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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_service:_1423_to_1443"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ottoman service: 1423 to 1443 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_service:_1423_to_1443-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Rise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Venice:_1447_to_1448" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Venice:_1447_to_1448"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 War with Venice: 1447 to 1448 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Venice:_1447_to_1448-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Krujë_(1450)_and_its_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Krujë_(1450)_and_its_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Siege of Krujë (1450) and its aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Krujë_(1450)_and_its_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Consolidation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_expedition:_1460_to_1462" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_expedition:_1460_to_1462"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Italian expedition: 1460 to 1462 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_expedition:_1460_to_1462-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skanderbeg's_letter_to_the_Prince_of_Taranto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skanderbeg's_letter_to_the_Prince_of_Taranto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Skanderbeg's letter to the Prince of Taranto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skanderbeg's_letter_to_the_Prince_of_Taranto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Last years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Siege_of_Krujë_and_its_aftermath_(1466–67)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Siege_of_Krujë_and_its_aftermath_(1466–67)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Second Siege of Krujë and its aftermath (1466–67) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Siege_of_Krujë_and_its_aftermath_(1466–67)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_appearance_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_appearance_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Physical appearance and personality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_appearance_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Skanderbeg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%83" title="إسكندر بك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسكندر بك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sk%C9%99nd%C9%99r_b%C9%99y" title="İskəndər bəy – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İskəndər bəy" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="اسکندربیگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکندربیگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="সেকেন্দার বেগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সেকেন্দার বেগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скандэрбег – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скандэрбег" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Скандэрбэг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скандэрбэг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скендербег – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скендербег" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg" title="Skenderbeg – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Skenderbeg" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σκεντέρμπεης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκεντέρμπεης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%AF" title="اسکندربیگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکندربیگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BB%A8%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EC%9A%B0" title="스컨데르베우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스컨데르베우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A3" title="Սկանդերբեգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկանդերբեգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg" title="Skenderbeg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skenderbeg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanderbeg" title="Scanderbeg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%92" title="סקנדרבג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקנדרבג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="გეორგ კასტრიოტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეორგ კასტრიოტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Ескендір бей – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ескендір бей" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eskender_Beg" title="Îskender Beg – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îskender Beg" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Castriota_Scanderbegus" title="Georgius Castriota Scanderbegus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Castriota Scanderbegus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbegs" title="Skanderbegs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skanderbegs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbegas" title="Skanderbegas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skanderbegas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasztri%C3%B3ta_Gy%C3%B6rgy_alb%C3%A1n_fejedelem" title="Kasztrióta György albán fejedelem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kasztrióta György albán fejedelem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скендербег – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скендербег" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="სკანდერბეგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სკანდერბეგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%83" title="اسكندر بك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكندر بك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Skënderbeu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Skënderbeu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%82%B0" title="スカンデルベグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スカンデルベグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escanderbeg" title="Escanderbeg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Skanderbeg" title="Georg Skanderbeg – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Georg Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandabeg" title="Skandabeg – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Skandabeg" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скандербег – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скандербег" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скандербег – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Скандербег" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Skënderbeu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skënderbeu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanderbeg" title="Scanderbeg – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Scanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg" title="Skenderbeg – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skenderbeg" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скендербег – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скендербег" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skenderbeg" title="Skenderbeg – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skenderbeg" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9" title="สเกินเดร์เบอู – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สเกินเดร์เบอู" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0skender_Bey" title="İskender Bey – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İskender Bey" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Скандербег – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скандербег" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E5%9F%B9" title="斯坎德培 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯坎德培" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Skanderbeg" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Albanian noble and military commander (1405–1468)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Albanian national figure. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Skanderbeg (disambiguation)">Skanderbeg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Skanderbeg</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Lord of Albania <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Dominus Albaniae<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002379-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_(1466).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png/220px-Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png/330px-Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png/440px-Portrait_of_Skanderbeg_%281466%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1914" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Skanderbeg from 1466 in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Skanderbeg" title="Palazzo Skanderbeg">Palazzo Skanderbeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_monarchs" title="List of Albanian monarchs">Lord</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Albania">Albania</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1444 – 17 January 1468</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1444 (legacy by <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_III_Dukagjini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lekë III Dukagjini">Lekë III Dukagjini</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_monarchs" title="List of Albanian monarchs">Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Kastrioti</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">28 November 1443 – 17 January 1468</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gjon_I_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon I Kastrioti">Gjon I Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gjon_II_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon II Kastrioti">Gjon II Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Gjergj Kastrioti (<a href="#Name">see Name</a>) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1405 possibly <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%AB" title="Sinë">Sinë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Principality of Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 January 1468 (aged 62) <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Alessio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a> (modern day Lezhë, Albania)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Nicholas,_Lezh%C3%AB" title="Church of Saint Nicholas, Lezhë">Cathedral of Saint Nicholas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti" title="Donika Kastrioti">Andronika Arianiti</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1451)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon Kastrioti II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Gjergj Tripalda Kastrioti Mazreku</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">Gjon Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Voisava_Kastrioti" title="Voisava Kastrioti">Voisava Kastrioti</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> (1405–1423) <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (1423–1443) <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (1443–1468)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Lord of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Principality of Kastrioti</a>, Chief military commander of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skanderbeg's signature"><img alt="Skanderbeg's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/125px-Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/188px-Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/250px-Dor%C3%ABshkrimi_i_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="195" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Gjergj Kastrioti (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1405 – 17 January 1468), commonly known as Skanderbeg, was an <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">feudal lord</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and military commander who led <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. A member of the noble <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">Kastrioti family</a>, Skanderbeg was sent as a hostage to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a>. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Enderun_School" title="Enderun School">Enderun School</a> and entered the service of the Ottoman sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1421–1444) for the next twenty years. His rise through the ranks culminated in his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">sanjakbey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Sanjak of Dibra</a> in 1440. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Nish</a> in 1443, he deserted the Ottomans and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kruja_(1443)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kruja (1443)">became the ruler of Krujë</a> and nearby areas extending from <a href="/wiki/Petrel%C3%AB" title="Petrelë">Petrelë</a> to <a href="/wiki/Modri%C4%8D,_Struga" title="Modrič, Struga">Modrič</a>. In March 1444, he established the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, with support from <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">local noblemen</a>, and unified the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a>. In 1451, through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gaeta" title="Treaty of Gaeta">Treaty of Gaeta</a>, Skanderbeg recognized <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> over Albania, ensuring a protective alliance, although he remained a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent ruler. In 1460–61, he supported <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">Ferdinand I of Naples</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1458–1494) in his wars and led an <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Italian expedition</a> against <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="John II, Duke of Lorraine">John II of Anjou</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1453–1470). In 1463, he was earmarked to be the chief commander of the crusading forces of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a>, but the Pope died while the armies were still gathering and the greater European crusade never took place. Together with Venetians, he fought against the Ottomans during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">First Ottoman–Venetian War</a> (1463–1479) until his death. Skanderbeg ranks high in the military history of that time as the most persistent—and ever-victorious—opponent of the Ottoman Empire during its heyday. He became a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a> of the 19th century. He is honored in modern Albania and is commemorated with many monuments and cultural works. Skanderbeg's military skills presented a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion, and many in Western Europe considered him to be a model of Christian resistance against the Ottomans. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The Kastrioti, in comparison to other Albanian noble families, so far remain absent from historical or archival records until their first historical appearance at the end of the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmari201446-5">[5]</a> The historical figure of <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kastrioti_(died_1390)" title="Konstantin Kastrioti (died 1390)">Konstantin Kastrioti</a> Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno's Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum. Angelo mentions Kastrioti as Constantinus Castriotus, cognomento Meserechus, Aemathiae & Castoriae Princeps (Constantinus Castriotus, surnamed Meserechus, Prince of Aemathia and Castoria). The toponym Castoria has been interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Kastriot,_Albania" title="Kastriot, Albania">Kastriot</a>, Kastrat in Has, Kastrat in Dibra or the microtoponym "Kostur" near the village of <a href="/wiki/Mazrek,_Prizren" title="Mazrek, Prizren">Mazrek</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBela2019229-6">[6]</a> In connection to the Kastrioti family name, it is very likely that the name of one the different Kastriot or Kastrat which were fortified settlements as their etymology shows (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/castrum" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:castrum">castrum</a>) was as their family name. The Kastrioti may have originated from this village or probably had acquired it as <a href="/wiki/Pronoia" title="Pronoia">pronoia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Omari44-7">[7]</a> Angelo used the cognomen Meserechus in reference to Skanderbeg and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like <a href="/wiki/Du_Cange" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Cange">Du Cange</a>'s Historia Byzantina (1680).<a href="#cite_note-Malaj43-8">[8]</a> These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation (farefisni).<a href="#cite_note-Malaj44-9">[9]</a> The name Mazrek(u), which means horse breeder in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345-10">[10]</a> Skanderbeg's first name was Gjergj (George) in Albanian. <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a> in Dictionarium latino-epiroticum (1635) provides two first names in Albanian: Gjeç (Giec) and Gjergj (Gierg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008491-11">[11]</a> In his personal correspondence in Italian and in most biographies produced after his death in Italy, his name was written as Giorgio. His name on his official seal and signature was Georgius Castriotus Scanderbego (Latin). His correspondence with Slavic states (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>), was written by scribes like <a href="/wiki/Ninac_Vukosali%C4%87" title="Ninac Vukosalić">Ninac Vukosalić</a>. Skanderbeg's name in Slavic is recorded the first time in the 1426 act of sale of St. George's tower to his father <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">Gjon Kastrioti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hilandar_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilandar Monastery">Hilandar</a> as Геѡрг and appears as Гюрьгь Кастриѡть in his later correspondence in the 1450s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENdreca201966-12">[12]</a> The Ottoman Turks gave him the name اسکندر بگ (İskender bey or İskender beğ), meaning "Lord Alexander", or "Leader Alexander".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson20051-13">[13]</a> Skënderbeu and Skënderbej are the Albanian versions, with Skander being the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> form of "Alexander".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck201515-14">[14]</a> Latinized in <a href="/wiki/Barleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Barleti">Barleti</a>'s version as Scanderbegi and translated into English as Skanderbeg or Scanderbeg, the combined appellative is assumed to have been a comparison of Skanderbeg's military skill to that of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson20051-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2001363-15">[15]</a> This name was itself used by Skanderbeg even after his re-conversion to Christianity and was later held by his descendants in Italy who became known as the Castriota-Scanderbeg. Skanderbeg always signed himself in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Dominus Albaniae ("Lord of Albania"), and claimed no other titles but that in surviving documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002379-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> There have been many theories on the place where Skanderbeg was born.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200254–62-16">[16]</a> One of the main Skanderbeg biographers, Frashëri, has, among others, interpreted <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Muzaka" title="Gjon Muzaka">Gjon Muzaka</a>'s book of genealogies, sources of Raffaele Maffei ("il Volterrano"; 1451–1522), and the Ottoman defter (census) of 1467, and placed the birth of Skanderbeg in the small village of <a href="/wiki/Sin%C3%AB" title="Sinë">Sinë</a>, one of the two villages owned by his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Pal_Kastrioti" title="Pal Kastrioti">Pal Kastrioti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200262–66-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>'s placement of the year of his birth in 1405 is now largely agreed upon, after earlier disagreements, and lack of birth documents for him and his siblings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200272–77-18">[18]</a> His father <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">Gjon Kastrioti</a> held territory between Lezhë and Prizren that included <a href="/wiki/Mat_District" title="Mat District">Mat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirdit%C3%AB" title="Mirditë">Mirditë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_District" title="Dibër District">Dibër</a> in north-central Albania.[<a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">contradictory</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002335-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232-20">[20]</a> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Voisava_Kastrioti" title="Voisava Kastrioti">Voisava</a>, whose origin is disputed. One view holds that she was a Slavic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b398-21">[21]</a> princess from the <a href="/wiki/Polog" title="Polog">Polog</a> region, which has been interpreted as her being a possible member of the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Branković family">Branković family</a> or a local <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> noble family.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Although there are no primary or archival sources linking Voisava to the Branković family.<a href="#cite_note-Bicoku1-23">[23]</a> The other view is that she was a member of the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka family</a>, daughter of Domenico Moncino Musachi a relative of Muzaka house.<a href="#cite_note-Hodgkinson_240-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Skanderbeg had three older brothers: <a href="/wiki/Stanisha_Kastrioti" title="Stanisha Kastrioti">Stanisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reposh_Kastrioti" title="Reposh Kastrioti">Reposh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kostandin Kastrioti">Constantine</a>, and five sisters: <a href="/wiki/Mara_Kastrioti" title="Mara Kastrioti">Mara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelena_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelena Kastrioti">Jelena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angjelina_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Angjelina Kastrioti">Angelina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlajka_Kastrioti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlajka Kastrioti">Vlajka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamica_Kastrioti" title="Mamica Kastrioti">Mamica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002341-26">[26]</a> According to the geopolitical contexts of the time, Gjon Kastrioti changed allegiances and religions when allied to Venice as a Catholic and Serbia as an Orthodox Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232-20">[20]</a> Gjon Kastrioti later became a vassal of the Sultan since the end of the 14th century, and, as a consequence, paid tribute and provided military services to the Ottomans (such as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a> in 1402).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994422-27">[27]</a> In 1409, he sent his eldest son, Stanisha, to be the Sultan's hostage. According to <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a>, a primary source, Skanderbeg and his three older brothers, Reposh, Kostandin, and Stanisha, were taken by the Sultan to his court as hostages; however, according to documents, besides Skanderbeg, only one of the brothers of Skanderbeg, probably Stanisha,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002341-26">[26]</a> was taken hostage and had been conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Dev%C5%9Firme" class="mw-redirect" title="Devşirme">Devşirme</a> system, a military institute that enrolled Christian boys, converted them to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and trained them to become military officers.[<a href="/wiki/Stanisha_(son_of_Gjon_Kastrioti)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisha (son of Gjon Kastrioti)">contradictory</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008129-28">[28]</a> 21st-century historians are of the opinion that while Stanisha might have been conscripted at a young age, and had to go through the Devşirme, this was not the case with Skanderbeg, who is assumed to have been sent hostage to the Sultan by his father only at the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286-29">[29]</a> It was customary at the time that a local chieftain, who had been defeated by the Sultan, would send one of his children to the Sultan's court, where the child would be a hostage for an unspecified time; this way, the Sultan was able to exercise control in the area ruled by the hostage's father. The treatment of the hostages was not bad. Far from being held in a prison, the hostages were usually sent to the best military schools and trained to become future military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZilfi2010101-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_service:_1423_to_1443">Ottoman service: 1423 to 1443</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png/220px-Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png/330px-Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png/440px-Skanderbeg_and_other_students_in_Enderun_receiving_military_training.png 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg and other students receiving military education in the <a href="/wiki/Enderun_School" title="Enderun School">Enderun School</a></figcaption></figure> Skanderbeg was sent as a hostage to the Ottoman court in Adrianople (<a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>) in 1415, and again in 1423. It is assumed that he remained at <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>'s court as <a href="/wiki/I%C3%A7_o%C4%9Flan" title="Iç oğlan">iç oğlan</a> for a maximum of three years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286-29">[29]</a> where he received military training at <a href="/wiki/Enderun_School" title="Enderun School">Enderun School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The earliest existing record of George's name is the First Act of Hilandar from 1426, when Gjon (John) Kastrioti and his four sons donated the right to the proceeds from taxes collected from two villages in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Mavrovo_and_Rostu%C5%A1a_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality">Mavrovo and Rostuša</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) to the Serbian monastery of <a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">Hilandar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286–92-32">[32]</a> Afterwards, between 1426 and 1431,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Gjon Kastrioti and his sons, with the exception of Stanisha, purchased four <a href="/wiki/Adelphate" title="Adelphate">adelphates</a> (rights to reside on monastic territory and receive subsidies from monastic resources) to the Saint George tower and to some property within the monastery as stated in the Second Act of Hilandar. The area which the Kastrioti family had donated to was referred to by the monks in Hilandar as the Arbanashki pirg or Albanian tower. Reposh Kastrioti is listed as dux illyricus or Duke of Illyria in Hilandar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286–92-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342-34">[34]</a> After Skanderbeg <a href="/wiki/Enderun_School#.C3.87.C4.B1kma" title="Enderun School">graduated from Enderun</a>, the sultan granted him control over one <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a> (land grant) which was near the territories controlled by his father.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> His father was concerned that the sultan might order Skanderbeg to occupy his territory and informed Venice about this in April 1428.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the same year Gjon had to seek forgiveness from the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Venetian Senate</a> because Skanderbeg participated in Ottoman military campaigns against Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b399-37">[37]</a> In 1430, Gjon was defeated in battle by the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishak_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishak Bey">Ishak Bey</a>, and as a result, his territorial possessions were extremely reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200298-38">[38]</a> Later that year, Skanderbeg continued fighting for Murad II in his expeditions, and gained the title of <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200299-39">[39]</a> Several scholars[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have assumed that Skanderbeg was given a fiefdom in <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, because a certain "Iskander bey" is mentioned in a 1430 document holding fiefs there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343-40">[40]</a> Although Skanderbeg was summoned home by his relatives when <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a> and Andrew Thopia along with other chiefs from the region between <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%931436" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–1436">Albanian revolt of 1432–1436</a>, he did nothing, remaining loyal to the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994535-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg/220px-Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg/330px-Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg/440px-Skanderbeginottomancourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg dueling a <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a> at the Ottoman court, some time before 1439</figcaption></figure> In 1437–38,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343-40">[40]</a> he became a <a href="/wiki/Soubashi" title="Soubashi">subaşı</a> (governor) of the Krujë subaşılık<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342-34">[34]</a> before Hizir Bey was again appointed to that position in November 1438.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199576-42">[42]</a> Until May 1438, Skanderbeg controlled a relatively large timar (of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dhimit%C3%ABr_Jonima" title="Dhimitër Jonima">Dhimitër Jonima</a>) composed of nine villages which previously belonged to his father (registered as "Giovanni's land", <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Yuvan-ili).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199577-43">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">İnalcık</a>, at that time Skanderbeg was referred to in Ottoman documents as Juvan oglu Iskender bey.