmad Khan, and was instrumental in the establishment in the first Girls School at Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Kambohs">Muslim Kambohs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Muslim Kambohs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/NawabMushtaqHussain.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viqar-ul-Mulk" class="mw-redirect" title="Viqar-ul-Mulk">Viqar-ul-Mulk</a> Kamboh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kamboh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboh">Kamboh</a> tribe likely originated in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslims are referred to by the name of Zuberi. The Kamboh Sheikhs were found among the <a href="/wiki/Silladar_Cavalry" title="Silladar Cavalry">irregular cavalry</a> but rarely enlisted in the infantry. Muhammad Khan or <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Khair_Andesh_Khan" title="Nawab Khair Andesh Khan">Nawab Khair Andesh Khan</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Kamboh_Nawabs_of_Meerut" title="Kamboh Nawabs of Meerut">Kamboh Nawab of Meerut</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>, built a fort in <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, the gate of which is the Khairnagar Darwaza. In 1690 he also built the Khairul <a href="/wiki/Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjid">Masjid</a> wal Mu'abid in the heart of Meerut city, as well as Khairandeshpur in Etawah.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qidwai">Qidwai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Qidwai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qidwai" title="Qidwai">Qidwai</a> are a tribe of Indian Muslims who claim descent from the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Bani Israil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amaresh_Misra_1998_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaresh_Misra_1998-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qidwai were recruited in the household cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a>, which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadi.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amaresh_Misra_1998_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amaresh_Misra_1998-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or a civil officer.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Daryabadi" title="Abdul Majid Daryabadi">Abdul Majid Daryabadi</a> belonged to the Qidwai clan in Daryabad<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabood201936_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabood201936-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/FS_Hussain" title="FS Hussain">FS Hussain</a> belonged to the Qidwai in <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukhari_Sayyid">Bukhari Sayyid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bukhari Sayyid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/220px-Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/330px-Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg/440px-Sheikh_Farid_Murtaza_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Shaikh Farid Bukhari</figcaption></figure> <p>Medieval sources refer to a specific group of Indian Shaikhzadas called the Bukhari Sayyids. These were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Surkh-Posh_Bukhari" title="Jalaluddin Surkh-Posh Bukhari">Makhdum Jahanian</a> or Jalal Bukhari who was born in Multan in Punjab, and so in recent history were immigrants from the Punjab, but retained the title Bukhari due to genealogical links to the saint Jalaluddin Bukhari. By the 16th century, they had lived for several generations in Hindustan and were Indian Muslims associated with specific regions in Hindustan. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Farid_Bukhari" title="Shaikh Farid Bukhari">Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan</a>, the Indian Muslim of Delhi who was the <a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakhshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakhshi">Mir Bakhshi</a> of Akbar and Jahangir. The Bukhari Sayyids, the Barha Sayyids and the Kambohs were specially favoured for high military posts. Jahangir mentioned the great commanders and armies as involved in the Deccan campaigns with Shah Jahan as a prince, especially the Sayyids of Barha and Bukhara, the Shaikhzadas, the Hindustani Pathans and the Rajputs, to the campaigns in Kandahar.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Imam" title="Shahi Imam">Shahi Imam</a> of the Jāmi’ah Masjid in Delhi is a Bukhari Sayyid.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indo-Persian cultural synthesis meant that <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> influence played a large role in the making of Indo-Muslim cuisine in Northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic ingredients of this cuisine include onions and garlic, spices such as cloves, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, back pepper and cinnamon, and use of yoghurt, cream and butter.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special dishes include <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">qorma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kofta" title="Kofta">kofta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seekh_kebab" title="Seekh kebab">seekh kabab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihari" title="Nihari">nihari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haleem" title="Haleem">haleem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nargisi_Koftay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nargisi Koftay">nargisi koftay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roghani_Naan" class="mw-redirect" title="Roghani Naan">roghani naan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheer_khurma" title="Sheer khurma">sheer-khurma (dessert)</a>, other Indo-Persian origin flat-breads and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">chai (sweet, milky tea)</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roghni_Naan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roghni Naan"><img alt="Roghni Naan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Roghni_Naan.jpg/120px-Roghni_Naan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Roghni_Naan.jpg/180px-Roghni_Naan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Roghni_Naan.jpg/240px-Roghni_Naan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roghni Naan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seekh Kabab"><img alt="Seekh Kabab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg/120px-Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg/180px-Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg/240px-Pakistani_Food_Beef_Kabobs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seekh Kabab</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="File:Qorma sheermaal kheer.jpg"><img alt="File:Qorma sheermaal kheer.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg/120px-Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg/180px-Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg/240px-Qorma_sheermaal_kheer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">File:Qorma sheermaal kheer.jpg</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutton_Nihari.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutton Nihari"><img alt="Mutton Nihari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mutton_Nihari.jpg/120px-Mutton_Nihari.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mutton_Nihari.jpg/180px-Mutton_Nihari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mutton_Nihari.jpg/240px-Mutton_Nihari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mutton Nihari</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Biryani_Home.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biryani"><img alt="Biryani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Biryani_Home.jpg/120px-Biryani_Home.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Biryani_Home.jpg/180px-Biryani_Home.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Biryani_Home.jpg/240px-Biryani_Home.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Biryani</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png/220px-Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png/330px-Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png/440px-Distribution_of_Pakistanis_speaking_Urdu_as_a_first_language_in_1998.png 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Pakistanis speaking Urdu as a first language in 1998</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the majority of Urdu-speakers reside in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (including 30 million native speakers,<sup id="cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skutsch2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up to 94 million second-language speakers),<sup id="cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nestorović2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Urdu is the national and official language, most speakers who use Urdu as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native tongue</a> live in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>, where it is one of <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">22 official languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Urdu-speaking community is also present in other parts of <a href="/wiki/The_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="The subcontinent">the subcontinent</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_rule_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim rule of India">historical Muslim presence</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Deccani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani people">Deccanis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis_in_Bangladesh" title="Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh">Biharis</a><sup id="cite_ref-AlexanderChatterji2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlexanderChatterji2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a> (who speak <a href="/wiki/Dhakaiya_Urdu" title="Dhakaiya Urdu">Dhakaiya Urdu</a>) in Bangladesh,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Urdu-speaking members of the <a href="/wiki/Madheshi_people" title="Madheshi people">Madheshi community</a> in Nepal,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Islam in Sri Lanka">Muslims in Sri Lanka</a><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a section of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Burmese Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BhattacharyaKripalani2015_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BhattacharyaKripalani2015-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, there are Urdu-speakers present amongst the South Asian diaspora, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt2005_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2005-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North America (notably the United States and Canada),<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt2005_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2005-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leonard2007_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leonard2007-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe (notably the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu in the UK">United Kingdom</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BhatiaKoul2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BhatiaKoul2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africa (notably <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BhatiaKoul2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southeast Asia (notably <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Tschacher2017_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tschacher2017-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Oceania (notably <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><sup id="cite_ref-SBS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BhatiaKoul2005-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muhajir (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu#Urdu_speakers_by_country" title="Urdu">Urdu speakers by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Urdu_speakers" title="States of India by Urdu speakers">States of India by Urdu speakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Urdu" does not broadly refer to the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>, but merely the literary-<a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Style_(sociolinguistics)" title="Style (sociolinguistics)">style</a>) of the macrolanguage self-identified as a spoken language predominantly by <a href="/wiki/Muslims_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims in South Asia">Muslims in South Asia</a>, hence accounting <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Hindi">Modern Standard Hindi</a> as a separate entity statistically.