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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Allied invasion plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_invasion_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconnaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconnaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Reconnaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconnaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Deception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rehearsals_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rehearsals_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Rehearsals and security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rehearsals_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather_forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather_forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Weather forecasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather_forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_preparations_and_defences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_preparations_and_defences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 German preparations and defences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_preparations_and_defences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atlantic_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Atlantic Wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 Mobile reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Beaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cherbourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cherbourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Cherbourg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cherbourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Caen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakout_from_the_beachhead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakout_from_the_beachhead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Breakout from the beachhead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakout_from_the_beachhead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_close" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_close"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Campaign close </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_close-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilians_and_French_heritage_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilians_and_French_heritage_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Civilians and French heritage buildings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilians_and_French_heritage_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_memorials_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_memorials_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 War memorials and tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_memorials_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Operation Overlord</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Operation Overlord" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عملية أوفرلورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عملية أوفرلورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Batalla de Normandía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_%C9%99m%C9%99liyyat%C4%B1" title="Overlord əməliyyatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Overlord əməliyyatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="اوورلورد عملیاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوورلورد عملیاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%E2%80%9E%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%E2%80%9C" title="Операция „Овърлорд“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Операция „Овърлорд“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3_Overlord" title="Operació Overlord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Operació Overlord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operace_Overlord" title="Operace Overlord – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Operace Overlord" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Operation Overlord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Overlord" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatsioon_Overlord" title="Operatsioon Overlord – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Operatsioon Overlord" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μάχη της Νορμανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Νορμανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Normand%C3%ADa" title="Batalla de Normandía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Normandía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaco_Overlord" title="Operaco Overlord – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Operaco Overlord" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_operazioa" title="Overlord operazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Overlord operazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="عملیات اورلرد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عملیات اورلرد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Normandie" title="Bataille de Normandie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Normandie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%B2%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9E%91%EC%A0%84" title="오버로드 작전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오버로드 작전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1_(1944)" title="Նորմանդական դեսանտային օպերացիա (1944) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմանդական դեսանտային օպերացիա (1944)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Overlord" title="Operacija Overlord – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Operacija Overlord" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Overlord" title="Operasi Overlord – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Operasi Overlord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Overlord" title="Operazione Overlord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Overlord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="המערכה בנורמנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה בנורמנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ოპერაცია ოვერლორდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპერაცია ოვერლორდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Нормандия операциясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нормандия операциясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B_(1944)" title="Нормандия десант операциясы (1944) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нормандия десант операциясы (1944)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandijas_oper%C4%81cija" title="Normandijas operācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Normandijas operācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatioun_Overlord" title="Operatioun Overlord – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Operatioun Overlord" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandijos_operacija" title="Normandijos operacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Normandijos operacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Операција Оверлорд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Операција Оверлорд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑपरेशन ओव्हरलॉर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑपरेशन ओव्हरलॉर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasi_Overlord" title="Operasi Overlord – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Operasi Overlord" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operatie_Overlord" title="Operatie Overlord – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Operatie Overlord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%A6" title="オーヴァーロード作戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーヴァーロード作戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasjonen_i_Normandie" title="Invasjonen i Normandie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Invasjonen i Normandie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasjon_Overlord" title="Operasjon Overlord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Operasjon Overlord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Overlord" title="Operacja Overlord – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Overlord" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Overlord" title="Operação Overlord – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Operação Overlord" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%C8%9Biunea_Overlord" title="Operațiunea Overlord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operațiunea Overlord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нормандская операция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нормандская операция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacioni_Overlord" title="Operacioni Overlord – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Operacioni Overlord" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔපරේෂන් ඕවර්ලෝඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔපරේෂන් ඕවර්ලෝඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Operation Overlord" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C3%A1cia_Overlord" title="Operácia Overlord – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Operácia Overlord" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Overlord" title="Operacija Overlord – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Operacija Overlord" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Операција Оверлорд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Операција Оверлорд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacija_Overlord" title="Operacija Overlord – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Operacija Overlord" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Operation Overlord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operasyong_Overlord" title="Operasyong Overlord – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Operasyong Overlord" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="ஓவர்லார்ட் நடவடிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓவர்லார்ட் நடவடிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_operatsi%C3%A4se" title="Overlord operatsiäse – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Overlord operatsiäse" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="ปฏิบัติการโอเวอร์ลอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิบัติการโอเวอร์ลอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overlord_Harek%C3%A2t%C4%B1" title="Overlord Harekâtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Overlord Harekâtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%C2%BB" title="Операція «Оверлорд» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Операція «Оверлорд»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_Overlord_(1944)" title="Chiến dịch Overlord (1944) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến dịch Overlord (1944)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E7%8E%8B%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8" title="霸王行动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Overlord&params=49_25_05_N_01_10_35_W_region:FR">49°25′05″N 01°10′35″W / 49.41806°N 1.17639°W / 49.41806; -1.17639</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Successful Allied liberation of Nazi-held western Europe in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Vietnam War operation, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Battle of Long Khánh">Battle of Long Khánh</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Normandy campaign" redirects here. For the 13th-century campaigns, see <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Normandy_(1202%E2%80%931204)" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204)">French invasion of Normandy (1202–1204)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Overlord</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:NormandySupply_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/300px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/450px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NormandySupply_edit.jpg/600px-NormandySupply_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="2150" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Landing_ship_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ship tank">LSTs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a> deployed, unloading supplies on <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> for the breakout from Normandy</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 June – 30 August 1944 (2 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Overlord&params=49_25_05_N_01_10_35_W_region:FR">49°25′05″N 01°10′35″W / 49.41806°N 1.17639°W / 49.41806; -1.17639</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Belgian_forces" title="Free Belgian forces">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988x-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009492-4">[4]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Navy_website-5">[5]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Free_Luxembourgish_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Luxembourgish forces">Luxembourg</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuxembourg_Army_website-6">[6]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988x-3">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Nygaardsvold%27s_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa_%281928-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016-7">[7]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Southern_Rhodesia_%281924%E2%80%931964%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeadows2016-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a> (Deputy Supreme Allied Commander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> (Ground Forces Commander in Chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a> (Air Commander in Chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Bertram Ramsay</a> (Naval Commander in Chief)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> of Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> (<a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>More than 1,452,000 troops by 25 July<a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a></li> <li>2,052,299 (by the end of August)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadsey199085-13">[11]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>380,000 troops (by 23 July)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling200032-14">[12]</a></li> <li>~640,000 troops total<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling200034-15">[13]</a></li> <li>2,200<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007192-16">[14]</a>–2,500 tanks and assault guns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997434-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2006117–120-18">[16]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> 124,394 casualties; 20,668 killed<a href="#cite_note-American_casualties-21">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> ~65,000 casualties; 11,000 killed; 54,000 wounded or missing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEbritannica.com-22">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> 18,444 casualties; 5,021 killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1960271-23">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> 2,097 casualties<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaczek2006-24">[21]</a></li></ul> </div> 16,714 Allied airmen killed (8,536 members of the USAAF, and 8,178 flying under the command of the RAF) <hr /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>226,386 casualties in total<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a></li> <li>4,101 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a></li> <li>~4,000 tanks<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003342-27">[23]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>~80,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInmanStaines2019La_Cambe_German_Military_Cemetery-28">[24]</a> 233,000 captured<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Germany">Casualties differ by source</a></li> <li>2,127 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003342–343-30">[26]</a></li> <li>1,500<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling200083-31">[27]</a>–2,400 tanks and assault guns lost<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997434-17">[15]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilian deaths: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>11,000–19,000 killed in pre-invasion bombing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009519-32">[28]</a></li> <li>13,632–19,890 killed during invasion<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009336–337-33">[29]</a></li> <li>Total: 25,000–39,000 killed</li></ul> 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Overlord</a> (Battle of Normandy)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Prelude <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Bodyguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)">Zeppelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer & Big Drum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able">Postage Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush">Tarbrush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul> Airborne assault British Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit">Gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul> Logistics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul> Ground campaign American Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Gulch" title="Battle of Bloody Gulch">Hill 30</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul> Anglo-Canadian Sector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">2nd Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul> Breakout <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Hill_140" title="Battle for Hill 140">Hill 140</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul> Air and Sea operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul> Supporting operations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Jedburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Dingson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Samwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney">Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket">Bulbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth">Houndsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton">Loyton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy">Wallace & Hardy</a></li></ul> <hr /> Aftermath <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (1944–1945)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Reichswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dynamo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula">Paula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Sea Lion</a></li></ul> 1941–1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil">Donnerkeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1944–1945 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Veritable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Gisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone">Undertone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Plunder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> Strategic campaigns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_French_campaigns" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Free_French" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Free French"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_French_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free French</a> campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Africa and Middle East</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Keren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Exporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normandie-Niemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandie-Niemen">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Husky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Opération_Vésuve" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ist" title="Battle of Ist">Ist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overlord</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Elba" title="Invasion of Elba">Elba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Marseilles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indian Ocean and Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crimson" title="Operation Crimson">Crimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Oceania</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna_during_the_Second_World_War#Rally_to_Free_France_and_installation_of_an_American_base" title="Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> operation that launched the successful liberation of German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Europe</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (<a href="/wiki/D-Day_(military_term)" title="D-Day (military term)">D-Day</a>) with the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> (Operation Neptune). A 1,200-plane <a href="/wiki/Airborne_forces" title="Airborne forces">airborne assault</a> preceded an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious assault</a> involving more than 5,000 vessels. Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August. The decision to undertake cross-channel landings in 1944 was made at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Conference_(1943)" title="Washington Conference (1943)">Trident Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> in May 1943. General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was appointed commander of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a>, and General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> was named commander of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, which comprised all the land forces involved in the operation. The <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> coast in northwestern France was chosen as the site of the landings, with the Americans assigned to land at sectors codenamed <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a>, the British at <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a>, and the Canadians at <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a>. To meet the conditions expected on the Normandy beachhead, special technology was developed, including two artificial ports called <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a> and an array of specialised tanks nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a>. In the months leading up to the landings, the Allies conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a>, a substantial <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">military deception</a> that used electronic and visual misinformation to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> placed Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> in charge of developing fortifications all along Hitler's proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in anticipation of landings in France. The Allies failed to accomplish their objectives for the first day, but gained a tenuous foothold that they gradually expanded when they captured the port at <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> on 26 June and the city of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> on 21 July. A failed counterattack by German forces in response to Allied advances on 7 August left 50,000 soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 7th Army</a> trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a> by 19 August. The Allies launched a second invasion from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> of southern France (code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>) on 15 August, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> followed on 25 August. German forces retreated east across the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> on 30 August 1944, marking the close of Operation Overlord. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_for_D-Day">Preparations for D-Day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparations for D-Day">edit</a>]</div> In June 1940, Germany's leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had triumphed in what he called "the most famous victory in history"—the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2005322-34">[30]</a> British craft evacuated to England over 338,000 Allied troops trapped along the northern coast of France (including much of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a> (27 May to 4 June).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1949115-35">[31]</a> British planners reported to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on 4 October that even with the help of other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries and the United States, it would not be possible to regain a foothold in continental Europe in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200420-36">[32]</a> After the Axis <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> began pressing for a <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–45:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">second front</a> in Western Europe. Churchill declined because he felt that even with American help the British did not have adequate forces to do it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga20098–10-37">[33]</a> and he wished to avoid costly frontal assaults such as those that had occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Somme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Passchendaele</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951582-38">[34]</a> Two tentative plans code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundup_(1942)" title="Operation Roundup (1942)">Operation Roundup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sledgehammer" title="Operation Sledgehammer">Operation Sledgehammer</a> were put forward for 1942–43, but neither was deemed by the British to be practical or likely to succeed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200421–22-39">[35]</a> Instead, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> expanded their activity in the Mediterranean, launching the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> an invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> in November 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a> in July 1943, and <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910–11-40">[36]</a> These campaigns provided the troops with valuable experience in <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2012319-41">[37]</a> Those attending the <a href="/wiki/Trident_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Trident Conference">Trident Conference</a> in Washington in May 1943 took the decision to launch a cross-Channel invasion within the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200911-42">[38]</a> Churchill favoured making the main Allied thrust into Germany from the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean theatre</a>, but the Americans, who were providing the bulk of the men and equipment, over-ruled him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200910-43">[39]</a> British Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Frederick_E._Morgan" title="Frederick E. Morgan">Frederick E. Morgan</a> was appointed Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Commander (COSSAC), to begin detailed planning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200911-42">[38]</a> The initial plans were constrained by the number of <a href="/wiki/Landing_craft" title="Landing craft">landing craft</a>, most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997177–178,_chart_p._180-44">[40]</a> In part because of lessons learned in the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> of 19 August 1942, the Allies decided not to directly assault a heavily defended French seaport in their first landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh20099-45">[41]</a> The failure at Dieppe also highlighted the need for adequate artillery and air support, particularly <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>, and specialised ships able to travel extremely close to shore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200423-46">[42]</a> The short operating range of British aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a> greatly limited the number of potential landing-sites, as comprehensive air support depended upon having planes overhead for as long as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989397,_478-47">[43]</a> Morgan considered four sites for the landings: <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>, Normandy, and the <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas de Calais">Pas de Calais</a>. As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas, the Germans could have cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>, so these sites were rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200913–14-48">[44]</a> The Pas de Calais, the closest point in continental Europe to Britain, was the location of launch sites for <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, then still under development.<a href="#cite_note-50">[e]</a> The Germans regarded it as the most likely initial landing zone and accordingly made it the most heavily fortified region;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200933–34-51">[46]</a> however, it offered the Allies few opportunities for expansion as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997170-52">[47]</a> On the other hand, landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>, coastal ports further west in Brittany, and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany. The Allies therefore chose Normandy as the landing site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose199473–74-53">[48]</a> The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast – the lack of port facilities – would be overcome through the development and deployment of artificial harbours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-54">[49]</a> The COSSAC staff planned to begin the invasion on 1 May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997170-52">[47]</a> The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">Quebec Conference</a> in August 1943. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a> (SHAEF).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1989491-55">[50]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> was named commander of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>, which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200912–13-56">[51]</a> On 31 December 1943, Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the COSSAC plan, which proposed amphibious landings by three <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, with two more divisions in support. The two generals immediately insisted on expanding the scale of the initial invasion to five divisions, with airborne descents by three additional divisions, to allow operations on a wider front and to speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg. This significant expansion required the acquisition of additional landing craft, which caused the invasion to be delayed by a month until June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200912–13-56">[51]</a> Eventually the Allies committed 39 divisions to the Battle of Normandy: 22 American, 12 British, three Canadian, one Polish, and one French, totalling over a million troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995684-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–533-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_invasion_plan">Allied invasion plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allied invasion plan">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/400px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/600px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg/800px-Allied_Invasion_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-day</a> assault routes into Normandy</figcaption></figure> "Overlord" was the name assigned to the establishment of a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Lodgement" title="Lodgement">lodgement</a> on the Continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951642-62">[56]</a> The first phase, the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold, was code-named <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Operation Neptune</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-54">[49]</a> and is often referred to as "D-Day". To gain the required air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion, the Allies launched a strategic bombing campaign (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a>) to target German aircraft-production, fuel supplies, and airfields. Under the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a>, communications infrastructure and road and rail links were bombed to cut off the north of France and to make it more difficult to bring up reinforcements. These attacks were widespread so as to avoid revealing the exact location of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200914-54">[49]</a> Elaborate <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">deceptions</a> were planned to prevent the Germans from determining the timing and location of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-63">[57]</a> The coastline of Normandy was divided into seventeen sectors, with code-names using a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">spelling alphabet</a>—from Able, west of <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a>, to Roger on the east flank of <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a>. Eight further sectors were added when the invasion was extended to include <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> on the Cotentin Peninsula. Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green, Red, and White.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckingham200488-64">[58]</a> Allied planners envisaged preceding the sea-borne landings with airborne drops: near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne River</a> bridges, and north of <a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a> on the western flank. The initial goal was to capture Carentan, <a href="/wiki/Isigny-sur-Mer" title="Isigny-sur-Mer">Isigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>, and Caen. The Americans, assigned to land at Utah and Omaha, were to cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and capture the port facilities at Cherbourg. The British at Sword and <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a>, and the Canadians at <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a>, were to capture Caen and form a front line from <a href="/wiki/Caumont-l%27%C3%89vent%C3%A9" title="Caumont-l'Éventé">Caumont-l'Éventé</a> to the south-east of Caen in order to protect the American flank, while establishing airfields near Caen. Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give the Anglo-Canadian forces a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the town of <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a>. A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory captured north of the <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>-Falaise line during the first three weeks. The Allied armies would then swing left to advance towards the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951592–593-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst200478,_81-67">[61]</a> The invasion fleet, led by Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Ramsay" title="Bertram Ramsay">Bertram Ramsay</a>, was split into the Western Naval Task Force (under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Alan_Goodrich_Kirk" title="Alan Goodrich Kirk">Alan Kirk</a>) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force (under Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Vian" title="Philip Vian">Philip Vian</a>) in the British and Canadian sectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1951594-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger19946-69">[63]</a> The American forces of the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_States)" title="First Army (United States)">First Army</a>, led by Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, comprised VII Corps (Utah) and <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">V Corps</a> (Omaha). On the British side, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a>, under which <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a> was assigned to Gold and <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> to Juno and Sword.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009Map,_p._12-70">[64]</a> Land forces were under the command of Montgomery, and air command was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200925-71">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> included personnel and units from <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a>, Belgium, and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1988x-3">[3]</a> Other Allied nations participated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008623-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reconnaissance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of southern Britain, northern France and Belgium, marked with the routes the Allied air and naval invasion forces used in the D-Day landings, areas where Allied aircraft patrolled, locations of railway targets that were attacked, and areas where airfields could be built" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg/310px-Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg/465px-Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg/620px-Air_plan_for_landings_in_Normandy_June_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3451" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>Air plan for the Allied landing in Normandy</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Allied_Expeditionary_Air_Force" title="Allied Expeditionary Air Force">Allied Expeditionary Air Force</a> flew over 3,200 photo-reconnaissance sorties from April 1944 until 6 June. Photos of the coastline were taken at extremely low altitude to show the invaders the terrain, obstacles on the beach, and defensive structures such as bunkers and gun emplacements. To conceal the location of the invasion, sorties were flown along all European coastline. Inland terrain, bridges, troop emplacements, and buildings were also photographed, in many cases from several angles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200481-73">[67]</a> Members of <a href="/wiki/Combined_Operations_Headquarters" title="Combined Operations Headquarters">Combined Operations Pilotage Parties</a> clandestinely prepared detailed harbour maps, including <a href="/wiki/Depth_sounding" title="Depth sounding">depth soundings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200921-74">[68]</a> An appeal for holiday pictures and postcards of Europe announced on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> produced over ten million items, some of which proved useful. The <a href="/wiki/French_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="French resistance">French resistance</a> provided details on Axis troop movements and on construction techniques used by the Germans for bunkers and other defensive installations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200911-75">[69]</a> Many German radio messages were encoded using the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a> and other enciphering techniques and the codes were changed frequently. A team of code breakers stationed at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> worked to break codes as quickly as possible to provide advance information on German plans and troop movements. British military intelligence code-named this information <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intelligence as it could only be provided to the most senior commanders. The Enigma code used by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, Oberbefehlshaber West (Supreme Commander West; <a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>), commander of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, was broken by the end of March. German intelligence changed the Enigma codes after the Allied landings but by 17 June the Allies were again consistently able to read them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200927–28-76">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg/300px-Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg/450px-Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg/600px-Arromanches_Mulberry-Harbour_Beetle-Pontoons_1_90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>Remains of <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a> B at <a href="/wiki/Arromanches-les-Bains" title="Arromanches-les-Bains">Arromanches-les-Bains</a> (Gold) as seen in 1990</figcaption></figure> After the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a>, the Allies developed new technologies for Overlord. To supplement the preliminary offshore bombardment and aerial assaults, some of the landing craft were equipped with artillery and anti-tank guns to provide close supporting fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997181-77">[71]</a> The Allies had decided not to immediately attack any of the heavily protected French ports and two artificial ports, called <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbours</a>, were designed by COSSAC planners. Each assembly consisted of a floating outer <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwater</a>, inner concrete <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissons</a> (called <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_breakwaters" title="Phoenix breakwaters">Phoenix breakwaters</a>) and several floating piers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997183-78">[72]</a> The Mulberry harbours were supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Blockship" title="Blockship">blockship</a> shelters (codenamed "Gooseberries").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997321-79">[73]</a> With the expectation that fuel would be difficult or impossible to obtain on the continent, the Allies built a "Pipe-Line Under The Ocean" (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">PLUTO</a>). Specially developed pipes 3 in (76 mm) in diameter were to be laid under the Channel from the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> to Cherbourg by D-Day plus 18. Technical problems and the delay in capturing Cherbourg meant the pipeline was not operational until 22 September. A second line was laid from <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_(headland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungeness (headland)">Dungeness</a> to Boulogne in late October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200989–90-80">[74]</a> The British built specialised tanks, nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a>, to deal with conditions expected during the Normandy campaign. Developed under the supervision of Major-General <a href="/wiki/Percy_Hobart" title="Percy Hobart">Percy Hobart</a>, these were modified <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Churchill_tank" title="Churchill tank">Churchill tanks</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Crab">Sherman Crab</a> tank (equipped with a mine flail), the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Crocodile" title="Churchill Crocodile">Churchill Crocodile</a> (a flame-throwing tank), and the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill Ark">Armoured Ramp Carrier</a>, which other tanks could use as a bridge to scale sea-walls or to overcome other obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997182-81">[75]</a> In some areas, the beaches consisted of a soft clay that could not support the weight of tanks. The <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies#Designs" title="Hobart's Funnies">Bobbin</a> tank unrolled matting over the soft surface, leaving it behind as a route for ordinary tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997195-82">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Armoured_Vehicle_Royal_Engineers" title="Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers">Assault Vehicle Royal Engineers</a> (AVRE) was a Churchill tank modified for many combat engineering tasks, including laying bridges; it was armed with a demolition gun that could fire large charges into <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillboxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009208-83">[77]</a> The Duplex-Drive tank (<a href="/wiki/DD_tank" title="DD tank">DD tank</a>), another design developed by Hobart's group, was a self-propelled amphibious tank kept afloat using a waterproof canvas screen inflated with compressed air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200442–43-84">[78]</a> These tanks were easily swamped, and on D-Day, many sank before reaching the shore, especially at Omaha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200973-85">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deception">Deception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">Military deception</a></div> In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a>, the overall strategy designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg1995680-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Operation Fortitude</a> included Fortitude North, a misinformation campaign using fake radio-traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2007465-87">[81]</a> and Fortitude South, a major deception designed to fool the Germans into believing that the landings would take place at <a href="/wiki/Pas_de_Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas de Calais">Pas de Calais</a> in July. A fictitious <a href="/wiki/First_U.S._Army_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="First U.S. Army Group">First U.S. Army Group</a> was invented, supposedly located in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>. The Allies constructed dummy tanks, trucks, and landing craft, and positioned them near the coast. Several military units, including II Canadian Corps and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Division</a>, moved into the area to bolster the illusion that a large force was gathering there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-63">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200471–72-88">[82]</a> As well as the broadcast of fake radio-traffic, genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast, to give the Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200927-89">[83]</a> Patton remained stationed in England until 6 July, thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009282-90">[84]</a> Military and civilian personnel alike were aware of the need for secrecy, and the invasion troops were as much as possible kept isolated, especially in the period immediately before the invasion. American general <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._F._Miller" title="Henry J. F. Miller">Henry J. F. Miller</a> was sent back to the United States in disgrace after revealing the invasion date at a party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-63">[57]</a> The Germans thought they had an extensive network of spies operating in the UK, but in fact, all their agents had been captured, and some had become <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a> working for the Allies as part of the <a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a>. The double agent <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pujol_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Juan Pujol García">Juan Pujol García</a>, a Spanish opponent of the Nazis known by the code name "Garbo", developed over the two years leading up to D-Day a fake network of informants that the Germans believed were collecting intelligence on their behalf. In the months preceding D-Day, Pujol sent hundreds of messages to his superiors in Madrid, messages specially prepared by the British intelligence service to convince the Germans that the attack would come in July at Calais.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200927-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20094-91">[85]</a> Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed by the RAF in preparation for the landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200934-92">[86]</a> On the night before the invasion, in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Taxable" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Taxable">Operation Taxable</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._617_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 617 Squadron RAF">617 Squadron (the famous "Dambusters")</a> dropped strips of "window", <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">metal foil</a> that German radar operators interpreted as a naval convoy approaching Cap d'Antifer (about 80 km from the actual D-Day landings). The illusion was bolstered by a group of small vessels towing <a href="/wiki/Barrage_balloon" title="Barrage balloon">barrage balloons</a>. <a href="/wiki/No._218_Squadron_RAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 218 Squadron RAF">No. 218 Squadron RAF</a> also dropped "window" near <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Glimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Glimmer">Operation Glimmer</a>. On the same night, a small group of <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> and Isigny. These dummies led the Germans to believe an additional airborne assault had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBickers199419–21-93">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehearsals_and_security">Rehearsals and security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rehearsals and security">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg/220px-Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg/330px-Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg/440px-Invasion_Training_in_England_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Training exercise with <a href="/wiki/Live_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Live ammunition">live ammunition</a> </figcaption></figure> Training exercises for the Overlord landings took place as early as July 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200435-94">[88]</a> As the nearby beach resembled the planned Normandy landing-site, the town of <a href="/wiki/Slapton,_Devon" title="Slapton, Devon">Slapton in Devon</a>, was evacuated in December 1943, and taken over by the armed forces as a site for training exercises that included the use of landing craft and the management of beach obstacles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199450–51,_54–57-95">[89]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> incident there on 27 April 1944 resulted in as many as 450 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1990254-96">[90]</a> The following day, an additional estimated 749 American soldiers and sailors died when <a href="/wiki/E-boat" title="E-boat">German torpedo-boats</a> surprised members of Assault Force "U" conducting <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Exercise Tiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton2004-97">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1990227-98">[92]</a> Exercises with landing craft and live ammunition also took place at the Combined Training Centre in <a href="/wiki/Inveraray" title="Inveraray">Inveraray</a> in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuehlke200436-99">[93]</a> Naval exercises took place in Northern Ireland, and medical teams in London and elsewhere rehearsed how they would handle the expected waves of casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199459,_61-100">[94]</a> Paratroopers conducted exercises, including a huge demonstration drop on 23 March 1944 observed by Churchill, Eisenhower, and other top officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199461–62-101">[95]</a> Allied planners considered tactical surprise to be a necessary element of the plan for the landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200946-102">[96]</a> Information on the exact date and location of the landings was provided only to the topmost levels of the armed forces. Men were sealed into their marshalling areas at the end of May, with no further communication with the outside world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930-103">[97]</a> Troops were briefed using maps that were correct in every detail except for the place names, and most were not told their actual destination until they were already at sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930,_36-104">[98]</a> A news blackout in Britain increased the effectiveness of the