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> It was because of Skanderbeg's display of military merit in several Ottoman campaigns, that Murad II (r. 1421–51) had given him the title of <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">vali</a>. At that time, Skanderbeg was leading a cavalry unit of 5,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200315-45">[45]</a> After his brother Reposh's death on 25 July 1431<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200292-46">[46]</a> and the later deaths of Kostandin and Skanderbeg's father (who died in 1437), Skanderbeg and his surviving brother Stanisha maintained the relations that their father had with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>; in 1438 and 1439, they sustained their father's privileges with those states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343-40">[40]</a> During the 1438–43 period, he is thought to have been fighting alongside the Ottomans in their European campaigns, mostly against the Christian forces led by <a href="/wiki/Janos_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janos Hunyadi">Janos Hunyadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343-40">[40]</a> In 1440 Skanderbeg was appointed <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">sanjakbey of Dibra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During his stay in Albania as Ottoman governor, he maintained close relations with the population in his father's former properties and also with other <a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Albanian noble families</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise">Rise</h3></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Medieval_Albanian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Medieval_Albanian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Medieval_Albanian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_Albanian–Ottoman_Wars7633" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early Ottoman invasions and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Albania" title="Sanjak of Albania">rule</a> (1385–1443) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid#Middle_Ages" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (1375)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Savra</a> (1385)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (1389)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family#Ottoman_Empire_period" title="Muzaka family">Bayezid I's Campaign</a> (1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ohrid_(1395)" title="Siege of Ohrid (1395)">Ohrid</a> (1395)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family#Ottoman_period" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi War</a> (1414–18)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niketa_Thopia#Life" title="Niketa Thopia">Krujë</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Ottoman_invasion" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka War</a> (1415–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastriot#War_with_the_Ottomans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjon Kastriot">Kastrioti War</a> (1428–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1432%E2%80%9336" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1432–36">Albanian Revolt</a> (1432–36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Corona_Musachi#Revolt" title="Theodor Corona Musachi">Muzaka Revolt</a> (1437–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion#Background" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Arianiti Revolt</a> (1443)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's Rebellion</a> (1443–1468) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1443)" title="Liberation of Krujë (1443)">Krujë</a> (1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion#Early_battles" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Svetigrad</a> (1443)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">Torvioll</a> (1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mokra_(1445)" title="Battle of Mokra (1445)">Mokra</a> (1445)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Otonetë</a> (1446)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Svetigrad</a> (1448)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">Oranik</a> (1448)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Krujë</a> (1450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Mehmed II's first Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign#Battle_of_Modrič" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Modrica</a> (1452) • <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign#Battle_of_Meçad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">Meçad</a> (1452))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Pollog</a> (1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Berat</a> (1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Oranik</a> (1456)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Albulena</a> (1457)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(castle)#During_Skanderbeg's_rebellion" title="Sati (castle)">Sati</a> (1459)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Mokra_(1462)" title="Second Battle of Mokra (1462)">Mokra</a> (1462)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Macedonian Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Mokra" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Mokra</a> (1462) • <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Pollog" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Pollog</a> (1462) • <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Macedonian_campaign#Battle_of_Livad" title="Skanderbeg's Macedonian campaign">Livad</a> (1462))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Ohrid</a> (1464)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vajkal" title="Battle of Vajkal">Vajkal</a> (1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Me%C3%A7ad_(1465)" title="Battle of Meçad (1465)">Meçad</a> (1465)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Ballaban's fourth Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Vajkal" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Vajkal</a> (1465) • <a href="/wiki/Ballaban%27s_campaign_of_1465#Battle_of_Kashari" title="Ballaban's campaign of 1465">Kashari</a> (1465))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%931467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–1467)">Krujë</a> (1466–67)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Krujë</a> (1467)</li></ul> Contemporaneous Campaigns (1447–1462) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Venetian War</a> (1447–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humoj_family#Struggle_against_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Humoj family">Dukagjini Civil War</a> (1456–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Italian Expedition</a> (1460–62)</li></ul> Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra (1468–1479) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himar%C3%AB#History" title="Himarë">Himarë</a> (1473–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra_(1474)" title="Siege of Shkodra (1474)">Shkodra</a> (1474)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a> (1477–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Shkodra</a> (1478–79)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Albania" title="List of wars involving Albania">Wars involving Albania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> Beside <a href="/wiki/Barleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Barleti">Barleti</a>, other sources on this period are the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> <a href="/wiki/Chalcocondylas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcocondylas">Chalcocondylas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphrantzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphrantzes">Sphrantzes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critoboulos" class="mw-redirect" title="Critoboulos">Critoboulos</a>, and the Venetian documents, published by Ljubić in "Monumenta spectantia historiam Slavorum Meridionalium". The Turkish sources – the chroniclers of the early period (<a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade" title="Aşıkpaşazade">Aşıkpaşazade</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Bey" title="Oruç Bey">Tarih-i Al-ı Osman</a>"), and the latter historians (<a href="/wiki/Munejjim-bashi_Ahmed_Dede" title="Munejjim-bashi Ahmed Dede">Müneccim Başı</a>) are not at all explicit, and regarding the dates, do not agree with the Western sources. The Turkish chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Neshri" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshri">Neshri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris Bitlisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoca_Sadeddin_Efendi" title="Hoca Sadeddin Efendi">Sadeddin</a> only mention the first revolt of the "treacherous Iskander" in 846 H. (1442–43), the campaign of Sultan Murad in 851 H. (1447–48) and the last campaign of Mehmed II in 871 H. (1466–67). In early November 1443, Skanderbeg deserted the forces of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1443)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Niš (1443)">Battle of Niš</a>, while fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">crusaders</a> of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133-49">[49]</a> According to some earlier sources, Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Battle of Kunovica</a> on 2 January 1444.<a href="#cite_note-Gegaj1937p120-50">[50]</a> Skanderbeg quit the field along with 300 other Albanians serving in the Ottoman army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133-49">[49]</a> He immediately led his men to <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>, where he arrived on 28 November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrizari19681-51">[51]</a> and by the use of a forged letter from Sultan Murad to the Governor of Krujë <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Kruja_(1443)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Kruja (1443)">he became lord of the city that very day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197672-52">[52]</a> To reinforce his intention of gaining control of the former domains of Zeta, Skanderbeg proclaimed himself the heir of the <a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994559-53">[53]</a> After capturing some less important surrounding castles (<a href="/wiki/Petrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrela">Petrela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prez%C3%AB" title="Prezë">Prezë</a>, Guri i Bardhë, <a href="/wiki/Kod%C5%BEad%C5%BEik" title="Kodžadžik">Sfetigrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modri%C4%8D,_Struga" title="Modrič, Struga">Modrič</a>, and others) he raised, according to Frashëri, a red standard with a black <a href="/wiki/Double-headed_eagle" title="Double-headed eagle">double-headed eagle</a> on Krujë (Albania uses a similar <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">flag</a> as its national symbol to this day).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002212-54">[54]</a> Despite his military valor, he was only able to hold his own possessions within the very narrow area in today's northern Albania where almost all of his victories against the Ottomans took place.<a href="#cite_note-Pitcher1972-55">[55]</a> Skanderbeg abandoned Islam, reverted to Christianity, and ordered others who had embraced Islam or were Muslim settlers to convert to Christianity or face death.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> From that time on, the Ottomans referred to Skanderbeg as "hain (treacherous) İskender".<a href="#cite_note-GibbLewis1973-57">[57]</a> The small court of Skanderbeg consisted of persons of various ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAjeti1969226-58">[58]</a> He was supposedly also the manager of Skanderbeg's bank account in Ragusa. Members of the Gazulli family had important roles in diplomacy, finance, and purchase of arms. John Gazulli, a doctor, was sent to the court of king <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> to coordinate the offensive against Mehmed II. The knight Pal Gazulli was travelling frequently to Italy, and another Gazulli, Andrea, was ambassador of the despot of Morea in Ragusa before becoming a member of Skanderbeg's court in 1462. Some adventurers also followed Skanderbeg, such as a man named John Newport; <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Maramonte" title="Stefan Maramonte">Stefan Maramonte</a>, who acted as Skanderbeg's ambassador to Milan in 1456; Stjepan Radojevic, who in 1466 provided ships for a trip to Split; Ruscus from Cattaro; and others. The Ragusan <a href="/wiki/Gunduli%C4%87_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundulić (family)">Gondola/Gundulić</a> merchant family had a role similar to Gazulli. Correspondence was written in Slavic, Greek, Latin, and Italian. Documents in Latin were written by notaries from Italy or Venetian territories in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Kastrioti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>This widely adopted variant of the coat of arms of Skanderbeg is based on an illustration found in the 1904 book Gli Albanesi e la Questione Balkanica<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> by prominent <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arberësh</a> author and linguist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Schir%C3%B2" title="Giuseppe Schirò">Giuseppe Schirò</a>.</figcaption></figure> In Albania, the rebellion against the Ottomans had already been smouldering for years before Skanderbeg deserted the Ottoman army.<a href="#cite_note-BuryWhitney1966-61">[61]</a> In August 1443, <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a> again revolted against the Ottomans in the region of central Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Jireček1923-62">[62]</a> Under Venetian patronage,<a href="#cite_note-GibbLewis1973-57">[57]</a> on 2 March 1444, Skanderbeg summoned Albanian noblemen in the Venetian-controlled town of <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a> and they established a military alliance known in historiography as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002135-63">[63]</a> Among those who joined the military alliance were the powerful Albanian noble families of <a href="/wiki/Arianiti_family" title="Arianiti family">Arianiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaharia_family" title="Zaharia family">Zaharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dushmani_family" title="Dushmani family">Dushmani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spani_family" title="Spani family">Spani</a>, and also the Serbian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Crnojević">Stefan Crnojević</a> of Zeta. This was the first time that much of Albania was united under a single leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994557-64">[64]</a> For 25 years, from 1443 to 1468, Skanderbeg's 10,000-man army marched through Ottoman territory, winning against consistently larger and better-supplied Ottoman forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley199290-65">[65]</a> Skanderbeg organized a mobile defense army that forced the Ottomans to disperse their troops, leaving them vulnerable to the <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run tactics</a> of the Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrianos195864-66">[66]</a> Skanderbeg fought a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against the opposing armies by using the mountainous terrain to his advantage. During the first 8–10 years, Skanderbeg commanded an army of generally 10,000–15,000 soldiers,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but only had absolute control over the men from his own dominions, and had to convince the other princes to follow his policies and tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-67">[67]</a> Skanderbeg occasionally had to pay tribute to the Ottomans, but only in exceptional circumstances, such as during the war with the Venetians or his travel to Italy and perhaps when he was under pressure of Ottoman forces that were too strong.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the summer of 1444, in the Plain of Torvioll, the united Albanian armies under Skanderbeg <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll" title="Battle of Torvioll">faced the Ottomans</a> who were under direct command of the Ottoman general Ali Pasha, with an army of 25,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194721-69">[69]</a> Skanderbeg had under his command 7,000 infantry and 8,000 cavalry. 3,000 cavalry were hidden behind enemy lines in a nearby forest under the command of <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Kastrioti" title="Hamza Kastrioti">Hamza Kastrioti</a>. At a given signal, they descended, encircled the Ottomans, and gave Skanderbeg a much needed victory. About 8,000 Ottomans were killed and 2,000 were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-67">[67]</a> Skanderbeg's first victory echoed across Europe because this was one of the few times that an Ottoman army was defeated in a pitched battle on European soil. On 10 October 1445, an Ottoman force of 9,000–15,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199981-70">[70]</a> men under Firuz Pasha was sent to prevent Skanderbeg from moving into Macedonia. Firuz had heard that the Albanian army had disbanded for the time being, so he planned to move quickly around the Black Drin valley and through Prizren. These movements were picked up by Skanderbeg's scouts, who moved to meet Firuz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199981-70">[70]</a> The Ottomans were lured into the Mokra valley, and Skanderbeg with a force of 3,500 attacked and defeated the Ottomans. Firuz was killed along with 1,500 of his men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003310-71">[71]</a> Skanderbeg defeated the Ottomans two more times the following year, once when Ottoman forces from <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> suffered severe losses,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002144-72">[72]</a> and again in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otonet%C3%AB" title="Battle of Otonetë">Battle of Otonetë</a> on 27 September 1446.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196472-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrdal197648-74">[74]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Skanderbeg's return to Krujë, 1444 (woodcut by Jost Amman)"><img alt="Skanderbeg's return to Krujë, 1444 (woodcut by Jost Amman)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png/200px-Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png/300px-Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png/400px-Kthimi_i_Skenderbeut_ne_Kruj%C3%AB.png 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1127" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skanderbeg's return to <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>, 1444 (woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Jost_Amman" title="Jost Amman">Jost Amman</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Varna_(Amman).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A woodcut of the battle of Varna in 1444"><img alt="A woodcut of the battle of Varna in 1444" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Varna_%28Amman%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1455" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A woodcut of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">battle of Varna</a> in 1444</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Venice:_1447_to_1448">War with Venice: 1447 to 1448</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Venetian_War" title="Albanian–Venetian War">Albanian–Venetian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfetigrad_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sfetigrad_001.jpg/220px-Sfetigrad_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sfetigrad_001.jpg/330px-Sfetigrad_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sfetigrad_001.jpg/440px-Sfetigrad_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Woodcut depicting an engagement between Albanian and Ottoman forces</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg/220px-Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg/330px-Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Skanderbeg_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg addressing the people, 16th-century engraving by <a href="/wiki/Jost_Amman" title="Jost Amman">Jost Amman</a></figcaption></figure> At the beginning of the Albanian insurrection, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> was supportive of Skanderbeg, considering his forces to be a buffer between them and the Ottoman Empire. Lezhë, where the eponymous league was established, was <a href="/wiki/Albania_Veneta" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania Veneta">Venetian territory</a>, and the assembly met with the approval of Venice. The later affirmation of Skanderbeg and his rise as a strong force on their borders, however, was seen as a menace to the interests of the Republic, leading to a worsening of relations and the dispute over the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Dagnum" title="Dagnum">Dagnum</a> which triggered the <a href="/wiki/Albanian-Venetian_War_(1447-1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Venetian War (1447-1448)">Albanian-Venetian War of 1447–48</a>. After various attacks against Bar and Ulcinj, along with <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Crnojevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Crnojević">Stefan Crnojević</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001302-75">[75]</a> and Albanians of the area, the Venetians offered rewards for his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994559-53">[53]</a> The Venetians sought to overthrow or assassinate Skanderbeg by any means, even offering a life pension of 100 golden <a href="/wiki/Ducat" title="Ducat">ducats</a> annually for the person who would kill him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrdal197648-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">[76]</a> During the conflict, Venice invited the Ottomans to attack Skanderbeg simultaneously from the east, facing the Albanians with a two-front conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994557-64">[64]</a> On 14 May 1448, an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his son <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed</a> laid siege to the castle of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Svetigrad_(1448)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Svetigrad (1448)">Sfetigrad</a>. The Albanian garrison in the castle resisted the frontal assaults of the Ottoman army, while Skanderbeg harassed the besieging forces with the remaining Albanian army under his personal command. On 23 July 1448, Skanderbeg won a battle near <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> against a Venetian army led by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Venier" title="Andrea Venier">Andrea Venier</a>. In late summer 1448, due to a lack of potable water, the Albanian garrison eventually surrendered the castle with the condition of safe passage through the Ottoman besieging forces, a condition which was accepted and respected by Sultan Murad II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson1999102-77">[77]</a> Primary sources disagree about the reason why the besieged had problems with the water in the castle: While Barleti and Biemmi maintained that a dead dog was found in the castle well, and the garrison refused to drink the water since it might corrupt their soul, another primary source, an Ottoman chronicler, conjectured that the Ottoman forces found and cut the water sources of the castle. Recent historians mostly concur with the Ottoman chronicler's version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002158-78">[78]</a> Although his loss of men was minimal, Skanderbeg lost the castle of Sfetigrad, which was an important stronghold that controlled the fields of Macedonia to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson1999102-77">[77]</a> At the same time, he besieged the towns of Durazzo (modern <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>) and Lezhë which were then under Venetian rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199985-79">[79]</a> In August 1448, Skanderbeg defeated Mustafa Pasha in Dibër at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1448)" title="Battle of Oranik (1448)">battle of Oranik</a>. Mustafa Pasha lost 3,000 men and was captured, along with twelve high officers. Skanderbeg learned from these officers that it was the Venetians who pushed the Ottomans to invade Albania. The Venetians, upon hearing of the defeat, urged to establish peace. Mustafa Pasha was soon ransomed for 25,000 ducats to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199989-80">[80]</a> On 23 July 1448, Skanderbeg crossed the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin River</a> with 10,000 men, meeting a Venetian force of 15,000 men under the command of Daniele Iurichi, governor of <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scutari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001490-81">[81]</a> Skanderbeg instructed his troops on what to expect and opened battle by ordering a force of archers to open fire on the Venetian line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco153988-82">[82]</a> The battle continued for hours until large groups of Venetian troops began to flee. Skanderbeg, seeing his fleeing adversaries, ordered a full-scale offensive, routing the entire Venetian army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">[83]</a> The Republic's soldiers were chased right to the gates of Scutari, and Venetian prisoners were thereafter paraded outside the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">[83]</a> The Albanians managed to inflict 2,500 casualties on the Venetian force, capturing 1,000. Skanderbeg's army suffered 400 casualties, most on the right wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">[76]</a> The peace treaty, negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Pelino" title="Georgius Pelino">Georgius Pelino</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and signed between Skanderbeg and Venice on 4 October 1448, envisioned that Venice would keep Dagnum and its environs, but would cede to Skanderbeg the territory of Buzëgjarpri at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">river Drin</a>, and also that Skanderbeg would enjoy the privilege of buying, tax-free, 200 horse-loads of salt annually from Durazzo. In addition, Venice would pay Skanderbeg 1,400 ducats. During the period of clashes with Venice, Skanderbeg intensified relations with <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1416–1458), who was the main rival of Venice in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a>, where his dreams for an empire were always opposed by the Venetians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947100-85">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] One of the reasons Skanderbeg agreed to sign the peace treaty with Venice was the advance of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>'s army in Kosovo and his invitation for Skanderbeg to join the expedition against the sultan. However, the Albanian army under Skanderbeg did not participate in this battle as he was prevented from joining with Hunyadi's army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002160–161-86">[86]</a> It is believed that he was delayed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>, then allied with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a>, although Branković's exact role is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar1994393-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger199240-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Skanderbeg was outraged at the fact that he had been prevented in participating in a battle which could have changed the fate of his homeland if not the entirety of the Balkan Peninsula. As a result of this he let his armies raid into Kosovo, he then set fire to Serbian villages and slaughtered their inhabitants to punish Branković. He then returned to <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> towards the end of November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002160–161-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bonfini" title="Antonio Bonfini">Antonio Bonfini</a> an Italian courtier of the <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Hungarian king</a> believed the battle could have been won if Skanderbeg had participated.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> He appears to have marched to join Hunyadi immediately after making peace with the Venetians, and to have been only 20 miles from Kosovo Polje when the Hungarian army finally broke.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Krujë_(1450)_and_its_aftermath">Siege of Krujë (1450) and its aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">Siege of Krujë (1450)</a></div> In June 1450, two years after the Ottomans had captured Sfetigrad, they <a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Krujë">laid siege</a> to Krujë with an army numbering approximately 100,000 men and led again by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> himself and his son, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200388-95">[95]</a> Following a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> strategy (thus denying the Ottomans the use of necessary local resources), Skanderbeg left a protective garrison of 1,500 men under one of his most trusted lieutenants, <a href="/wiki/Vrana_Konti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrana Konti">Vrana Konti</a>, while, with the remainder of the army, which included many Slavs, Germans, Frenchmen and Italians,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> he harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë by continuously attacking Sultan Murad II's supply caravans. The garrison repelled three major direct assaults on the city walls by the Ottomans, causing great losses to the besieging forces. Ottoman attempts at finding and cutting the water sources failed, as did a sapped tunnel, which collapsed suddenly. An offer of 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">aspra</a> (Ottoman silver coins) and a promise of a high rank as an officer in the Ottoman army made to Vrana Konti, were both rejected by him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194725-98">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png/220px-Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png/330px-Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png/440px-Rrethimi_i_pare_I_krujes_1449-50.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">First Siege of Krujë, 1450</a>, woodcut by Jost Amman</figcaption></figure> During the First Siege of Krujë, the Venetian merchants from <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scutari</a> sold food to the Ottoman army and those of Durazzo supplied Skanderbeg's army.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> An angry attack by Skanderbeg on the Venetian caravans raised tension between him and the Republic, but the case was resolved with the help of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailo_of_Durazzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailo of Durazzo (page does not exist)">bailo of Durazzo</a> who stopped the Venetian merchants from furnishing the Ottomans any longer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194725-98">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Venetian help to the Ottomans notwithstanding, by September 1450, the Ottoman camp was in disarray, as the castle was still not taken, the morale had sunk, and disease was running rampant. Murad II acknowledged that he could not capture the castle of Krujë by force of arms before the winter, and in October 1450, he lifted the siege and made his way to <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194725-98">[98]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Ottomans suffered 20,000 casualties during the siege,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and many more died as Murad escaped Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200394-100">[100]</a> A few months later, on 3 February 1451, Murad died in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> (r. 1451–1481).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1975272-101">[101]</a> After the siege, Skanderbeg was at the end of his resources. He lost all of his possessions except <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>. The other nobles from the region of Albania allied with <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> as he came to save them from the oppression. Even after the sultan's withdrawal, they rejected Skanderbeg's efforts to enforce his authority over their domains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978102-102">[102]</a> Skanderbeg then traveled to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, urging for assistance, and the Ragusans informed Pope Nicholas V. Through financial assistance, Skanderbeg managed to hold Krujë and regain much of his territory. Skanderbeg's success brought praise from all over Europe and ambassadors were sent to him from Rome, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978102-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardenica_Monastery_(by_Pudelek).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/220px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/330px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG/440px-Ardenica_Monastery_%28by_Pudelek%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenica Monastery</a>, where Skanderbeg married <a href="/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti" title="Donika Kastrioti">Donika</a></figcaption></figure> Although Skanderbeg had achieved success in resisting Murad II himself, harvests were unproductive and famine was widespread. After being rejected by the Venetians, Skanderbeg established closer connections with King Alfonso V<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> who, in January 1451, appointed him as "captain general of the king of Aragon".