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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years_in_Jiangxi_and_Jiangsu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years_in_Jiangxi_and_Jiangsu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years in Jiangxi and Jiangsu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years_in_Jiangxi_and_Jiangsu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_in_Beijing_and_Anhui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_in_Beijing_and_Anhui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Years in Beijing and Anhui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_in_Beijing_and_Anhui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Years_in_Europe_and_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Years_in_Europe_and_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Years in Europe and Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Years_in_Europe_and_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dramas_and_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramas_and_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dramas and performances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramas_and_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_translated_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_translated_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Works translated into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_translated_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Eastern_Hemisphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Eastern_Hemisphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the Eastern Hemisphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Eastern_Hemisphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_from_Zhu_Rongji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_from_Zhu_Rongji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Response from Zhu Rongji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_from_Zhu_Rongji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_from_Chinese_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_from_Chinese_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Comments from Chinese writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_from_Chinese_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In the western world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Gao's_work_in_other_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Gao's_work_in_other_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Influence of Gao's work in other fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Gao's_work_in_other_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gao_Xingjian_Center_at_National_Taiwan_Normal_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gao_Xingjian_Center_at_National_Taiwan_Normal_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gao Xingjian Center at National Taiwan Normal University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gao_Xingjian_Center_at_National_Taiwan_Normal_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gao Xingjian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاو كسينجيان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاو كسينجيان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="গাও চ্যিংজিয়ান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গাও চ্যিংজিয়ান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qao_Sintszyan" title="Qao Sintszyan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qao Sintszyan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قائو شینقجیان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قائو شینقجیان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="কাও শিংচিয়েন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাও শিংচিয়েন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_H%C3%AAng-ki%C4%81n" title="Ko Hêng-kiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko Hêng-kiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гаа Сінцянь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаа Сінцянь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гао Сынцянь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гао Сынцянь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гао Синдзиен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гао Синдзиен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀོའོ་ཤིན་ཅན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཀོའོ་ཤིན་ཅན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Sing-%C5%A5ien" title="Kao Sing-ťien – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kao Sing-ťien" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Γκάο Σιντζιάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκάο Σιντζιάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گائو شینگجیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گائو شینگجیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E5%81%A5" title="高行健 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="高行健" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4_H%C3%A0ng-khien" title="Kô Hàng-khien – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kô Hàng-khien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%98%A4%EC%8B%B1%EC%A0%A0" title="가오싱젠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가오싱젠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B8_%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Գաո Սինցզյան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գաո Սինցզյան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गौ चिंजयान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गौ चिंजयान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_%C5%A0ingjian" title="Gao Šingjian – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gao Šingjian" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="גאו שינג'יאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאו שינג'יאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გაო სინძიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაო სინძიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гао Синцзянь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гао Синцзянь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Sjindzja%C5%86s" title="Gao Sjindzjaņs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gao Sjindzjaņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Hszing-csien" title="Kao Hszing-csien – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kao Hszing-csien" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гао Сјингѓен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гао Сјингѓен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاو كسينجيان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاو كسينجيان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گائو شینگجیان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گائو شینگجیان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8F%CC%A4_H%C3%A8ng-gi%C3%B4ng" title="Gŏ̤ Hèng-giông – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŏ̤ Hèng-giông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гао Шинжиэнь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гао Шинжиэнь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E5%81%A5" title="高行健 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高行健" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਾਓ ਜ਼ਿੰਗਜੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਓ ਜ਼ਿੰਗਜੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="گاو زیجین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گاو زیجین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гао Синцзянь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гао Синцзянь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_%C5%A0ingd%C5%BEjan" title="Gao Šingdžjan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gao Šingdžjan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гао Сингђен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гао