deception operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20093-63">[57]</a> Travel to and from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> was banned, and movement within several kilometres of the coast of England restricted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2005667-105">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weather_forecasting">Weather forecasting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weather forecasting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg/290px-6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg/435px-6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg/580px-6thAirdivnormandybriefing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Men of the British 22nd Independent Parachute Company, <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">6th Airborne Division</a> being briefed for the invasion, 4–5 June 1944</figcaption></figure> The invasion planners specified a set of conditions regarding the timing of the invasion, deeming only a few days in each month suitable. A full moon was desirable, as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the <a href="/wiki/Spring_tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring tides">highest tides</a>. The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn, midway between low and high tide, with the tide coming in. This would improve the visibility of obstacles the enemy had placed on the beach while minimising the amount of time the men had to spend exposed in the open. Specific criteria were also set for wind speed, visibility, and cloud cover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-106">[100]</a> Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault; however, on 4 June, conditions were clearly unsuitable for a landing, as high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft, and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200933-107">[101]</a> By the evening of 4 June, the Allied meteorological team, headed by Group Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Stagg" title="James Stagg">James Stagg</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, predicted that the weather would improve sufficiently so that the invasion could go ahead on 6 June. He met Eisenhower and other senior commanders at their headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Southwick_House" title="Southwick House">Southwick House</a> in Hampshire to discuss the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200921-108">[102]</a> General Montgomery and Major-General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>, Eisenhower's chief of staff, were eager to launch the invasion. Admiral Bertram Ramsay was prepared to commit his ships, while Air Chief Marshal Trafford Leigh-Mallory expressed concern that the conditions would be unfavourable for Allied aircraft. After much discussion, Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997224–226-109">[103]</a> Allied control of the Atlantic meant that German meteorologists did not have access to as much information as the Allies on incoming weather patterns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200934-92">[86]</a> As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris predicted two weeks of stormy weather, many <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> commanders left their posts to attend war games in <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, and men in many units were given leave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009131-110">[104]</a> Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> returned to Germany for his wife's birthday and to meet Hitler to try to get more tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200942–43-111">[105]</a> Had Eisenhower postponed the invasion again, the next available period with the right combination of tides (but without the desirable full moon) was two weeks later, from 18 to 20 June. As it happened, during this period the invaders would have encountered a major storm lasting four days, between 19 and 22 June, that would have made the initial landings impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200933-107">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_preparations_and_defences">German preparations and defences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German preparations and defences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05,_Atlantikwall,_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-263-1580-05%2C_Atlantikwall%2C_Soldaten_der_Legion_%22Freies_Indien%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>German troops of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a> in France, 21 March 1944</figcaption></figure> Nazi Germany had at its disposal 50 divisions in France and the Low Countries, with another 18 stationed in Denmark and Norway.<a href="#cite_note-113">[g]</a> Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany, but there was no strategic reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997144-112">[106]</a> The Calais region was defended by the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="15th Army (Wehrmacht)">15th Army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Generaloberst" title="Generaloberst">Generaloberst</a> (Colonel General) <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Salmuth" title="Hans von Salmuth">Hans von Salmuth</a>, and Normandy by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a> commanded by Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Dollmann" title="Friedrich Dollmann">Friedrich Dollmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200934-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199413-115">[108]</a> Combat losses throughout the war, particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, meant the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw. German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts. Many in the Normandy area were <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a> (eastern legions)—conscripts and "volunteers" from <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Legion" title="Turkestan Legion">Turkestan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201358–59-116">[109]</a> Russia, Mongolia, and elsewhere. The Wehrmacht had provided them mainly with unreliable captured equipment; they lacked motorised transport.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199416–19-117">[110]</a> Formations that arrived later, such as the <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a>, were, for the most part, younger and far better equipped and trained than the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Static_infantry_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Static infantry division (page does not exist)">static troops</a> stationed along the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200937-118">[111]</a> In early 1944, OB West was significantly weakened by personnel and materiel transfers to the Eastern Front. During the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive</a> (24 December 1943 – 17 April 1944), the <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">German High Command</a> was forced to transfer the entire <a href="/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="II SS Panzer Corps">II SS Panzer Corps</a> from France, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/9th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hohenstaufen" title="9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen">9th</a> and <a href="/wiki/10th_SS_Panzer_Division_Frundsberg" title="10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg">10th</a> SS Panzer Divisions, as well as the <a href="/wiki/349th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="349th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">349th Infantry Division</a>, 507th Heavy Panzer Battalion and the 311th and 322nd StuG Assault Gun Brigades. All told, the German forces stationed in France were deprived of 45,827 troops and 363 tanks, assault guns, and self-propelled anti-tank guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2015227–228,_235-119">[112]</a> It was the first major transfer of forces from France to the east since the creation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="List of Adolf Hitler's directives">Führer Directive 51</a>, which no longer allowed any transfers from the west to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2015225-120">[113]</a> There were also transfers to the Italian front: von Rundstedt complained that many of his best units had been sent on a "fool's errand" to Italy, saying it was "madness ... that frightful boot of a country should have been evacuated ... we should have held a decent front with a few divisions on the Alpine frontier."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2013182-121">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/116th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">116th</a> Panzer divisions, alongside the <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich" title="2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich">2nd SS Panzer Division "Das Reich"</a>, had only arrived in March–May 1944 to France for extensive refit after being badly damaged during the Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive. Seven of the eleven panzer or panzergrenadier divisions stationed in France were still not fully operational or only partially mobile in early June 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiedtke2015224–225-122">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic_Wall">Atlantic Wall</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Atlantic Wall">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantikwall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/220px-Atlantikwall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/330px-Atlantikwall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Atlantikwall.png/440px-Atlantikwall.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Atlantic Wall</div></figcaption></figure> Alarmed by the raids on <a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire</a> and Dieppe in 1942, Hitler ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast, from Spain to Norway, to protect against an expected Allied invasion. He envisioned 15,000 emplacements manned by 300,000 troops, but due to shortages, particularly of concrete and manpower, most of the <a href="/wiki/Strongpoint" title="Strongpoint">strongpoints</a> were never built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-123">[116]</a> As the expected site of an Allied invasion, Pas de Calais was heavily defended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-123">[116]</a> In the Normandy area the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-124">[117]</a> A report by Rundstedt to Hitler in October 1943 regarding the weak defences in France led to the appointment of Rommel to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion-front, which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200930-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200933-125">[118]</a> Rommel was given command of the newly re-formed <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>, which included the 7th Army, the 15th Army, and the forces guarding the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinDillonWenger199411-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200912-127">[120]</a> Nazi Germany's tangled command structure made it difficult for Rommel to achieve his task. He was not allowed to give orders to the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a>, which was commanded by armaments minister <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a>, so in some places he had to assign soldiers to do construction work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-124">[117]</a> Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion, so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore. In addition to concrete gun-emplacements at strategic points along the coast, he ordered wooden stakes, <a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">metal tripods</a>, mines, and <a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">large anti-tank obstacles</a> to be placed on the beach to delay the approach of landing craft and to impede the movement of tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200954–56-128">[121]</a> Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach, he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high-tide mark.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-106">[100]</a> Tangles of barbed wire, booby traps, and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200954–56-128">[121]</a> On Rommel's order, the number of mines along the coast was tripled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-124">[117]</a> Given the Allied air supremacy (4,029 Allied aircraft assigned to operations in Normandy plus 5,514 aircraft assigned to bombing and defence, versus 570 Luftwaffe planes stationed in France and the Low Countries<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200931-106">[100]</a>), booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (<a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a>) were set up in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200913-124">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_reserves">Mobile reserves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mobile reserves">edit</a>]</div> Rommel, believing that the Germans' best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore, requested that mobile reserves—especially tanks—be stationed as close to the coast as possible. Rundstedt, General <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg</a> (commander of <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Group_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Group West">Panzer Group West</a>), and other senior commanders believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches. Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine: keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200931-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200915-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997192-131">[124]</a> Geyr also noted that in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> the armour stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment. Rommel's opinion was that because of the overwhelming Allied air superiority, large-scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was underway. Hitler made the final decision: he left three divisions under Geyr's command and gave Rommel operational control of three tank-divisions as reserves. Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves, not to be used without his direct orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200931-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200915-130">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997192-131">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/220px--D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="102" data-mwtitle="D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm/D-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AD-Day_Invasion_orders_ccLUaOSArrc.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>General Eisenhower's D-Day Invasion orders, presented in a 21st-century video by the U.S. Army</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eisenhower, Letter to Allied Forces<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200942-132">[125]</a></cite></div></blockquote> By May 1944, 1.5 million American troops had arrived in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200911-75">[69]</a> Most were housed in temporary camps in the south-west of England, ready to move across the Channel to the western section of the landing zone. British and Canadian troops were billeted in accommodation further east, spread from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newhaven,_East_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Newhaven, East Sussex">Newhaven</a>, and even on the east coast for men who would be coming across in later waves. A complex system called Movement Control assured that the men and vehicles left on schedule from twenty departure points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930-103">[97]</a> Some men had to board their craft nearly a week before departure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor20091–2-133">[126]</a> The ships met at a rendezvous point (nicknamed "Piccadilly Circus") south-east of the Isle of Wight to assemble into convoys to cross the Channel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200974-134">[127]</a> Minesweepers began clearing lanes on the evening of 5 June,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200933-107">[101]</a> and a thousand bombers left before dawn to attack the coastal defences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200979-135">[128]</a> Some 1,200 aircraft departed England just before midnight to transport three airborne divisions to their drop zones behind enemy lines several hours before the beach landings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200951-136">[129]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Divisions</a> were assigned objectives on the Cotentin Peninsula west of Utah. The <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">British 6th Airborne Division</a> was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Caen_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Caen Canal">Caen Canal</a> and River Orne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200951–52-137">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> 4th <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Infantry_Parachute_Regiment" title="1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment">SAS</a> battalion of 538 men was assigned objectives in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson">Operation Dingson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest">Operation Samwest</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorta1952157–161-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorta199764–79-139">[132]</a> Some 132,000 men were transported by sea on D-Day, and a further 24,000 came by air.