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992151-104">[104]</a> Following Skanderbeg's requests, King Alfonso V helped him in this situation and the two parties signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gaeta" title="Treaty of Gaeta">Treaty of Gaeta</a> on 26 March 1451, according to which Skanderbeg was formally a vassal in exchange for military aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002310–316-105">[105]</a> Authors have disagreed on whether Krujë belonged to Skanderbeg or to Alfonso V; while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Marinesco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Marinesco (page does not exist)">C. Marinesco</a> claimed that Krujë no longer belonged to Skanderbeg, but to Alfonso, who exercised his power through his viceroy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192359-106">[106]</a> this thesis was rejected by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanas_Gegaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanas Gegaj (page does not exist)">A. Gegaj</a>, who claimed that the disproportion in numbers between the Spanish forces (100) and Skanderbeg's (around 10–15 thousand) clearly showed that the city belonged to Skanderbeg. It is presumed that Skanderbeg de facto had full control over his territories:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994558–559-107">[107]</a> while Naples' archives registered payments and supplies sent to Skanderbeg, they do not mention any kind of payment or tribute by Skanderbeg to Alfonso, except for various Ottoman war prisoners and banners sent by him as a gift to the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGegaj193792-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320–321-109">[109]</a> More explicitly, Skanderbeg recognized Alfonso's sovereignty over his lands in exchange for help against the Ottomans. King Alfonso pledged to respect the old privileges of Krujë and Albanian territories and to pay Skanderbeg an annual 1,500 ducats, while Skanderbeg pledged to make his <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a> to King Alfonso only after the expulsion of Ottomans from his lands, a condition never reached in Skanderbeg's lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947100-85">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Skanderbeg married <a href="/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti" title="Donika Kastrioti">Donika</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a>, one of the most influential Albanian noblemen, strengthening the ties between them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002181-110">[110]</a> a month after the treaty on 21 April 1451 in the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Ardenica Monastery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie200014-111">[111]</a> Their only child was <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon Kastrioti II</a>, however an elder daughter named Voisava is mentioned in some sources as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1451, Mehmed was focused on defeating the <a href="/wiki/Karamanids" title="Karamanids">Karamanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mente%C5%9Fe_(beylik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteşe (beylik)">Menteşe</a> in the East, but it was in his intentions to return to Albania. During this brief period of rest, Skanderbeg took up the rebuilding of Krujë and erected a new fortress in Modrica in the <a href="/wiki/Drin_Valley" title="Drin Valley">Drin Valley</a> near Sfetigrad (which had been lost in a 1448 siege) where Ottoman forces had previously slipped through unhindered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320-112">[112]</a> The fortress was constructed in the heat of summer within a few months when few Ottoman posts were present. This came as a huge blow to Ottoman efforts whose Albanian operations were thus inhibited.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Right after the Treaty of Gaeta, Alfonso V signed other treaties with the rest of the most important Albanian noblemen, including <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Arianiti" title="Gjergj Arianiti">Gjergj Arianiti</a>,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and with the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Despot of the Morea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Palaiologos" title="Demetrios Palaiologos">Demetrios Palaiologos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> These efforts show that Alfonso thought about a crusade starting from Albania and <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">Morea</a>, which however never took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194727-116">[116]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Following the treaty, in the end of May 1451, a small detachment of 100 Catalan soldiers, headed by Bernard Vaquer, was established at the castle of Krujë. One year later, in May 1452, another Catalan nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_d%27Ortaf%C3%A0" title="Ramon d'Ortafà">Ramon d'Ortafà</a>, came to Krujë with the title of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. In 1453, Skanderbeg paid a secret visit to Naples and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, probably to discuss the new conditions after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> and the planning of a new crusade which Alfonso would have presented to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> in a meeting in 1453–54.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192369–79-117">[117]</a> During the five years which followed the first siege of Krujë, Albania was allowed some respite as the new sultan set out to conquer the last vestiges of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, but in 1452 the newly acceded Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II%27s_first_Albanian_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed II's first Albanian campaign">ordered his first campaign</a> against Skanderbeg. An expedition was sent under the dual-command of Tahip Pasha, the main commander, and Hamza Pasha, his subordinate, with an army of c. 25,000 men split between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Polog_1453.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Polog_1453.png/220px-Battle_of_Polog_1453.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Polog_1453.png/330px-Battle_of_Polog_1453.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Battle_of_Polog_1453.png/440px-Battle_of_Polog_1453.png 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg's victory over the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Polog" title="Battle of Polog">Battle of Polog, 1453</a></figcaption></figure> Skanderbeg gathered 14,000 men and marched against the Ottoman army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947?-118">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Skanderbeg planned to first defeat Hamza and then to move around Tahip and encircle him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">[83]</a> Skanderbeg did not give Hamza much time to prepare and, on 21 July, he assaulted immediately. The fierce attack made short work of the Ottoman force, resulting in them fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1539317-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The same day Skanderbeg attacked Tahip's army and defeated them, with Tahip killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108-121">[121]</a> and the Ottomans were thus left without their commander as they fled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108-121">[121]</a> Skanderbeg's victory over a ruler even more powerful than Murad came as a great surprise to the Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947100-85">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] During this period, skirmishes between Skanderbeg and the <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a>, which had been dragging on for years, were put to an end by a reconciliatory intervention of the Pope, and in 1454, a peace treaty between them was finally reached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994558-122">[122]</a> On 22 April 1453, Mehmed sent another expedition to Albania under Ibrahim Pasha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002321-123">[123]</a> The same day, despite the storms, Skanderbeg launched a swift cavalry attack which broke into the enemy camp causing disorder and chaos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108-121">[121]</a> Ibrahim was killed in action<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002321-123">[123]</a> along with 3,000 of his men. Skanderbeg's army continued looting before returning to Debar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108-121">[121]</a> He returned triumphantly with his army with whom he had split his booty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1539317-119">[119]</a> Five weeks later <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Mehmed II captured Constantinople</a>, which deeply troubled the Christian states of Europe. Mehmed, by then called "the Conqueror", turned his attention to finally defeating the Kingdom of Hungary and crossing into Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002322-124">[124]</a> Skanderbeg informed King Alfonso that he had conquered some territories and a castle, and Alfonso replied some days later that soon Ramon d'Ortafà would return to continue the war against the Ottomans and promised more troops and supplies. In the beginning of 1454, Skanderbeg and the Venetians<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] informed King Alfonso and the Pope about a possible Ottoman invasion and asked for help. The Pope sent 3,000 ducats while Alfonso sent 500 infantry and a certain amount of money to Skanderbeg.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Senate" title="Venetian Senate">Venetian Senate</a> was resenting Skanderbeg's alliance with Naples, an old enemy of Venice. Frequently they delayed their tributes to Skanderbeg and this was long a matter of dispute between the parties, with Skanderbeg threatening war on Venice at least three times between 1448 and 1458, and Venice conceding in a conciliatory tone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194730-127">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In June 1454, Ramon d'Ortafà returned to Krujë, this time with the title of viceroy of Albania, Greece, and Slavonia, with a personal letter to Skanderbeg as the <a href="/wiki/Captain-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-General">Captain-General</a> of the Neapolitan-aligned armed forces in parts of Albania (Magnifico et strenuo viro Georgio Castrioti, dicto Scandarbech, gentium armorum nostrarum in partibus Albanie generali capitaneo, consiliario fideli nobis dilecto).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947?-118">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Along with d'Ortafà, King Alfonso V also sent the clerics Fra Lorenzo da Palerino and Fra Giovanni dell'Aquila to Albania with a flag embroidered with a white cross as a symbol of the Crusade which was about to begin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorga1908–191346-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192382-129">[129]</a> Even though this crusade never materialized, the Neapolitan troops were used in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1455)" title="Siege of Berat (1455)">Siege of Berat</a>, where they were almost entirely annihilated and were never replaced. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berat_citadel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berat_citadel.jpg/220px-Berat_citadel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berat_citadel.jpg/330px-Berat_citadel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Berat_citadel.jpg/440px-Berat_citadel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The citadel of <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></figcaption></figure> The Siege of Berat, the first real test between the armies of the new sultan and Skanderbeg, ended up in an Ottoman victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> Skanderbeg besieged the town's castle for months, causing the demoralized Ottoman officer in charge of the castle to promise his surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> At that point, Skanderbeg relaxed his grip, split his forces, and departed the siege, leaving behind one of his generals, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzak%C3%AB_Topia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzakë Topia (page does not exist)">Muzakë Topia</a>, and half of his cavalry on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Osum_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum River">Osum River</a> in order to finalize the surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> It was a costly error—the Ottomans saw this moment as an opportunity for attack and sent a large cavalry force, led by <a href="/wiki/Isak-Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak-Beg">Isak-Beg</a>, to reinforce the garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> The Albanian forces lulled into a false sense of security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> The Ottomans caught the Albanian cavalry by surprise while they were resting on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Osum_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Osum River">Osum River</a>, and almost all the 5,000 Albanian cavalry laying siege to Berat was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> Most of the forces belonged to Gjergj Arianiti, whose role as Skanderbeg's greatest support diminished after the defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">[130]</a> The attitude of other Albanian nobility was also somewhat affected. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Oronichea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Battle_of_Oronichea.png/220px-Battle_of_Oronichea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Battle_of_Oronichea.png/330px-Battle_of_Oronichea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Battle_of_Oronichea.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Second Battle of Oranik, 1456</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Moisi_Golemi" title="Moisi Golemi">Moisi Golemi</a> defected to the Ottomans and returned to Albania in 1456 as the commander of an Ottoman army of 15,000 men, but he was defeated by Skanderbeg in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oranik_(1456)" title="Battle of Oranik (1456)">Battle of Oranik</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196479-131">[131]</a> and lost his territory of Debar to Skanderbeg toward the end of March 1456.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> On 5 April 1456, Skanderbeg entered Kruja and Moisi fled to him professing his willingness to take up arms against the Ottomans, and Skanderbeg pardoned him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> remaining loyal until his death in 1464.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196479-131">[131]</a> From time to time, Venice succeeded in stirring up Skanderbeg's relatives and weaker neighbors, who set up in opposition to him the elderly Gjergj Arianiti as "captain of all Albania" from Scutari to Durazzo in 1456, but in clan warfare Skanderbeg usually had the upper hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> Skanderbeg took over possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Zenevisi_family" title="Zenevisi family">Zenevisi</a> and the Balšić as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> Skanderbeg's followers that ruled over northern Albania and all of the chieftains on both sides of the Tomor mountains remained loyal to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg/220px-Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg/330px-Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Assault_on_Turkish_encampment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of an Albanian assault on the Ottoman camp during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Battle of Albulena, 1457</a></figcaption></figure> In 1456, one of Skanderbeg's nephews, <a href="/wiki/George_Strez_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="George Strez Balšić">George Strez Balšić</a>, sold the <a href="/wiki/Modri%C4%8D,_Struga" title="Modrič, Struga">Modrič</a> fortress (now in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>) to the Ottomans for 30,000 silver ducats. He tried to cover up the act; however, his treason was discovered and he was sent to prison in Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194752-133">[133]</a> In 1456, Skanderbeg's son, <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon Kastrioti II</a>, was born.<a href="#cite_note-Zbornik-Odsjeka-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamza_Kastrioti" title="Hamza Kastrioti">Hamza Kastrioti</a>, Skanderbeg's own nephew and his closest collaborator, lost his hope of succession after the birth of Skanderbeg's son and defected to the Ottomans in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Zbornik-Odsjeka-134">[134]</a> In the summer of 1457, an Ottoman army numbering approximately 70,000 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194729-135">[135]</a> invaded Albania with the hope of destroying Albanian resistance once and for all. This army was led by <a href="/wiki/Isak-Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Isak-Beg">Isak-Beg</a> and Hamza Kastrioti, the commander who knew all about Albanian tactics and strategy. After wreaking much damage to the countryside,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194729-135">[135]</a> the Ottoman army set up camp at <a href="/wiki/Ujebardha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujebardha">Ujebardha</a> field, halfway between Lezhë and Krujë. After having avoided the enemy for months, calmly giving to the Ottomans and his European neighbours the impression that he was defeated, on 2 September Skanderbeg attacked the Ottoman forces in their encampments and defeated them<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194753-136">[136]</a> killing 15,000 Ottomans, capturing 15,000 and 24 standards, and all the riches in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">[132]</a> This was one of the most famous victories of Skanderbeg over the Ottomans, which led to a five-year peace treaty with Sultan Mehmed II. Hamza was captured<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196480-137">[137]</a> and sent to detention in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002367–368-138">[138]</a> After the victorious <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Battle of Ujëbardha</a>, Skanderbeg's relations with the Papacy under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus III">Pope Calixtus III</a> were intensified. The reason was that during this time, Skanderbeg's military undertakings involved considerable expense in which the contribution of Alfonso V of Aragon was not sufficient to defray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">[139]</a> In 1457, Skanderbeg requested help from Calixtus III. Being himself in financial difficulties, the pope could do no more than send Skanderbeg a single galley and a modest sum of money, promising more ships and larger amounts of money in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">[139]</a> On 23 December 1457, Calixtus III declared Skanderbeg a Captain-General of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) in the war against the Ottomans. The Pope gave him the title <a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a>, or Champion of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">[139]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg/220px-1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg/330px-1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg/440px-1455_Nautical_Chart_of_Albania_by_Bartolomeo_Pareto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption>Nautical chart of medieval Albania in 1455 by <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Pareto" title="Bartolomeo Pareto">Bartolomeo Pareto</a> highlights the domains under the rule of Skanderbeg.</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, Ragusa bluntly refused to release the funds which had been collected in Dalmatia for the crusade and which, according to the Pope, were to have been distributed in equal parts to Hungary, Bosnia, and Albania. The Ragusans even entered into negotiations with Mehmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">[139]</a> At the end of December 1457, Calixtus threatened Venice with an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> and repeated the threat in February 1458. As the captain of the Curia, Skanderbeg appointed the duke of <a href="/wiki/Leukas" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukas">Leukas</a> (Santa Maura), <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_III_Tocco" title="Leonardo III Tocco">Leonardo III Tocco</a>, formerly the prince of Arta and "despot of the <a href="/wiki/Rhomaioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomaioi">Rhomaeans</a>", a figure known in Southern Epirus, as a lieutenant in his native land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">[139]</a> On 27 June 1458, King Alfonso V died at Naples and Skanderbeg sent emissaries to his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Naples" title="Ferdinand I of Naples">King Ferdinand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002359-140">[140]</a> According to historian C. Marinesco, the death of King Alfonso marked the end of the Aragonese dream of a Mediterranean Empire and also the hope for a new crusade in which Skanderbeg was assigned a leading role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco1923133–134-141">[141]</a> The relationship of Skanderbeg with the Kingdom of Naples continued after Alfonso V's death, but the situation had changed. Ferdinand I was not as able as his father and now it was Skanderbeg's turn to help King Ferdinand to regain and maintain his kingdom. In 1459 Skanderbeg captured the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sati_(castle)" title="Sati (castle)">Sati</a> from the Ottoman Empire and ceded it to Venice in order to secure cordial relationship with Signoria.<a href="#cite_note-Gegaj1937p120-50">[50]</a> The reconciliation reached the point where Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> suggested entrusting Skanderbeg's dominions to Venice during his Italian expedition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despot</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Stefan Branković">Stefan Branković</a> was dethroned in April 1459, he travelled to Albania and stayed with Skanderbeg and supported his anti-Ottoman activities, forging plans to recapture Serbia from Ottomans and return to <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In November 1460 Despot Stefan married <a href="/wiki/Saint_Angelina_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Angelina of Serbia">Angelina Arianiti</a>, the sister of Skanderbeg's wife <a href="/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti" title="Donika Kastrioti">Donika</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20009-143">[143]</a> Skanderbeg gave the dethroned Despot Stefan an unknown estate as appanage.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> With Skanderbeg's recommendations, Despot Stefan moved to Italy in 1461<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> or 1466.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_expedition:_1460_to_1462">Italian expedition: 1460 to 1462</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Skanderbeg's Italian expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_(1460-1462)2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg/220px-Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg/330px-Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg/440px-Skanderbeg_expedition_in_Italy_%281460-1462%292.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_Italian_expedition" title="Skanderbeg's Italian expedition">Skanderbeg's military expedition to Italy 1460–1462</a>. The northern route was taken by himself, whereas the southern one was taken by his subordinates.</figcaption></figure> In 1460, King Ferdinand had serious problems with another uprising of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">Angevins</a> and asked for help from Skanderbeg. This invitation worried King Ferdinand's opponents, and <a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_Pandolfo_Malatesta" title="Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta">Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta</a> declared that if Ferdinand of Naples received Skanderbeg, Malatesta would go to the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992201-147">[147]</a> In the month of September 1460, Skanderbeg dispatched a company of 500 cavalry under his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Strez_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ivan Strez Balšić">Ivan Strez Balšić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387-148">[148]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:260px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The Prince of Taranto wrote me a letter, a copy of which, and the reply I made him, I am sending to Your Majesty. I am very surprised that His Lordship should think to turn me from my intention by his brusque words, and I should like to say one thing: may God guard Your Majesty from ill and harm and danger, but however things may turn out I am the friend of virtue and not fortune." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Skanderbeg's letter to Ferdinand I of Naples<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></cite></div> </div> Ferdinand's main rival <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Taranto" title="Principality of Taranto">Prince of Taranto</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_del_Balzo_Orsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini">Giovanni Antonio Orsini</a> tried to dissuade Skanderbeg from this enterprise and even offered him an alliance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387-148">[148]</a> This did not affect Skanderbeg, who answered on 31 October 1460, that he owed fealty to the Aragon family, especially in times of hardship. In his response to Orsini, Skanderbeg mentioned that the Albanians never betray their friends and that they are the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a>, and reminded Orsini of Pyrrhus' victories in southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387-148">[148]</a> When the situation became critical, Skanderbeg made a three-year armistice with the Ottomans on 17 April 1461, and in late August 1461, landed in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> with an expeditionary force of 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry. At <a href="/wiki/Barletta" title="Barletta">Barletta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trani,_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trani, Apulia">Trani</a>, he managed to defeat the Italian and Angevin forces of Orsini of Taranto, secured King Ferdinand's throne, and returned to Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194732-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002370–390-151">[151]</a> King Ferdinand was grateful to Skanderbeg for this intervention for the rest of his life: at Skanderbeg's death, he rewarded his descendants with the castle of Trani, and the properties of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Sant%27Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_Rotondo" title="San Giovanni Rotondo">San Giovanni Rotondo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002370–390-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skanderbeg's_letter_to_the_Prince_of_Taranto">Skanderbeg's letter to the Prince of Taranto</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:260px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ffa592;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Moreover, you scorn our people, claiming the Albanians as nothing more than sheep, and according to your customs think of us with only insults. It would seem you know nothing of the origins of our race. Our elders were the Epirotes from whence Pyrrhus himself came forth, the might of whom the Romans could barely withstand. Those very Epirotes whom with their weapons set forth and conquered Taranto and much of Italy. There exists no challenge to their might from the likes of the Tarentines, a species of wet men born only to catch fish. And since you proclaim Albania a part of Macedonia, then you grant also our elders as nobles who went as far as India under Alexander the Great, defeating all the peoples that came before them with great ease. From those men descend these who you call sheep. But the nature of things is not changed. Why do your men run away in the faces of sheep?" </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Skanderbeg's letter to the Prince of Taranto<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a></cite></div> </div> In his letter, Skanderbeg clearly asserted his Albanian heritage, stating that the Albanians were descendants of the ancient Epirotes and Pyrrhus himself. The Prince of Taranto asserted that the Albanians were descended from the ancient Macedonians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3></div> After securing Naples, Skanderbeg returned home after being informed of Ottoman movements. There were three Ottoman armies approaching Albania. The first, under the command of Sinan Pasha, was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Mokra,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokra, Macedonia">Mokra</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Makedonski_Brod" title="Makedonski Brod">Makedonski Brod</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> Upon hearing of the defeat, Mehmed II dispatched a second army under Hasan Bey. Skanderbeg and Hasan confronted each other in Mokra where the latter was defeated and lost the majority of his forces as well as being wounded himself, he surrendered to Skanderbeg and was imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480329-154">[154]</a> The second army, under the command of Hasan bey, was defeated in Ohrid, where the Ottoman commander was captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> The third Ottoman army, a force of 30,000 under Karaza bey was defeated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> This forced Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> to agree to a 10-year armistice which was signed in April 1463 in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> Skanderbeg did not want peace, but <a href="/wiki/Tanush_Thopia" title="Tanush Thopia">Tanush Thopia</a>'s willingness for peace prevailed. Tanush himself went to Tivoli to explain to the Pope why Skanderbeg had opted for peace with Mehmed II. He pointed out that Skanderbeg would be ready to go back to war should the Pope ask for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ohrid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Ohrid.png/220px-Battle_of_Ohrid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Ohrid.png/330px-Battle_of_Ohrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Battle_of_Ohrid.png/440px-Battle_of_Ohrid.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Skanderbeg's victory with the Venetians over the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ohrid" title="Battle of Ohrid">Battle of Ohrid</a> in 1464</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the position of Venice towards Skanderbeg had changed perceptibly because it entered <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1463%E2%80%931479)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479)">a war with the Ottomans</a> (1463–79). During this period Venice saw Skanderbeg as an invaluable ally, and on 20 August 1463, the 1448 peace treaty was renewed with other conditions added: the right of asylum in Venice, an article stipulating that any Venetian–Ottoman treaty would include a guarantee of Albanian independence, and allowing the presence of several Venetian ships in the Adriatic around Lezhë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735–36-155">[155]</a> In November 1463, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_II" title="Pope Pius II">Pope Pius II</a> tried to organize a new crusade against the Ottomans, similar to what <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V" title="Pope Nicholas V">Pope Nicholas V</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus III">Pope Calixtus III</a> tried before. Pius II invited all Christian nobility to join, and the Venetians immediately answered the appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194736-156">[156]</a> So did Skanderbeg, who on 27 November 1463 declared war on the Ottomans when a force of 14,000 was sent under the command of Şeremet bey to reinforce fortresses in the area of Ohrid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480335-157">[157]</a> Due to the upcoming crusade the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> decided to aid Skanderbeg by sending 500 cavalry and 500 infantry under the <a href="/wiki/Condottiero" title="Condottiero">condottiero</a> Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002418-158">[158]</a> On 14 or 15 September after luring the Ottomans out of the gates of Ohrid and feigning a retreat, Skanderbeg's forces assaulted and defeated the Ottoman garrison. Şeremet lost 10,000 men and his son was captured. The remainder of the Ottoman forces were pursued by the Albanian-Venetian ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480337-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002418-158">[158]</a> Pius II's planned crusade envisioned assembling 20,000 soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>, while another 20,000 would be gathered by Skanderbeg. They would have been marshalled in Durazzo under Skanderbeg's leadership and would have formed the central front against the Ottomans. However, Pius II died in August 1464, at the crucial moment when the crusading armies were gathering and preparing to march in Ancona, and Skanderbeg was again left alone facing the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194736-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_(1465).