Сингђен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D2%A3%D2%97%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Гао Шиңҗиян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гао Шиңҗиян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="เกา สิงเจี้ยน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกา สิงเจี้ยน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ґао Сінцзянь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґао Сінцзянь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4_%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گاؤ زنجانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گاؤ زنجانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_H%C3%A0nh_Ki%E1%BB%87n" title="Cao Hành Kiện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao Hành Kiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E5%81%A5" title="高行健 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高行健" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gao Xingjian" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese novelist, critic, playwright and Nobel laureate</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Xingjian" redirects here. For the Uygur Autonomous Region in China, see <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> Gao</i>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gao Xingjian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gao_Xingjian_(2012,_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gao in 2012"><img alt="Gao in 2012" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gao_Xingjian_%282012%2C_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="2234" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Gao in 2012</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1940-01-04</span>) </span>January 4, 1940<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 84)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a>, Jiangxi, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Novelist</li> <li>playwright</li> <li>critic</li> <li>translator</li> <li>screenwriter</li> <li>director</li> <li>painter</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (1940–49)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (1949–98)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (since 1997)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University" title="Beijing Foreign Studies University">Beijing Foreign Studies University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta-theatre,_genre_resistant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta-theatre, genre resistant (page does not exist)">Meta-theatre, genre resistant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i>Absolute Signal</i> (1982)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bus_Stop" title="The Bus Stop">The Bus Stop</a></i> (1983)<br /><i>Wild Man</i> (1985)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Shore" title="The Other Shore">The Other Shore</a></i> (1986)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Mountain" title="Soul Mountain">Soul Mountain</a></i> (1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <br /> (2000) <br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Wang Xuejun (王学筠); divorced</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">高行健</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Gāo Xíngjiàn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kao Hsing-chien</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kɑ́ʊ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɕǐŋtɕjɛ̂n]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gao Xingjian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">高行健</span>; born January 4, 1940) is a Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a> and later French naturalized novelist, playwright, critic, painter, photographer, film director, and translator who in 2000 was awarded the <a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity."<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also a noted translator (particularly of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a>), screenwriter, stage director, and a celebrated painter. </p><p>Gao's drama is considered to be fundamentally <a href="/wiki/The_Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theatre of the Absurd">absurdist</a> in nature and avant-garde in his native China. <i>Absolute Signal</i> (1982) was a breakthrough in Chinese experimental theatre. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bus_Stop" title="The Bus Stop">The Bus Stop</a></i> (1983) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Shore" title="The Other Shore">The Other Shore</a></i> (1986) had their productions halted by the Chinese government, with the acclaimed <i>Wild Man</i> (1985) the last work of his to be publicly performed in China. He left the country in 1987 and his plays from <i>The Other Shore</i> onward increasingly centered on universal (rather than Chinese) concerns, but his 1989 play <i>Exile</i> angered both the government for its depiction of China and the overseas democracy movement for its depiction of intellectuals. In 1997, he was granted French citizenship. </p><p>Gao's influences include classical Chinese opera, folk culture, and 20th century European drama such as <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a>, and he said in 1987 that as a writer he could be placed at the meeting point between Western and Eastern cultures. He is a very private person, however, and later claimed, "No matter whether it is in politics or literature, I do not believe in or belong to any party or school, and this includes nationalism and patriotism." His prose works tend to be less celebrated in China but are highly regarded elsewhere in Europe and the West, with <i>Soul Mountain</i> singled out in the Nobel Prize announcement. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Ganzhou" title="Ganzhou">Ganzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>, during wartime China in 1940 (Gao's original paternal ancestral home town is in <a href="/wiki/Taizhou,_Jiangsu" title="Taizhou, Jiangsu">Taizhou, Jiangsu</a> with his maternal roots from <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>), his family returned to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> with him following the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He has been a French national since 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a> by the French government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_in_Jiangxi_and_Jiangsu">Early years in Jiangxi and Jiangsu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years in Jiangxi and Jiangsu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao's father was a clerk in the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a>, and his mother was a member of <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a>. His mother was once a playactress of Anti-Japanese Theatre during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>. Under his mother's influence, Gao enjoyed painting, writing and theatre very much when he was a little boy. During his middle school years, he read much translated literature from the West, and he studied <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">ink and wash painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> and clay sculpture under the guidance of painter Yun Zongying (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">郓宗嬴</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">鄆宗嬴</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yùn Zōngyíng</span></i>). </p><p>In 1950, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. In 1952, Gao entered the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Number_10_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Number 10 Middle School">Nanjing Number 10 Middle School</a> (later renamed Jinling High School) which was the Middle School attached to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_in_Beijing_and_Anhui">Years in Beijing and Anhui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Years in Beijing