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930-103">[97]</a> Preliminary naval bombardment commenced at 05:45 and continued until 06:25 from five battleships, twenty cruisers, sixty-five destroyers, and two monitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200930-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200969-140">[133]</a> Infantry began arriving on the beaches at around 06:30.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200970-141">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beaches">Beaches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beaches">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg/290px-Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg/435px-Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg/580px-Troops_move_out_over_the_seawall_on_Utah_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>U.S. soldiers of the 8th Infantry, 4th Infantry Division advance over the sea-wall at Utah.</figcaption></figure> The craft bearing the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 4th Infantry Division</a> assaulting Utah were pushed by the current to a spot about 1,800 metres (2,000 yd) south of their intended landing zone. The troops met light resistance, suffering fewer than 200 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009118-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20105-143">[136]</a> Their efforts to push inland fell far short of their targets for the first day, but they were able to advance about 4 miles (6.4 km), making contact with the 101st Airborne Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200951-144">[137]</a> The airborne landings west of Utah were not very successful, as only ten per cent of the paratroopers landed in their drop zones. Gathering the men together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the terrain, with its hedgerows, stone walls and marshes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009166–167-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009116-146">[139]</a> The 82nd Airborne Division captured its primary objective at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-M%C3%A8re-%C3%89glise" title="Sainte-Mère-Église">Sainte-Mère-Église</a> and worked to protect the western flank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009115-147">[140]</a> Its failure to capture the river crossings at the River <a href="/wiki/Merderet" title="Merderet">Merderet</a> resulted in a delay in sealing off the Cotentin Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009172-148">[141]</a> The 101st Airborne Division helped protect the southern flank and captured the lock on the <a href="/wiki/Douve" title="Douve">River Douve</a> at La Barquette,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009116-146">[139]</a> but did not capture the assigned nearby bridges on the first day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009Map,_p._170-149">[142]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a>, the task for the two hundred men of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Ranger_Battalion_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Ranger Battalion (United States)">2nd Ranger Battalion</a>, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Rudder" class="mw-redirect" title="James Rudder">James Rudder</a>, was to scale the 30 metres (98 ft) cliffs with ropes and ladders to destroy the gun battery located there. While under fire from above, the men scaled the cliff, only to discover that the guns had already been withdrawn. The Rangers located the weapons, unguarded but ready to use, in an orchard some 550 metres (600 yd) south of the point, and disabled them. Under attack, the men at the point became isolated, and some were captured. By dawn on D+1 (7 June), Rudder had only 90 men able to fight. Relief did not come until D+2 (8 June), when members of the <a href="/wiki/743rd_Tank_Battalion" title="743rd Tank Battalion">743rd Tank Battalion</a> arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200995–104-150">[143]</a> Omaha, the most heavily defended sector, was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 1st Infantry Division</a>, supplemented by troops from the <a href="/wiki/29th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="29th Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 29th Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20105-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200964–65,_334-151">[144]</a> They faced the <a href="/wiki/352nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="352nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">352nd Infantry Division</a>, rather than the expected single regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200945-152">[145]</a> Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or delayed them. Casualties were heavier than all the other landings combined, as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200976–77,_334-153">[146]</a> Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08:30. A group of destroyers arrived around this time to offer supporting artillery fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200990–91-154">[147]</a> Exit from Omaha was possible only via five gullies, and by late morning barely six hundred men had reached the higher ground. By noon, as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition, the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches. They also started clearing the draws of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200956,_83-155">[148]</a> The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days, and the D-Day objectives were accomplished by D+3 (9 June).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009337-156">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/300px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/450px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg/600px-Into_the_Jaws_of_Death_23-0455M_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>The photograph <a href="/wiki/Into_the_Jaws_of_Death" title="Into the Jaws of Death">Into the Jaws of Death</a> shows American troops, part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">U.S. 1st Infantry Division</a>, leaving a <a href="/wiki/Higgins_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Higgins Boat">Higgins Boat</a> on Omaha.</figcaption></figure> At Gold, high winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft, and the amphibious DD tanks were landed close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009281–282-157">[150]</a> Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint, and its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16:00. On the western flank, the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Arromanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Arromanches">Arromanches</a> (future site of Mulberry "B"), and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997270–273-158">[151]</a> Landings of infantry at Juno were delayed because of rough seas, and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour, suffering many casualties while disembarking. Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences. In spite of these difficulties, the Canadians quickly cleared the beach and created two exits to the villages above. Delays in taking <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ny-sur-Mer" title="Bény-sur-Mer">Bény-sur-Mer</a> led to congestion on the beach, but by nightfall, the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles (19 km) wide and 7 miles (10 km) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997275–276-159">[152]</a> One troop of the 1st Hussar Tank Regiment was the only Allied unit to achieve its objective on the first day of the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrez2005-160">[153]</a> Casualties at Juno were 961 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009131-161">[154]</a> On Sword, 21 of 25 DD tanks succeeded in getting safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry, who began disembarking at 07:30. They quickly cleared the beach and created several exits for the tanks. In the windy conditions, the tide came in more quickly than expected, making manoeuvring the armour difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997277–278-162">[155]</a> The 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Shropshire_Light_Infantry" title="King's Shropshire Light Infantry">King's Shropshire Light Infantry</a> advanced on foot to within a few kilometres of Caen, but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009143,_148-163">[156]</a> At 16:00, the <a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">German 21st Panzer Division</a> mounted a counterattack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the coast. They met stiff resistance from the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">British 3rd Infantry Division</a> and were soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009326–327-164">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997283-165">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg/290px-The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg/435px-The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg/580px-The_Invasion_of_Normandy_1944_B5258.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Gold Beach on 7 June 1944.</figcaption></figure> The first components of the Mulberry harbours were brought across on D+1 (7 June) and the structures were in use for unloading by mid-June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997321-79">[73]</a> One was constructed at Arromanches by the British, the other at Omaha by the Americans. Severe storms on 19 June interrupted the landing of supplies and destroyed the Omaha harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009215–216-166">[159]</a> The repaired Arromanches harbour was able to receive around 6,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> daily and was in continuous use for the next ten months, but most shipments were brought in over the beaches until the port of Cherbourg was cleared of mines and obstructions on 16 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997387-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009331-168">[161]</a> Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10,000, with 4,414 confirmed dead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200987-169">[162]</a> The Germans lost 1,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009335-170">[163]</a> The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan, <a href="/wiki/St._L%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lô">St. Lô</a>, Caen, and Bayeux on the first day, with all the beaches (other than Utah), linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres (6 to 10 mi) from the beaches; none of these objectives was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_inside_front_cover-66">[60]</a> The five bridgeheads were not connected until 12 June, by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres (60 mi) long and 24 kilometres (15 mi) deep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn201013-171">[164]</a> Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997360-172">[165]</a> Nearly 160,000 troops crossed the English Channel on 6 June, and more than two million Allied troops were in France by the end of August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDearFoot2005627–630-173">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cherbourg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Bombardment of Cherbourg</a></div> In the western part of the lodgement, US troops were to occupy the Cotentin Peninsula, especially Cherbourg, which would provide the Allies with a deep water harbour. The terrain behind Utah and Omaha was characterised by <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a>, with thorny hedgerows on embankments 3 to 4 feet (0.91 to 1.2 m) high with a ditch on either side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997301-174">[167]</a> Many areas were additionally protected by rifle pits and machine-gun emplacements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009175-175">[168]</a> Most of the roads were too narrow for tanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997301-174">[167]</a> The Germans had flooded the fields behind Utah with sea water for up to 2 miles (3.2 km) from the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh200949-176">[169]</a> German forces on the peninsula included the <a href="/wiki/91st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="91st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">91st Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/243rd_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="243rd Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">243rd</a> and <a href="/wiki/709th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="709th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">709th Static Infantry Divisions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009118–120-177">[170]</a> By D+3 the Allied commanders realised that Cherbourg would not quickly be taken, and decided to cut off the peninsula to prevent any further reinforcements from being brought in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009179-178">[171]</a> After failed attempts by the inexperienced <a href="/wiki/90th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="90th Infantry Division (United States)">90th Infantry Division</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">J. Lawton Collins</a>, the <a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VII Corps (United States)">VII Corps</a> commander, assigned the veteran <a href="/wiki/9th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Infantry Division (United States)">9th Infantry Division</a> to the task. They reached the west coast of the Cotentin on 17 June, cutting off Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009182-179">[172]</a> The 9th Division, joined by the 4th and <a href="/wiki/79th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="79th Infantry Division (United States)">79th Infantry Divisions</a>, took control of the peninsula in fierce fighting from 19 June; Cherbourg was captured on 26 June. By this time, the Germans had destroyed the port facilities, which were not brought back into full operation until September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009185–193-180">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caen">Caen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Caen">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG/220px-Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG/330px-Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG/440px-Battleforceanmapenglish.PNG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>Operations in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></div> Fighting in the Caen area versus the 21st Panzer, the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and other units soon reached a stalemate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009186-181">[174]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Operation Perch</a>, XXX Corps attempted to advance south towards <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pin%C3%A7on" title="Mont Pinçon">Mont Pinçon</a> but soon abandoned the direct approach in favour of a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Pincer attack">pincer attack</a> to encircle Caen. XXX Corps made a flanking move from <a href="/wiki/Tilly-sur-Seulles" title="Tilly-sur-Seulles">Tilly-sur-Seulles</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bocage,_Calvados" title="Villers-Bocage, Calvados">Villers-Bocage</a> with part of the 7th Armoured Division, while I Corps tried to pass Caen to the east. The attack by I Corps was quickly halted and XXX Corps briefly captured Villers-Bocage. Advanced elements of the British force were ambushed, initiating a day-long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Battle of Villers-Bocage</a> and then the Battle of the Box. The British were forced to withdraw to Tilly-sur-Seulles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004247–254-182">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200436,_97-183">[176]</a> After a delay because of storms from 17 to 23 June, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Operation Epsom</a> began on 26 June, an attempt by <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="VIII Corps (United Kingdom)">VIII Corps</a> to swing around and attack Caen from the south-west and establish a bridgehead south of the <a href="/wiki/Odon_(river)" title="Odon (river)">Odon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997342-184">[177]</a> Although the operation failed to take Caen, the Germans suffered many tank losses after committing every available Panzer unit to the operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009232–237-185">[178]</a> Rundstedt was dismissed on 1 July and replaced as OB West by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a> after remarking that the war was now lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997347-186">[179]</a> The northern suburbs of Caen were bombed on the evening of 7 July and then occupied north of the River Orne in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a> on 8–9 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp200073-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009273-188">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Operation Goodwood</a> captured the rest of Caen and the high ground to the south from 18 to 21 July, by which time the city was nearly destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009340–341-189">[182]</a> Hitler survived an <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">assassination attempt</a> on 20 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009332–333-190">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakout_from_the_beachhead">Breakout from the beachhead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breakout from the beachhead">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normandy_Breakout_Map,_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg/220px-Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg/330px-Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg/440px-Normandy_Breakout_Map%2C_operations_25_July_to_15_August_1944.