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During early days of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, North Indian people of many faiths, including Hindus, self-identified as Urdu-speakers prior to the mid-19th century, after which they self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-speakers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/22/language/urd">Urdu</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (22nd ed., 2019) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"Census of India 2011: Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Office of the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a></i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft.atitle=Census+of+India+2011%3A+Language&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totalpop2017cen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Totalpop2017cen_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table11n.pdf">"POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pbs.gov.pk</i>. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pbs.gov.pk&rft.atitle=POPULATION+BY+MOTHER+TONGUE%2C+SEX+AND+RURAL%2F+URBAN&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2Ftables%2Fpakistan%2FTable11n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Totalpop2017-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Totalpop2017_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Totalpop2017_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasnain2021" class="citation web cs1">Hasnain, Khalid (2021-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017131612/https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375">"Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375">the original</a> on 2022-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+population+is+207.68m%2C+shows+2017+census+result&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft.aulast=Hasnain&rft.aufirst=Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1624375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skutsch2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skutsch2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Skutsch2013" class="citation book cs1">Carl Skutsch (7 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSUKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2234"><i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 2234–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-19395-9"><bdi>978-1-135-19395-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=2234-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-135-19395-9&rft.au=Carl+Skutsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSUKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT2234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/library/data/tables/2008/demo/language-use/2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls?#">"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for United States: 2009-2013"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Languages+Spoken+at+Home+and+Ability+to+Speak+English+for+the+Population+5+Years+and+Over+for+United+States%3A+2009-2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2008%2Fdemo%2Flanguage-use%2F2009-2013-acs-lang-tables-nation.xls%3F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CensusUK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CensusUK_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales/STB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html#tab-Main-language">"2011 Census: Quick Statistics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=2011+Census%3A+Quick+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fkey-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-wards-and-output-areas-in-england-and-wales%2FSTB-2011-census--quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales--march-2011.html%23tab-Main-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census, Canada"</a>. <i>Government of Canada, Statistics Canada</i>. 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada%2C+Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census%2C+Canada&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DLanguage%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBS_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBS_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2018" class="citation news cs1">Ali, Waqar (23 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/find-out-how-many-people-speak-urdu-in-your-suburb">"Find out how many people speak Urdu in your suburb"</a>. <i>SBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Find+out+how+many+people+speak+Urdu+in+your+suburb&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Waqar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Flanguage%2Fenglish%2Ffind-out-how-many-people-speak-urdu-in-your-suburb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestorović2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestorović2016_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČedomir_Nestorović2016" class="citation book cs1">Čedomir Nestorović (28 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXJBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142"><i>Islamic Marketing: Understanding the Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Politico-Legal Environment</i></a>. Springer. pp. 142–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32754-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-32754-9"><bdi>978-3-319-32754-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Marketing%3A+Understanding+the+Socio-Economic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Politico-Legal+Environment&rft.pages=142-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft.isbn=978-3-319-32754-9&rft.au=%C4%8Cedomir+Nestorovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXJBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2004" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Ammu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rdtjAAAAMAAJ&q=Urdudaan"><i>Just Between Us: Women Speak about Their Writing</i></a>. Women's World, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88965-15-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88965-15-1"><bdi>978-81-88965-15-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+Between+Us%3A+Women+Speak+about+Their+Writing&rft.pub=Women%27s+World%2C+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-88965-15-1&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Ammu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrdtjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DUrdudaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir2014" class="citation book cs1">Mir, Raza (2014-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCehAwAAQBAJ&dq=Urdudaans&pg=PT105"><i>The Taste of Words: An Introduction to Urdu Poetry</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-725-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-725-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-725-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+Words%3A+An+Introduction+to+Urdu+Poetry&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-725-7&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCehAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DUrdudaans%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2020-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2020_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2020" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Arundhati (1 September 2020). <i>Azadi: Freedom. Fascism. Fiction</i>. Haymarket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64259-380-8"><bdi>978-1-64259-380-8</bdi></a>. <q>The language known variously as Urdu/Hindi/Hindustani, and in an earlier era, Hindavi, was born on the streets and in the bazaars of North India. Khari Boli, spoken in and around Delhi and what is now western Uttar Pradesh, is the base language of which the Persian lexicon came to be added. Urdu, written in the Persian-Arabic script, was spoken by Hindus and Muslims across North India and the Deccan Plateau. ... The partitioning orf Urdu began in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, after the failed 1857 Ware of Independence (known to the British as the Mutiny), when India ceased to be merely an asset of the East India Company.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azadi%3A+Freedom.+Fascism.+Fiction.&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2020-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64259-380-8&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Arundhati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburghWeber2016" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburgh, V.; Weber, S. (8 April 2016). <i>The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32505-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-32505-1"><bdi>978-1-137-32505-1</bdi></a>. <q>Urdu is a stylized version of the colloquial language spoken by both Muslims and Hindus in what is now central north India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Economics+and+Language&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft.isbn=978-1-137-32505-1&rft.aulast=Ginsburgh&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Weber%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farooqi2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farooqi2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2012" class="citation book cs1">Farooqi, M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vc1fAQAAQBAJ&q=Urdu+cultural+contact+Hindus+Muslims&pg=PT185"><i>Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7"><bdi>978-1-137-02692-7</bdi></a>. <q>Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims. He noted that Urdu is not the language of Muslims alone, although Muslims may have played a larger role in making it a literary language. Hindu poets and writers could and did bring specifically Hindu cultural elements into Urdu and these were accepted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu+Literary+Culture%3A+Vernacular+Modernity+in+the+Writing+of+Muhammad+Hasan+Askari&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02692-7&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVc1fAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DUrdu%2Bcultural%2Bcontact%2BHindus%2BMuslims%26pg%3DPT185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlexanderChatterji2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderChatterji2015_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlexanderChatterji2015_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_AlexanderJoya_ChatterjiAnnu_Jalais2015" class="citation book cs1">Claire Alexander; Joya Chatterji; Annu Jalais (6 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZ_hCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>The Bengal Diaspora: Rethinking Muslim migration</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 96–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-33593-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-33593-1"><bdi>978-1-317-33593-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Diaspora%3A+Rethinking+Muslim+migration&rft.pages=96-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft.isbn=978-1-317-33593-1&rft.au=Claire+Alexander&rft.au=Joya+Chatterji&rft.au=Annu+Jalais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgZ_hCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005Schmidt-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2005Schmidt_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Ruth Laila (8 December 2005). <i>Urdu: An Essential Grammar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71319-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-71319-6"><bdi>978-1-134-71319-6</bdi></a>. <q>Historically, Urdu developed from the sub-regional language of the Delhi area, which became a literary language in the eighteenth century. Two quite similar standard forms of the language developed in Delhi, and in Lucknow in modern Uttar Pradesh. Since 1947, a third form, Karachi standard Urdu, has evolved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-1-134-71319-6&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Laila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahapatra1989-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahapatra1989_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra1989" class="citation book cs1">Mahapatra, B. P. (1989). <i>Constitutional languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Presses_Universit%C3%A9_Laval" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses Université Laval">Presses Université Laval</a>. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7186-1"><bdi>978-2-7637-7186-1</bdi></a>. <q>Modern Urdu is a fairly homogenous language. An older southern form, Deccani Urdu, is now obsolete. Two varieties however, must be mentioned viz. The Urdu of Delhi, and the Urdu of Lucknow. Both are almost identical, differing only in some minor points. Both of these varieties are considered 'Standard Urdu' with some minor divergences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+languages&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=B.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_SpoonerWilliam_L._Hanaway2012" class="citation book cs1">Brian Spooner; William L. Hanaway, eds. (19 March 2012). <i>Literacy in the Persian World: Writing and Social Order</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1934536568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1934536568"><bdi>978-1934536568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+the+Persian+World%3A+Writing+and+Social+Order&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+2012&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft.isbn=978-1934536568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Bayly2012" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Bayly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7"><bdi>978-0-19-908873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3ANorth+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%3A+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908873-7&rft.au=C.A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIAyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Bjansath%2Bkakori%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsir_Richard_Francis_Burton,_Luis_Vaz_de_Camoens1881" class="citation book cs1">sir Richard Francis Burton, Luis Vaz de Camoens (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGYCAAAAQAAJ&dq=moors+dialect+urdu&pg=PA573"><i>Camoens: his life and his Lusiads, a commentary: Volume 2</i></a>. Oxford University. p. 573.