and Anhui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1957 Gao graduated, and, following his mother's advice, chose <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University" title="Beijing Foreign Studies University">Beijing Foreign Studies University</a> (BFSU) instead of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Central Academy of Fine Arts">Central Academy of Fine Arts</a>, although he was thought to be talented in art. </p><p>In 1962 Gao graduated from the Department of French, BFSU, and then he worked for the Chinese International Bookstore (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中國國際書店</span></span>). During the 1970s, because of the <a href="/wiki/Down_to_the_Countryside_Movement" title="Down to the Countryside Movement">Down to the Countryside Movement</a>, he was persecuted as a public intellectual, forced to destroy his early writings, and was sent to the countryside to do hard labor in Anhui Province for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught as a Chinese teacher in Gangkou Middle School, Ningguo county, Anhui Province for a short time. In 1975, he was allowed to go back to Beijing and became the group leader of French translation for the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/China_Reconstructs" class="mw-redirect" title="China Reconstructs">China Reconstructs</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《中國建設》</span></span>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gao_Xingjian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gao_Xingjian.jpg/220px-Gao_Xingjian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Gao_Xingjian.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Gao Xingjian in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1977 Gao worked for the Committee of Foreign Relationship, Chinese Association of Writers. In May 1979, he visited Paris with a group of Chinese writers including <a href="/wiki/Ba_Jin" title="Ba Jin">Ba Jin</a>. In 1980, Gao became a screenwriter and playwright for the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_People%27s_Art_Theatre" title="Beijing People's Art Theatre">Beijing People's Art Theatre</a>. </p><p>Gao is known as a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurdist</a> drama in China, where <i>Signal Alarm</i> (《絕對信號》, 1982) and <i>Bus Stop</i> (《車站》, 1983) were produced during his term as resident playwright at the Beijing People's Art Theatre from 1981 to 1987. Influenced by European theatrical models, it gained him a reputation as an avant-garde writer. The production of the former work (the title of which has also been translated as <i>Absolute Signal</i>) was considered a breakthrough and trend-setter in Chinese experimental theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-Fong_1999_xii_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fong_1999_xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i>Preliminary Explorations Into the Art of Modern Fiction</i> was published in September 1981<sup id="cite_ref-Barmé_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barmé-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reprinted in 1982, by which point several established writers had applauded it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_2007_6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao_2007_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plays <i>Wild Man</i> (1985) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Shore_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Shore (play)">The Other Shore</a></i> (《彼岸》, 1986) openly criticised the government's state policies. The rehearsal of the latter was ordered to stop after one month.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986 Gao was misdiagnosed with lung cancer, and he began a 10-month trek along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>, which resulted in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Mountain" title="Soul Mountain">Soul Mountain</a></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《靈山》</span></span>). The part-memoir, part-novel, first published in Taipei in 1990 and in English in 2000 by HarperCollins Australia, mixes literary genres and utilizes shifting narrative voices. It has been specially cited by the Swedish Nobel committee as "one of those singular literary creations that seem impossible to compare with anything but themselves." The book details his travels from Sichuan province to the coast, and life among Chinese minorities such as the Qiang, Miao, and Yi peoples on the fringes of Han Chinese civilization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Years_in_Europe_and_Paris">Years in Europe and Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Years in Europe and Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1980s, Gao had shifted to <a href="/wiki/Bagnolet" title="Bagnolet">Bagnolet</a>, a city adjacent to Paris, France. His 1989 political drama <i>Fugitives<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> (also translated as <i>Exile</i>), about three people who escape to a disused warehouse after the tanks roll into Tiananmen Square on <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">4 June 1989</a>, resulted in all his works being banned from performance in China and he was officially deemed <a href="/wiki/Persona_non_grata" title="Persona non grata">persona non grata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selected works: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramas_and_performances">Dramas and performances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dramas and performances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《絕對信號》 (<i>Signal Alarm</i> / <i>Absolute Signal</i>, 1982) <ul><li>1982, in <a href="/wiki/Beijing_People%27s_Art_Theatre" title="Beijing People's Art Theatre">Beijing People's Art Theatre</a></li> <li>1992, in Taiwan</li></ul></li> <li>《車站》 (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Bus_Stop" title="The Bus Stop">Bus Stop</a></i>, 1983) <ul><li>1983, in <a href="/wiki/Beijing_People%27s_Art_Theatre" title="Beijing People's Art Theatre">Beijing People's Art Theatre</a></li> <li>1984, in Yugoslavia</li> <li>1986, in Hong Kong</li> <li>1986, in Britain, University of Leeds, England. Translated and Directed by Carla Kirkwood</li> <li>1991, in United States (California) Southwestern College, Chula Vista. Translated and Directed by Carla Kirkwood.</li> <li>1992, in Austria</li> <li>1997, in United States (Massachusetts) Smith College, Northampton. Translated and Directed by Carla Kirkwood.</li> <li>1999, in Japan</li> <li>2004, in United States (California) University of California at San Diego. Translated and Directed by Carla Kirkwood</li></ul></li> <li>《野人》 (<i>Wild Men</i> / <i>Wilderness Man</i>, 1985) <ul><li>1985, in <a href="/wiki/Beijing_People%27s_Art_Theatre" title="Beijing People's Art Theatre">Beijing People's Art Theatre</a></li> <li>1988, in Hamburg, Germany</li> <li>1990, in Hong Kong</li></ul></li> <li>《彼岸》 (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Shore_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Other Shore (play)">The Other Shore</a></i>, 1986) <ul><li>1986, published in magazine <i>Oct.</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《十月》</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li>1990, in Taiwan</li> <li>1994, translated into <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Malmqvist" title="Göran Malmqvist">Göran Malmqvist</a></li> <li>1995, in <a href="/wiki/The_Hong_Kong_Academy_for_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts">The Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts</a></li> <li>1997, translated into English by <a href="/wiki/Jo_Riley" title="Jo Riley">Jo Riley</a> as <i>The Other Side</i></li> <li>1999, translated into English by Gilbert C. F. Fong</li></ul></li> <li>《躲雨》 (<i>Shelter the Rain</i>) <ul><li>1981, in Sweden</li></ul></li> <li>《冥城》 (<i>Dark City</i>) <ul><li>1988, in Hong Kong</li></ul></li> <li>《聲聲慢變奏》 (<i>Transition of Sheng-Sheng-Man</i>) <ul><li>1989, in United States</li></ul></li> <li>《逃亡》 (<i>Fugitives</i> / <i>Exile</i>, 1989) <ul><li>1990, published in magazine <i>Today</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《今天》</span></span>)</li> <li>1990, in Sweden</li> <li>1992, in Germany, Poland</li> <li>1993, in USA. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_B._Lee" title="Gregory B. Lee">Gregory B. Lee</a> in Gregory Lee (ed.), <i>Chinese Writing in Exile</i>, Center for East Asian Studies, University of Chicago, 1993.</li> <li>1994, in France</li> <li>1997, in Japan, Africa</li></ul></li> <li>《生死界》 (<i>Death Sector</i> / <i>Between Life and Death</i>) <ul><li>1991, published in magazine <i>Today</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《今天》</span></span>)</li> <li>1992, in France</li> <li>1994, in Sydney, Italy</li> <li>1996, in Poland</li> <li>1996, in US</li></ul></li> <li>《山海經傳》 (<i>A Tale of <a href="/wiki/Shan_Hai_Jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan Hai Jing">Shan Hai Jing</a></i>) <ul><li>1992, published by Hong Kong Cosmos Books Ltd. (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">香港天地圖書公司</span></span>)</li> <li>2008, published by The Chinese University Press as <i>Of Mountains and Seas: A Tragicomedy of the Gods in Three Acts</i></li></ul></li> <li>《對話與反詰》 (<i>Dialogue & Rhetorical</i> / <i>Dialogue and Rebuttal</i>) <ul><li>1992, published in magazine <i>Today</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《今天》</span></span>)</li> <li>1992, in Vienna</li> <li>1995, 1999, in Paris</li></ul></li> <li>《週末四重奏》 (<i>Weekends Quartet</i> / <i>Weekend Quartet</i>) <ul><li>1999, published by Hong Kong New Century Press (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">香港新世纪出版社</span></span>)</li></ul></li> <li>《夜游神》 (<i>Nighthawk</i> / <i>Nocturnal Wanderer</i>) <ul><li>1999, in France</li></ul></li> <li>《八月雪》 (<i>Snow in August</i>) <ul><li>2000, published by Taiwan Lianjing Press (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">台湾联经出版社</span></span>)</li> <li>Dec 19, 2002, in Taipei</li></ul></li> <li>《高行健戲劇集》 (Collection)</li> <li>《高行健喜劇六種》 (Collection, 1995, published by Taiwan Dijiao Press (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">台湾帝教出版社)</span></span>)</li> <li>《行路難》 (<i>Xinglunan</i>)</li> <li>《喀巴拉山》 (<i>Mountain Kebala</i>)</li> <li>《獨白》 (<i>Soliloquy</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《寒夜的星辰》 ("Constellation in a Cold Night", 1979)</li> <li>《有隻鴿子叫紅唇兒》 ("Such a Pigeon called Red Lips", 1984) – a collection of novellas</li> <li>《給我老爺買魚竿》 (<i><a href="/wiki/Buying_a_Fishing_Rod_for_My_Grandfather" title="Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather">Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather</a></i>, 1986–1990) – a short story collection</li> <li>《靈山》 (<i><a href="/wiki/Soul_Mountain" title="Soul Mountain">Soul Mountain</a></i>, 1989)</li> <li>《一個人的聖經》 (<i><a href="/wiki/One_Man%27s_Bible" title="One Man's Bible">One Man's Bible</a></i>, 1999)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While being forced to work as a peasant – a form of 'education' under the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> – in the 1970s, Gao Xingjian produced many plays, short stories, poems and critical pieces that he had to eventually burn to avoid the consequences of his dissident literature being discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the work he produced subsequently, he published no collections of poetry, being known more widely for his drama, fiction and essays. However, one short poem exists that represents a distinctively modern style akin to his other writings: </p> <dl><dt>天葬臺</dt> <dd>宰了 / 割了 / 爛搗碎了 / 燃一柱香 / 打一聲呼哨 / 來了 / 就去了 / 來去都乾乾淨淨</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky Burial</a></dt> <dd>Cut / Scalped / Pounded into pieces / Light an incense / Blow the whistle / Come / Gone / Out and out</dd></dl> <p>(April 13, 1986, Beijing)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_texts">Other texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《巴金在巴黎》 (<i>Ba Jin in Paris</i>, 1979, essay)</li> <li>《現代小說技巧初探》 ("A Preliminary Examination of Modern Fictional Techniques", 1981)</li> <li>《談小說觀和小說技巧》 (1983)</li> <li>《沒有主義》 (<i>Without -isms</i>, translated by W. Lau, D. Sauviat & M. Williams // Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia. Vols 27 & 28, 1995–96</li> <li>《對一種現代戲劇的追求》 (1988, published by China Drama Press) (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">中国戏剧出版社</span></span>))</li> <li>《高行健·2000年文庫——當代中國文庫精讀》 (1999, published by Hong Kong Mingpao Press) (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">香港明报出版社</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paintings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao is a painter, known especially for his <a href="/wiki/Ink_and_wash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink and wash painting">ink and wash painting</a>. His exhibitions have included: </p> <ul><li><i>Le goût de l'encre</i>, Paris, Hazan 2002</li> <li><i>Return to Painting</i>, New York, Perennial 2002</li> <li>"無我之境·有我之境", Singapore, Nov 17, 2005 – Feb 7, 2006</li> <li><i>The End of the World</i>, Germany, Mar 29, – May 27, 2007</li> <li><i>Calling for A New Renaissance</i>, Taiwan, 2016</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipreciation.com/solitude/?doing_wp_cron=1624528917.4106650352478027343750">Solitude 幽居 - A Solo Exhibition by Gao Xingjian</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipreciation.com">iPreciation</a>, Singapore, 2021</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_translated_into_English">Works translated into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works translated into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bus Stop</i> (<i>Che zhan</i>): <ul><li>Translated by Kirkwood, Carla. "Bus Stop". <i>Modern International Drama Journal</i>. SUNY Binghamton. Spring 1995.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYu1996" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Shiao-ling, ed. (1996). "The Bus Stop". <i>Chinese Drama After the Cultural Revolution</i>. Translated by Yu, Shiao-ling. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Mellen">Edwin Mellen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773487802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773487802"><bdi>978-0773487802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bus+Stop&rft.btitle=Chinese+Drama+After+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0773487802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan1997" class="citation book cs1">Yan, Haiping, ed. (1997). "The Bus Stop". <i>Theater and Society</i>. Translated by Besio, Kimberly. <a href="/wiki/M.E._Sharpe" class="mw-redirect" title="M.E. Sharpe">M.E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0765603081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0765603081"><bdi>978-0765603081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bus+Stop&rft.btitle=Theater+and+Society&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0765603081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Buying a Fishing Rod for my Grandfather</i>, short stories, trans. Mabel Lee, Flamingo, London, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-717038-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-717038-6">0-00-717038-6</a></li> <li><i>Gao Xingjian: Aesthetics and Creation</i> (2012), essays, trans. Mabel Lee. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-160-49-7836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-160-49-7836-0">978-160-49-7836-0</a></li> <li><i>One Man's Bible</i>, novel, trans. Mabel Lee. Flamingo. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621132-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621132-8">0-06-621132-8</a></li> <li><i>The Other Shore</i> (<i>Bi'an</i>): <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"The Other Shore". <i>The Other Shore: Plays by Gao Xingjian</i>. Translated by Fong, Gilbert C. F. Chinese University Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-201-862-9" title="Special:BookSources/962-201-862-9"><bdi>962-201-862-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Other+Shore&rft.btitle=The+Other+Shore%3A+Plays+by+Gao+Xingjian&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=962-201-862-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungLai1997" class="citation book cs1">Cheung, Martha P. Y.; Lai, Jane, eds. (1997). "The Other Side". <i>An Oxford Anthology of Contemporary Chinese Drama</i>. Translated by Riley, Jo. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-586880-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-586880-3"><bdi>0-19-586880-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Other+Side&rft.btitle=An+Oxford+Anthology+of+Contemporary+Chinese+Drama&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-586880-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i>Ballade Nocturne</i> by Gao Xingjian. Translated by Claire Conceison. The Cahiers Series. Lewes, UK: Sylph Editions and the American University of Paris, 2010.</li> <li><i>Silhouette/Shadow: The Cinematic Art of Gao Xingjian</i>, film/images/poetry, ed. Fiona Sze-Lorrain. Contours, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-05-9207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-05-9207-3">978-981-05-9207-3</a></li> <li><i>Soul Mountain</i>, novel, trans. Mabel Lee, Flamingo, London, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-711923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-711923-2">0-00-711923-2</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1124338">Wild Man</a></i>. Translated by Roubicek, Bruno. <i>Asian Theatre Journal</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <b>7</b> (2): 184–249. Autumn 1990.</li> <li><i>Calling for a New Renaissance</i>, ed. by Mabel Lee, trans. Mabel Lee and Yan Qian, Cambria Press, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621966548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621966548">978-1621966548</a> - includes 50 images, of which 45 are paintings selected by Gao Xingjian from his private collection.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Eastern_Hemisphere">In the Eastern Hemisphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the Eastern Hemisphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao first saw success and gained critical recognition with the publication of his novella <i>Hanye de xingchen</i> 《寒夜的星辰》 (1980; "Stars on a Cold Night"). When the <a href="/wiki/China_Writers_Association" title="China Writers Association">Chinese Writers' Association</a> launched two mass meetings to attack <i>Preliminary Explorations Into the Art of Modern Fiction</i>, a work which caused national controversy, well-known writers came forward to speak in defense of it.<sup id="cite_ref-Gao_2007_6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gao_2007_6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian sinologist <a href="/wiki/Geremie_Barm%C3%A9" title="Geremie Barmé">Geremie Barmé</a> stated in 1983 that the work gave some coherence to Chinese writers' attempts to understand Western art and literature after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, but "reads more like a loose collection of jottings and reflections [...] the only reason that it has become the Bible of Chinese modernists is that there is an absolute paucity of similar material for a non-specialist readership."<sup id="cite_ref-Barmé_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barmé-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a resident playwright with the Beijing People's Art Theatre in 1981, and in 1982 he wrote his first play, <i>Absolute Signal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A committee appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture" title="Ministry of Culture">Ministry of Culture</a> unanimously voted <i>Absolute Signal</i> the best play in a compilation of recent plays, though the playwright was by then a controversial figure and it was excluded from above as "ineligible for selection".<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2014_25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2014_25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His absurdist drama <i>Chezhan</i> (1983; Bus Stop) incorporated various European techniques from European Theater. While <a href="/wiki/Cao_Yu" title="Cao Yu">Cao Yu</a> praised <i>Bus Stop</i> as "wonderful", it was openly condemned by Communist Party officials.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Beijing and went into self-exile, returning in November 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1985 play <i>Yeren</i> (<i>Wild Man</i>) was favorably received, and according to scholar Gilbert C. F. Fong represented "the pinnacle of the development of experimental drama at the time. It also gave notice that drama [...] did not have to be guided by the concerns for socialist education or political usefulness, and that interpretive lacunae in any piece of work [...] would enhance artistic effectiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Western and Chinese critics described <i>The Bus Stop</i> as the first play to introduce elements of the Theatre of the Absurd to China, while <i>Wild Man</i> was considered to be influenced by Chinese theatrical traditions and praised more for its effort to improve the range of expression open to Chinese performing artists.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Absolute Signal</i>, <i>Bus Stop</i>, and <i>Wild Man</i> have been described as "both the origin and culmination of the initial phase of the Chinese avant-garde".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 his play <i>The Other Shore</i> was banned, and since then none of his other plays have been performed on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_from_Zhu_Rongji">Response from Zhu Rongji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Response from Zhu Rongji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Premier" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Premier">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> delivered a congratulatory message to Gao Xingjian when interviewed by the Hong Kong newspaper <i>East Daily</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">《东方日报》</span></span>): </p> <ul><li>Q.: <i>What's your comment on Gao's winning Nobel Prize ?</i></li> <li>A.: <i>I am very happy that works written in Chinese can win the Nobel Prize for Literature. Chinese characters have a history of several thousand years, and Chinese language has an infinite charm, (I) believe that there will be Chinese works winning Nobel Prizes again in the future. Although it's a pity that the winner this time is a French citizen instead of a Chinese citizen, I still would like to send my congratulations both to the winner and the French Ministry of Culture.</i> (Original words: 我很高兴用汉语写作的文学作品获诺贝尔文学奖。汉字有几千年的历史，汉语有无穷的魅力，相信今后还会有汉语或华语作品获奖。很遗憾这次获奖的是法国人不是中国人，但我还是要向获奖者和法国文化部表示祝贺。)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_from_Chinese_writers">Comments from Chinese writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Comments from Chinese writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao's work has led to fierce discussion among Chinese writers, both positive and negative. </p><p>In his article on Gao in the June 2008 issue of <a href="/wiki/Muse_(Hong_Kong_magazine)" title="Muse (Hong Kong magazine)"><i>Muse</i></a>, a now-defunct Hong Kong magazine, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Ou-fan_Lee" title="Leo Ou-fan Lee">Leo Ou-fan Lee</a> praises the use of Chinese language in <i>Soul Mountain</i>: 'Whether it works or not, it is a rich fictional language filled with vernacular speeches and elegant 文言 (classical) formulations as well as dialects, thus constituting a "heteroglossic" tapestry of sounds and rhythms that can indeed be read aloud (as Gao himself has done in his public readings).'