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png/220px-Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png/330px-Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png/440px-Miniature_Illustration_of_Skanderbeg_%281465%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>One of the oldest illustrations of Skanderbeg: a miniature included in De Romanorum magistratibus, sacerdotiisque Romanorum of Lucio Fenestella (pseudonym of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_Domenico_Fiocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea Domenico Fiocco (page does not exist)">Andrea Domenico Fiocco</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Domenico_Fiocco" class="extiw" title="it:Andrea Domenico Fiocco">it</a>]), first printed in 1465</figcaption></figure> In April 1465, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vaikal">Battle of Vaikal</a>, Skanderbeg fought and defeated <a href="/wiki/Ballaban_Badera" title="Ballaban Badera">Ballaban Badera</a>, an Ottoman Albanian <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ohrid" title="Sanjak of Ohrid">sanjakbey of Ohrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> However, during an ambush in the same battle, Ballaban managed to capture some important Albanian noblemen, including cavalry commander <a href="/wiki/Moisi_Golemi" title="Moisi Golemi">Moisi Golemi</a>, chief army quartermaster <a href="/wiki/Vladan_Gjurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladan Gjurica">Vladan Gjurica</a>, Skanderbeg's nephew Muzaka, and 18 other officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194736-156">[156]</a> These were immediately sent to Constantinople where they were skinned alive for fifteen days and later cut to pieces and thrown to the dogs. Skanderbeg's pleas to have them back, by either ransom or prisoner exchange, failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194736-156">[156]</a> Later that same year, two other Ottoman armies appeared on the borders. The commander of one of the Ottoman armies was Ballaban Pasha, who, together with Jakup Bey, the commander of the second army, planned a double-flank envelopment. Skanderbeg, however, attacked Ballaban's forces at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Vajkal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Vajkal (page does not exist)">Second Battle of Vajkal</a>, where the Ottomans were defeated. This time, all Ottoman prisoners were slain in an act of revenge for the previous execution of Albanian captains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">[76]</a> The other Ottoman army, under the command of Jakup Bey, was also defeated some days later in Kashari field near Tirana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Siege_of_Krujë_and_its_aftermath_(1466–67)">Second Siege of Krujë and its aftermath (1466–67)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–67)">Siege of Krujë (1466–67)</a></div> In 1466, Sultan Mehmed II personally led an army of 30,000 into Albania and laid the <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Krujë">Second Siege of Krujë</a>, as his father had attempted 16 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253-161">[161]</a> The town was defended by a garrison of 4,400 men, led by <a href="/wiki/Tanush_Thopia" title="Tanush Thopia">Prince Tanush Thopia</a>. After several months of siege, destruction and killings all over the country, Mehmed II, like his father, saw that seizing Krujë was impossible for him to accomplish by force of arms. Subsequently, he left the siege to return to Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253-161">[161]</a> However, he left the force of 30,000 men under Ballaban Pasha to maintain the siege by building a castle in central Albania, which he named Il-basan (modern <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>), in order to support the siege. Durazzo would be the next target of the sultan in order to be used as a strong base opposite the Italian coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253-161">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg/220px-Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg/330px-Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg/440px-Kruja_Skanderbeg_Museum_DSC01309.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Museum" title="Skanderbeg Museum">Skanderbeg Museum</a> in Krujë</figcaption></figure> In 1466, on his return trip to Istanbul, Mehmed II expatriated Dorotheos, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Ohrid" title="Archbishop of Ohrid">Archbishop of Ohrid</a> and his clerks and boyars because of their anti-Ottoman activities and collaboration with rebels from Albania during Skanderbeg's rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Skanderbeg spent the following winter of 1466–67 in Italy, of which several weeks were spent in Rome trying to persuade <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a> to give him money. At one point, he was unable to pay for his hotel bill, and he commented bitterly that he should be fighting against the Church rather than the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978282-164">[164]</a> Only when Skanderbeg left for Naples did Pope Paul II give him 2,300 ducats. The court of Naples, whose policy in the Balkans hinged on Skanderbeg's resistance, was more generous with money, armaments, and supplies. However, it is probably better to say that Skanderbeg financed and equipped his troops largely from local resources, richly supplemented by Ottoman booty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley199291-165">[165]</a> It is safe to say that the papacy was generous with praise and encouragement, but its financial subsidies were limited. It is possible that the Curia only provided to Skanderbeg 20,000 ducats in all, which could have paid the wages of 20 men over the whole period of conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley199291-165">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png/220px-Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png/330px-Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png/440px-Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_1466.png 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1466%E2%80%9367)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1466–67)">Second Siege of Krujë</a> 1466–67 – The Albanian-Venetian force under Skanderbeg successfully repelled the siege led by <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed</a> II.</figcaption></figure> However, on his return he allied with <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjini" title="Lekë Dukagjini">Lekë Dukagjini</a>, and together on 19 April 1467, they first attacked and defeated, in the <a href="/wiki/Krrab%C3%AB" title="Krrabë">Krrabë</a> region, the Ottoman reinforcements commanded by Yonuz, Ballaban's brother. Yonuz himself and his son, Haydar were taken prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">[76]</a> Four days later, on 23 April 1467, they attacked the Ottoman forces laying siege to Krujë. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Krujë">Second Siege of Krujë</a> was eventually broken, resulting in the death of Ballaban Pasha by an Albanian <a href="/wiki/Arquebusier" class="mw-redirect" title="Arquebusier">arquebusier</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">[153]</a> named George Aleksi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrizari196885-166">[166]</a> With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002451-167">[167]</a> The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded Ottoman army before they cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947333-168">[168]</a> On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002455-169">[169]</a> The victory was well-received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini: Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002456-170">[170]</a> The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002456-170">[170]</a> Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under <a href="/wiki/Vettore_Capello" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettore Capello">Vettore Capello</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a> after which he sailed back and laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turahano%C4%9Flu_%C3%96mer_Bey" title="Turahanoğlu Ömer Bey">Ömer Bey</a>, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, ending their campaign.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> After these events, Skanderbeg's forces besieged <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a> but failed to capture it because of the lack of artillery and sufficient number of soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg/220px-The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg/330px-The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg/440px-The_death_of_Skanderbeg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>The death of Skanderbeg – 16th-century German engraving</figcaption></figure> The destruction of Ballaban Pasha's army and the siege of Elbasan forced Mehmed II to march against Skanderbeg again in the summer of 1467. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains while Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">grand vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha Angelović</a> pursued him but failed to find him because Skanderbeg succeeded in fleeing to the coast.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Mehmed II energetically pursued the attacks against the Albanian strongholds while sending detachments to raid the Venetian possessions (especially Durazzo) and to keep them isolated. The Ottomans failed again, in their <a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Krujë">third Siege of Krujë</a>, to take the city and subjugate the country, but the degree of destruction was immense.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> During the Ottoman incursions, the Albanians suffered a great number of casualties, especially to the civilian population, while the economy of the country was in ruins. The above problems, the loss of many Albanian noblemen, and the new alliance with Lekë Dukagjini, caused Skanderbeg to call together in January 1468 all the remaining Albanian noblemen to a conference in the Venetian stronghold of Lezhë to discuss the new war strategy and to restructure what remained from the League of Lezhë. During that period, Skanderbeg fell ill – either with <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, or, it was rumored, from poison<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> – and died on 17 January 1468, aged 62.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> In Western Europe, the death of Skanderbeg was mourned by princes and other rulers such as Ferdinand I.<a href="#cite_note-rivistamensile25-176">[176]</a> In a condolence letter written to Skanderbeg's widow dated 24 February 1468, Ferdinand expressed pain of having lost his friend and promised assistance to Skanderbeg's family.<a href="#cite_note-Archiviostorico252-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-rivistamensile25-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Escusionestoricoetnografica-178">[178]</a> During Skanderbeg's lifetime, his assistance to King Alphonse I by sending troops to quell an uprising and later his expedition to suppress a revolt on behalf of King Ferdinand led to Albanian mercenaries and other soldiers being allowed by the Neapolitan monarchs to settle villages in Southern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26-179">[179]</a> With the death of Skanderbeg and the conquest of his domains by the Ottomans, Albanian leaders and other Albanians found refuge in the Kingdom of Naples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26-179">[179]</a> These events and migrations contributed to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëresh</a> community and many of their settlements in southern Italy that still exist in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Strez_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ivan Strez Balšić">Ivan Strez Balšić</a> was perceived by Venice as Skanderbeg's successor.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> After Skanderbeg's death Ivan and his brother Gojko Balšić, together with Leke, Progon and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Pal_Dukagjini" title="Nicholas Pal Dukagjini">Nicholas Dukagjini</a>, continued to fight for Venice.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 1469 Ivan requested from the Venetian Senate to return him his confiscated property consisting of Castle <a href="/wiki/Petrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrela">Petrela</a>, woivodate of "Terra nuova" of Kruje (unknown position), territory between Kruje and Durrës and villages in the region of Bushnesh (today part of the <a href="/wiki/Kod%C3%ABr-Thuman%C3%AB" title="Kodër-Thumanë">Kodër-Thumanë</a> municipality).<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Venice largely conceded to the wishes of Ivan Balšić and installed him as Skanderbeg's successor.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> After Skanderbeg's death, Venice asked and obtained from his widow the permission to defend Krujë and the other fortresses with Venetian garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a> Krujë held out during its fourth siege, started in 1477 by <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a>, until 16 June 1478, when the city was starved to death and finally surrendered to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a> Demoralized and severely weakened by hunger and lack of supplies from the year-long siege, the defenders surrendered to Mehmed, who had promised to allow them to leave unharmed in exchange.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–412-184">[184]</a> As the Albanians were walking away with their families, however, the Ottomans killed the men and enslaved the women and children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–412-184">[184]</a> In 1479, an Ottoman army, headed again by Mehmed II, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">besieged and captured Shkodër</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–413-185">[185]</a> reducing Venice's Albanian possessions to only Durazzo, Antivari, and Dulcigno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">[172]</a> Skanderbeg's son <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon Kastrioti II</a> continued the resistance against the Ottomans, and tried to capture territories from Ottoman rule in 1481–84.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002413–416-186">[186]</a> In addition, a major revolt in 1492 occurred in southern Albania, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Lab%C3%ABria" title="Labëria">Labëria</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayazid II">Bayazid II</a> was personally involved with crushing the resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002416–417-187">[187]</a> In 1501, <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Castriot_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Castriot II (page does not exist)">George Castriot II</a>, grandson of Skanderbeg and son of Gjon Kastrioti II, along with <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukagjini Family">Progon Dukagjini</a> and around 150–200 <a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">stratioti</a>, went to Lezhë and organized a local uprising, but that too was unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002417–420-188">[188]</a> The Venetians evacuated Durazzo in 1501. In 1594, there was a new attempt to liberate Albania from the Ottoman Empire. Albanian leaders gathered in Lezhë to plan a new revolt with the help of Pope Clement VII. But the Pope never sent his help, and the 40 thousand Albanian soldiers stopped their attempt.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> After the fall of Albania to the Ottomans the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> gave land and noble title to Skanderbeg's family, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Castriot" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Castriot">Castriota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901467-191">[191]</a> His family were given control over the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Galatina" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pietro in Galatina">San Pietro in Galatina</a> and the County of <a href="/wiki/Soleto" title="Soleto">Soleto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecce" title="Province of Lecce">Province of Lecce</a>, Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1990183–185-192">[192]</a> His son, <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon Kastrioti II</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Jerina_Brankovi%C4%87_(wife_of_Gjon_Kastrioti_II)" title="Jerina Branković (wife of Gjon Kastrioti II)">Jerina Branković</a>, daughter of Serbian despot <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Lazar Branković">Lazar Branković</a> and one of the last descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1990183–185-192">[192]</a> There are two patrilineal branches of the Kastrioti family that exist today: the branch of <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Lecce</a> with two sub-branches and the branch of <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> with one sub-branch. Both branches are patrilineally descended from the sons of Ferrante (–1561), Duke of <a href="/wiki/Galatina" title="Galatina">Galatina</a> and Count of <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_(Kruja_Museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mural commemorating a battle of Skanderbeg. The Arms of Skanderbeg visible in the forefront are copies of the originals held at the Imperial Armoury of Vienna."><img alt="Mural commemorating a battle of Skanderbeg. The Arms of Skanderbeg visible in the forefront are copies of the originals held at the Imperial Armoury of Vienna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg/200px-Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg/300px-Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg/400px-Skanderbeg_mural_and_arms_%28Kruja_Museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> commemorating a battle of Skanderbeg. The <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Arms of Skanderbeg</a> visible in the forefront are copies of the originals held at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Armoury" title="Imperial Armoury">Imperial Armoury</a> of Vienna.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Skanderbeg Helmet, attributed to Skanderbeg in the second half of the 16th century by Archduke Ferdinand II"><img alt="The Skanderbeg Helmet, attributed to Skanderbeg in the second half of the 16th century by Archduke Ferdinand II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/200px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/300px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg/400px-Casque_Skanderbeg_Vienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2743" data-file-height="2092" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Skanderbeg Helmet, attributed to Skanderbeg in the second half of the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria">Archduke Ferdinand II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siege of Shkodër 1478"><img alt="Siege of Shkodër 1478" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/200px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/300px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg/400px-%22I_Turchi_respinti_da_Scutari%22_Gatteri%27s_Etching_of_the_Siege_of_Shkodra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="788" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Siege of Shkodër 1478</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance_and_personality">Physical appearance and personality</h2></div> He was described as "tall and slender with a prominent chest, wide shoulders, long neck, and high forehead. He had black hair, fiery eyes, and a powerful voice."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Rather than challenge or break him, the brutal Janissary training young Skanderbeg was subjected to only complemented what was already in his soul: a penchant for war. Before being taken hostage, in his youth as an adolescent, he used to "vigorously train himself on the crest of Mount Croya or elsewhere. Come blizzard or frozen hell, he would then choose to sleep over improvised beds of snow. In the scorching heat of summer, he would again and again keep hardening himself like an invincible guerilla [fighter]."<a href="#cite_note-National_Press-195">[195]</a> Accounts of his legendary strength state that his sword swing could, like <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, cleave a man or animal in two.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Marin Barletius, a contemporary and chief biographer of Skanderbeg, provides one of the earliest descriptions of him. After a Tatar who was envious of a young 21 year old Skanderbeg's growing reputation at the Ottoman court challenged him to a duel to the death, the Albanian stripped to his waist and warned his boastful contender not to violate the rules of honor:<a href="#cite_note-National_Press-195">[195]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Scanderbeg, both by voice and countenance, betrayed a wonderful resolution and assurance. And the [Ottoman] audience was impressed with his manly perfection. His arms looked as if nothing like them had ever been seen. His neck was strong and somewhat bending, such as possessed by wrestlers. His shoulders were big and marvelously spread. The color of his visage was fair and white…. And the cast of his eyes was straight and pleasant, without any blemish or imperfection…. Like Alexander the Great, he was built like a giant. Physically he was invincible.</blockquote> During their match, Skanderbeg struck off his opponent's head with a sword swing and held aloft the severed trophy before Murad, thereby winning the sultan's favor.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/180px-Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/270px-Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg/360px-Vula_sekrete_e_Sk%C3%ABnderbeut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>The secret seal of Skanderbeg was likely made of a precious stone, a sort of <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gem</a> molded into a ring. It shows the mythological Aetolian princess <a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">phrygian cap</a> – similar to the one seen in a <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_by_André_Thevet.jpg">1584 portrait of Skanderbeg</a> by French author <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Thevet" title="André Thevet">André Thevet</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> – with her back exposed and gently <a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">lifting her gown</a>, while sitting upright next to the <a href="/wiki/Leda_and_the_Swan" title="Leda and the Swan">Zeus of Dodona</a> in the form of a swan. The seal is thought to have been used around the year 1459.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> The Ottoman Empire's expansion ground to a halt during the time that Skanderbeg's forces resisted. He has been credited with being one of the main reasons for the delay of Ottoman expansion into <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, giving the Italian principalities more time to better prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Otranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Otranto">Ottoman arrival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELane–Poole1888135-201">[201]</a> While the Albanian resistance certainly played a vital role, it was one of numerous relevant events that played out in the mid-15th century. Much credit must also go to the successful resistance mounted by <a href="/wiki/Vlad_III_Dracula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlad III Dracula">Vlad III Dracula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_III_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen III of Moldavia">Stephen III the Great of Moldavia</a>, who dealt the Ottomans their worst defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui" title="Battle of Vaslui">Vaslui</a>, among many others, as well as the defeats inflicted upon the Ottomans by <a href="/wiki/Janos_Hunyadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Janos Hunyadi">Hunyadi</a> and his Hungarian forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar1994396-202">[202]</a> Skanderbeg is considered today a commanding figure not only in the national consciousness of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> but also of 15th-century European history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005ix-203">[203]</a> According to archival documents, there is no doubt that Skanderbeg had already achieved a reputation as a hero in his own time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-204">[204]</a> The failure of most European nations, with the exception of Naples, to give him support, along with the failure of Pope Pius II's plans to organize a promised crusade against the Ottomans meant that none of Skanderbeg's victories permanently hindered the Ottomans from invading the Western Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher1968-205">[205]</a> Skanderbeg's main legacy was the inspiration he gave to all of those who saw in him a symbol of the struggle of Christendom against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar1994393-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xiii-206">[206]</a> Skanderbeg's struggle against the Ottomans became highly significant to the Albanian people. Among the Arberesh (Italo-Albanians) the memory of Skanderbeg and his exploits was maintained and survived through songs, in the form of a Skanderbeg cycle.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a>, Skanderbeg also became a central symbol to the emerging Albanian nationalism of late 19th century, and a symbol of cultural affinity with Europe. For the Albanians, Skanderbeg symbolised the sacrifice of their people in defending Europe from the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> It strengthened Albanian solidarity, made them more conscious of their identity, and was a source of inspiration in their struggle for national unity, freedom, and independence.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Contemporary Muslim Albanians deemphasize the (Christian) religious heritage of Skanderbeg by viewing him as a defender of the nation and he is promoted as an Albanian symbol of Europe and the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndresen201557–58,_69-211">[211]</a> The trouble Skanderbeg gave the Ottoman Empire's military forces was such that when the Ottomans found the grave of Skanderbeg in the church of St. Nicholas in Lezhë, they opened it and made <a href="/wiki/Amulets" class="mw-redirect" title="Amulets">amulets</a> of his bones, believing that these would confer bravery on the wearer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901466-212">[212]</a> Indeed, the damage inflicted to the Ottoman Army was such that Skanderbeg is said to have slain three thousand Ottomans with his own hand during his campaigns. Among stories told about him was that he never slept more than five hours at night and could cut two men asunder with a single stroke of his scimitar, cut through iron helmets, kill a wild boar with a single stroke, and cleave the head of a buffalo with another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2003151-213">[213]</a> In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/James_Wolfe" title="James Wolfe">James Wolfe</a>, commander of the British forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Quebec</a>, spoke of Skanderbeg as a commander who "excels all the officers, ancient and modern, in the conduct of a small defensive army".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1909296-214">[214]</a> On 27 October 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> issued a resolution "honoring the 600th anniversary of the birth of Gjergj Kastrioti (Scanderbeg), statesman, diplomat, and military genius, for his role in saving Western Europe from Ottoman occupation."<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Fully understanding the importance of the hero to the Albanians, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/21st_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Skanderbeg_(1st_Albanian)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)">21st Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Skanderbeg (1st Albanian)</a> in 1944, composed of 6,491 Kosovo Albanian recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010a261-216">[216]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skanderbeg's mausoleum (former Selimie Mosque and St. Nicolas' Church) in Lezhë"><img alt="Skanderbeg's mausoleum (former Selimie Mosque and St. Nicolas' Church) in Lezhë" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg/200px-SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg/300px-SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg/400px-SKANDERBEG_GRAVESITE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5286" data-file-height="3558" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skanderbeg's mausoleum (former <a href="/wiki/Selimie_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Selimie Mosque">Selimie Mosque and St. Nicolas' Church</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Honoring_Scanderbeg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Honoring the Albanian National Hero, Scanderbeg. Albanians at the Tomb of Scanderbeg on His Death Day. Drawn by R. Caton Woodville, 17 January 1908."><img alt="Honoring the Albanian National Hero, Scanderbeg. Albanians at the Tomb of Scanderbeg on His Death Day. Drawn by R. Caton Woodville, 17 January 1908." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Honoring_Scanderbeg.png/133px-Honoring_Scanderbeg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Honoring_Scanderbeg.png/199px-Honoring_Scanderbeg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Honoring_Scanderbeg.png/266px-Honoring_Scanderbeg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="760" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Honoring the Albanian National Hero, Scanderbeg. Albanians at the Tomb of Scanderbeg on His Death Day. Drawn by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr." title="Richard Caton Woodville Jr.">R. Caton Woodville</a>, 17 January 1908.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Skanderbeg,_Bayswater_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bust of Skanderbeg on Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, London where there is a sizeable Albanian community. The bust was unveiled in 2012 on the 100th anniversary of Albanian independence."><img alt="A bust of Skanderbeg on Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, London where there is a sizeable Albanian community. The bust was unveiled in 2012 on the 100th anniversary of Albanian independence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg/214px-Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg/286px-Bust_of_Skanderbeg%2C_Bayswater_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="973" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bust of Skanderbeg on Inverness Terrace, <a href="/wiki/Bayswater" title="Bayswater">Bayswater</a>, London where there is a sizeable Albanian community. The bust was unveiled in 2012 on the 100th anniversary of Albanian independence.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature_and_art">In literature and art</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_in_literature_and_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanderbeg in literature and art">Skanderbeg in literature and art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg/190px-Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg/285px-Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg/380px-Skanderbeg_by_Rembrandt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption>Sketch portrait of Skanderbeg by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (1625–1647)</figcaption></figure> There are two known works of literature written about Skanderbeg which were produced in the 15th century. The first was written at the beginning of 1480 by <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Segon" title="Martin Segon">Martin Segon</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> and one of the most notable 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> a short but very important biographical <a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">sketch</a> on Skanderbeg (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Narrazioni di Giorgio Castriotto, da i Turchi nella lingua loro chiamato Scander beg, cioe Alesandro Magno).<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Another 15th-century literary work with Skanderbeg as one of the main characters was Memoirs of a Janissary (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Успомене јаничара) written in the period of 1490–97 by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> who was a <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Skanderbeg gathered quite a posthumous reputation in Western Europe. In the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the Balkans were under the suzerainty of the Ottomans who were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">at the gates of Vienna</a> in 1683 and narratives of the heroic Christian's resistance to the "Moslem hordes" captivated readers' attention in the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-204">[204]</a> Books on the Albanian prince began to appear in Western Europe in the early 16th century. One of the earliest was the History of the life and deeds of Scanderbeg, Prince of the Epirotes (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum Principis; Rome, 1508), published a mere four decades after Skanderbeg's death, written by Albanian-Venetian historian <a href="/wiki/Marinus_Barletius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinus Barletius">Marinus Barletius</a>, who, after experiencing the Ottoman capture of his native Scutari firsthand, settled in <a href="/wiki/Padua,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua, Italy">Padua</a> where he became rector of the parish church of <a href="/wiki/St._Stephan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Stephan">St. Stephan</a>. Barleti dedicated his work to Don Ferrante Kastrioti, Skanderbeg's grandchild, and to posterity. The book was first published in Latin<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> and was translated into many languages including English in 1596.