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camoens%3A+his+life+and+his+Lusiads%2C+a+commentary%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=573&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1881&rft.au=sir+Richard+Francis+Burton%2C+Luis+Vaz+de+Camoens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGYCAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dmoors%2Bdialect%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenk_W._Wagenaar,_S._S._Parikh,_D._F._Plukker,_R._Veldhuijzen_van_Zanten1993" class="citation book cs1">Henk W. Wagenaar, S. S. Parikh, D. F. Plukker, R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=british+moors+urdu&pg=PA1118"><i>Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary</i></a>. Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186062104" title="Special:BookSources/9788186062104"><bdi>9788186062104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allied+Chambers+transliterated+Hindi-Hindi-English+dictionary&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788186062104&rft.au=Henk+W.+Wagenaar%2C+S.+S.+Parikh%2C+D.+F.+Plukker%2C+R.+Veldhuijzen+van+Zanten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_kWROaer5UsC%26dq%3Dbritish%2Bmoors%2Burdu%26pg%3DPA1118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ovington1994" class="citation book cs1">John Ovington (1994). <i>A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689</i>. Asian Educational Services. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+Surat+in+the+Year+1689&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.au=John+Ovington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandria_B._Freitag1989" class="citation book cs1">Sandria B. Freitag (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=rohilkhand+indo-muslim+state&pg=PA102"><i>Collective Action and Community Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520064393" title="Special:BookSources/9780520064393"><bdi>9780520064393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Action+and+Community+Public+Arenas+and+the+Emergence+of+Communalism+in+North+India&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780520064393&rft.au=Sandria+B.+Freitag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6FqVKJNCfQC%26dq%3Drohilkhand%2Bindo-muslim%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarindar_Saroop1983" class="citation book cs1">Narindar Saroop (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://google.ca/books/edition/Gardner_of_Gardner_s_Horse_2nd_Lancers_I/AjKURHnitt8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=gardner%27s+horse+yeoman+stock&pg=PA67&printsec=frontcover"><i>Gardner of Gardner's Horse, 2nd Lancers, Indian Army</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner+of+Gardner%27s+Horse%2C+2nd+Lancers%2C+Indian+Army&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Narindar+Saroop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoogle.ca%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FGardner_of_Gardner_s_Horse_2nd_Lancers_I%2FAjKURHnitt8C%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dgardner%2527s%2Bhorse%2Byeoman%2Bstock%26pg%3DPA67%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_A._Wagner2009" class="citation book cs1">Kim A. Wagner (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mgMAQAAMAAJ&q=enlist+excluded+the+poorest+segment+of+the+unemployed+Muslim+horsemen"><i>Stranglers and Bandits: A Historical Anthology of Thuggee</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-569815-2"><bdi>978-0-19-569815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stranglers+and+Bandits%3A+A+Historical+Anthology+of+Thuggee&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-569815-2&rft.au=Kim+A.+Wagner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mgMAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Denlist%2Bexcluded%2Bthe%2Bpoorest%2Bsegment%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bunemployed%2BMuslim%2Bhorsemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumit_Walia_2021_125-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sumit_Walia_2021_125_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sumit_Walia_2021_125_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumit_Walia2021" class="citation book cs1">Sumit Walia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125"><i>Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170623311" title="Special:BookSources/9788170623311"><bdi>9788170623311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbattled+Fears%3A+Reckoning+the+National+Security&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788170623311&rft.au=Sumit+Walia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWEeEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dskinner%2527s%2Bhorse%2Bmuslims%2Bdelhi%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while"><i>Calcutta Review 1956</i></a>. University of Calcutta. 1956. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+Review+1956&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4g8xAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThree%2B-%2Bfourths%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCavalry%2Bbranch%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBengal%2BArmy%2Bwere%2Brecruited%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BMuslims%2Bof%2Bvarious%2Bdescriptions%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BHindusthanee%2BMuhammadans%2B%2C%2BSheikhs%2B%2C%2BSyuds%2B%2C%2BMoguls%2B%2C%2BPathans%2B%2C%2BRangars%2B%28%2BRajput%2BMussalmans%2B%29%2Band%2BAfghans%2B%2C%2Bwhile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Alan_Bayly,_C._A._Bayly1996" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Alan Bayly, C. A. Bayly (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&dq=irregular+cavalry+syud&pg=PA159"><i>Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663601" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663601"><bdi>9780521663601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Information%3A+Intelligence+Gathering+and+Social+Communication+in+India%2C+1780-1870&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521663601&rft.au=Christopher+Alan+Bayly%2C+C.+A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bqEzPPp8xIC%26dq%3Dirregular%2Bcavalry%2Bsyud%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Sramek2011" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Sramek (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ma5hAQAAQBAJ&dq=bengal+irregular+cavalry+anglo-maratha+war&pg=PT212"><i>Gender, Morality, and Race in Company India, 1765-1858</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230337626" title="Special:BookSources/9780230337626"><bdi>9780230337626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Morality%2C+and+Race+in+Company+India%2C+1765-1858&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230337626&rft.au=Joseph+Sramek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMa5hAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbengal%2Birregular%2Bcavalry%2Banglo-maratha%2Bwar%26pg%3DPT212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNile_Green2009" class="citation book cs1">Nile Green (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy51FBmKI0gC&dq=urdu+spoken+in+the+army&pg=PA143"><i>Islam and the Army in Colonial India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521898454" title="Special:BookSources/9780521898454"><bdi>9780521898454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Army+in+Colonial+India&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521898454&rft.au=Nile+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCy51FBmKI0gC%26dq%3Durdu%2Bspoken%2Bin%2Bthe%2Barmy%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkram_ul-Majeed_Sehgal2002" class="citation book cs1">Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KPfAAAAMAAJ&q=3rd+regiment+cavalry+mainly+muslims"><i>Defence Journal:Volume 5, Issues 9-12</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defence+Journal%3AVolume+5%2C+Issues+9-12&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ikram+ul-Majeed+Sehgal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KPfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D3rd%2Bregiment%2Bcavalry%2Bmainly%2Bmuslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudrangshu_Mukherjee2002" class="citation book cs1">Rudrangshu Mukherjee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TiWNAvhoLkkC"><i>Awadh in Revolt, 1857-1858:A Study of Popular Resistance</i></a>. Permanent Black. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788178240275" title="Special:BookSources/9788178240275"><bdi>9788178240275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awadh+in+Revolt%2C+1857-1858%3AA+Study+of+Popular+Resistance&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788178240275&rft.au=Rudrangshu+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiWNAvhoLkkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyse_R._Morgenstein_Fuerst2017" class="citation book cs1">Ilyse R. Morgenstein Fuerst (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOMDwAAQBAJ&dq=muslims+eic+1857&pg=PA46"><i>Indian Muslim Minorities and the 1857 Rebellion</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786732378" title="Special:BookSources/9781786732378"><bdi>9781786732378</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslim+Minorities+and+the+1857+Rebellion&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781786732378&rft.au=Ilyse+R.+Morgenstein+Fuerst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBOMDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuslims%2Beic%2B1857%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Bayly2012" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Bayly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars+North+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%3A+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.date=2012&rft.au=C.A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIAyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Bjansath%2Bkakori%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Upadhyay" class="citation book cs1">R. Upadhyay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311170443/http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html"><i>"Urdu Controversy – is dividing the nation further"</i></a>. South Asia Analysis Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saag.org/papers7/paper675.html">the original</a> on 11 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Urdu+Controversy+%E2%80%93+is+dividing+the+nation+further%22&rft.pub=South+Asia+Analysis+Group&rft.au=R.+Upadhyay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saag.org%2Fpapers7%2Fpaper675.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditor:Richard_V._Weekes1984" class="citation book cs1">Editor:Richard V. Weekes (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vgpAQAAMAAJ&q=urdu+muslim+self-consciousness"><i>Muslim Peoples: Maba</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 826. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313246401" title="Special:BookSources/9780313246401"><bdi>9780313246401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Peoples%3A+Maba&rft.pages=826&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780313246401&rft.au=Editor%3ARichard+V.