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the breakout from the Normandy beachhead and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise Pocket</a>, August 1944.</figcaption></figure> After securing territory in the Cotentin Peninsula south as far as <a href="/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a>, the U.S. First Army launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a> on 25 July and advanced further south to Avranches by 1 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009Map,_p._344-191">[184]</a> The British launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Operation Bluecoat</a> on 30 July to secure <a href="/wiki/Vire" title="Vire">Vire</a> and the high ground of Mont Pinçon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009366–367-192">[185]</a> Lieutenant General Patton's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">U.S. Third Army</a>, activated on 1 August, quickly took most of Brittany and territory as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, while the First Army maintained pressure eastward toward <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> to protect their flank. By 3 August, Patton and the Third Army were able to leave a small force in Brittany and drive eastward towards the main concentration of German forces south of Caen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997398–400-193">[186]</a> Over Kluge's objections, on 4 August Hitler ordered a counter-offensive (<a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Operation Lüttich</a>) from Vire towards Avranches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997399–400-194">[187]</a> While <a href="/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a> pushed south from Caen toward Falaise in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Operation Totalize</a> on 8 August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997410-195">[188]</a> Bradley and Montgomery realised that there was an opportunity for the bulk of the German forces to be <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">trapped at Falaise</a>. The Third Army continued the encirclement from the south, reaching <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> on 11 August. Although Hitler continued to insist until 14 August that his forces should counter-attack, Kluge and his officers began planning a retreat eastward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009434–435-196">[189]</a> The German forces were severely hampered by Hitler's insistence on making all major decisions himself, which left his forces without orders for periods as long as 24 hours while information was sent back and forth to the Führer's residence at <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> in Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997416–417-197">[190]</a> On the evening of 12 August, Patton asked Bradley if his forces should continue northward to close the gap and encircle the German forces. Bradley refused because Montgomery had already assigned the First Canadian Army to take the territory from the north.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009440-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997418-199">[192]</a> The Canadians met heavy resistance and captured Falaise on 16 August. The gap was closed on 21 August, trapping 50,000 German troops but more than a third of the German 7th Army and the remnants of nine of the eleven Panzer divisions had escaped to the east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997420-200">[193]</a> Montgomery's decision-making regarding the Falaise Gap was criticised at the time by American commanders, especially Patton, although Bradley was more sympathetic and believed Patton would not have been able to close the gap.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley1951377-201">[194]</a> The issue has been the subject of much discussion among historians, criticism being levelled at American, British and Canadian forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009439–440-202">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997424-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2006369-204">[197]</a> Hitler relieved Kluge of his command of OB West on 15 August and replaced him with Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a>. Kluge committed suicide on 19 August after Hitler became aware of his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997421,_444-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008642-206">[199]</a> An invasion in southern France (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a>) was launched on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009445,_447-207">[200]</a> The French Resistance in Paris rose against the Germans on 19 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997429-208">[201]</a> Eisenhower initially wanted to bypass the city to pursue other targets, but amid reports that the citizens were going hungry and Hitler's stated intention to destroy it, de Gaulle insisted that it should be taken immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009481,_483,_494-209">[202]</a> French forces of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(France)" title="2nd Armored Division (France)">2nd Armoured Division</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a> arrived from the west on 24 August, while the U.S. 4th Infantry Division pressed up from the south. Scattered fighting continued throughout the night, and by the morning of 25 August <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris was liberated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997430-210">[203]</a> Operations continued in the British and Canadian sectors until the end of the month. On 25 August, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/2nd_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Armored Division (United States)">2nd Armored Division</a> fought its way into <a href="/wiki/Elbeuf" title="Elbeuf">Elbeuf</a>, making contact with British and Canadian armoured divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1960286-211">[204]</a> The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division advanced into the <a href="/wiki/For%C3%AAt_de_Rouvray" title="Forêt de Rouvray">Forêt de la Londe</a> on the morning of 27 August. The area was strongly held; the 4th and 6th Canadian brigades suffered many casualties over the course of three days as the Germans fought a delaying action in terrain well suited to defence. The Germans pulled back on 29 August, withdrawing over the Seine the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1960286-211">[204]</a> On the afternoon of 30 August, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a> crossed the Seine near Elbeuf and entered <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a> to a jubilant welcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1948219-212">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign_close">Campaign close</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Campaign close">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg/170px-Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg/255px-Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg/340px-Canadiannaziflag1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers with a captured <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Nazi flag</a></figcaption></figure> Eisenhower took direct command of all Allied ground forces on 1 September. Concerned about German counter-attacks and the limited materiel arriving in France, he decided to continue operations on a broad front rather than attempting narrow thrusts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009341–342-213">[206]</a> The linkup of the Normandy forces with the Allied forces in southern France occurred on 12 September as part of the <a href="/wiki/Drive_to_the_Siegfried_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive to the Siegfried Line">drive to the Siegfried Line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997485-214">[207]</a> On 17 September, Montgomery launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a>, an unsuccessful attempt by Anglo-American airborne troops to capture bridges in the Netherlands to allow ground forces to cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> into Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009341–342-213">[206]</a> The Allied advance slowed due to German resistance and the lack of supplies (especially fuel). On 16 December the Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front. A series of successful Soviet actions began with the <a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula–Oder Offensive">Vistula–Oder Offensive</a> on 12 January. <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler committed suicide</a> on 30 April as Soviet troops neared his <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> in Berlin, and Germany surrendered on 7 May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009109-215">[208]</a> The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history, with nearly 5,000 landing and assault craft, 289 escort vessels, and 277 minesweepers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200974-134">[127]</a> The opening of another front in western Europe was a tremendous psychological blow for Germany's military, who feared a repetition of the two-front war of World War I. The Normandy landings also heralded the start of the "race for Europe" between the Soviet forces and the Western powers, which some historians consider to be the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Cold_War" title="Origins of the Cold War">start of the Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis1990149-216">[209]</a> Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished; shortly before D-Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997290-217">[210]</a> The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful, leaving the Germans obliged to defend a huge stretch of coastline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009343-218">[211]</a> The Allies achieved and maintained air superiority, which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997289-219">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUSAF_Reports1957531–535-220">[213]</a> Transport infrastructure in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance, making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga200936-221">[214]</a> Much of the opening artillery barrage was off-target or not concentrated enough to have any impact,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp2003259-222">[215]</a> but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha, providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997291-223">[216]</a> The indecisiveness and overly complicated command structure of the German high command was also a factor in the Allied success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997292-224">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allies">Allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers,_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg/220px-Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg/330px-Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg/440px-Omaha_Beach_wounded_soldiers%2C_1944-06-06_P012901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3201" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>American assault troops injured while storming Omaha Beach</figcaption></figure> From D-Day to 21 August, the Allies landed 2,052,299 men in northern France. The cost of the Normandy campaign was high for both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a> Between 6 June and the end of August, the American armies suffered 124,394 casualties, of whom 20,668 were killed,<a href="#cite_note-American_casualties-21">[c]</a> and 10,128 were missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a> Casualties within the First Canadian and Second British Armies are placed at 83,045: 15,995 killed, 57,996 wounded, and 9,054 missing.<a href="#cite_note-226">[h]</a> Of these, Canadian losses amounted to 18,444, with 5,021 killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStacey1960271-23">[20]</a> One in seven Canadian soldiers killed between 6–11 June were killed after surrendering, in a series of executions that would be named the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Massacres">Normandy Massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargolian1998125–155-227">[219]</a> The Allied air forces, having flown 480,317 sorties in support of the invasion, lost 4,101 aircraft and 16,714 airmen (8,536 members of the USAAF, and 8,178 flying under the command of the RAF).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004487–488-228">[220]</a> The Free French SAS paratroopers suffered 77 killed, with 197 wounded and missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorta1997288–289-229">[221]</a> Allied tank losses have been estimated at 4,000, with losses split evenly between the American and British/Canadian armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003342-27">[23]</a> Historians slightly differ on overall casualties during the campaign, with the lowest losses totaling 225,606<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009522-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004517-231">[223]</a> and the highest at 226,386.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004488,_493-232">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341–342-233">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg/220px-St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg/330px-St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg/440px-St.-Lambert-surrender.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>German forces surrender in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive" title="Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive">Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive</a>, 21 August 1944 </figcaption></figure> Allied forces in northern France reported the capture of 47,000 Germans in June, 36,000 in July, and 150,000 in August, a total of 233,000 for the three months of Overlord.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> Around 80,000 German soldiers are buried in Normandy, although this figure does include an unreported number of Germans who died prior to the battle and those who died in captivity after the end of the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInmanStaines2019La_Cambe_German_Military_Cemetery-28">[24]</a> German forces in France reported losses of 158,930 men between D-Day and 14 August, just before the start of Operation Dragoon in Southern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003343-235">[227]</a> In action at the Falaise pocket, 50,000 men were lost, of whom 10,000 were killed and 40,000 captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003342-27">[23]</a> Sources vary on the total German casualties. Niklas Zetterling notes that OB West's figures for summer 1944 in the west (thus including in its scope Operation Dragoon in southern France) amounted to 289,000: 23,019 killed, 67,060 wounded, and 198,616 missing. He states that the record is generally reliable, but also that it might have underestimated losses in some places, such as Cherbourg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling200077-236">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[i]</a> Zetterling goes on to estimate specifically German army casualties in the Normandy region specifically from June 6 to August as 210,000; however, he also notes that "the Germans most likely suffered further manpower losses when air or naval bases were overrun. On this no figures have been available for this study."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling200074-239">[230]</a> Other sources arrive at higher estimates: 400,000 (200,000 killed or wounded and a further 200,000 captured),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitmarsh2009109-215">[208]</a> 500,000 (290,000 killed or wounded, 210,000 captured),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997434-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[j]</a> to 530,000 in total.