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Barleti is sometimes inaccurate in favour of his hero, for example, according to Gibbon, Barleti claims that the Sultan was killed by disease under the walls of Krujë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901465-224">[224]</a> He made up spurious correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_II_of_Wallachia" title="Vladislav II of Wallachia">Vladislav II of Wallachia</a> and Skanderbeg wrongly assigning it to the year 1443 instead of to the year of 1444, and also invented correspondence between Skanderbeg and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> to match his interpretations of events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197673-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Franciscus Blancus</a>, a Catholic bishop born in Albania, also wrote Scanderbegs's biography, Georgius Castriotus, Epirensis vulgo Scanderbegh, Epirotarum Princeps Fortissimus published in Latin in 1636.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> held the Albanian hero in very high consideration in his works. <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Temple">Sir William Temple</a> considered Skanderbeg to be one of the seven greatest chiefs without a crown, along with <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1705285–286-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>, a Danish writer and philosopher, claimed that Skanderbeg was one of the greatest generals in history.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The Italian <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a> composed an opera entitled <a href="/wiki/Scanderbeg_(Vivaldi)" title="Scanderbeg (Vivaldi)">Scanderbeg</a> (first performed 1718), <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salvi" title="Antonio Salvi">Antonio Salvi</a>. Another opera, entitled Scanderberg, was composed by 18th-century French composer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Franc%C5%93ur" class="mw-redirect" title="François Francœur">François Francœur</a> (first performed 1735).<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> In the 20th century, Albanian composer <a href="/wiki/Prenk%C3%AB_Jakova" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenkë Jakova">Prenkë Jakova</a> composed a third opera, entitled Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu, which premiered in 1968 for the 500th anniversary of the hero's death.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Skanderbeg is the protagonist of three 18th-century British tragedies: <a href="/wiki/William_Havard_(actor)" title="William Havard (actor)">William Havard</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scanderbeg,_A_Tragedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scanderbeg, A Tragedy (page does not exist)">Scanderbeg, A Tragedy</a> (1733), <a href="/wiki/George_Lillo" title="George Lillo">George Lillo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Hero" title="The Christian Hero">The Christian Hero</a> (1735), and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whincop" title="Thomas Whincop">Thomas Whincop</a>'s Scanderbeg, Or, Love and Liberty (1747).<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> A number of poets and composers have also drawn inspiration from his military career. The French 16th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Ronsard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronsard">Ronsard</a> wrote a poem about him, as did the 19th-century American poet, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongfellow1880286–296-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a>, the 18th-century historian, held Skanderbeg in high regard with panegyric expressions. <a href="/wiki/Giammaria_Biemmi" title="Giammaria Biemmi">Giammaria Biemmi</a>, an Italian priest, published a work on Skanderbeg titled Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto Scanderbeg-Begh in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> in 1742.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri20029-233">[233]</a> He claimed that he had found a work published in Venice in 1480 and written by an Albanian humanist from <a href="/wiki/Bar,_Montenegro" title="Bar, Montenegro">Bar</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri20029-233">[233]</a> whose brother was a warrior in Skanderbeg's personal guard. According to Biemmi, the work had lost pages dealing with Skanderbeg's youth, the events from 1443 to 1449, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1467)" title="Siege of Krujë (1467)">Siege of Krujë</a> (1467), and Skanderbeg's death. Biemmi referred to the author of the work as Antivarino ("the man from Bar"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200210-234">[234]</a> however, this was Biemmi's invention (a forgery) that some historians (<a href="/wiki/Fan_S._Noli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan S. Noli">Fan S. Noli</a> and Athanase Gegaj) had not discovered and used as source in their works.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Skanderbeg is also mentioned by the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro, <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>, one of the greatest poets of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Serbian literature</a>, in his 1847 <a href="/wiki/Epic_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic poem">epic poem</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Njegos#The_Psudo-Tsar_Stephen_the_Small" class="mw-redirect" title="Njegos">False Tsar Stephen the Little</a> (1851).<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> In 1855, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paganel" title="Camille Paganel">Camille Paganel</a> wrote Histoire de Scanderbeg, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaganel1855[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-238">[238]</a> whereas in the lengthy poetic tale <a href="/wiki/Childe_Harold%27s_Pilgrimage" title="Childe Harold's Pilgrimage">Childe Harold's Pilgrimage</a> (1812–1819), <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a> wrote with admiration about Skanderbeg and his warrior nation.<a href="#cite_note-Galt1835-239">[239]</a> Serbian playwright <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Sterija_Popovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Sterija Popović">Jovan Sterija Popović</a> wrote and published a play based on Skenderbeg's life in 1828. Poet and president of <a href="/wiki/Matica_Srpska" class="mw-redirect" title="Matica Srpska">Matica Srpska</a> <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Suboti%C4%87" title="Jovan Subotić">Jovan Subotić</a> wrote an epic poem inspired by battles led by Skenderbeg.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The first poetic work on Skanderbeg in the Albanian language was composed by N. Frasheri and published in 1898.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Warrior_Skanderbeg" title="The Great Warrior Skanderbeg">The Great Warrior Skanderbeg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Skënderbeu, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Великий воин Албании Скандербег), a 1953 Albanian-Soviet biographical film, earned an International Prize at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1954 Cannes Film Festival">1954 Cannes Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-242">[242]</a> The film was re-recorded and updated for high-definition for the <a href="/wiki/100th_Anniversary_of_the_Independence_of_Albania" title="100th Anniversary of the Independence of Albania">100th anniversary of Albanian independence</a>. Skanderbeg's memory has been engraved in many museums, such as the <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Museum" title="Skanderbeg Museum">Skanderbeg Museum</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Krujë Castle">Krujë Castle</a>. Many monuments are dedicated to his memory in the Albanian cities of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Monument_(Tirana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanderbeg Monument (Tirana)">Tirana</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square" title="Skanderbeg Square">Skanderbeg Square</a> by <a href="/wiki/Odhise_Paskali" title="Odhise Paskali">Odhise Paskali</a>),(in and outside <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Museum" title="Skanderbeg Museum">Skanderbeg Museum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Janaq_Pa%C3%A7o" title="Janaq Paço">Janaq Paço</a>) Krujë, and <a href="/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi">Peshkopi</a>. A palace in Rome in which Skanderbeg resided during his 1466–67 visits to the Vatican is still called <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Skanderbeg" title="Palazzo Skanderbeg">Palazzo Skanderbeg</a> and currently houses the Italian museum of <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a>:<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> the palace is located in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Scanderbeg" title="Piazza Scanderbeg">Piazza Scanderbeg</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Fontana di Trevi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Quirinal Palace</a>. Also in Rome, a statue by florentine sculptor <a href="/wiki/Romano_Romanelli" title="Romano Romanelli">Romano Romanelli</a> is dedicated to the Albanian hero in <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Albania" title="Piazza Albania">Piazza Albania</a>. Monuments or statues of Skanderbeg have also been erected in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Square,_Skopje" title="Skanderbeg Square, Skopje">Skopje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debar" title="Debar">Debar</a>, in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, in Switzerland; <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, in Belgium; <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, in England; and other settlements in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a> where there is an <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> community. In 2006, a statue of Skanderbeg was unveiled on the grounds of St. Paul's Albanian Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan" title="Rochester Hills, Michigan">Rochester Hills, Michigan</a>. It is the first statue of Skanderbeg to be erected in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> His name is also commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg_Military_University" title="Skanderbeg Military University">Skanderbeg Military University</a> in Tirana; <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Stadium" title="Skënderbeu Stadium">Skënderbeu Stadium</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/KF_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="KF Skënderbeu Korçë">KF Skënderbeu Korçë</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Skanderbeg_(1990%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Skanderbeg (1990–)">Order of Skanderbeg</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum principis by Marin Barleti"><img alt="Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum principis by Marin Barleti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg/129px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg/194px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg/259px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi_Epirotarum_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="1022" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum principis by <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of George Castriota Skanderbeg, by Kolë Idromeno (1890)"><img alt="Portrait of George Castriota Skanderbeg, by Kolë Idromeno (1890)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg/156px-Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg/234px-Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg/312px-Skanderbeg_by_Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="858" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of George Castriota Skanderbeg, by Kolë Idromeno (1890)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_(1598).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Skanderbeg by Hieronymus Henninges (1598)"><img alt="Flag of Skanderbeg by Hieronymus Henninges (1598)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg/143px-Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg/214px-Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg/286px-Flag_of_Skanderbeg_by_Hieronymus_Henninges_%281598%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of Skanderbeg by Hieronymus Henninges (1598)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_(38004352865).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skanderbeg monument in Tirana's main square"><img alt="Skanderbeg monument in Tirana's main square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg/200px-Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg/300px-Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg/400px-Peaks_of_the_Balkans_-_316_%2838004352865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3143" data-file-height="2920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skanderbeg monument in Tirana's main square</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Skanderbeg" title="Arms of Skanderbeg">Arms of Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Skanderbeg" title="Myth of Skanderbeg">Myth of Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Skanderbeg" title="Timeline of Skanderbeg">Timeline of Skanderbeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Skanderbeg" title="Year of Skanderbeg">Year of Skanderbeg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002379-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002379_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002379_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Scanderbeg_efleu_Roy_d'Albanie" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredegeorg00lavagoog/page/n1014/mode/2up">Histoire de Georges Castriot, svrnommé, Scanderbeg, roy d'Albanie. Contenant ses illustres faicts d'armes, & memorables victoires à l'encontre des Turcs, pour la joy de Iesus-Christ</a>. Franche-ville, Iean Arnavld. 1604. p. 1014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Georges+Castriot%2C+svrnomm%C3%A9%2C+Scanderbeg%2C+roy+d%27Albanie.+Contenant+ses+illustres+faicts+d%27armes%2C+%26+memorables+victoires+%C3%A0+l%27encontre+des+Turcs%2C+pour+la+joy+de+Iesus-Christ&rft.pages=1014&rft.pub=Franche-ville%2C+Iean+Arnavld&rft.date=1604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoiredegeorg00lavagoog%2Fpage%2Fn1014%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="George_of_Albania_and_the_Despotate_of_Arta" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piisecvndipontif00pius/page/578/mode/1up?view=theater">Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt</a>. Romae : Ex typographia Dominici Basae. 1584. p. 578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pii+secvndi+pontificis+max.+Commentarii+rerum+memorabilium%2C+quae+temporibus+suis+contigerunt&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=Romae+%3A+Ex+typographia+Dominici+Basae&rft.date=1584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpiisecvndipontif00pius%2Fpage%2F578%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Skanderbeg,_Prince_of_Epirus_and_Albania" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRM8AAAAcAAJ&q=scanderbeg%2C+en+fon+viuant+prince">Scanderbeg: Commentaire d'aucunes choses des Turcs</a>. The Bavarian State Library. 1544. p. 1544.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scanderbeg%3A+Commentaire+d%27aucunes+choses+des+Turcs&rft.pages=1544&rft.pub=The+Bavarian+State+Library&rft.date=1544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRM8AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dscanderbeg%252C%2Ben%2Bfon%2Bviuant%2Bprince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOmari201446-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOmari201446_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOmari2014">Omari 2014</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBela2019229-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBela2019229_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBela2019">Bela 2019</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-Omari44-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Omari44_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOmari2014">Omari 2014</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaj43-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Malaj43_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalaj2013">Malaj 2013</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Malaj44-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Malaj44_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalaj2013">Malaj 2013</a>, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalaj201345_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalaj2013">Malaj 2013</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008491-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2008491_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2008">Demiraj 2008</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENdreca201966-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENdreca201966_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNdreca2019">Ndreca 2019</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson20051-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson20051_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson20051_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck201515-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck201515_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHasluck2015">Hasluck 2015</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosser2001363-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosser2001363_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRosser2001">Rosser 2001</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200254–62-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200254–62_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 54–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200262–66-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200262–66_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 62–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200272–77-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200272–77_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 72–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002335-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002335_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyhill2006232_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyhill2006">Myhill 2006</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b398-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b398_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010b">Elsie 2010b</a>, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> - Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2009), Skanderbeg: Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan, Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet, pp. 44–45 - Hodgkinson, Harry (2004). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. I.B. Tauris. p. 240. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-941-7">978-1-85043-941-7</a>. - Petrovski, Boban (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makedonika.org/whatsnew/nikolazezov/Petrovski,%20B.%20-%20Voisava%20Tribalda.pdf">Воисава Трибалда</a>" [Voisava Tribalda] (PDF) (in Macedonian). Skopje. - Strashimir Dimitrov: Георги Кастриоти-Скендербег и неговата освободителна борба, В: Г. Кастриоти Скендербег 1468–1968 г. София, сп. "Балкани", БАН, No. 2, 1970, стр. 11: "It is known that his mother, Voisava, was of Slavic-Bulgarian origin, daughter of the lord of Polog, which is part of Macedonia and Bulgaria", says one anonymous Venetian chronicle...", cited by Antonina Zhelyazkova in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00003852/01/Albanian_Identities.pdf">Albanian Identities, International Centre for Minority Studiesand Intercultural Relations (IMIR)</a>" (PDF). -Noli 1947, p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps" Serbs were often mentioned as Triballs - Triballians by different Historians - Hertzberg, Gustav Friedrich (1883), Geschichte der Byzantiner und des Osmanischen Reiches, G. Grote, стр. 560–561, „nämlich der sogenannte Skanderbeg oder vielmehr Georg Kastriota, persönlich ein Mann halb- slawischen Blutes. ... der Grasschast Mal bestätigt, vermählt mit Voisava, Tochter des serbischen Herrn von Polog, stärkte zu Ansang des” - Gegaj, Athanase (1937), L'Albanie et l'Invasion turque au XVe siècle, Universite de Louvain, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598935991" title="Special:BookSources/9780598935991">9780598935991</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> 652265147, „Le nom Voisava est certes d'origine slave, mais on ne peut en conclure, comme le fait JORGA, Brève histoire, ...Jireček, Geschichle der Bulgaren, t. II. стр. 368, affirme aussi l'origine slave des Castriota tout en rejetant pour ce qui concerne Branilo (p. 36)” - Creighton, Mandell (1938), The English historical review, 53 (209), Justin Winsor, Samuel Rawson Gardiner, Reginald Lane Poole, Sir John Goronwy Edwards, Longman, стр. 129–131, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> 554790, But Skanderbeg's mother had Slav name, and the epithet "Tripalda" given to her is a corruption of the tribal name Triballi, which the pedantic Byzantine historians applied to the Serbs. Moreover, if he had no connection to Serbia, why should he have given two villages to Chilindar, which the author wrongly asserts (p 43, n 1) to be a convent in Albania, but which the document he cites expressly states to have been the famous Serbian monastery on Mount Athos, immemorially connected with Serbian kings, medieval and modern?” - (Society of Historians of Montenegro), Društvo istoričara SR Crne Gore (1949), Istorijski zapisi, 2, Yugoslavia: Istorijski institut u Titogradu, стр. 82, „Ђурађ Кастриотић Скендербег...: био је он син арбанашког властелина Ивана Кастриота и једне Српкиње из Полога, ...(George Kastriot Skanderbeg...:he was a son of albanian lord Ivan and one Serb woman from Polog...” - Zhelyazkova, Antonina (2000). „Albania and Albanian Identities” (на језику: енглески). International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations. Архивирано из оригинала (html) 10. 01. 2011. г. Приступљено 10. 01. 2011. „It is a curious circumstance that Skanderbeg's mother was a Slav woman, according to some sources a Bulgarian named Voisava, a fact recorded in an anonymous Venetian chronicle: "Huic uxor fuit Voisava, Pologi Domini filia, est autem Pologum oppidum in Macedoniae et Bulgarie confinibus"” </li> <li id="cite_note-Bicoku1-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bicoku1_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiçoku2007">Biçoku 2007</a>, p. 28:Burimet e kësaj të dhëne dëshmojnë se i ati i saj ka qenë prej një dere “shumë fisnike dhe prijës i tribalëve” (sinonim i bullgarëve). Sipas një hipoteze të fundit, pa mbështetje burimore, Vojsava është konsideruar vajzë e familjes së njohur aristokrate Brankoviçi, që në atë kohë sundonte trevën e Kosovës së sotme e të Maqedonisë dhe Shkupin e kishte kryeqendër të saj. Martesa me Vojsavën, vajzën e prijësit të bullgarëve, dëshmon se në atë kohë Gjoni ka qenë sundimtar i fuqishëm dhe se në zotërim të familjes së tij ka pasur treva të gjera dhe qytete. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodgkinson_240-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Hodgkinson_240_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodgkinson, Harry (2004). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. I.B. Tauris. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-941-7"><bdi>978-1-85043-941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scanderbeg%3A+From+Ottoman+Captive+to+Albanian+Hero&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-941-7&rft.aulast=Hodgkinson&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopf1873" class="citation book cs1">Hopf, Karl (1873). Chroniques gréco-romanes: inédites ou peu connues, pub. avec notes et tables généalogiques.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chroniques+gr%C3%A9co-romanes%3A+in%C3%A9dites+ou+peu+connues%2C+pub.+avec+notes+et+tables+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogiques&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=Hopf&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002341-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002341_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002341_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994422-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994422_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008129-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008129_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlassé2008">Glassé 2008</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZilfi2010101-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZilfi2010101_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZilfi2010">Zilfi 2010</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1990" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1990). Kenneth Meyer Setton; Harry Williams Hazard; Norman P. Zacour (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&pg=PA293">A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe</a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10744-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10744-4"><bdi>978-0-299-10744-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 June 2013. <q>Kastriota had been sent from Albania as a hostage to the sultan's court and trained at the military academy of Enderum in Adrianople</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Crusades+on+Europe&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10744-4&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKaPrQPFIAMC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286–92-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286–92_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200286–92_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 86–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSindik1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sindik, Dušan (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-al/zbornik1990/jvukmanovic-tragovi_l.php">"Dve povelje u Hilandaru o Ivanu Kastriotu i sinovima"</a>, Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji: zbornik radova sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa održanog u Cetinju 21-22-i-23-juna 1990 (in Serbian), Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore; Stručna knj., <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29549273">29549273</a>, <q>Повеља није датирана ... Стога ће бити најбоље да се за датум издавања ове повеље задржи временски оквир између 1426. и 1431. године ... This act was not dated ... Therefore it is best to assume that it was issued ... between 1426 and 1431.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dve+povelje+u+Hilandaru+o+Ivanu+Kastriotu+i+sinovima&rft.btitle=Stanovni%C5%A1tvo+slovenskog+porijekla+u+Albaniji%3A+zbornik+radova+sa+me%C4%91unarodnog+nau%C4%8Dnog+skupa+odr%C5%BEanog+u+Cetinju+21-22-i-23-juna+1990&rft.place=Titograd&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut+SR+Crne+Gore%3B+Stru%C4%8Dna+knj.&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29549273&rft.aulast=Sindik&rft.aufirst=Du%C5%A1an&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Frastko-al%2Fzbornik1990%2Fjvukmanovic-tragovi_l.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002342_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbLewisPellatJoseph_Schacht1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>; Joseph Schacht (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Brill. p. 139. <q>The son, raised in the pallace as ic-oglani, was according to the procedure of çıkma,... granted a timar near the territories of had a timar near his fathers' territories (Yuvan-eli)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Sir+Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Pellat%2C+Charles&rft.au=Joseph+Schacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIjrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbLewisPellatJoseph_Schacht1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>; Joseph Schacht (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Brill. p. 139. <q>...who, in Radjab 831 April 1428, informed Venice of his growing anxiety that his Muslim son would be ordered by the sultan to occupy his territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Sir+Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Pellat%2C+Charles&rft.au=Joseph+Schacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIjrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b399-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010b399_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010b">Elsie 2010b</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200298-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200298_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200299-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200299_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002343_40-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994535-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994535_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199576-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199576_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1995">İnalcık 1995</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199577-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEİnalcık199577_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1995">İnalcık 1995</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i7lBAAAAYAAJ">Studia Albanica</a> (in French). Vol. 8. L'Institut. 1971. p. 116. <q>Dans deux de ces notes Skanderbeg est mentionné par le titre bey (Juvan oglu Iskender bey), et elles ont été datées par H. Inalcik en 1437/8, au contraire, dans la troisième note marginale, datée en mai 1438, Skanderbeg figure sans le titre de bey, tout comme sur le document dresse par le sandjakbey Mustapha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+Albanica&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=L%27Institut&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di7lBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200315-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione200315_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200292-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200292_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhelyazkova" class="citation web cs1">Zhelyazkova, Antonina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515014034/http://www.omda.bg/imir/studies/alban_id9.html">"Albanian identities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omda.bg/imir/studies/alban_id9.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2016. <q>In 1440, he was promoted to sancakbey of Debar</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+identities&rft.aulast=Zhelyazkova&rft.aufirst=Antonina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omda.bg%2Fimir%2Fstudies%2Falban_id9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHösch1972" class="citation book cs1">Hösch, Peter (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RoXAQAAIAAJ&q=sanjak+of+dibra">The Balkans: a short history from Greek times to the present day, Volume 1972, Part 2</a>. Crane, Russak. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8448-0072-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8448-0072-1"><bdi>978-0-8448-0072-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+a+short+history+from+Greek+times+to+the+present+day%2C+Volume+1972%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Crane%2C+Russak&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8448-0072-1&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RoXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsanjak%2Bof%2Bdibra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002130–133_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 130–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gegaj1937p120-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gegaj1937p120_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gegaj1937p120_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGegaj1937">Gegaj 1937</a>, p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrizari19681-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrizari19681_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrizari1968">Drizari 1968</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197672-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197672_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994559-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994559_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994559_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002212-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002212_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher1972-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher1972_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Edgar_Pitcher1972" class="citation book cs1">Donald Edgar Pitcher (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8gs4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA88">An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century</a>. Brill Archive. p. 88. <q>Yet in spite of this brilliance in the field, Castriota could do no more than hold his own; reference to the map will show that apart from the Uskiip campaign all these victories took place within the very narrow area of North Albania. ... Nor did the constant victories rob the Ottomans of the territory they held in southern Albania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Donald+Edgar+Pitcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8gs4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 209. "This happened in 1443 when Gjergj Kastrioti (called Skenderbeg), who had been reared as a Muslim in the sultan's palace, abandoned the Islamic faith and publicly reverted to the creed of his forefathers. But this conversion was not merely a public gesture of defiance. It was the first act in a revolutionary drama. For, after changing his religious allegiance, Skanderbeg demanded that Muslim colonists and converts alike embrace Christianity on pain of death, declaring a kind of holy war against the sultan/caliph." </li> <li id="cite_note-GibbLewis1973-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GibbLewis1973_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GibbLewis1973_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbLewisPellatJoseph_Schacht1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>; Joseph Schacht (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Brill. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Sir+Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Pellat%2C+Charles&rft.au=Joseph+Schacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkIjrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAjeti1969226-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAjeti1969226_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAjeti1969">Ajeti 1969</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Schmitt Oliver Jens, "Skanderbeg et les Sultans", Turcica, 43 (2011) pp. 68, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiró1904" class="citation book cs1">Schiró, Giuseppe (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asa.archiviostudiadriatici.it/islandora/object/libria%3A315894#page/6/mode/1up">Gli Albanesi e la Questione Balkanica</a>. Istituto Orientale di Napoli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Albanesi+e+la+Questione+Balkanica&rft.pub=Istituto+Orientale+di+Napoli&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Schir%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasa.archiviostudiadriatici.it%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Flibria%253A315894%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BuryWhitney1966-61"><a href="#cite_ref-BuryWhitney1966_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuryWhitneyTannerCharles_William_Previté-Orton1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bagnell Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Pounder_Whitney" title="James Pounder Whitney">Whitney, James Pounder</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Robson_Tanner" title="Joseph Robson Tanner">Tanner, Joseph Robson</a>; Charles William Previté-Orton; Zachary Nugent Brooke (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5btAAAAMAAJ">The Cambridge Medieval History</a>. Macmillan. p. 383.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft.au=Whitney%2C+James+Pounder&rft.au=Tanner%2C+Joseph+Robson&rft.au=Charles+William+Previt%C3%A9-Orton&rft.au=Zachary+Nugent+Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5btAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jireček1923-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Jireček1923_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJireček1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek" title="Konstantin Jireček">Jireček, Konstantin</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkMLAAAAIAAJ">Istorija Srba</a>. Izdavačka knjižarnica G. Kona. p. 147. <q>Искусни вођа Арнит (Арианит) поче у средњој Албанији већ у августу 1443 године поново борбу против турака.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+Srba&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Izdava%C4%8Dka+knji%C5%BEarnica+G.+Kona&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Jire%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkMLAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002135-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002135_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994557-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994557_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994557_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley199290-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley199290_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1992">Housley 1992</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStavrianos195864-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStavrianos195864_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrianos1958">Stavrianos 1958</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005240_67-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomčilo_Spremić1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Spremi%C4%87" title="Momčilo Spremić">Momčilo Spremić</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CQkAQAAIAAJ">Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta</a>. Naučno delo. p. 257. Retrieved 11 September 2013. <q>Ђурађ Кастриот је био велики борац против Турака, али је ипак с времена на време морао да плаћа харач султану. Додуше он је то чинио само у изузетним приликама: или у време жестоких сукоба са млетачком републиком или када је напуштао родни крај и одлазио у Италију, или можда када притиснут огромном турском силом ни на који други начин</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbornik+Filozofskog+fakulteta&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Nau%C4%8Dno+delo&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Mom%C4%8Dilo+Spremi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CQkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194721-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194721_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199981-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199981_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199981_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson1999">Hodgkinson 1999</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003310-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003310_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002144-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002144_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196472-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196472_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri1964">Frashëri 1964</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyrdal197648-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrdal197648_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyrdal197648_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyrdal1976">Myrdal 1976</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001302-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001302_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2001">Schmitt 2001</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194740-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194740_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194740_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194740_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194740_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194740_76-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson1999102-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson1999102_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson1999102_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson1999">Hodgkinson 1999</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002158-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002158_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199985-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199985_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson1999">Hodgkinson 1999</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199989-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson199989_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson1999">Hodgkinson 1999</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001490-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2001490_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2001">Schmitt 2001</a>, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco153988-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco153988_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranco1539">Franco 1539</a>, p. 88. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFranco1539 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003105_83-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarković2004">Marković 2004</a>, p. 207<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Već 1448. posredovao je u sklapanju mira u sukobu između Mletačke Republike i Skenderbega, koji je pustošio okolinu Bara i Ulcinja [...] U ime Skenderbega nudio je 1450. godine Mlečanima Kroju [...] Kako je Pelinović od 1453–1456. bio i apostolski pronotar,171 sastavljao je Skenderbegove povelje</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947100-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947100_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947100_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947100_85-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002160–161-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002160–161_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002160–161_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 160–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar1994393-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedlar1994393_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedlar1994393_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedlar1994">Sedlar 1994</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger199240-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger199240_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan1954" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Dorothy Margaret (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whkOAQAAMAAJ">Europe and the Turk: a pattern of alliances, 1350–1700</a>. AMS Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56332-5"><bdi>978-0-404-56332-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Turk%3A+a+pattern+of+alliances%2C+1350%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-404-56332-5&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhkOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiriacono2014" class="citation web cs1">Ciriacono, Salvatore (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/47254/1/SCANDERBEG_TRA_STORIA_E_STORIOGRAFIA.pdf">"Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201017183618/http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/47254/1/SCANDERBEG_TRA_STORIA_E_STORIOGRAFIA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2020. <q>«Indignato per non aver potuto correre in aiuto di Hunyadi, in una guerra che forse poteva mutare il destino dell'Albania e dell'intera penisola balcanica, Scanderbeg corse per la Serbia saccheggiandola e mettendola a ferro e fuoco, per punire il krajl infedele. Se ne tornò poi a Croia, amareggiato, verso la fine di novembre»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scanderbeg+tra+storia+e+storiografia&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.aulast=Ciriacono&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftesi.cab.unipd.it%2F47254%2F1%2FSCANDERBEG_TRA_STORIA_E_STORIOGRAFIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 100<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Scanderbeg intended to go "peronalmente" with an army to assist Hunyadi, but was prevented from doing so by Branković, whose lands he ravaged as punishment for the Serbian desertion of the Christian cause.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoli2022" class="citation book cs1">Noli, Fan (2022). George Castrioti Scanderbeg. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789928353726" title="Special:BookSources/9789928353726"><bdi>9789928353726</bdi></a>. <q>But the despot of Serbia, father-in-law of Murad II, refused passage to Scanderbeg's forces and all the latter could do was to punish Serbias despot by raiding his territory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Castrioti+Scanderbeg&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789928353726&rft.aulast=Noli&rft.aufirst=Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoli2022" class="citation book cs1">Noli, Fan (2022). George Castrioti Scanderbeg. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789928353726" title="Special:BookSources/9789928353726"><bdi>9789928353726</bdi></a>. <q>Bonfinius thinks that with him the battle of kosovo might have been won for the Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Castrioti+Scanderbeg&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789928353726&rft.aulast=Noli&rft.aufirst=Fan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History, 1998, pp 89–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200388-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione200388_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 101: "among whom were Slavs, Germans, Italians and others" </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 60: "including many Slavs, Italians, Frenchmen and Germans" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194725-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194725_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194725_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194725_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 101<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While the Venetians of Scutari sold food to the Turks, those of Durazzo aided the Albanians</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione200394-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione200394_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1975272-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1975272_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1975">Setton 1975</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978102-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978102_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978102_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBožić1979">Božić 1979</a>, p. 370<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... и напуљског краља Алфонса, за кога ce, одбијен од Млечана, тесно везао ...</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992151-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992151_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002310–316-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002310–316_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 310–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192359-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192359_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarinesco1923">Marinesco 1923</a>, p. 59. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994558–559-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994558–559_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, pp. 558–559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGegaj193792-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGegaj193792_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGegaj1937">Gegaj 1937</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320–321-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320–321_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 320–321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002181-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002181_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie200014-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie200014_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2000">Elsie 2000</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002320_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens2009" class="citation book cs1">Jens, Oliver Jens (2009). Skënderbeu. Tirana: K&B Tiranë. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99956-667-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-99956-667-5-0"><bdi>978-99956-667-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sk%C3%ABnderbeu&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=K%26B+Tiran%C3%AB&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-99956-667-5-0&rft.aulast=Jens&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Archive of Crown of Aragon, reg. 2691, 101 recto –102 verso; Zurita: Anales. IV, 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Archive of Crown of Aragon, reg. 2697, pp. 98—99 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194727-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194727_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192369–79-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192369–79_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarinesco1923">Marinesco 1923</a>, pp. 69–79. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947?-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947?_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947?_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1539317-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1539317_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1539317_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranco1539">Franco 1539</a>, p. 317. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFranco1539 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmaus1969" class="citation book cs1">Schmaus, Alois (1969). Beiträge zur Kenntnis Südosteuropas und des Nahen Orients, Volume 8. Trofenik. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2368272">2368272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Kenntnis+S%C3%BCdosteuropas+und+des+Nahen+Orients%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Trofenik&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2368272&rft.aulast=Schmaus&rft.aufirst=Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancione2003108_121-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancione2003">Francione 2003</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994558-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994558_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 558. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002321-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002321_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002321_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002322-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002322_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLjubić1868–1891" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Ljubi%C4%87" title="Šime Ljubić">Ljubić, Šime</a> (1868–1891), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/listineoodnaajih10ljub#page/18/mode/2up">Listine o odnošajih izmedju južnoga slaventsva i mletačke republike</a> [Documents about the relations of South Slavs and Venetian Republic], Monumenta spectantia historiam slavorum meridionalium (in Latin), vol. X, Zagreb: Knjizarnici Jugoslavenske Akademije (Dionickk Tiskare), pp. xxv, 18, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68872994">68872994</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listine+o+odno%C5%A1ajih+izmedju+ju%C5%BEnoga+slaventsva+i+mleta%C4%8Dke+republike&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.series=Monumenta+spectantia+historiam+slavorum+meridionalium&rft.pages=xxv%2C+18&rft.pub=Knjizarnici+Jugoslavenske+Akademije+%28Dionickk+Tiskare%29&rft.date=1868%2F1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68872994&rft.aulast=Ljubi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0ime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flistineoodnaajih10ljub%23page%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> ASM, Carteggio gen. Sforzasco, ad annum 1454.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194730-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194730_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJorga1908–191346-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJorga1908–191346_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJorga1908–1913">Jorga 1908–1913</a>, p. 46. sfn error: no target: CITEREFJorga1908–1913 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192382-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinesco192382_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarinesco1923">Marinesco 1923</a>, p. 82. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194751-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194751_130-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196479-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196479_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196479_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri1964">Frashëri 1964</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152_132-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194752-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194752_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbornik-Odsjeka-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zbornik-Odsjeka_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbornik-Odsjeka_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YidpAAAAMAAJ">Zbornik Odsjeka za Povijesne Znanosti Zavoda za Povijesne i Društvene Znanosti Hrvatske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti</a>. HAZU. 1999. p. 169. <q>...1456 rođen je princ Gjon Kastrioti, Skenderbegov sin ... Hamza ... pobjegao je kod sultana Mehmeda II 1456 godine...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbornik+Odsjeka+za+Povijesne+Znanosti+Zavoda+za+Povijesne+i+Dru%C5%A1tvene+Znanosti+Hrvatske+Akademije+Znanosti+i+Umjetnosti&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=HAZU&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYidpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194729-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194729_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194729_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194753-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194753_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196480-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri196480_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri1964">Frashëri 1964</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002367–368-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002367–368_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 367–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992152–153_139-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002359-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002359_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarinesco1923133–134-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarinesco1923133–134_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarinesco1923">Marinesco 1923</a>, pp. 133–134. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMarinesco1923 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСпремић2011" class="citation web cs1">Спремић, Момчило (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202094921/http://www.mus.org.rs/sites/default/files/02_momcilo_spremic_-_borbe_za_oslobodenje_smedereva_1459-1485_0.pdf">"Борбе за ослобођење Смедерева (1459–1485)"</a> (PDF). pp. 13–29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mus.org.rs/sites/default/files/02_momcilo_spremic_-_borbe_za_oslobodenje_smedereva_1459-1485_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0+%281459%E2%80%931485%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mus.org.rs%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F02_momcilo_spremic_-_borbe_za_oslobodenje_smedereva_1459-1485_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20009-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20009_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2000">Elsie 2000</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamardžić1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Samardžić">Samardžić, Radovan</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXNpAAAAMAAJ">Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371–1537</a>. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 375. <q>...Скендербега, који му је уступио неки ближе непознати посед за издржавање</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+srpskog+naroda%3A+Doba+borbi+za+o%C4%8Duvanje+i+obnovu+dr%C5%BEave+1371%E2%80%931537&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Srpska+knjii%C5%BEevna+zadruga&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamardžić1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radovan_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Samardžić">Samardžić, Radovan</a> (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KXNpAAAAMAAJ">Istorija srpskog naroda: Doba borbi za očuvanje i obnovu države 1371–1537</a>. Srpska knjiiževna zadruga. p. 375. <q>...Већ почетком 1461 отишао је са Скендербеговом препоруком у Италију.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+srpskog+naroda%3A+Doba+borbi+za+o%C4%8Duvanje+i+obnovu+dr%C5%BEave+1371%E2%80%931537&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Srpska+knjii%C5%BEevna+zadruga&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKXNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDmGAAAAIAAJ">Зборник Матице српске за историју</a>. Матица. 1995. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDmGAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992201-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992201_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002387_148-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Translated version provided by <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson1999">Hodgkinson 1999</a>, pp. 163–164 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194732-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194732_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002370–390-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002370–390_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002370–390_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, pp. 370–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Skanderbeg's_letter_to_the_Prince_of_Taranto" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piisecvndipontif00pius/page/304/mode/2up?view=theater">Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt</a>. Romae : Ex typographia Dominici Basae. 1584. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pii+secvndi+pontificis+max.+Commentarii+rerum+memorabilium%2C+quae+temporibus+suis+contigerunt&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Romae+%3A+Ex+typographia+Dominici+Basae&rft.date=1584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpiisecvndipontif00pius%2Fpage%2F304%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735_153-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480329-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1480329_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranco1480">Franco 1480</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194735–36-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194735–36_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194736-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194736_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194736_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194736_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194736_156-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480335-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1480335_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranco1480">Franco 1480</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002418-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002418_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002418_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1480337-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1480337_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranco1480">Franco 1480</a>, p. 337. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnalcık1995">İnalcık 1995</a>, p. 88. "Balaban Aga, qui a accordé des timar à ses propres soldats dans la Basse- Dibra et dans la Çermeniça, ainsi qu'à son neveu à Mati, doit être ce même Balaban Aga, sancakbeyi d'Ohrid, connu pour ses batailles sanglantes contre Skanderbeg." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabinger1992251–253_161-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabinger1992">Babinger 1992</a>, pp. 251–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukarova2008" class="citation cs2">Shukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/66035878/History-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008">History of the Macedonian People</a>, Mitko B. Panov, Dragi Georgiev, Krste Bitovski, Academician Ivan Katardziev, Vanche Stojchev, Novica Veljanovski, Todor Chepreganov, Skopje: Institute of National History, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9989159244" title="Special:BookSources/978-9989159244"><bdi>978-9989159244</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276645834">276645834</a>, retrieved 26 December 2011, <q>deportation of the Archbishop of Ohrid, Dorotei, to Istanbul in 1466, together with other clerks and bolyars who probably were expatriated be-cause of their anti Ottoman acts during the Skender-Bey's rebellion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Macedonian+People&rft.place=Skopje&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+History&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276645834&rft.isbn=978-9989159244&rft.aulast=Shukarova&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F66035878%2FHistory-of-The-Macedonian-People-ed-Todor-Chepreganov-Institute-of-National-History-Skopje-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovskiPavlovski2006" class="citation book cs1">Pavlovski, Jovan; Pavlovski, Mišel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCIWAQAAMAAJ">Вчера и денес--Македонија!: практикум по историја</a>. Mi-An. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9989613562" title="Special:BookSources/978-9989613562"><bdi>978-9989613562</bdi></a>. <q>...Една година подоцна, по неуспешниот обид да ја освои Албанија, Мехмед Втори на враќање, во Охрид, сомневајќи се дека црквата, болјарите и, веројатно, граѓаните, шуруваат со останатите Албанци, го сменил охридскиот архиепископ Доротеј и за нов епископ го наименувал Гркот Марк Ксилокаров. Имотот на оние Македонци што ги депортирал во Анадолија им бил одземен и разделен на новодојдените Турци.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81--%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%21%3A+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Mi-An&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9989613562&rft.aulast=Pavlovski&rft.aufirst=Jovan&rft.au=Pavlovski%2C+Mi%C5%A1el&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCIWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1978282-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1978282_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHousley199291-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley199291_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHousley199291_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHousley1992">Housley 1992</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrizari196885-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrizari196885_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrizari1968">Drizari 1968</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002451-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002451_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 451. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli1947333-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli1947333_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002455-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002455_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002456-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002456_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri2002456_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 456. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreely2009" class="citation book cs1">Freely, John (2009). The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59020-248-7"><bdi>978-1-59020-248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grand+Turk%3A+Sultan+Mehmet+II%2C+conqueror+of+Constantinople+and+master+of+an+empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59020-248-7&rft.aulast=Freely&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoli194738-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoli194738_172-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoli1947">Noli 1947</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrides2001">Stavrides 2001</a>, pp. 163–164<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When the Ottoman army arrived Skanderbeg took refuge in Albanian mountains. Mehmed II sent Mahmud Pasha to the mountains, together with the most experienced part of the army, in order to pursue Skanderbeg, while he himself ravaged the rest of the land ... The Grand Vezier spent fifteen days in the mountains, ... However, they did not find Skanderbeg, who had managed to flee to the coast</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStavrides2001">Stavrides 2001</a>, p. 163<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...  taking much booty and many prisoners ... Mehmed II after ravaging the rest of the land, went to Kruje and besieged it for several days. When he realized that it would not be taken by assault, he decided to return ...</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVolaterranus1603">Volaterranus 1603</a>, p. 295<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">...  Romam deinde cum venisset, mox domum remeauit, vbi paruo post tempore veneno absumptus dicitur. ...</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-rivistamensile25-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivistamensile25_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivistamensile25_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8Zu3UA9dycC&q=Ferdinando+Scanderbeg+1468+lettera">Albania rivista mensile di politica, economia, scienze e lettere</a>. Libreria e Rivisteria Ferraguti. 