+Weekes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vgpAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Durdu%2Bmuslim%2Bself-consciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViśva_Mohana_Pāṇḍeya2003" class="citation book cs1">Viśva Mohana Pāṇḍeya (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC&dq=To+the+Muslims+an+industrialised+India+meant+a+Hindu+India,+because+the+Hindu+was+a+financier+and+a+business-man,+the+Muslim+in+general+an+agriculturist+and+soldier&pg=PA26"><i>Historiography of India's Partition: An Analysis of Imperialist Writings</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126903146" title="Special:BookSources/9788126903146"><bdi>9788126903146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography+of+India%27s+Partition%3A+An+Analysis+of+Imperialist+Writings&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788126903146&rft.au=Vi%C5%9Bva+Mohana+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu2lu-ZI-vQC%26dq%3DTo%2Bthe%2BMuslims%2Ban%2Bindustrialised%2BIndia%2Bmeant%2Ba%2BHindu%2BIndia%2C%2Bbecause%2Bthe%2BHindu%2Bwas%2Ba%2Bfinancier%2Band%2Ba%2Bbusiness-man%2C%2Bthe%2BMuslim%2Bin%2Bgeneral%2Ban%2Bagriculturist%2Band%2Bsoldier%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Harjot Oberoi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC&dq=biradari+brotherhoods+mughal&pg=PA82"><i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226615936" title="Special:BookSources/9780226615936"><bdi>9780226615936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780226615936&rft.au=Harjot+Oberoi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKl84EYFkTsC%26dq%3Dbiradari%2Bbrotherhoods%2Bmughal%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenila_Khoja-Moolji2018" class="citation book cs1">Shenila Khoja-Moolji (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umNgDwAAQBAJ&dq=biradari+tribe&pg=PT93"><i>Forging the Ideal Educated Girl:The Production of Desirable Subjects in Muslim South Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520970533" title="Special:BookSources/9780520970533"><bdi>9780520970533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forging+the+Ideal+Educated+Girl%3AThe+Production+of+Desirable+Subjects+in+Muslim+South+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780520970533&rft.au=Shenila+Khoja-Moolji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumNgDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbiradari%2Btribe%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan_Amanat1938" class="citation book cs1">Khan Amanat (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n573/mode/2up"><i>Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii</i></a>. The Imperial Council Agriculture Research. p. 485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agriculture+and+Live+Stock+In+India+Vol-viii&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=The+Imperial+Council+Agriculture+Research&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Khan+Amanat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.25924%2Fpage%2Fn573%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Bayly2012" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Bayly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+jansath+kakori&pg=PT257"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7"><bdi>978-0-19-908873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3ANorth+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%3A+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908873-7&rft.au=C.A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIAyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Bjansath%2Bkakori%26pg%3DPT257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Bayly2012" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Bayly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&dq=siddiqis&pg=PA118"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521310543" title="Special:BookSources/9780521310543"><bdi>9780521310543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521310543&rft.au=C.A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dsiddiqis%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ds4IFuJDl-QC&q=Bilgram&pg=PA92">Essays in Arabic Literary Biography: 1350 - 1850</a>, Roger M. A. Allen, Joseph Edmund Lowry, Terri DeYoung, <a href="/wiki/Devin_J._Stewart" title="Devin J. Stewart">Devin J. Stewart</a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 30-Dec-2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Three edited by A Hasan & J C Das</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzaffar_Alam1986" class="citation book cs1">Muzaffar Alam (1986). <i>The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India</i>. Oxford University Press, Bombay. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Empire+in+Mughal+North+India&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Bombay&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Muzaffar+Alam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/eminentmussalman031205mbp#page/n403/mode/2up/search/bilgrami">"Eminent Mussalmans"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Eminent+Mussalmans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Feminentmussalman031205mbp%23page%2Fn403%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fbilgrami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Irvine1971" class="citation book cs1">William Irvine (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=sayyids+named+after+barha&pg=PA202"><i>Later Mughal</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Mughal&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=1971&rft.au=William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak5oFjTys8MC%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Bnamed%2Bafter%2Bbarha%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Jones2011" class="citation book cs1">Justin Jones (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC&dq=barha+zaidi+syeds&pg=PA11"><i>Shi'a Islam in Colonial India:Religion, Community and Sectarianism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139501231" title="Special:BookSources/9781139501231"><bdi>9781139501231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27a+Islam+in+Colonial+India%3AReligion%2C+Community+and+Sectarianism&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781139501231&rft.au=Justin+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrioNz8_EwwC%26dq%3Dbarha%2Bzaidi%2Bsyeds%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Irvine1971" class="citation book cs1">William Irvine (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=barha+traditionally+right&pg=PA202"><i>Later Mughal</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Mughal&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=1971&rft.au=William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak5oFjTys8MC%26dq%3Dbarha%2Btraditionally%2Bright%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajasthan_Institute_of_Historical_Research1975" class="citation book cs1">Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RVDAAAAYAAJ&q=barha+sayyids+every+battle"><i>Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research: Volume 12</i></a>. Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Rajasthan+Institute+of+Historical+Research%3A+Volume+12&rft.pub=Rajasthan+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Rajasthan+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RVDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dbarha%2Bsayyids%2Bevery%2Bbattle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC&q=sayyid%20brotherhood%20barha"><i>Mohammad Yasin</i></a>. 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Pen and Sword. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526788634" title="Special:BookSources/9781526788634"><bdi>9781526788634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+an+Age+of+Turbulence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781526788634&rft.au=Masuma+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1p5hEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dansaris%2Bof%2Bpanipat%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SFuAAAAMAAJ&q=sher+afghan+khan+armed+train"><i>Delhi Through Ages: Ancient and medieval Delhi</i></a>. the University of Michigan. 1995. p. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174881380" title="Special:BookSources/9788174881380"><bdi>9788174881380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi+Through+Ages%3A+Ancient+and+medieval+Delhi&rft.pages=1995&rft.pub=the+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788174881380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8SFuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsher%2Bafghan%2Bkhan%2Barmed%2Btrain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syeda Saiyidain Hameed, 'Introduction', <i>Hali's Musaddas: A Story in Verse of the Ebb and Tide of Islam</i> (New Delhi: HarperCollins, 2003), p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Masood_Ashraf_Raja" title="Masood Ashraf Raja">Raja, Masood Ashraf</a> (2010). <i>Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947</i>. 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Iran Society (Kolkata, India). 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-iranica%3A+Volume+29&rft.pub=Iran+Society+%28Kolkata%2C+India%29&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO1tAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlutfullah%2Bkhan%2Bshahjahanabad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ANSARISOFYUSUFPUR">Ansaris of Yusufpur, Mahmud Ansari, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.heritagetimes.in/mukhtar-ansari/">https://www.heritagetimes.in/mukhtar-ansari/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mukhtar-Ahmad-Ansari">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mukhtar-Ahmad-Ansari</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazumder2003" class="citation book cs1">Mazumder, Rajit K. 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Orient Longman. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-059-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-059-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Army+and+the+Making+of+Punjab&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-059-6&rft.aulast=Mazumder&rft.aufirst=Rajit+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO4Wop9vwS9sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OghDAAAAYAAJ&q=barah+basti+ghori"><i>Proceedings:Volume 55</i></a>. 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Oriental University Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inquiry+Into+the+Ethnography+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Oriental+University+Institute&rft.date=1891&rft.au=Henry+Walter+Bellew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFVeAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dbulandshahr%2Bpathans%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKripal_Chandra_Yadav1980" class="citation book cs1">Kripal Chandra Yadav (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXUbAAAAIAAJ&q=Abdul+Latif+Khan+,+the+head+of+the+Pathans+of+the+Barah+Basti+,+paid+up"><i>Delhi in 1857: Volume 1</i></a>. 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Calcutta Historical Society. 1967. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%2C+Past+%26+Present%3AJournal+of+the+Calcutta+Historical+Society+%C2%B7+Volume+86&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Calcutta+Historical+Society&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxbjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpathan%2Bbasti%2Birregular%2Bcavalry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Francis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QS7FmiBwt-QC&pg=PA20"><i>Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521048262" title="Special:BookSources/9780521048262"><bdi>9780521048262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separatism+Among+Indian+Muslims%3A+The+Politics+of+the+United+Provinces&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780521048262&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQS7FmiBwt-QC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrag_Narain_Bhargava1911" class="citation book cs1">Prag Narain Bhargava (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld5AAQAAMAAJ&dq=nahar+khan+lalkhani&pg=PA21"><i>Who's who in India:Parts 4-8</i></a>. Newul Kishore Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+India%3AParts+4-8&rft.pub=Newul+Kishore+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Prag+Narain+Bhargava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLd5AAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dnahar%2Bkhan%2Blalkhani%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Charles_Benett1870" class="citation book cs1">William Charles Benett (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vcAIAAAAQAAJ&dq=gardezi+manikpur&pg=PA5"><i>A Report on the Family History of the Chief Clans of the Roy Bareilly District</i></a>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Report+on+the+Family+History+of+the+Chief+Clans+of+the+Roy+Bareilly+District&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1870&rft.au=William+Charles+Benett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvcAIAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3Dgardezi%2Bmanikpur%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Irvine1971" class="citation book cs1">William Irvine (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=gardezi+manikpur&pg=PA186"><i>Later Mughal</i></a>. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Mughal&rft.pages=186&rft.date=1971&rft.au=William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak5oFjTys8MC%26dq%3Dgardezi%2Bmanikpur%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-awadh-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-awadh_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhasin2018" class="citation book cs1">Bhasin, Rakesh (21 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lhbDwAAQBAJ&dq=muhammad+khan+bangash&pg=PT53"><i>Dastan-e-Awadh: A Momentous Journey from Faizabad to Lucknow</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-882-0"><bdi>978-1-64249-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dastan-e-Awadh%3A+A+Momentous+Journey+from+Faizabad+to+Lucknow&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018-05-21&rft.isbn=978-1-64249-882-0&rft.aulast=Bhasin&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lhbDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmuhammad%2Bkhan%2Bbangash%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJos_Gommans2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Jos Gommans</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HkpnDwAAQBAJ&dq=mau+rashidabad+ansari&pg=PT167"><i>The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351363563" title="Special:BookSources/9781351363563"><bdi>9781351363563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Frontier%3A+Horse+and+Warband+in+the+Making+of+Empires&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351363563&rft.au=Jos+Gommans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHkpnDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmau%2Brashidabad%2Bansari%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNile_Green_·2012" class="citation book cs1">Nile Green · (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEtgQa7jkIC&dq=Muhammad+Khan+indo-afghan+bangash&pg=PA144"><i>Sufism:A Global History</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405157612" title="Special:BookSources/9781405157612"><bdi>9781405157612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism%3AA+Global+History&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781405157612&rft.au=Nile+Green+%C2%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoEtgQa7jkIC%26dq%3DMuhammad%2BKhan%2Bindo-afghan%2Bbangash%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBtCAQAAMAAJ&dq=could+not+understand+a+single+word+of+Persian,+due+to+which+he+had+to+be+accompanied+by+one+of+his+sons&pg=PA332"><i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal:Volume 47</i></a>. Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal. 1878. p. 331. <q>Muhammad Khan, being a mere soldier, did not understand a single word of Persian, Turki or Pushtu</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal%3AVolume+47&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+%28Kolkata%2C+India%29%2C+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBtCAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dcould%2Bnot%2Bunderstand%2Ba%2Bsingle%2Bword%2Bof%2BPersian%2C%2Bdue%2Bto%2Bwhich%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Bto%2Bbe%2Baccompanied%2Bby%2Bone%2Bof%2Bhis%2Bsons%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine1879" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, William (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkybnQEACAAJ"><i>A History of the Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad: From 1713 to 1771 A.D.</i></a> G.H. Rouse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Bangash+Nawabs+of+Farrukhabad%3A+From+1713+to+1771+A.D.&rft.pub=G.H.+Rouse&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkybnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Bayly1988" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Bayly (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&dq=farrukhabad+indian+pathan&pg=PA118"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870</i></a>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3ANorth+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%2C+1770-1870&rft.pages=119&rft.date=1988&rft.au=C.+A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxfo3AAAAIAAJ%26dq%3Dfarrukhabad%2Bindian%2Bpathan%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPRIYANGI_AGARWAL2015" class="citation web cs1">PRIYANGI AGARWAL (Oct 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/istanbul-opens-its-eyes-to-rohilkhands-11-lakh-turks-/articleshow/49263392.cms">"Istanbul opens its eyes to Rohilkhand's 11 lakh Turks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Istanbul+opens+its+eyes+to+Rohilkhand%27s+11+lakh+Turks&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.au=PRIYANGI+AGARWAL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fbareilly%2Fistanbul-opens-its-eyes-to-rohilkhands-11-lakh-turks-%2Farticleshow%2F49263392.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan_Amanat1938" class="citation book cs1">Khan Amanat (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.25924/page/n575/mode/2up"><i>Agriculture and Live Stock In India Vol-viii</i></a>. The Imperial Council Agriculture Research. p. 486.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agriculture+and+Live+Stock+In+India+Vol-viii&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=The+Imperial+Council+Agriculture+Research&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Khan+Amanat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.25924%2Fpage%2Fn575%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while"><i>Calcutta Review 1956</i></a>. University of Calcutta. 1956. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta+Review+1956&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta.&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4g8xAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThree%2B-%2Bfourths%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCavalry%2Bbranch%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBengal%2BArmy%2Bwere%2Brecruited%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BMuslims%2Bof%2Bvarious%2Bdescriptions%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BHindusthanee%2BMuhammadans%2B%2C%2BSheikhs%2B%2C%2BSyuds%2B%2C%2BMoguls%2B%2C%2BPathans%2B%2C%2BRangars%2B%28%2BRajput%2BMussalmans%2B%29%2Band%2BAfghans%2B%2C%2Bwhile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A._Bayly2012" class="citation book cs1">C.A. Bayly (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyid+amroha+mughal+army&pg=PT77"><i>Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion: 1770–1870</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-908873-7"><bdi>978-0-19-908873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rulers%2C+Townsmen+and+Bazaars%3ANorth+Indian+Society+in+the+Age+of+British+Expansion%3A+1770%E2%80%931870&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-908873-7&rft.au=C.A.+Bayly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIAyDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsayyid%2Bamroha%2Bmughal%2Barmy%26pg%3DPT77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQVDAAAAYAAJ&q=sadat+amroha+mughal+empire"><i>Proceedings:Volume 50</i></a>. Indian History Congress. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings%3AVolume+50&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQVDAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dsadat%2Bamroha%2Bmughal%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoonam_Sagar1993" class="citation book cs1">Poonam Sagar (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Av9HAAAAMAAJ&q=marathas+amroha"><i>Maratha Policy Towards Northern India</i></a>. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maratha+Policy+Towards+Northern+India&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Meenakshi+Prakashan&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Poonam+Sagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAv9HAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmarathas%2Bamroha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Dudney2015" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Dudney (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ6fCwAAQBAJ&dq=sayyids+amroha+court&pg=PT223"><i>Delhi:Pages From a Forgotten History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384544317" title="Special:BookSources/9789384544317"><bdi>9789384544317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi%3APages+From+a+Forgotten+History&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789384544317&rft.au=Arthur+Dudney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQ6fCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsayyids%2Bamroha%2Bcourt%26pg%3DPT223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._R._Sharma_·2014" class="citation book cs1">S. R. Sharma · (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5yfAgAAQBAJ&dq=syed+amroha+army&pg=PA134"><i>Life, Times and Poetry of Mir</i></a>. Partridge Publishing. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781482814781" title="Special:BookSources/9781482814781"><bdi>9781482814781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%2C+Times+and+Poetry+of+Mir&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781482814781&rft.au=S.+R.+Sharma+%C2%B7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5yfAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsyed%2Bamroha%2Barmy%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAthar_Ali1968" class="citation book cs1">Athar Ali (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142894/page/n251/mode/2up?q=bahadur"><i>The Mughal Nobility Under Aurangzeb</i></a>. p. 251. <q>Dilir Khan Rohela - Birthplace: India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Nobility+Under+Aurangzeb&rft.pages=251&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Athar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.142894%2Fpage%2Fn251%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dbahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Irvine1971" class="citation book cs1">William Irvine (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=roh+definition+india&pg=RA1-PA117"><i>Later Mughal</i></a>. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Later+Mughal&rft.pages=117&rft.date=1971&rft.au=William+Irvine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak5oFjTys8MC%26dq%3Droh%2Bdefinition%2Bindia%26pg%3DRA1-PA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_McNeil2004" class="citation book cs1">Adrian McNeil (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0IAQAAMAAJ&q=Shahjahanpur+Pathans+lay+always+with+Awadh+rather+than+the"><i>Inventing the Sarod:A Cultural History</i></a>. Seagull Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170462132" title="Special:BookSources/9788170462132"><bdi>9788170462132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Sarod%3AA+Cultural+History&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Seagull+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788170462132&rft.au=Adrian+McNeil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4M0IAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DShahjahanpur%2BPathans%2Blay%2Balways%2Bwith%2BAwadh%2Brather%2Bthan%2Bthe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/pakistan-elections/2013/04/20134277479966662.html">"Explainer: Pakistan's main political parties"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aljazeera.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Aljazeera.com">Aljazeera.com</a></i>. 6 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Pakistan%27s+main+political+parties&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fspotlight%2Fpakistan-elections%2F2013%2F04%2F20134277479966662.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF.L._Drake-Brockman1909" class="citation book cs1">.L. Drake-Brockman (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUNuAAAAMAAJ&dq=second+rohilla+miranpur&pg=PA138"><i>District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Shahjahanpur</i></a>. Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Gazetteers+of+the+United+Provinces+of+Agra+and+Oudh%3A+Shahjahanpur&rft.pub=Supdt.%2C+Government+Press%2C+United+Provinces&rft.date=1909&rft.au=.L.+Drake-Brockman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUNuAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dsecond%2Brohilla%2Bmiranpur%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_McNeil2004" class="citation book cs1">Adrian McNeil (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4M0IAQAAMAAJ&q=shahjahanpur+pathans"><i>Inventing the Sarod:A Cultural History</i></a>. Seagull Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170462132" title="Special:BookSources/9788170462132"><bdi>9788170462132</bdi></a>. <q>Shahjahanpur, indeed, lying on the border between Awadh and Rohilkhand, formed a sort of debatable land between the two provinces but the sympathies and connections of the Shahjahanpur Pathans lay always with Awadh rather than the</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+the+Sarod%3AA+Cultural+History&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Seagull+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788170462132&rft.au=Adrian+McNeil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4M0IAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dshahjahanpur%2Bpathans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.M._Ikram1995" class="citation book cs1">S.M. Ikram (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7q9EubOYZmwC&dq=barkat+ali+khan+shahjahanpur+pathans&pg=PA203"><i>Indian Muslims and Partition of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171563746" title="Special:BookSources/9788171563746"><bdi>9788171563746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Muslims+and+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788171563746&rft.au=S.M.+Ikram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7q9EubOYZmwC%26dq%3Dbarkat%2Bali%2Bkhan%2Bshahjahanpur%2Bpathans%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Imran (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgUABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>The Punjab Under Imperialism, 1885-1947</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5958-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5958-0"><bdi>978-1-4008-5958-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punjab+Under+Imperialism%2C+1885-1947&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5958-0&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Imran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgUABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghBhatiaSharma1994" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S.; Bhatia, A. K.; Sharma, Madan Lal (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Haryana</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Survey_of_India" title="Anthropological Survey of India">Anthropological Survey of India</a>. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-091-7"><bdi>978-81-7304-091-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haryana&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-091-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+A.+K.