<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 2000, a dozen Chinese writers and scholars already predicted Gao's winning the Nobel Prize for Literature, including Hu Yaoheng (Chinese: 胡耀恒)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan Jun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">潘军</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as early as 1999. </p><p>Jessica Yeung of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" title="Hong Kong Baptist University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a> praised the story "Twenty-Five Years Later" (1982), writing that the manipulation of narrative perspectives creates effective humor and irony.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_western_world">In the western world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In the western world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gilbert C. F. Fong has called <i>Preliminary Explorations Into the Art of Modern Fiction</i> "a rather crude attempt at theory".<sup id="cite_ref-Fong_1999_xii_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fong_1999_xii-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plays <i>Absolute Signal</i>, <i>Bus Stop</i>, and <i>Wild Man</i> gave him a positive reputation overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i> praised <i>Wild Man</i> as "truly amazing".<sup id="cite_ref-Lackner_2014_25_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackner_2014_25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deirdre Sabina Knight of <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> praised Gao's "inventiveness" in a review of Fong's translations of five of the plays.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each play is followed by notes written by Gao, and John B. Weinstein of <a href="/wiki/Bard_College_at_Simon%27s_Rock" title="Bard College at Simon's Rock">Simon's Rock College of Bard</a> argues that these notes "combine the practical with the theoretical. As a group, they embody a significant body of dramatic theory." Weinstein said that "tripartition allows Gao to probe his characters more deeply by presenting multiple perspectives for each one", and that <i>Weekend Quartet</i> (in which characters' self-analyses are integrated with more realistic settings and everyday situations than those of the other plays Fong translated) is a step toward Gao's theories being applied to plays besides his own.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary translators of Gao's work into English are Mabel Lee (novels and essays from Chinese to English), Gilbert Fong (plays and poetry from Chinese to English), Noel Dutrait (novels and essays from French to English), and Claire Conceison (plays from French to English). English-language scholars who have written books about Gao's work include Sy Ren Quah, Letizia Fusini, Todd Coulter, Izabella Labedzka, and Mary Mazzilli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_of_Gao's_work_in_other_fields"><span id="Influence_of_Gao.27s_work_in_other_fields"></span>Influence of Gao's work in other fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Influence of Gao's work in other fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work of Gao Xingjian inspired professor Jin Hsu-ren from the Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling at <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a> to create a psychological therapy called "Psychological Displacement Paradigm in Diary-writing" (PDPD) based on the way <a href="/wiki/Soul_Mountain" title="Soul Mountain">Soul Mountain</a> was written, using the three pronoun positions of "I", "you" and "he/she".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1985, DAAD Fellowship, Germany</li> <li>1989, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Cultural_Council" title="Asian Cultural Council">Asian Cultural Council</a> Fellowship, United States</li> <li>1992, <i><a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Arts_et_des_Lettres" title="Ordre des Arts et des Lettres">Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres</a></i></li> <li>2000, <i><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></i></li> <li>2000, Premio Letterario Feronia in Rome</li> <li>2001, honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chinese University of Hong Kong">Chinese University of Hong Kong</a></li> <li>2001, honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/National_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="National Sun Yat-sen University">National Sun Yat-sen University</a></li> <li>2002, honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/National_Chiao_Tung_University" title="National Chiao Tung University">National Chiao Tung University</a></li> <li>2002, <i><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></i> by then French President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a></li> <li>2002, Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003, <i>l'Anne Gao Xingjian</i>, the City of <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li>2005, honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a></li> <li>2006, <i>Lions Award</i>, by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a> (NYPL) at Library Lions Benefit event</li> <li>2017, honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a></li> <li>2023, elected as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature" title="Royal Society of Literature">Royal Society of Literature</a> International Writer<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gao_Xingjian_Center_at_National_Taiwan_Normal_University">Gao Xingjian Center at National Taiwan Normal University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Gao Xingjian Center at National Taiwan Normal University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a long time Gao Xingjian has considered Taiwan his home and has a deep connection with <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a> (NTNU). In 2008, he accepted President Gou Yih-shun's invitation to become an honorary chair professor at the university. In 2011, President Chang Kuo-En traveled to France to extend an invitation, resulting in Mr. Gao becoming a chair professor at the Graduate Institute of Performing Arts in 2012, where he has been teaching courses for several years. His exceptional accomplishments and remarkable contributions to society led him being awarded an honorary doctorate in literature from NTNU in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2012, NTNU has collaborated closely with Professor Gao to organize a series of events and performances. For instance, in 2012, the university arranged the "Encounter Gao Xingjian at NTNU - Commemorating the Visit of Nobel Laureate in Literature Gao Xingjian." In 2014, NTNU, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, co-presented the Taiwanese premiere of the cinematic poem "Requiem for Beauty," alongside the publication of the corresponding art book. Furthermore, Professor Gao himself donated and unveiled the Xingjian Hall, a rehearsal room for the Graduate Institute of Performing Arts. The years following saw additional significant events, including the "Gao Xingjian Art Festival" in 2017, where his ink wash painting "The Thinker" was presented, and the "Gao Xingjian Week" in 2019, which introduced courses such as "The Literature and Art of Gao Xingjian" and "Studies on Plays of Gao Xingjian", curses currently offered by NTNU each semester. Meanwhile, the Graduate Institute of Performing Arts performed several of his iconic works, including the Mandarin debut of "Nocturnal Wanderer" (2012), the vibrant rock-and-roll musical "Mountains and Seas" (2013, 2017), the dance theater production "<a href="/wiki/Soul_Mountain" title="Soul Mountain">Soul Mountain</a>" (2016, 2017), the monologue "Soliloquy" (2019), and the university repertory production "Soliloquy on Soul Mountain" (2019). </p><p>In 2020, Professor Gao celebrated his 10th year as an NTNU chair professor, commemorating this