1940. p. 25. <q>La sua morte, abbiam detto, gettò nel lutto la cristianità poichè i Principi di Europa perdevano con Scanderbeg l'uomo che permetteva loro di guardare con tranquillità alle vicende dell'Europa Orientale. Per Ferdinando invece il dolore fu profondo e disinteressato: egli perdeva l'amico della buona e della cattiva ventura. La lettera di condoglianze che fece rimettere alla vedova del Castriota non è certo un capolavoro di stile,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+rivista+mensile+di+politica%2C+economia%2C+scienze+e+lettere&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Libreria+e+Rivisteria+Ferraguti&rft.date=1940&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8Zu3UA9dycC%26q%3DFerdinando%2BScanderbeg%2B1468%2Blettera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archiviostorico252-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Archiviostorico252_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPivNo4eJBUC&q=Ferdinando+Scanderbeg+1468+lettera">Archivio storico di Malta</a>. R. Giusti. 1929. p. 252. <q>E che questa sia la data vera lo dimostra la lettera di condoglianze scritta da Re Ferdinando I di Napoli alla vedova dello Scanderbeg, lettera che porta appunto la data del 24 febbraio 1468.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archivio+storico+di+Malta&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=R.+Giusti&rft.date=1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPivNo4eJBUC%26q%3DFerdinando%2BScanderbeg%2B1468%2Blettera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Escusionestoricoetnografica-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Escusionestoricoetnografica_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1ZmAAAAcAAJ&q=Ferdinando+Ma+in+una+lettera+del+24+febb.+1468&pg=PA7">Escusione storico-etnografica noi passi slavi della Provincia di Campobasso</a>. Tip. d. R. Accad. d. Scienze fis. e mat. 1875. p. 7. <q>Ma in una lettera del 24 febb. 1468 il re promette alla vedova di lui «non solamente li lassaremo quello che ce avemo donato, ma quando bisogno fosse li donaremo delli altri nostri beni»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escusione+storico-etnografica+noi+passi+slavi+della+Provincia+di+Campobasso&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Tip.+d.+R.+Accad.+d.+Scienze+fis.+e+mat.&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF1ZmAAAAcAAJ%26q%3DFerdinando%2BMa%2Bin%2Buna%2Blettera%2Bdel%2B24%2Bfebb.%2B1468%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasse196424–26_179-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasse1964">Nasse 1964</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eXlZq6aBrkC&pg=PA167">167</a>. "...Ivan Strez Balsics, des von Venedig anerkannten Nachfolgers Skanderbegs,..." </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2001">Schmitt 2001</a>, p. 297<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">die Skanderbegs Personlichkeit gelassen hatte, nicht zu füllen. Deshalb muste Venedig wie in den Jahrzehnten vor Skanderbeg mit einer Vielzahl von Adligen zusammenarbeiten; neben Leka, Progon und Nikola Dukagjin gehörten zu dieser Schicht auch Comino Araniti, wohl derselbe, der 1466 Durazzo überfallen hatte; die Söhne von Juani Stexi, di Johann Balsha, Machthaber zwischen Alessio und Kruja; Gojko Balsha und seine söhne der woiwode Jaran um Kruja (1477), und auch der mit seinem Erbe überforderte Johann Kastriota.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eXlZq6aBrkC&pg=PA168">168</a>. "Ivan Strez Balsa, ein Neffe Skanderbegs, verlangte dabei seinen enteigneten Besitz zurück, und zwar die Burg Petrela, das nicht weiter zu lokalisierende Woiwodat von "Terra nuova" um Kruja (kaum gemeint sein kann das ebenfalls als Terra nuova bezeichnete osmanische Elbasan), die Dörfer des Gebietes von "Bonese" (Bushnesh, WNW von Kruja gelegen), schließlich das Land zwischen Kruja und Durazzo." </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2005">Schmitt 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eXlZq6aBrkC&pg=PA168">168</a>. "Tatsächlich kam Venedig den Wünschen Ivan Strezs weitgehend entgegen und setzte ihn damit zum Nachfolger Skanderbegs ein. [Venice largely conceded to the wishes of Ivan Strezs and installed him as Scanderbeg's successor]" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–412-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–412_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–412_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 411–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–413-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002411–413_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 411–413. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002413–416-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002413–416_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 413–416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002416–417-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002416–417_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 416–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002417–420-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali2002417–420_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamali2002">Anamali 2002</a>, pp. 417–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2009/11/07/me_7_n%C3%ABntor_1594_u_mblodh_kuvendi_i_sh%C3%ABn_m%C3%ABris%C3%AB_n%C3%AB_nd%C3%ABrfand%C3%ABn_p%C3%ABr_t%C3%AB/alb-332607">Kuvendi i Shënmërisë, 1594</a>, Radio Vatikani, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Revista Leka (1935–1936), Shkodër. Guiseppe Valentini </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901467-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901467_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbon1901">Gibbon 1901</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1990183–185-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1990183–185_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunciman1990183–185_192-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunciman1990">Runciman 1990</a>, pp. 183–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castriotascanderbeg.it/albero-genealogico">"Official genealogical tree of the Kastrioti family"</a>. Castriota-Scanderbeg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castriota-Scanderbeg&rft.atitle=Official+genealogical+tree+of+the+Kastrioti+family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castriotascanderbeg.it%2Falbero-genealogico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=My24IAAACAAJ">El Cid, God's Own Champion: The True Story of the Knight of Vivar</a>. Catholic Vitality Publications. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780979630101" title="Special:BookSources/9780979630101"><bdi>9780979630101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Cid%2C+God%27s+Own+Champion%3A+The+True+Story+of+the+Knight+of+Vivar&rft.pub=Catholic+Vitality+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780979630101&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMy24IAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Press-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Press_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Press_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYppAAAAMAAJ">Scanderbeg; His Life, Correspondence, Orations, Victories, and Philosophy</a>. National Press. 1968.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scanderbeg%3B+His+Life%2C+Correspondence%2C+Orations%2C+Victories%2C+and+Philosophy&rft.pub=National+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inND87EFFF4C">By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions</a>. Random House Publishing. 18 December 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307430748" title="Special:BookSources/9780307430748"><bdi>9780307430748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Sword%3A+A+History+of+Gladiators%2C+Musketeers%2C+Samurai%2C+Swashbucklers%2C+and+Olympic+Champions&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.isbn=9780307430748&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinND87EFFF4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akg-images.com/archive/Scanderbeg%E2%80%99s-battle-with-a-Tartar-swordsman-2UMDHUFWLCDO.html">"Scanderbeg's battle with a Tartar swordsman"</a>. akg-images. Retrieved 3 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=akg-images&rft.atitle=Scanderbeg%27s+battle+with+a+Tartar+swordsman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akg-images.com%2Farchive%2FScanderbeg%25E2%2580%2599s-battle-with-a-Tartar-swordsman-2UMDHUFWLCDO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fencingclassics.wordpress.com/2011/10/04/saber-combat-turkey-143/">"Saber Combat: Turkey, 1436"</a>. 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saber+Combat%3A+Turkey%2C+1436&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffencingclassics.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F10%2F04%2Fsaber-combat-turkey-143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThevet1584" class="citation book cs1">Thevet, André (1584). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86246591/f691.item">Les Vrais Poutraits et Vies des Hommes</a>. Paris: Veuve Kerver & Guillaume Chaudiere. p. 304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Vrais+Poutraits+et+Vies+des+Hommes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Veuve+Kerver+%26+Guillaume+Chaudiere&rft.date=1584&rft.aulast=Thevet&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b86246591%2Ff691.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilika2005" class="citation book cs1">Pilika, Dhimitri (2005). Pellazgët: origjina jonë a mohuar. Tiranë: Botimet Enciklopedike. p. 448.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pellazg%C3%ABt%3A+origjina+jon%C3%AB+a+mohuar&rft.place=Tiran%C3%AB&rft.pages=448&rft.pub=Botimet+Enciklopedike&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pilika&rft.aufirst=Dhimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELane–Poole1888135-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELane–Poole1888135_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLane–Poole1888">Lane–Poole 1888</a>, p. 135. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLane–Poole1888 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar1994396-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedlar1994396_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedlar1994">Sedlar 1994</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005ix-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005ix_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii_204-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xii_204-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. xii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher1968-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher1968_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Edgar_Pitcher1968" class="citation book cs1">Donald Edgar Pitcher (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Donald+Edgar+Pitcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xiii-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodgkinson2005xiii_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodgkinson2005">Hodgkinson 2005</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1968" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/1462627e80b760b7222096f8e0c4a0fc/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817218">"Skenderbeg and Albanian Consciousness"</a>. Südost Forschungen. 27: 83–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdost+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Skenderbeg+and+Albanian+Consciousness&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F1462627e80b760b7222096f8e0c4a0fc%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> "The memory of the Albanian national hero was maintained vividly among the Albanians of Italy, those who emigrated to Calabria and Sicily, following his death.... Living compactly in Christian territory, though in separate communities, the Italo-Albanians have preserved the songs about Skenderbeg and his exploits which their ancestors had brought from the mother country. Today one may even speak of the existence of a Skenderbeg cycle among them if one takes into account also the songs on other Albanian heroes who surrounded him." </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwandner-Sievers2002" class="citation cs2">Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC&pg=PA43">"... transformation of Skanderbeg into national symbol did not just serve national cohesion ... in the national narrative Skanderbeg symbolised the sublime sacrifice of the Albanians in defending Europe from the Asiatic hordes"</a>, Albanian identities: myth and history, <a href="/wiki/Bernd_J%C3%BCrgen_Fischer" title="Bernd Jürgen Fischer">Bernd Jürgen Fischer</a>, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, <a href="/wiki/Fatos_Lubonja" title="Fatos Lubonja">Fatos Lubonja</a>, Nicola Mai, <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a>, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova, Indiana University Press, p. 43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253341892" title="Special:BookSources/0253341892"><bdi>0253341892</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=...+transformation+of+Skanderbeg+into+national+symbol+did+not+just+serve+national+cohesion+...+in+the+national+narrative+Skanderbeg+symbolised+the+sublime+sacrifice+of+the+Albanians+in+defending+Europe+from+the+Asiatic+hordes&rft.btitle=Albanian+identities%3A+myth+and+history&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0253341892&rft.aulast=Schwandner-Sievers&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRASDq3rc-YC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Shinasi A. Rama (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJaDDwAAQBAJ&q=Skanderbeg&pg=PA1">Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power</a> Springer, pp. 94-95. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030051921" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030051921">978-3030051921</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabashi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kabashi, Artemida (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXVpAAAAMAAJ">"Creation of Albanian National Identity"</a>. Balkanistica. 20. Slavica Publishers: 63. <q>The story of Scanderbeg ... rests at the heart of the Albanian nation, because it marks the creation of national identity for the Albanian people and their desire for freedom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanistica&rft.atitle=Creation+of+Albanian+National+Identity&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Kabashi&rft.aufirst=Artemida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEndresen201557–58,_69-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEndresen201557–58,_69_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEndresen2015">Endresen 2015</a>, pp. 57–58, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901466-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901466_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbon1901">Gibbon 1901</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2003151-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2003151_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2003">Cohen 2003</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillson1909296-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillson1909296_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillson1909">Willson 1909</a>, p. 296. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWillson1909 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZA2cvjYPUEC&pg=PP91">Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 18, October 27 to November 7, 2005</a>. Congress. 2005. p. 24057. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-084826-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-084826-1"><bdi>978-0-16-084826-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record%2C+V.+151%2C+Pt.+18%2C+October+27+to+November+7%2C+2005&rft.pages=24057&rft.pub=Congress&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-16-084826-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZA2cvjYPUEC%26pg%3DPP91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2010a261-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2010a261_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010a">Elsie 2010a</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xqdiAAAAMAAJ&q=%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%9A%D1%83">Zbornik Matice srpske za književnost i jezik</a> (in Serbian). Novi Sad: Matica srpska. 1991. p. 91. Retrieved 2 April 2012. <q>Мартина Сегона, по сопственој изјави "српског писца"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zbornik+Matice+srpske+za+knji%C5%BEevnost+i+jezik&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Matica+srpska&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxqdiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%259A%25D1%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=xbZ4T4wCx8ezBrHy2MME">Zgodovinski časopis</a>. Vol. 54. Zgodovinsko društvo za Slovenijo. 2000. p. 131. <q>Martin Segon je eden najvidnejših humanistov s konca 15. stoletja.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zgodovinski+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Zgodovinsko+dru%C5%A1tvo+za+Slovenijo&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DxbZ4T4wCx8ezBrHy2MME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K3loAAAAMAAJ">Studi storici</a> (in Italian). Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo. 1980. pp. 142–145. <q>Narrazioni di Giorgio Castriotto, da i Turchi nella lingua loro chiamato Scander beg, cioe Alesandro Magno</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studi+storici&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=Istituto+storico+italiano+per+il+medio+evo&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK3loAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedost-institut.de/fileadmin/dokumente/HB_Schmitt_SOE1300-1500_1Textentwurf.pdf">Unvollständiger Textenwurf zur Diskussion am 2012</a> (PDF). p. 9. Retrieved 2 April 2012. <q>Martinus Segonus verfasste eine der frühesten "Landeskunden" des spätmittelalterlichen Balkans und eine kurze, aber sehr wichtige biographische Skizze zu Skanderbeg</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unvollst%C3%A4ndiger+Textenwurf+zur+Diskussion+am+2012&rft.pages=9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedost-institut.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdokumente%2FHB_Schmitt_SOE1300-1500_1Textentwurf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivanović" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Živanović, Đorđe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628101052/http://rastko.rs/rastko-pl/istorija/janiczar/djzivanovic-predgovor_l.php#_Toc14791997">"Konstantin Mihailović iz Ostrovice"</a>. Predgovor spisu Konstantina Mihailovića 'Janičarove uspomene ili turska hronika' (in Serbian). Projekat Rastko, Poljska. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-pl/istorija/janiczar/djzivanovic-predgovor_l.php#_Toc14791997">the original</a> on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011. <q>Taj rukopis je ... postao pre 1500. godine, a po svoj prilici još za vlade Kazimira Jagjelovića (1445–1492) ... Kao što smo već rekli, Konstantin Mihailović je negde između 1497. i 1501. napisao jedino svoje književno delo, koje je sačuvano u raznim prepisima sve do naših dana ... delo napisano verovatno između 1490. i 1497, i to zbog toga što se u njemu Matija Korvin spominje kao već mrtav, a poljski kralj Jan Olbraht kao živ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Konstantin+Mihailovi%C4%87+iz+Ostrovice&rft.btitle=Predgovor+spisu+Konstantina+Mihailovi%C4%87a+%27Jani%C4%8Darove+uspomene+ili+turska+hronika%27&rft.pub=Projekat+Rastko%2C+Poljska&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C4%90or%C4%91e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Frastko-pl%2Fistorija%2Fjaniczar%2Fdjzivanovic-predgovor_l.php%23_Toc14791997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinna_Skafte_Jensen2006" class="citation web cs1">Minna Skafte Jensen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719125946/http://miqesia.dk/Barleti-Scanderbeg.htm">"A Heroic Tale: Edin Barleti's Scanderbeg between orality and literacy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miqesia.dk/Barleti-Scanderbeg.htm">the original</a> on 19 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Heroic+Tale%3A+Edin+Barleti%27s+Scanderbeg+between+orality+and+literacy&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Minna+Skafte+Jensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiqesia.dk%2FBarleti-Scanderbeg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarletiDe_Lavardin2024" class="citation book cs1">Barleti, Marin; De Lavardin, Jacques (2024). The History of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albania: containing his famous acts, his noble deeds of arms, and memorable victories against the Turks, for the faith of Christ. IAPS. pp. xxiii–xxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1946244406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1946244406"><bdi>978-1946244406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+George+Castriot%2C+surnamed+Scanderbeg%2C+King+of+Albania%3A+containing+his+famous+acts%2C+his+noble+deeds+of+arms%2C+and+memorable+victories+against+the+Turks%2C+for+the+faith+of+Christ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxiii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxvii&rft.pub=IAPS&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1946244406&rft.aulast=Barleti&rft.aufirst=Marin&rft.au=De+Lavardin%2C+Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901465-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbon1901465_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGibbon1901">Gibbon 1901</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197673-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197673_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton 1976</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Georgius Castriotus Epirensis, vulgo Scanderbegh. Per Franciscum Blancum, De Alumnis Collegij de Propaganda Fide Episcopum Sappatensem etc. Venetiis, Typis Marci Ginammi, MDCXXXVI (1636). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple1705285–286-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemple1705285–286_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemple1705">Temple 1705</a>, pp. 285–286. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTemple1705 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjoern_Andersen" class="citation web cs1">Bjoern Andersen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjoerna.dk/albansk-historie/Holberg-on-Scanderbeg.htm">"Holberg on Scanderbeg"</a>. bjoerna.dk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holberg+on+Scanderbeg&rft.pub=bjoerna.dk&rft.au=Bjoern+Andersen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjoerna.dk%2Falbansk-historie%2FHolberg-on-Scanderbeg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolberg1739" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holberg, Ludwig (1739), Adskillige store heltes og beroemmelige maends, saer Orientalske og Indianske sammenlignede historier og bedrifter efter Plutarchi maade/ 2. (in Danish), Höpffner, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/312532589">312532589</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adskillige+store+heltes+og+beroemmelige+maends%2C+saer+Orientalske+og+Indianske+sammenlignede+historier+og+bedrifter+efter+Plutarchi+maade%2F+2.&rft.pub=H%C3%B6pffner&rft.date=1739&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F312532589&rft.aulast=Holberg&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Brebner1986" class="citation web cs1">Del Brebner (1 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217213517/http://www.frosina.org/about/infobits.asp?pf=1&id=134">"The Scanderberg Operas by Vivaldi and Francouer"</a>. The Frosina Information Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frosina.org/about/infobits.asp?pf=1&id=134">the original</a> on 17 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Frosina+Information+Network&rft.atitle=The+Scanderberg+Operas+by+Vivaldi+and+Francouer&rft.date=1986-03-01&rft.au=Del+Brebner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frosina.org%2Fabout%2Finfobits.asp%3Fpf%3D1%26id%3D134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2001" class="citation cs2">Rubin, Don (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B9RV5UFtPNMC&pg=PA41">The world encyclopedia of contemporary theatre</a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 41–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05928-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05928-2"><bdi>978-0-415-05928-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+encyclopedia+of+contemporary+theatre&rft.pages=41-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05928-2&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB9RV5UFtPNMC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Havard, 1733, Scanderbeg, A Tragedy; Lillo, 1735, The Christian Hero; Whincop, 1747, Scanderbeg, Or, Love and Liberty. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongfellow1880286–296-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongfellow1880286–296_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongfellow1880">Longfellow 1880</a>, pp. 286–296. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLongfellow1880 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri20029-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri20029_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri20029_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200210-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrashëri200210_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrashëri2002">Frashëri 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1978">Setton 1978</a>, p. 102<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Unfortunately Athanase Gegaj ... had not discovered that the "Anonymous of Antivari" was an invention of Biemmi, nor had Noli even by 1947.</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010304194543/http://www.njegos.org/petrovics/gvijenac.htm">The Mountain Wreath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a> (Serbian) </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010304200924/http://www.njegos.org/petrovics/scepan.htm#The">Psudo-Tsar Stephen the Small|False Tsar Stephen the Little</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a> (Serbian) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaganel1855[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaganel1855[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaganel1855">Paganel 1855</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-Galt1835-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Galt1835_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalt1835" class="citation book cs1">Galt, John (1835). The life of Lord Byron. Harper & Brothers. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Lord+Byron&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Galt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qYVAQAAIAAJ">Летопис Матице српске</a> (in Serbian). У Српској народној задружној штампарији. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5&rft.pub=%D0%A3+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%98+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qYVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaneana.eu/explore/uploads/pdfs/5673f83e8f3c3.pdf">Γιοχάλας Τίτος (Yohalas Titos), Γεώργιος Καστριώτης ο Σκεντέρμπεης (Georgios Kastriotis ο Skenderbeis), p. 17, footnote 20.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180620001519/http://www.balkaneana.eu/explore/uploads/pdfs/5673f83e8f3c3.pdf">Archived</a> 20 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In Greek. </li> <li id="cite_note-festival-cannes.com-242"><a href="#cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204194816/http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3875/year/1954.html">"Festival de Cannes: The Great Warrior Skanderbeg"</a>. festival-cannes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3875/year/1954.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+The+Great+Warrior+Skanderbeg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F3875%2Fyear%2F1954.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiarte.it/movimentoutopista/palazzo_scanderbeg.htm">"Palazzo Skanderbeg e la Cultura tradita"</a> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palazzo+Skanderbeg+e+la+Cultura+tradita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiarte.it%2Fmovimentoutopista%2Fpalazzo_scanderbeg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2006" class="citation web cs1">Delaney, Robert (29 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901145504/http://www.aodonline.org/NR/exeres/751B4426-7845-4911-A0CC-F83EB09EC140.htm">"Welcoming Skanderbeg – Cd. Maida, Albanian president unveil statue of Albanian hero"</a>. The Michigan Catholic. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Detroit" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit">Archdiocese of Detroit</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aodonline.org/NR/exeres/751B4426-7845-4911-A0CC-F83EB09EC140.htm">the original</a> on 1 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Michigan+Catholic&rft.atitle=Welcoming+Skanderbeg+%E2%80%93+Cd.+Maida%2C+Albanian+president+unveil+statue+of+Albanian+hero&rft.date=2006-09-29&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aodonline.org%2FNR%2Fexeres%2F751B4426-7845-4911-A0CC-F83EB09EC140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjeti1969" class="citation book cs1">Ajeti, Idriz (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nDQBAAAAMAAJ">Simpoziumi per Skenderbeun</a>. Instituti Albanologjik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simpoziumi+per+Skenderbeun&rft.pub=Instituti+Albanologjik&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ajeti&rft.aufirst=Idriz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnDQBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnamali2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anamali, Skënder (2002), Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian), vol. I, Botimet Toena, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52411919">52411919</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+kat%C3%ABr+v%C3%ABllime&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52411919&rft.aulast=Anamali&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Babinger, Franz</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01078-6"><bdi>978-0-691-01078-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01078-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBela2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bela, Muhamet (2019). "A ishte Skënderbeu nga Hasi?! - Mendime rreth origjinës së Skënderbeut". In Syla, Sabit; Verli, Marenglen; Asani, Skënder; Berisha, Gjon (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ih-rks.org/konferencat-shkencore/5.%20Gjergj%20Kastrioti-Sk%C3%ABnderbeu%20n%C3%AB%20550-vjetorin%20e%20vdekjes,%20IH_Prishtin%C3%AB,%202019.pdf">Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes: (materiale nga Konferenca shkencore ndërkombëtare "Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes", mbajtur në Prishtinë, më 16 tetor 2018)</a> (PDF) (in Albanian). Institute of history "Ali Hadri". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951409803" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951409803"><bdi>978-9951409803</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+ishte+Sk%C3%ABnderbeu+nga+Hasi%3F%21+-+Mendime+rreth+origjin%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+Sk%C3%ABnderbeut&rft.btitle=Gjergj+Kastrioti+-+Sk%C3%ABnderbeu+n%C3%AB+550-vjetorin+e+vdekjes%3A+%28materiale+nga+Konferenca+shkencore+nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare+%22Gjergj+Kastrioti+-+Sk%C3%ABnderbeu+n%C3%AB+550-vjetorin+e+vdekjes%22%2C+mbajtur+n%C3%AB+Prishtin%C3%AB%2C+m%C3%AB+16+tetor+2018%29&rft.pub=Institute+of+history+%22Ali+Hadri%22&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9951409803&rft.aulast=Bela&rft.aufirst=Muhamet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fih-rks.org%2Fkonferencat-shkencore%2F5.%2520Gjergj%2520Kastrioti-Sk%25C3%25ABnderbeu%2520n%25C3%25AB%2520550-vjetorin%2520e%2520vdekjes%2C%2520IH_Prishtin%25C3%25AB%2C%25202019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiçoku2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Biçoku, Kasëm (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=171397">"Peshkopata e Arbnit dhe Kastriotët [The bishopric of Arbni and the Kastriots]"</a>. Studime Historike. 03–04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Historike&rft.atitle=Peshkopata+e+Arbnit+dhe+Kastriot%C3%ABt+%5BThe+bishopric+of+Arbni+and+the+Kastriots%5D&rft.volume=03-04&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bi%C3%A7oku&rft.aufirst=Kas%C3%ABm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D171397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBožić1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87_(historian)" title="Ivan Božić (historian)">Božić, Ivan</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SnkBAAAAMAAJ">Nemirno pomorje XV veka</a> (in Serbian), Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5845972">5845972</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nemirno+pomorje+XV+veka&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pub=Srpska+knji%C5%BEevna+zadruga&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5845972&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSnkBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2003" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Richard (2003), By the Sword: A History of Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai, Swashbucklers, and Olympic Champions, Random House, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6966-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6966-5"><bdi>978-0-8129-6966-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Sword%3A+A+History+of+Gladiators%2C+Musketeers%2C+Samurai%2C+Swashbucklers%2C+and+Olympic+Champions&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6966-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2008" class="citation book cs1">Demiraj, Bardhyl, ed. (2008). Fjalor latinisht-epirotisht, 1635 (Botim kritik nga Bardhyl Demiraj). Botime Françeskane.