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Madan+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmedGoswami2022" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Dr Mukhtar; Goswami, Heena (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyjournal.net/archives/2022.v4.i1.B.161">"Nawab Khair Andesh Khan: A polymath of Mughal period"</a>. <i>International Journal of History</i>. <b>4</b> (1). University of Delhi: 100–106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2706-9117">2706-9117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Nawab+Khair+Andesh+Khan%3A+A+polymath+of+Mughal+period&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-106&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=2706-9117&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Dr+Mukhtar&rft.au=Goswami%2C+Heena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyjournal.net%2Farchives%2F2022.v4.i1.B.161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amaresh_Misra_1998-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amaresh_Misra_1998_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amaresh_Misra_1998_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaresh_Misra1998" class="citation book cs1">Amaresh Misra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0wAQAAIAAJ&q=They+belonged+to+the+Qidwai+clan+whose+1700+warriors+preferred+to+lay+down+their+lives+at+Buxur+rather+than+retreat+and"><i>Lucknow, Fire of Grace:The Story of Its Revolution, Renaissance and the Aftermath</i></a>. HarperCollins Publishers India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172232887" title="Special:BookSources/9788172232887"><bdi>9788172232887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucknow%2C+Fire+of+Grace%3AThe+Story+of+Its+Revolution%2C+Renaissance+and+the+Aftermath&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788172232887&rft.au=Amaresh+Misra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCG0wAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThey%2Bbelonged%2Bto%2Bthe%2BQidwai%2Bclan%2Bwhose%2B1700%2Bwarriors%2Bpreferred%2Bto%2Blay%2Bdown%2Btheir%2Blives%2Bat%2BBuxur%2Brather%2Bthan%2Bretreat%2Band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradeep_Barua2005" class="citation book cs1">Pradeep Barua (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIIQhuAOGaIC&dq=sheikzadi&pg=PA73"><i>The state at war in South Asia</i></a>. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+state+at+war+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pradeep+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIIQhuAOGaIC%26dq%3Dsheikzadi%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8As_JziO2kC&dq=sheikhs+kakori+awadh&pg=PA9"><i>Surya Narain Singh</i></a>. 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Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nur+Jahan%3A+Empress+of+Mughal+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Ellison+Banks+Findly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugxFjVDk3I8C%26dq%3Djahangir%2Bsayyids%2Bbarha%2Bbukhara%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasir_Raza_Khan" class="citation book cs1">Nasir Raza Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ye62EAAAQBAJ&dq=jahangir+sayyids+shaikhzadas&pg=PA86"><i>Islam in India: History, Politics and Society</i></a>. 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Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789351185758" title="Special:BookSources/9789351185758"><bdi>9789351185758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Food+Guide+to+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft.isbn=9789351185758&rft.au=Charmaine+O%27+Brien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBGhBAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindo-muslim%2Bcuisine%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKen_Albala2011" class="citation book cs1">Ken Albala (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTo6c_PJWRgC&dq=muhajir+cuisine&pg=RA2-PA195"><i>Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313376269" title="Special:BookSources/9780313376269"><bdi>9780313376269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+Cultures+of+the+World+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2011&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313376269&rft.au=Ken+Albala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTo6c_PJWRgC%26dq%3Dmuhajir%2Bcuisine%26pg%3DRA2-PA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/food/pakistani-food-debate-team-biryani-vs-team-pulao-who-will-win-1.1642666465571">"Pakistani food debate: Team Biryani Vs Team Pulao, who will win?"</a>. <i>gulfnews.com</i>. 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Pakistani+food+debate%3A+Team+Biryani+Vs+Team+Pulao%2C+who+will+win%3F&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Ffood%2Fpakistani-food-debate-team-biryani-vs-team-pulao-who-will-win-1.1642666465571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Pereltsvaig, Asya</a> (2017-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DB4xDwAAQBAJ&dq=most+urdu+speakers+live+in+india&pg=PA60"><i>Languages of the World: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-17114-5"><bdi>978-1-107-17114-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-17114-5&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDB4xDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmost%2Burdu%2Bspeakers%2Blive%2Bin%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedclift2013" class="citation book cs1">Redclift, Victoria (2013-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVxtNBjTaCgC&dq=dhakaiya+community&pg=PA82"><i>Statelessness and Citizenship: Camps and the Creation of Political Space</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22032-6"><bdi>978-1-136-22032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statelessness+and+Citizenship%3A+Camps+and+the+Creation+of+Political+Space&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22032-6&rft.aulast=Redclift&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVxtNBjTaCgC%26dq%3Ddhakaiya%2Bcommunity%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/members/20426">"Madhesh"</a>. <i>Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Urdu in Sri Lanka: Socio-Linguistics of a Minority Language". <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 185–201. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20840072">20840072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Urdu+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+Socio-Linguistics+of+a+Minority+Language&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-201&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20840072%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mahroof&rft.aufirst=M.M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BhattacharyaKripalani2015-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BhattacharyaKripalani2015_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayati_BhattacharyaCoonoor_Kripalani2015" class="citation book cs1">Jayati Bhattacharya; Coonoor Kripalani (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dr7MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Indian and Chinese Immigrant Communities: Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 9, 121–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-447-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78308-447-0"><bdi>978-1-78308-447-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+and+Chinese+Immigrant+Communities%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=9%2C+121-&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-78308-447-0&rft.au=Jayati+Bhattacharya&rft.au=Coonoor+Kripalani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddr7MBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt2005-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2005_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt2005_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Laila_Schmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Laila Schmidt (8 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAiiT5ZRX_kC&pg=PR23"><i>Urdu: An Essential Grammar</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-134-71320-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-134-71320-7"><bdi>1-134-71320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urdu%3A+An+Essential+Grammar&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=1-134-71320-7&rft.au=Ruth+Laila+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAiiT5ZRX_kC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leonard2007-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leonard2007_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaren_Isaksen_Leonard2007" class="citation book cs1">Karen Isaksen Leonard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQCvgavbQjgC"><i>Locating Home: India's Hyderabadis Abroad</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5442-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-5442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locating+Home%3A+India%27s+Hyderabadis+Abroad&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2&rft.au=Karen+Isaksen+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQCvgavbQjgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BhatiaKoul2005-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BhatiaKoul2005_121-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTej_K_BhatiaAshok_Koul2005" class="citation book cs1">Tej K Bhatia; Ashok Koul (10 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvqEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-77970-3"><bdi>978-1-134-77970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Urdu%3A+The+Complete+Course+for+Beginners&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-134-77970-3&rft.au=Tej+K+Bhatia&rft.au=Ashok+Koul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvqEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tschacher2017-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tschacher2017_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsten_Tschacher2017" class="citation book cs1">Torsten Tschacher (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iuw9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT235"><i>Race, Religion, and the 'Indian Muslim' Predicament in Singapore</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 235–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-30337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-30337-6"><bdi>978-1-315-30337-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Religion%2C+and+the+%27Indian+Muslim%27+Predicament+in+Singapore&rft.pages=235-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-315-30337-6&rft.au=Torsten+Tschacher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuw9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urdu-speaking_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi2018" class="citation news cs1">Alavi, Shams Ur Rehman (Jul 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/culture/urdu-census-language-2011-north-india">"Census Data on Language Reveals a Surprise about Urdu"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Census+Data+on+Language+Reveals+a+Surprise+about+Urdu&rft.date=2018-07&rft.aulast=Alavi&rft.aufirst=Shams+Ur+Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fculture%2Furdu-census-language-2011-north-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniyal2018" class="citation news cs1">Daniyal, Shoaib (Jul 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/884754/surging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census">"Surging Hindi, shrinking South Indian languages: Nine charts that explain the 2011 language census"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Surging+Hindi%2C+shrinking+South+Indian+languages%3A+Nine+charts+that+explain+the+2011+language+census&rft.date=2018-07&rft.aulast=Daniyal&rft.aufirst=Shoaib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F884754%2Fsurging-hindi-shrinking-south-indian-languages-nine-charts-that-explain-the-2011-language-census&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrdu-speaking+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Muhajir_communities" title="Template:Muhajir communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhajir_communities" title="Template talk:Muhajir communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhajir_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhajir communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muhajir_communities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Urdu-speaking_people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)">Muhajir</a> communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alids" title="Alids">Alids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidi" title="Hamidi">Hamidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi Muslims</a></li> <li>Siddiqi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(social_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chik (social group)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_(Awadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanzada (Awadh)">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik (tribe)">Malik of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muker (tribe)">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathan_of_Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathan of Bihar (page does not exist)">Pathan of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayee" title="Rayee">Rayee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaikh_of_Bihar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaikh of Bihar (page does not exist)">Shaikh