milestone by generously donating various manuscripts and pertinent books to the university. As a testament to the academic bond with Professor Gao and to foster research on his works, NTNU established the Gao Xingjian Center<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the sixth floor of the NTNU Library. This center serves as a repository for his writings, documents, and relevant research materials. Leveraging its strengths and distinct characteristics in the realm of arts and humanities, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration across the College of Liberal Arts, College of Arts, and College of Music, NTNU aspires to emerge as a pivotal research hub for Gao Xingjian's works within the Chinese-speaking world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gao is an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_writers" title="List of Chinese writers">List of Chinese writers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2000/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 2000"</a>. Nobelprize. October 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%8C%E5%81%A5%E8%8E%B72000%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96+-+21Cn.com+-+%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.21cn.com%2Ftoday%2F2006%2F09%2F14%2F2973393.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYeung2008">Yeung 2008</a>, pp. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Mabel (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20648125">"Review of Gao Xingjian's Idea of Theatre, Izabella Łabędzka"</a>. <i>The China Journal</i> (62): 144–147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Ftcj.62.20648125">10.1086/tcj.62.20648125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1324-9347">1324-9347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20648125">20648125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Journal&rft.atitle=Review+of+Gao+Xingjian%27s+Idea+of+Theatre%2C+Izabella+%C5%81ab%C4%99dzka&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=144-147&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1324-9347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20648125%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Ftcj.62.20648125&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20648125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2002" class="citation journal cs1">Knight, Deirdre Sabina (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2700217">"Review of The Other Shore: Plays by Gao Xingjian"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 216–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2700217">10.2307/2700217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2700217">2700217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Other+Shore%3A+Plays+by+Gao+Xingjian&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=216-218&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2700217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2700217&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+Sabina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2700217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2001" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, John B. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495512">"Review of The Other Shore: Plays by Gao Xingjian"</a>. <i>Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews</i>. <b>23</b>: 176–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F495512">10.2307/495512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-9705">0161-9705</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/495512">495512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Literature%3A+Essays%2C+Articles%2C+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Other+Shore%3A+Plays+by+Gao+Xingjian&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=176-178&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0161-9705&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495512%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F495512&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F495512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jin, Shu-ren (2005). "Narrative Analysis of the Psychological Displacement Dialectical Effect". <i>National Science Council Special Research Report</i> (NSC93-2413-H-003-001): 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Council+Special+Research+Report&rft.atitle=Narrative+Analysis+of+the+Psychological+Displacement+Dialectical+Effect.&rft.issue=NSC93-2413-H-003-001&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Shu-ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/">"RSL International Writers | 2023 International Writers"</a>. Royal Society of Literature. September 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RSL+International+Writers+%7C+2023+International+Writers&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Literature&rft.date=2023-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsliterature.org%2Frsl-international-writers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/gaoxingjiancenter/index_e.jsp%7Ctitle=">About Gao Xingjian Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/gaoxingjiancenter/index_e.jsp%7Ctitle=">About Gao Xingjian Center</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/734">Gao Xingjian</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18143#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture 7 December 2000 <b>The Case for Literature</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong1999" class="citation book cs1">Fong, Gilbert C. F. (1999). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsu.edu.hk/old/images/SchoolnDepartment/Translation/staff/ProfFong/ProfFong_5_TheOtherShore.pdf"><i>The Other Shore: Plays by Gao Xingjian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chinese University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-974-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-201-974-4"><bdi>978-962-201-974-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Other+Shore%3A+Plays+by+Gao+Xingjian&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-962-201-974-4&rft.aulast=Fong&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsu.edu.hk%2Fold%2Fimages%2FSchoolnDepartment%2FTranslation%2Fstaff%2FProfFong%2FProfFong_5_TheOtherShore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacknerChardonnens2014" class="citation book cs1">Lackner, Michael; Chardonnens, Nikola (June 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=li_oBQAAQBAJ"><i>Polyphony Embodied - Freedom and Fate in Gao Xingjian's Writings</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-035187-3"><bdi>978-3-11-035187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polyphony+Embodied+-+Freedom+and+Fate+in+Gao+Xingjian%27s+Writings&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.isbn=978-3-11-035187-3&rft.aulast=Lackner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Chardonnens%2C+Nikola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dli_oBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2007" class="citation book cs1">Gao, Xingjian (January 1, 2007). "Introduction: Contextualising 2000 Nobel Laureate Gao Xingjian". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ0ADCjp8XIC"><i>The Case for Literature</i></a>. Introduction by Mabel Lee. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12421-7"><bdi>978-0-300-12421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Contextualising+2000+Nobel+Laureate+Gao+Xingjian&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Literature&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12421-7&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Xingjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZ0ADCjp8XIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2008" class="citation book cs1">Yeung, Jessica (July 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PXUgBAAAQBAJ"><i>Ink Dances in Limbo: Gao Xingjian's Writing as Cultural Translation</i></a>. Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-209-921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-209-921-0"><bdi>978-962-209-921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ink+Dances+in+Limbo%3A+Gao+Xingjian%27s+Writing+as+Cultural+Translation&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft.isbn=978-962-209-921-0&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPXUgBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGao+Xingjian" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gao_Xingjian" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gao_Xingjian" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?87920">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/gao_xingjian/index.html">Gao Xingjian</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li>The Voice of One in the Wilderness] critical essay on the works of Gao Xingjian by Olivier Burckhardt, PN Review #137, 27:3 (Jan–Feb 2001) 28–32, shorter version also published in Quadrant. 44:4 (2000) 54–57, and anthologized in <i>Contemporary Literary Criticism</i> Vol. 167, ed. Jeff Hunter, Gale Publishing, (2003) 200–204</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwf.cz/en/authors-archive/gao-xingjian/">Gao Xingjian</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>: Bio, excerpts, interviews and articles in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Writers%27_Festival" title="Prague Writers' Festival">Prague Writers' Festival</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblib.internet-box.ch/NLEW.php?authorid=97">List of Works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/deborahsauviat/">"<i>The Challenge to the 'Official Discourse' in Gao Xingjian's Early Fiction</i>"</a> by Deborah Sauviat. First-class Honours thesis. University of Sydney, 1996.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imaginaryplanet.net/essays/literary/soulmountain.php"><i>Gao Xingjian and "Soul Mountain</i>: Ambivalent Storytelling</a>, Robert Nagle, Houston, Texas, 2002.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gao Xingjian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2000_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2000_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan G. MacDiarmid</a> (United States/New Zealand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gao Xingjian</a> (China/France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> (South Korea)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Ivanovich Alferov</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack St. Clair Kilby</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric R. Kandel</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McFadden" title="Daniel McFadden">Daniel McFadden</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners">1997</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><b>2000 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2003_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2003 Nobel Prize winners">2003</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2004_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2004 Nobel Prize winners">2004</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2005_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2005 Nobel Prize winners">2005</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template talk:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Peace">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gao Xingjian</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18143#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18143#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121458481">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/102266649">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/110478/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqjYx3FqgRWtcPHypg3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118845497">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83040297">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215094c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12215094c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00860762">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gao, Xingjian"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV235430">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36618527">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000075484&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1532481">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/989385">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p149799594">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90340794">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000222427&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=75444">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200106822">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl024q4643nk72n">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810698532205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298527005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000109998">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513235406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14101722">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12977943?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500342652">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1334324">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118845497.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118845497">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030810736">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&oldid=1253479371">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gao_Xingjian&oldid=1253479371</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_births" title="Category:1940 births">1940 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_painters" title="Category:20th-century Chinese painters">20th-century Chinese painters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Chinese_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century Chinese dramatists and playwrights">20th-century Chinese dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Literature">Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Chinese dramatists and playwrights">Chinese dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_emigrants_to_France" title="Category:Chinese emigrants to France">Chinese emigrants to France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_literary_critics" title="Category:Chinese literary critics">Chinese literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Jiangxi" title="Category:Writers from Jiangxi">Writers from Jiangxi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:French Nobel laureates">French Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_translators" title="Category:French translators">French translators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_who_lost_Chinese_citizenship" title="Category:People who lost Chinese citizenship">People who lost Chinese citizenship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_France" title="Category:Naturalized citizens of France">Naturalized citizens of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Ganzhou" title="Category:People from Ganzhou">People from Ganzhou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:Male dramatists and playwrights">Male dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_male_novelists" title="Category:Chinese male novelists">Chinese male novelists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property 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text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_appearing_on_C-SPAN" title="Category:People appearing on C-SPAN">People appearing on C-SPAN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2019">Articles with dead external links from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" 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