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fjalor+latinisht-epirotisht%2C+1635+%28Botim+kritik+nga+Bardhyl+Demiraj%29&rft.pub=Botime+Fran%C3%A7eskane&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrizari1968" class="citation cs2">Drizari, Nelo (1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYppAAAAMAAJ">Scanderbeg; his life, correspondence, orations, victories, and philosophy</a>, National Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/729093">729093</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scanderbeg%3B+his+life%2C+correspondence%2C+orations%2C+victories%2C+and+philosophy&rft.pub=National+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F729093&rft.aulast=Drizari&rft.aufirst=Nelo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYppAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2010b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC">Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7483-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7483-1&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPg-aeA-nUeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2000" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aAtQZ0vjf5gC">A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture</a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-2214-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-2214-8"><bdi>0-8147-2214-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+Albanian+religion%2C+mythology%2C+and+folk+culture&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8147-2214-8&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaAtQZ0vjf5gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010a" class="citation cs2">Elsie, Robert (2010a) [2004], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006083419/http://dualibra.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Historical_Dictionary_of_Albania__Second_Edition.pdf">Historical Dictionary Of Albania</a> (PDF), Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-282-52192-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-282-52192-6"><bdi>978-1-282-52192-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/816372706">816372706</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dualibra.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Historical_Dictionary_of_Albania__Second_Edition.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 October 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+Of+Albania&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F816372706&rft.isbn=978-1-282-52192-6&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdualibra.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F10%2FHistorical_Dictionary_of_Albania__Second_Edition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndresen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Endresen, Cecilie (2015). "The Nation and the Nun: Mother Teresa, Albania's Muslim Majority and the Secular State". Islam and Christian Muslim Relations. 26 (1): 53–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09596410.2014.961765">10.1080/09596410.2014.961765</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143946229">143946229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+and+Christian+Muslim+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Nation+and+the+Nun%3A+Mother+Teresa%2C+Albania%27s+Muslim+Majority+and+the+Secular+State&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09596410.2014.961765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143946229%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Endresen&rft.aufirst=Cecilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation cs2">Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA558">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>, University of Michigan Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26pg%3DPA558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancione2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Francione, Gennaro (2003), Skenderbeu: Një hero modern (in Albanian), Shtëpia botuese "Naim Frashëri", <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99927-38-75-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99927-38-75-7"><bdi>978-99927-38-75-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skenderbeu%3A+Nj%C3%AB+hero+modern&rft.pub=Sht%C3%ABpia+botuese+%22Naim+Frash%C3%ABri%22&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-99927-38-75-7&rft.aulast=Francione&rft.aufirst=Gennaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco1480" class="citation book cs1">Franco, Demetrio (1480). Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr. Venice: Altobello Salkato. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99943-1-042-9" title="Special:BookSources/99943-1-042-9"><bdi>99943-1-042-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comentario+de+le+cose+de%27+Turchi%2C+et+del+S.+Georgio+Scanderbeg%2C+principe+d%27+Epyr&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Altobello+Salkato&rft.date=1480&rft.isbn=99943-1-042-9&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Demetrio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrashëri1964" class="citation cs2">Frashëri, Kristo (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXMKAQAAIAAJ">The history of Albania: a brief survey</a>, s.n., <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1738885">1738885</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Albania%3A+a+brief+survey&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1738885&rft.aulast=Frash%C3%ABri&rft.aufirst=Kristo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXMKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrashëri2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frashëri, Kristo (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwR3PQAACAAJ">Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468</a> (in Albanian), Botimet Toena, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-1-627-4" title="Special:BookSources/99927-1-627-4"><bdi>99927-1-627-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gjergj+Kastrioti+Sk%C3%ABnderbeu%3A+jeta+dhe+vepra%2C+1405%E2%80%931468&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=99927-1-627-4&rft.aulast=Frash%C3%ABri&rft.aufirst=Kristo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwR3PQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC">Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02700-7"><bdi>978-0-521-02700-7</bdi></a>. 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Croatica Christiana Periodica. 28 (53).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatica+Christiana+Periodica&rft.atitle=Benediktinska+opatija+svete+Marije+Rata%C4%8Dke+kod+Bara%2C+Acta+diplomatica+et+iuridica&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=53&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Markovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Savo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F103605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson1954" class="citation cs2">Masson, Margaret (1954), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfcxAQAAIAAJ">The unwritten law in Albania</a>, University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598494740" title="Special:BookSources/978-0598494740"><bdi>978-0598494740</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+unwritten+law+in+Albania&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0598494740&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfcxAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhaj2015" class="citation journal cs1">Muhaj, Ardian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19225883">"Hulumtimi i origjinës së Skënderbeut përmes historisë së jetës dhe veprës së tij"</a>. 610-vjetori i lindjes së Heroit Kombëtar Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu. 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Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027227119" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027227119"><bdi>978-9027227119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+religion+and+national+identity+in+Europe+and+the+Middle+East%3A+A+historical+study&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9027227119&rft.aulast=Myhill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJK3YxI1NM8C%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnational%2Bidentity%26pg%3DPT241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrdal1976" class="citation cs2">Myrdal, Jan (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3W4AAAAIAAJ">Albania defiant</a>, Monthly Review Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-356-7"><bdi>978-0-85345-356-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+defiant&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-356-7&rft.aulast=Myrdal&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3W4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasse1964" class="citation cs2">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjArAAAAYAAJ">The Italo-Albanian villages of southern Italy</a>, National Academies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0598204004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0598204004"><bdi>978-0598204004</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/476226177">476226177</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italo-Albanian+villages+of+southern+Italy&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F476226177&rft.isbn=978-0598204004&rft.aulast=Nasse&rft.aufirst=George+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjArAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdreca2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ndreca, Arben (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shejzat.com/2019-1-2/">"A handful of documents about Gjon and Gjergj Castriot in Old Slavic (Part two) [Disa dokumente rreth Gjon dhe Gjergj Kastriotit në sllavishten e vjetër (Pjesa II)]"</a>. Shejzat – Pleiades. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shejzat+%E2%80%93+Pleiades&rft.atitle=A+handful+of+documents+about+Gjon+and+Gjergj+Castriot+in+Old+Slavic+%28Part+two%29+%5BDisa+dokumente+rreth+Gjon+dhe+Gjergj+Kastriotit+n%C3%AB+sllavishten+e+vjet%C3%ABr+%28Pjesa+II%29%5D&rft.volume=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ndreca&rft.aufirst=Arben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shejzat.com%2F2019-1-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2d6OHLqwEsC">The last centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43991-6"><bdi>978-0-521-43991-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+centuries+of+Byzantium%2C+1261%E2%80%931453&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43991-6&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2d6OHLqwEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoli1947" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fan_S._Noli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan S. Noli">Noli, Fan S.</a> (1947), George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468), New York: International Universities Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/732882">732882</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Castrioti+Scanderbeg+%281405%E2%80%931468%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F732882&rft.aulast=Noli&rft.aufirst=Fan+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoli2009" class="citation cs2">Noli, Fan S. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOjXQwAACAAJ">George Castrioti Scanderbeg</a>, General Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-150-74548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-150-74548-5"><bdi>978-1-150-74548-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Castrioti+Scanderbeg&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-150-74548-5&rft.aulast=Noli&rft.aufirst=Fan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOjXQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmari2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Omari, Jeton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/47254/1/SCANDERBEG_TRA_STORIA_E_STORIOGRAFIA.pdf">Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia [Skanderbeg between history and historiography]</a> (PDF) (Thesis). University of Padua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Scanderbeg+tra+storia+e+storiografia+%5BSkanderbeg+between+history+and+historiography%5D&rft.inst=University+of+Padua&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Omari&rft.aufirst=Jeton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftesi.cab.unipd.it%2F47254%2F1%2FSCANDERBEG_TRA_STORIA_E_STORIOGRAFIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaganel1855" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paganel, Camille (1855), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qEBAAAAQAAJ">Histoire de Scanderbeg, ou Turks et chrétiens au xve siècle</a> (in French), Paris: Didier, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/562582673">562582673</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Scanderbeg%2C+ou+Turks+et+chr%C3%A9tiens+au+xve+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Didier&rft.date=1855&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F562582673&rft.aulast=Paganel&rft.aufirst=Camille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qEBAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcnAAAAYAAJ">Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822320708" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822320708"><bdi>978-0822320708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+obstat%3A+religion%2C+politics%2C+and+social+change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0822320708&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrcnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2001" class="citation cs2">Rosser, John Hutchins (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qU9lmX2xYlUC&pg=PA363">Historical dictionary of Byzantium</a>, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3979-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3979-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-3979-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3979-3&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=John+Hutchins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqU9lmX2xYlUC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1990" class="citation cs2">Runciman, Steven (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BAzntP0lg58C">The fall of Constantinople, 1453</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39832-9"><bdi>978-0-521-39832-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fall+of+Constantinople%2C+1453&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39832-9&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBAzntP0lg58C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Jens Schmitt">Schmitt, Oliver Jens</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKKS3u7iPWcC">Das venezianische Albanien (1392–1479)</a> (in German), München: R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH München, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-486-56569-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-486-56569-9"><bdi>3-486-56569-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+venezianische+Albanien+%281392%E2%80%931479%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=R.+Oldenbourg+Verlag+GmbH+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-486-56569-9&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKKS3u7iPWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Jens Schmitt">Schmitt, Oliver Jens</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eXlZq6aBrkC&pg=PA167">Die venezianischen Jahrbücher des Stefano Magno (ÖNB Codd 6215–6217) als Quelle zur albanischen und epirotischen Geschichte im späten Mittelalter (1433–1477)</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFSchmittClewing2005">Schmitt & Clewing (2005)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmittClewing2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Oliver Jens; Clewing, Konrad, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4eXlZq6aBrkC">Südosteuropa : von vormoderner Vielfalt und nationalstaatlicher Vereinheitlichung: Festschrift für Edgar Hösch</a> (in German). Oldenbourg Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57888-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-57888-1"><bdi>978-3-486-57888-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62309552">62309552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%3A+von+vormoderner+Vielfalt+und+nationalstaatlicher+Vereinheitlichung%3A+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Edgar+H%C3%B6sch&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62309552&rft.isbn=978-3-486-57888-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4eXlZq6aBrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Jens Schmitt">Schmitt, Oliver Jens</a> (2009), Skanderbeg: Der neue Alexander auf dem Balkan, Regensburg: Friedrich Pustet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skanderbeg%3A+Der+neue+Alexander+auf+dem+Balkan&rft.place=Regensburg&rft.pub=Friedrich+Pustet&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Jens_Schmitt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Jens Schmitt">Schmitt, Oliver Jens</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OD9D_tmufccC&pg=PA55">Die Albaner: eine Geschichte zwischen Orient und Okzident</a> (in German), C.H. Beck, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-63031-6"><bdi>978-3-406-63031-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Albaner%3A+eine+Geschichte+zwischen+Orient+und+Okzident&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-406-63031-6&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Oliver+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOD9D_tmufccC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation cs2">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC">East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</a>, University of Washington Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97290-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97290-9&rft.aulast=Sedlar&rft.aufirst=Jean+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DANdbpi1WAIQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth Meyer</a> (1975), Hazard, H. W. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6v9jhUd-r8C&pg=PA272">A History of the Crusades: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries</a>, vol. III, Univ of Wisconsin Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06670-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-06670-3"><bdi>978-0-299-06670-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+fourteenth+and+fifteenth+centuries&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-299-06670-3&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ6v9jhUd-r8C%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation cs2">Setton, Kenneth M. (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC">The papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries</a>, American Philosophical Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-127-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571%3A+The+thirteenth+and+fourteenth+centuries&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-127-9&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1978" class="citation cs2">Setton, Kenneth M. (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC&pg=PA102">The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The fifteenth century</a>, vol. II, American Philosophical Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-127-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-127-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant%2C+1204%E2%80%931571%3A+The+fifteenth+century&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-127-9&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Sz2VYI0l1IC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos1958" class="citation cs2">Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (1958), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFkeAAAAMAAJ">The Balkans since 1453</a>, Rinehart, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030096853" title="Special:BookSources/978-0030096853"><bdi>978-0030096853</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/485496689">485496689</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+since+1453&rft.pub=Rinehart&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F485496689&rft.isbn=978-0030096853&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=Leften+Stavros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFkeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavrides2001" class="citation cs2">Stavrides, Theoharis (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ptXG0uA70lAC&pg=PA115">The Sultan of vezirs : the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474)</a>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12106-5"><bdi>978-90-04-12106-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46640850">46640850</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan+of+vezirs+%3A+the+life+and+times+of+the+Ottoman+Grand+Vezir+Mahmud+Pasha+Angelovic+%281453%E2%80%931474%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46640850&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12106-5&rft.aulast=Stavrides&rft.aufirst=Theoharis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DptXG0uA70lAC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolaterranus1603" class="citation cs2">Volaterranus, Raffaele Maffei (1603), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I70_AAAAcAAJ">Commentariorum Urbanorum</a>, Apud Claudius Marnium, & haeredes Ioannis Aubrii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentariorum+Urbanorum&rft.pub=Apud+Claudius+Marnium%2C+%26+haeredes+Ioannis+Aubrii&rft.date=1603&rft.aulast=Volaterranus&rft.aufirst=Raffaele+Maffei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI70_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZilfi2010" class="citation cs2">Zilfi, Madeline (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oo_AetRkC9UC&pg=PA101">Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51583-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51583-2"><bdi>978-0-521-51583-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Slavery+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+The+Design+of+Difference&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51583-2&rft.aulast=Zilfi&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doo_AetRkC9UC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelo2004" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelo, Paolo (2004) [1539], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8H5pAAAAMAAJ&q=La+vita+di+Scanderbeg+laporta">La vita di Scanderbeg di Paolo Angelo</a> (in Italian), translated by Laporta, Alessandro; Giovio, Paolo, Galatina: M. Congedo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-571-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8086-571-1"><bdi>978-88-8086-571-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+vita+di+Scanderbeg+di+Paolo+Angelo&rft.place=Galatina&rft.pub=M.+Congedo&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-88-8086-571-1&rft.aulast=Angelo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8H5pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLa%2Bvita%2Bdi%2BScanderbeg%2Blaporta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrashëri1898" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri, Naim</a> (1898), Istori'e Skenderbeut (in Albanian), Coinetarevet</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istori%27e+Skenderbeut&rft.pub=Coinetarevet&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Frash%C3%ABri&rft.aufirst=Naim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabashi2005" class="citation web cs1">Kabashi, Artemida (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329033224/http://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/15436/thesis.pdf?sequence=1">"The memory of George Castriota Scanderbeg among the Arberesh of Italy: a study on the role of diaspora in the creation of Albanian national identity"</a> (PDF). Texas Tech University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/15436/thesis.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+memory+of+George+Castriota+Scanderbeg+among+the+Arberesh+of+Italy%3A+a+study+on+the+role+of+diaspora+in+the+creation+of+Albanian+national+identity&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Kabashi&rft.aufirst=Artemida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositories.tdl.org%2Fttu-ir%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2346%2F15436%2Fthesis.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusachi1515" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Muzaka" title="Gjon Muzaka">Musachi, John</a> (1515). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100910095427/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts16-18/AH1515.html">"Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts16-18/AH1515.html">the original</a> on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+Chronicle+on+the+Descendants+of+our+Musachi+Dynasty&rft.date=1515&rft.aulast=Musachi&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts16-18%2FAH1515.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrifti2005" class="citation cs2">Prifti, Peter R. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kYhpAAAAMAAJ">Unfinished portrait of a country</a>, East European Monographs, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-558-4"><bdi>978-0-88033-558-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfinished+portrait+of+a+country&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-558-4&rft.aulast=Prifti&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkYhpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkanderbeg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Skanderbeg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Scanderbeg" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scanderbeg">Scanderbeg</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castriotascanderbeg.it/">Official website of the Kastrioti family of Italy</a> (in Italian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1993Disraeli.pdf">Analysis of literature on Scanderbeg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090902023802/http://albanianhistory.net/texts16-18/AH1510.html">Marinus Barletius: History of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg: Chapter XII</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203243/http://albanianhistory.net/texts21/AH2008_2.html">Schmitt Jens Oliver (2008) Scanderbeg: an Uprising and its Leader</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140605052159/http://www.skanderbegthemovie.com/">The story of Skanderbeg, a production of Skanderbeg Media Productions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgecastriotis00noli">George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468) by Noli, Fan Stylian</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Skanderbeg </div><div><a href="/wiki/Kastrioti_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrioti family">Kastrioti family</a></div>Born: 1405 Died: 1468 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Hizir Bey</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> [Ottoman] <a href="/wiki/Suba%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Subaşi">subaşi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> 1437 – November 1438 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Hizir Bey</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> [Ottoman sanjakbey] of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Sanjak of Dibra</a> 1440 – November 1443 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Unknown</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Post created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Lord of Albania (or Krujë) 1450 – 17 January 1468 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Post abolished</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Post created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Head of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> 2 March 1444 – c. 1450 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Post abolished</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Kastrioti30" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kastrioti_family" title="Template:Kastrioti family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kastrioti_family" title="Template talk:Kastrioti family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kastrioti_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kastrioti family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Kastrioti30" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kastrioti_(died_1390)" title="Konstantin Kastrioti (died 1390)">Konstantin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal_Kastrioti" title="Pal Kastrioti">Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti" title="Gjon Kastrioti">Gjon I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voisava_Kastrioti" title="Voisava Kastrioti">Voisava</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skanderbeg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donika_Kastrioti" title="Donika Kastrioti">Donika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti_II" title="Gjon Kastrioti II">Gjon II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jerina_Brankovi%C4%87_(wife_of_Gjon_Kastrioti_II)" title="Jerina Branković (wife of Gjon Kastrioti II)">Jerina</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Kastrioti" title="Hamza Kastrioti">Hamza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Castriota" title="Costantino Castriota">Costantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastriot_of_Kanina" title="Kastriot of Kanina">Kastriot of Kanina</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles634" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles634" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a> (1190–1385) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1385–1912) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a> (1912–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160614#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122802571">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54941270">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5348/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhm7p4HyGxcJWqFfFMyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11861486X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50016935">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973635b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11973635b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720280&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20229">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007309542005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509753306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11861486X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11861486X">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027763447">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sj4g4k">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skanderbeg&oldid=1276230910">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skanderbeg&oldid=1276230910</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-jzgzq","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.374","walltime":"2.645","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32880,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":575285,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":98806,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":42,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":558021,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2282.784 1 -total"," 22.59% 515.675 232 Template:Sfn"," 20.94% 478.092 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.68% 335.120 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.15% 323.120 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 13.31% 303.946 57 Template:Cite_book"," 8.06% 184.028 47 Template:Citation"," 6.12% 139.663 24 Template:Fix"," 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[\"CITEREFMasson1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinna_Skafte_Jensen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomčilo_Spremić1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhaj2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusachi1515\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyhill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyrdal1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasse1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNdreca2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoli1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoli2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOmari2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaganel1855\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlovskiPavlovski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilika2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrifti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosser2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunciman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamardžić1892\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchiró1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmaus1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmittClewing2005\"] = 1,\n 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