of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded Pakistanis">Stranded Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurai" title="Thakurai">Thakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Abbasi Saqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arain_(Delhi)" title="Arain (Delhi)">Arain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi (tribe)">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Qaum-e-Punjaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar">Rajput Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saifi">Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh (caste)">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadala" title="Bhadala">Bhadala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunara" title="Chunara">Chunara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundrigar" title="Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuldhoya" title="Dhuldhoya">Dhuldhoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodwala" title="Doodwala">Doodwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi-Pinjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanchi-Pinjara">Ghanchi-Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ker (tribe)">Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_(caste)" title="Makrani (caste)">Makrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malik_(caste)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malik (caste) (page does not exist)">Malik of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandali_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandali (caste)">Mandali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makwana_(Muslim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makwana (Muslim) (page does not exist)">Makwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manka_(caste)" title="Manka (caste)">Manka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoori" title="Mansoori">Mansoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Qureshi" title="Meta Qureshi">Meta Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesalam Rajput">Molesalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momna" title="Momna">Momna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_Lohar" title="Multani Lohar">Multani Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutwa" title="Mutwa">Mutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagori_(caste)" title="Nagori (caste)">Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (tribe)">Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar" title="Panar">Panar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Parmar_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Parmar (Gujarat)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani Bohras"> Patani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patni_Jamat" title="Patni Jamat">Patni Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)" title="Salaat (Muslim)">Salaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghar (tribe)">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh" title="Gujarati Shaikh">Shaikhs of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhda" title="Shaikhda">Shaikhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Gujarat">Sayyid of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)" title="Sipahi (caste)">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Sunni Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surti_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Surti Muslims">Surti Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(caste)" title="Tai (caste)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turk Jamat (page does not exist)">Turk Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vora_Patel" title="Vora Patel">Vora Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)" title="Vyapari (caste)">Vyapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush" title="Chaush">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu Mappila">Kodagu Mappila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koya_(Mappila_Subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koya (Mappila Subdivision)">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Mappila">Mappila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikkar">Marikkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal">Thangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulukkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulukkar">Thulukkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah (caste)">Cheetah</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi (tribe)">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadim_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadim (caste)">Khadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanzada">Khanzada</a></li> <li>Merat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Qaimkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath (tribe)">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_Shaikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani Shaikh">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originally from <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li>Ansari <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Momin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(nesba)" title="Ansari (nesba)">Nesba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(Panipat)" title="Ansari (Panipat)">Panipati Ansaris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)">Baluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fareedi">Fareedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garha" title="Garha">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi (tribe)">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjar_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)">Gujjar Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Halwai" title="Muslim Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_biradri" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi biradri">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jat" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jat">Jat Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhojha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jhojha (page does not exist)">Jhojha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Kakorvi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kamboh_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Kamboh (Uttar Pradesh)">Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Kayastha Musalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_(Awadh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanzada (Awadh)">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Islam)" title="Khumra (Islam)">Khumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhani Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milki_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milki (caste)">Milki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal (tribe)">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujavir" title="Mujavir">Mujavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muker (tribe)">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Muslims" title="Nagar Muslims">Nagar Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans of Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Qaum-e-Punjaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidwai" title="Qidwai">Qidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar"> Rajput Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat_Amroha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat Amroha">Sadaat Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadat-e-Bara" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadat-e-Bara">Saadat-e-Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bilgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat-e-Bilgram">Sadaat-e-Bilgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saifi">Saifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh">Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh">Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fri" title="Ja'fri">Shaikh Ja'fri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiqui" title="Siddiqui">Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhzada" title="Shaikhzada">Shaikhzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli Musalmaan</a></li> <li>Turk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagi_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyagi (Muslim)">Tyagi Musalmaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Muslim_communities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Muslim" title="Template talk:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Muslim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Muslim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Muslim_communities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Indian Muslim</a> communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_India" title="Arabs in India">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arain_(Delhi)" title="Arain (Delhi)">Arain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghons" title="Arghons">Arghon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardic peoples">Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_India" title="Pathans in India">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urdu-speaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_Muslims" title="Dogra Muslims">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_Muslims" title="Marwari Muslims">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims of Manipur">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Muslims" title="Odia Muslims">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Muslims" title="Andhra Muslims">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Muslims" title="Goan Muslims">Goan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail" title="Chamail">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churihar" title="Churihar">Churihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulhaiya" title="Kulhaiya">Kulhaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_clan_(Bihar)" title="Malik clan (Bihar)">Malik of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirshikar" title="Mirshikar">Mirshikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuk_Pasi" title="Turuk Pasi">Pasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (Muslim)">Nat</a></li> <li>Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapera_(Muslim)" title="Sapera (Muslim)">Sapera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_(Mallick)_from_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed (Mallick) from Bihar">Syed (Mallick)</a></li> <li>Shaikh of Bihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurai" title="Thakurai">Thakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attarwala" title="Attarwala">Attarwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafan" title="Bafan">Bafan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadala" title="Bhadala">Bhadala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunara" title="Chunara">Chunara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundrigar" title="Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuldhoya" title="Dhuldhoya">Dhuldhoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodwala" title="Doodwala">Doodwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiara" title="Galiara">Galiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi-Pinjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanchi-Pinjara">Ghanchi-Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halaypotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Junejo">Juneja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ker clan">Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_(caste)" title="Khalifa (caste)">Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrani caste">Makrani</a></li> <li>Maliks of Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandali_caste" title="Mandali caste">Mandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Makwana" title="Muslim Makwana">Makwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manka_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Manka caste">Manka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoori" title="Mansoori">Mansoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Qureshi" title="Meta Qureshi">Meta Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesalam Rajput">Molesalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momna" title="Momna">Momna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_Lohar" title="Multani Lohar">Multani Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutwa" title="Mutwa">Mutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagori_(caste)" title="Nagori (caste)">Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_tribe" title="Node tribe">Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar" title="Panar">Panar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Parmar_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Parmar (Gujarat)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani Bohras"> Patani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patni_Jamat" title="Patni Jamat">Patni Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)" title="Salaat (Muslim)">Salaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_caste" title="Sanghar caste">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh" title="Gujarati Shaikh">Shaikhs of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhda" title="Shaikhda">Shaikhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Gujarat">Sayyid of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)" title="Sipahi (caste)">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Sunni Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(caste)" title="Tai (caste)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turk Jamat (page does not exist)">Turk Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vora_Patel" title="Vora Patel">Vora Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)" title="Vyapari (caste)">Vyapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_Maaple" title="Kodava Maaple">Kodava Maaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad_ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah">Assadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusalan" title="Pusalan">Pusalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossan" title="Ossan">Ossans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal">Tangals (the Sayyids)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbais</a></li> <li>Nahas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyi_family" title="Keyi family">Keyis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_(Malabar)" title="Koya (Malabar)">Koyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainars" title="Nainars">Nainars</a></li> <li>Dakhnis or Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Ravuthars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Bohras (Daudi Bohras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawad" title="Dhawad">Dhawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavandi" title="Gavandi">Gavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Momin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderkoti" title="Anderkoti">Anderkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah caste">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwa" title="Chadwa">Chadwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Mehtar" title="Hela Mehtar">Hela Mehtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranbaz" title="Hiranbaz">Hiranbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandera" title="Kandera">Kandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadem_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadem (caste)">Khadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langha_(tribe)" title="Langha (tribe)">Langha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiar</a></li> <li>Merat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Qaimkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Rajasthan">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singiwala" title="Singiwala">Singiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rowther" title="Rowther">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (Pathans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(surname)" title="Ansari (surname)">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atishbaz" title="Atishbaz">Atishbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachgoti_Khanzada" title="Bachgoti Khanzada">Bachgoti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)">Baluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bandhmati" title="Muslim Bandhmati">Bandhmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Barhai" title="Muslim Barhai">Barhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Israil" title="Banu Israil">Banu Israil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhand" title="Bhand">Bhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhale_Sultan_Khanzada" title="Bhale Sultan Khanzada">Bhale Sultan Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti_Khanzada" title="Bhatti Khanzada">Bhatti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li>Muslim Bhumihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafali" title="Dafali">Dafali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhagi" title="Muslim Dhagi">Dhagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharhi" title="Dharhi">Dharhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li>Fareedi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_Faqir" title="Jogi Faqir">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Khanzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Khanzada">Gautam Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goriya" title="Goriya">Goriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjar_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)">Gujjar Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalkhor" title="Halalkhor">Halalkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Halwai" title="Muslim Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li>Jhojha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaria" title="Kabaria">Kabaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Kakorvi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamangars" title="Kamangars">Kamangars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasgar" title="Kasgar">Kasgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Kayastha Musalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar_Khanzada" title="Khokhar Khanzada">Khokhar Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Islam)" title="Khumra (Islam)">Khumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingharia" title="Kingharia">Kingharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhani Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madari" title="Madari">Madari</a></li> <li>Mandarkia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milki" title="Milki">Milki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujavir" title="Mujavir">Mujavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jats">Muley Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Muslims" title="Nagar Muslims">Nagar Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalband_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalband (tribe) (page does not exist)">Nalband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanbai" title="Nanbai">Nanbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqqal" title="Naqqal">Naqqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchpiria" title="Panchpiria">Panchpiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhiya" title="Pankhiya">Pankhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putliwale" title="Putliwale">Putliwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(caste)" title="Qalandar (caste)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Qaum-e-Punjabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidwai" title="Qidwai">Qidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raibhat" title="Muslim Raibhat">Rai Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_(caste)" title="Raj (caste)">Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar"> Rajput Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaiya" title="Ramaiya">Ramaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat_Amroha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat Amroha">Sadaat Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Sadaat-e-Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bilgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat-e-Bilgram">Sadaat-e-Bilgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh">Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh">Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fri" title="Ja'fri">Shaikh Ja'fri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhzada" title="Shaikhzada">Shaikhzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiqui" title="Siddiqui">Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli Musalmaan</a></li> <li>Turk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagi_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyagi (Muslim)">Tyagi Musalmaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedia_(Muslim_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedia (Muslim clan)">Bedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_(tribe)" title="Kela (tribe)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_people" title="Khotta people">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_Muslims" title="Lodha Muslims">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Muslim" title="Mal Muslim">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashya_Shaikh" title="Nashya Shaikh">Nashya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patua" title="Patua">Patua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuria" title="Sapuria">Sapuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Shamsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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[\"CITEREFClaire_AlexanderJoya_ChatterjiAnnu_Jalais2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniyal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditor:Richard_V._Weekes1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllison_Banks_Findly1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarooqi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleetwood_Williams1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburghWeber2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarjot_Oberoi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasnain2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenk_W._Wagenaar,_S._S._Parikh,_D._F._Plukker,_R._Veldhuijzen_van_Zanten1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Walter_Bellew1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIkram_ul-Majeed_Sehgal2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlyse_R._Morgenstein_Fuerst2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvine1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayati_BhattacharyaCoonoor_Kripalani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Ovington1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJos_Gommans2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Sramek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Jones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaren_Isaksen_Leonard2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKen_Albala2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenneth_Pletcher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan_Amanat1938\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKim_A._Wagner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKripal_Chandra_Yadav1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahapatra1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahroof1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasuma_Hasan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazumder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Yasin1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzaffar_Alam1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarindar_Saroop1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasir_Raza_Khan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNile_Green2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNile_Green_·2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPRIYANGI_AGARWAL2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereltsvaig2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoonam_Sagar1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradeep_Barua2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrag_Narain_Bhargava1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Upadhyay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajasthan_Institute_of_Historical_Research1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedclift2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudrangshu_Mukherjee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Laila_Schmidt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS.M._Ikram1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._R._Sharma_·2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandria_B._Freitag1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenila_Khoja-Moolji2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghBhatiaSharma1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumit_Walia2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTej_K_BhatiaAshok_Koul2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorsten_Tschacher2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViśva_Mohana_Pāṇḍeya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Charles_Benett1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Irvine1971\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFYadav1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsir_Richard_Francis_Burton,_Luis_Vaz_de_Camoens1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČedomir_Nestorović2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"E22\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian Muslim\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Muhajir communities\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unq\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-744c7589dd-dw4wg","timestamp":"20241125133636","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Urdu-speaking people","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urdu-speaking_people","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q97175305","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q97175305","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2020-07-07T07:10:31Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T08:45:43Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fc\/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png","headline":"identification term in South Asia"}</script> </body> </html>