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangrecoMoorePolmar2004252-242">[232]</a> There are no exact figures regarding German tank losses in Normandy. Approximately 2,300 tanks and assault guns were committed to the battle,<a href="#cite_note-243">[k]</a> of which only 100 to 120 crossed the Seine at the end of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997434-17">[15]</a> While German forces reported only 481 tanks destroyed between D-day and 31 July,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003343-235">[227]</a> research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">No. 2 Operational Research Section</a> of 21st Army Group indicates that the Allies destroyed around 550 tanks in June and July<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShulman2007166-244">[233]</a> and another 500 in August,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp2000399–400-245">[234]</a> for a total of 1,050 tanks destroyed, including 100 destroyed by aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2000408-11">[10]</a> Luftwaffe losses amounted to 2,127 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003342–343-30">[26]</a> By the end of the Normandy campaign, 55 German divisions (42 infantry and 13 panzer) had been rendered combat ineffective; seven of these were disbanded. By September, OB West had only 13 infantry divisions, 3 panzer divisions, and 2 panzer brigades rated as combat effective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga2015470-246">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilians_and_French_heritage_buildings">Civilians and French heritage buildings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Civilians and French heritage buildings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe,_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg/290px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg/435px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg/580px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B6794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>A British soldier escorts an elderly lady in heavily bombed <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, July 1944</figcaption></figure> During the liberation of Normandy, between 13,632 and 19,890 French civilians were killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009336–337-33">[29]</a> and more were seriously wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009519-32">[28]</a> In addition to those who died during the campaign, 11,000 to 19,000 Normans are estimated to have been killed during pre-invasion bombing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009519-32">[28]</a> A total of 70,000 French civilians were killed throughout the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009519-32">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">unexploded ordnance</a> continued to inflict casualties upon the Norman population following the end of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009305-247">[236]</a> Prior to the invasion, SHAEF issued instructions (later the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict" title="Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict">1954 Hague Convention Protocol I</a>) emphasising the need to limit the destruction to French heritage sites. These sites, named in the Official Civil Affairs Lists of Monuments, were not to be used by troops unless permission was received from the upper echelons of the chain of command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009350-248">[237]</a> Nevertheless, church spires and other stone buildings throughout the area were damaged or destroyed to prevent them being used by the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009520-249">[238]</a> Efforts were made to prevent reconstruction workers from using rubble from important ruins to repair roads, and to search for artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009354-250">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> and other important cultural treasures had been stored at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sourches" title="Château de Sourches">Château de Sourches</a> near Le Mans from the start of the war, and survived intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009352-251">[240]</a> The occupying German forces also kept a list of protected buildings, but their intent was to keep the facilities in good condition for use as accommodation by German troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009354-250">[239]</a> Many cities and towns in Normandy were totally devastated by the fighting and bombings. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Caen">Battle of Caen</a> there remained only 8,000 liveable quarters for a population of over 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2009520-249">[238]</a> Of the 18 listed churches in Caen, four were seriously damaged and five were destroyed, along with 66 other listed monuments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009352-251">[240]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Calvados_(department)" title="Calvados (department)">Calvados</a> department (location of the Normandy beachhead), 76,000 citizens were rendered homeless. Of Caen's 210 pre-war Jewish population, only one survived the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009337-252">[241]</a> Looting was perpetrated by all sides: the retreating Germans, the invading Allies, and the local French population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009354-250">[239]</a> Looting was never condoned by Allied forces, and those who were found to be looting were punished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlint2009292-253">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_memorials_and_tourism">War memorials and tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: War memorials and tourism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG/260px-Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG/390px-Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG/520px-Beny-Sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery_-7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ny-sur-Mer_Canadian_War_Cemetery" title="Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery">Bény-sur-Mer Canadian War Cemetery</a> </figcaption></figure> The beaches of Normandy are still known by their invasion code names. Significant places have plaques, memorials, or small museums, and guide books and maps are available. Some of the German strong points remain preserved; Pointe du Hoc, in particular, is little changed from 1944. The remains of Mulberry harbour B still sits in the sea at Arromanches. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">large cemeteries in the area</a> serve as the final resting place for many of the Allied and German soldiers killed in the Normandy campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordZaloga2009345–354-254">[243]</a> Above the English Channel on a bluff at Omaha Beach, the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial">Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial</a> has hosted numerous visitors each year. The site covers 172.5 <a href="/wiki/Acres" class="mw-redirect" title="Acres">acres</a> and contains the remains of 9,388 American military dead, most of whom were killed during the invasion of Normandy and ensuing military operations in World War II. Included are graves of Army Air Corps crews shot down over France as early as 1942 and four American women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraces_of_War-255">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Operation Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> The Italian Social Republic forces during Operation Overlord were composed of the 4,000 men of the 1ª Divisione Atlantica Fucilieri di Marina. About 100 of them were stationed on the island of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9zembre" title="Cézembre">Cézembre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViganò1991181-8">[8]</a> Other forces include former prisoners-of-war put in labor and anti-air units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrittoli2019-9">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Around 812,000 were American and 640,000 were British or Canadian <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2000408-11">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_casualties-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_casualties_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_casualties_21-1">b</a> American casualties are sourced from the G-3 War Room Summary 91, dated 5 September 1944, covering the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue1954Chapter_XIV,_footnote_10-19">[17]</a> In 1953, the US Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General issued a final report on US casualties (excluding Air Force losses) for the period from 6 June to 14 September 1944. This source shows the number killed in action during the Battle of Normandy (6 June – 24 July 1944) as 13,959 and Northern France (25 July to 14 September 1944) as 15,239 for a total of 29,198. Total deaths among battle casualties (including accidental deaths, disease, etc) for Normandy (6 June – 24 July 1944) were 16,293 and in Northern France (25 July – 14 September 1944) were 17,844, for a total of 34,137.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUS_Army195392-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> In addition, the Allied air forces made 480,317 sorties directly connected to the operation, with the loss of 4,101 planes and 16,714 lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamelanderZetterling2003341-25">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> V-weapons were first launched against the UK on 12 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997316-49">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The British 79th Armoured Division never operated as a single formation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200613-59">[54]</a> and thus has been excluded from the total. In addition, a combined total of 16 (three from the 79th Armoured Division) British, Belgian, Canadian, and Dutch independent brigades were committed to the operation, along with four battalions of the Special Air Service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurst2004521–523,_524-60">[55]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> As of November 1943. They also had 206 divisions on the Eastern Front, 24 in the Balkans, and 22 in Italy. .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot1997144-112">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> British casualties are sourced from "War Diary, 21st Army Group, 'A' Section, SITEP" dated 29 August 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Este2004517–518-225">[218]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> The German official history stated that Army Group G, which faced the Dragoon landings, suffered 141,000 casualties by mid-September. This figure is based on several internal reports and work conducted by German historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006661-237">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> The German official history highlights Allied intelligence reports that indicated OB West lost 400–500,000 men <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoogKrebsVogel2006616-240">[231]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> The most common tank/assault gun deployed at Normandy by the Germans was by far the Panzer IV, followed by the Panther (650) and Stug III (550). Also present were 120–130 Tiger Is, 20 Tiger IIs, and smaller numbers of other types, including Marder and Jagdpanther self-propelled anti-tank guns. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2006117–120-18">[16]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200982_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeevor200976_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeevor2009">Beevor 2009</a>, p. 76. </li> <li 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.refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen</a> (1994) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddayjune6194400ambr">D-Day June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67334-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67334-5"><bdi>978-0-671-67334-5</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+June+6%2C+1944%3A+The+Climactic+Battle+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-67334-5&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddayjune6194400ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Army1953" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/Casualties/Casualties-1.html">Army Battle Casualties and Non-Battle Deaths in World War II,: Final Report, 7 December 1941 to 31 December 1946</a>. Washington, DC: Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, Department of the Army. 1 June 1953. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220594130">220594130</a> – via Hyperwar Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Battle+Casualties+and+Non-Battle+Deaths+in+World+War+II%2C%3A+Final+Report%2C+7+December+1941+to+31+December+1946&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Statistical+and+Accounting+Branch%2C+Office+of+the+Adjutant+General%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1953-06-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220594130&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2Fref%2FCasualties%2FCasualties-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadsey1990" class="citation book cs1">Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Campaign No. 1. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-921-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-921-4"><bdi>0-85045-921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+Allied+Landings+and+Breakout&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign+No.+1&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-85045-921-4&rft.aulast=Badsey&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddaybattlefornor00beev_0">D-Day: The Battle for Normandy</a>. New York; Toronto: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02119-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02119-2"><bdi>978-0-670-02119-2</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+The+Battle+for+Normandy&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02119-2&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddaybattlefornor00beev_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2012" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War_(book)" title="The Second World War (book)">The Second World War</a>. New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02374-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-02374-0"><bdi>978-0-316-02374-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-316-02374-0&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickers1994" class="citation book cs1">Bickers, Richard Townshend (1994). Air War Normandy. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-412-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-412-1"><bdi>0-85052-412-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-85052-412-1&rft.aulast=Bickers&rft.aufirst=Richard+Townshend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoogKrebsVogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Boog, Horst; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006). The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia 1943–1944/5. Germany and the Second World War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-22889-9"><bdi>978-0-198-22889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strategic+Air+War+in+Europe+and+the+War+in+the+West+and+East+Asia+1943%E2%80%931944%2F5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-198-22889-9&rft.aulast=Boog&rft.aufirst=Horst&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omar_N._Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar N. Bradley">Bradley, Omar N.</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldiersstory00brad">A Soldier's Story</a>. New York: Holt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769013111">769013111</a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Soldier%27s+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769013111&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Omar+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldiersstory00brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cave_Brown" title="Anthony Cave Brown">Brown, Anthony Cave</a> (2007) [1975]. Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-383-5"><bdi>978-1-59921-383-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodyguard+of+Lies%3A+The+Extraordinary+True+Story+Behind+D-Day&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-383-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Cave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Buckingham, William F. (2004). D-Day: The First 72 Hours. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2842-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2842-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-2842-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+The+First+72+Hours&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2842-0&rft.aulast=Buckingham&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, John</a> (2006) [2004]. British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-40773-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-40773-7"><bdi>0-415-40773-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Armour+in+the+Normandy+Campaign+1944&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-40773-7&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1949). Their Finest Hour. The Second World War. Vol. II. Boston; Toronto: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396145">396145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+Finest+Hour&rft.place=Boston%3B+Toronto&rft.series=The+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396145&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1951" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (1951) [1948]. Closing the Ring. The Second World War. Vol. V. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/396150">396150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Closing+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=The+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F396150&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Copp, J. Terry</a> (2000). Montgomery's Scientists: Operational Research in Northwest Europe: The Work of No. 2 Operational Research Section with 21 Army Group, June 1944 to July 1945. Waterloo, Ontario: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9697955-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9697955-9-9"><bdi>978-0-9697955-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomery%27s+Scientists%3A+Operational+Research+in+Northwest+Europe%3A+The+Work+of+No.+2+Operational+Research+Section+with+21+Army+Group%2C+June+1944+to+July+1945&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Laurier+Centre+for+Military%2C+Strategic+and+Disarmament+Studies%2C+Wilfrid+Laurier+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9697955-9-9&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=J.+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2003" class="citation book cs1">Copp, J. Terry (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fieldsoffirecana0000copp">Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-3730-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-3730-5"><bdi>0-8020-3730-5</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Fire%3A+The+Canadians+in+Normandy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8020-3730-5&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=J.+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffieldsoffirecana0000copp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorta1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corta, Henry (1952). Les bérets rouges [The Red Berets] (in French). Paris: Amicale des anciens parachutistes SAS. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8226637">8226637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+b%C3%A9rets+rouges&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Amicale+des+anciens+parachutistes+SAS&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8226637&rft.aulast=Corta&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorta1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corta, Henry (1997). Qui ose gagne [Who dares, wins] (in French). Vincennes: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86323-103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86323-103-6"><bdi>978-2-86323-103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qui+ose+gagne&rft.place=Vincennes&rft.pub=Service+Historique+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e+de+Terre&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-86323-103-6&rft.aulast=Corta&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Navy_website" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124064528/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-1.htm">"D-Day, the Normandy Invasion, 6 – 25 June 1944"</a>. Frequently Asked Questions. US Department of the Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq109-1.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=D-Day%2C+the+Normandy+Invasion%2C+6+%E2%80%93+25+June+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Ffaqs%2Ffaq109-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearFoot2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._C._B._Dear" title="I. C. B. Dear">Dear, I.C.B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M.R.D.</a>, eds. (2005) [1995]. The Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280666-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280666-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280666-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Este2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D'Este">D'Este, Carlo</a> (2004) [1983]. Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101761-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101761-9"><bdi>0-14-101761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+in+Normandy%3A+The+Real+Story+of+Montgomery+and+the+Allied+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-14-101761-9&rft.aulast=D%27Este&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrez2005" class="citation web cs1">Drez, Ronald J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Juno-Beach">"Juno Beach: World War II"</a>. www.britannica.com. 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London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-058-0"><bdi>1-84574-058-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+West%3A+The+Battle+of+Normandy&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=facs.+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Uckfield&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-058-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft.au=Allen%2C+G.+R.+G.&rft.au=Warhurst%2C+A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbritannica.com" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/estimated-battle-casualties-during-the-normandy-invasion-on-june-6-1944">"Estimated Battle Casualties during the Normandy Invasion on June 6, 1944"</a>. www.britannica.com. 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New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4"><bdi>978-0-14-311671-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311671-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2004" class="citation news cs1">Fenton, Ben (26 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1460267/The-disaster-that-could-have-scuppered-Overlord.html">"The disaster that could have scuppered Overlord"</a>. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 16 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+disaster+that+could+have+scuppered+Overlord&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1460267%2FThe-disaster-that-could-have-scuppered-Overlord.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlint2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Flint, Edward R (2009). The Development of British Civil Affairs and its Employment in the British Sector of Allied Military Operations during the Battle of Normandy, June to August 1944 (PhD thesis). Cranfield: Cranfield University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757064836">757064836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Development+of+British+Civil+Affairs+and+its+Employment+in+the+British+Sector+of+Allied+Military+Operations+during+the+Battle+of+Normandy%2C+June+to+August+1944&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Cranfield+University&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757064836&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Edward+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordZaloga2009" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Ken; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J</a> (2009). Overlord: The D-Day Landings. Oxford; New York: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-424-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-424-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-424-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+The+D-Day+Landings&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-424-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Zaloga%2C+Steven+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Forty" title="George Forty">Forty, George</a> (2004). Villers Bocage. Battle Zone Normandy. Cheltenham: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3012-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3012-8"><bdi>0-7509-3012-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Villers+Bocage&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.series=Battle+Zone+Normandy&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7509-3012-8&rft.aulast=Forty&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrittoli2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frittoli, Edoardo (7 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panorama.it/news/6-giugno-1944-italiani-normandia-d-day">"Giugno 1944: gli Italiani in Normandia nei giorni dello sbarco"</a>. www.panorama.it (in Italian). Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.panorama.it&rft.atitle=Giugno+1944%3A+gli+Italiani+in+Normandia+nei+giorni+dello+sbarco&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft.aulast=Frittoli&rft.aufirst=Edoardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.it%2Fnews%2F6-giugno-1944-italiani-normandia-d-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (1990) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiasovietunio00gadd">Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-557258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-557258-9"><bdi>978-0-07-557258-9</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+the+Soviet+Union%2C+and+the+United+States%3A+An+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-07-557258-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiasovietunio00gadd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiangrecoMoorePolmar2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Giangreco" title="Dennis Giangreco">Giangreco, Dennis</a>; Moore, Kathryn; <a href="/wiki/Norman_Polmar" title="Norman Polmar">Polmar, Norman</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eyewitnessddayfi00gian_0">Eyewitness D-Day: Firsthand Accounts from the Landing at Normandy to the Liberation of Paris</a>. New York: Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-5045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-5045-2"><bdi>978-0-7607-5045-2</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eyewitness+D-Day%3A+Firsthand+Accounts+from+the+Landing+at+Normandy+to+the+Liberation+of+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-5045-2&rft.aulast=Giangreco&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Moore%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Polmar%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feyewitnessddayfi00gian_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwar00gilb">The Second World War: A Complete History</a>. New York: H. Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-1788-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-1788-5</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-1788-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwar00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinDillonWenger1994" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V.; Wenger, J. Michael (1994). D-Day: The Story and Photographs. McLean, VA: Brassey's. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-881057-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-881057-0"><bdi>0-02-881057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day%3A+The+Story+and+Photographs&rft.place=McLean%2C+VA&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-02-881057-0&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft.au=Dillon%2C+Katherine+V.&rft.au=Wenger%2C+J.+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, Max</a> (2006) [1985]. Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy. New York: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-27571-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-27571-X"><bdi>0-307-27571-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+D-Day+and+the+Battle+for+Normandy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-307-27571-X&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2010" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Bernd (2010). Men of Steel: Canadian Paratroopers in Normandy, 1944. Toronto: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-708-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55488-708-8"><bdi>978-1-55488-708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Steel%3A+Canadian+Paratroopers+in+Normandy%2C+1944&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-55488-708-8&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2010" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas Alexander (2010). Overlord: General Pete Quesada and the Triumph of Tactical Air Power in World War II. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43911-853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43911-853-5"><bdi>978-1-43911-853-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+General+Pete+Quesada+and+the+Triumph+of+Tactical+Air+Power+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-43911-853-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInmanStaines2019" class="citation book cs1">Inman, Nick; Staines, Joe (2019). Travel the Liberation Route Europe. London: Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-430-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78919-430-2"><bdi>978-1-78919-430-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Travel+the+Liberation+Route+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78919-430-2&rft.aulast=Inman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft.au=Staines%2C+Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxembourg_Army_website" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armee.lu/historique/les-luxembourgeois-de-la-brigade-piron">"Les Luxembourgeois de la "Brigade Piron""</a> [The Luxembourg "Brigade Piron"] (in French). 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New York: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-127796-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-127796-0"><bdi>0-13-127796-0</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exercise+Tiger%3A+The+Dramatic+True+Story+of+a+Hidden+Tragedy+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-13-127796-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexercisetigerdra00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtke2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liedtke, Gregory (2 January 2015). "Lost in the Mud: The (nearly) Forgotten Collapse of the German Army in the Western Ukraine, March and April 1944". 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Canadian Military History. 15 (2): 20. Retrieved 10 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+1st+Polish+Armoured+Division+in+Normandy&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Maczek&rft.aufirst=Stainslaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholars.wlu.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1385%26context%3Dcmh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolian1998" class="citation book cs1">Margolian, Howard (1998). Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners of War in Normandy. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7321-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7321-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-7321-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conduct+Unbecoming%3A+The+Story+of+the+Murder+of+Canadian+Prisoners+of+War+in+Normandy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-7321-2&rft.aulast=Margolian&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2016" class="citation web cs1">Meadows, Ian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salegion.org.uk/south-africans-d-day/">"South Africans in D-Day"</a>. South African Legion. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africans+in+D-Day&rft.pub=South+African+Legion&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salegion.org.uk%2Fsouth-africans-d-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraces_of_War" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/38/Normandy-American-Cemetery-and-Memorial.htm">"Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial"</a>. tracesofwar.com. 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Defeat in the West. Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-43948-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-43948-7"><bdi>978-0-548-43948-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+in+the+West&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-548-43948-7&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, C. P.</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/OpSumm/index.html">The Canadian Army 1939–45: A Historical Summary</a>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: Minister of National Defence. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890761635">890761635</a> – via Hyperwar Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Army+1939%E2%80%9345%3A+A+Historical+Summary&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Minister+of+National+Defence&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890761635&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FCanada%2FCA%2FOpSumm%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey1960" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, C.P. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2009/forces/D2-503E.pdf">The Victory Campaign, The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_the_Canadian_Army_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War">Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War</a>. Vol. III. Ottawa: Published by Authority of the Minister of National Defence. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/695595624">695595624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victory+Campaign%2C+The+Operations+in+North-West+Europe+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Published+by+Authority+of+the+Minister+of+National+Defence&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F695595624&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=C.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fcollection_2009%2Fforces%2FD2-503E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamelanderZetterling2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tamelander, Michael; Zetterling, Niklas (2003) [1995]. Avgörandets Ögonblick: Invasionen i Normandie [Determining the Decisive Moments: The Invasion of Normandy] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Norstedts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-1-301204-9"><bdi>978-91-1-301204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avg%C3%B6randets+%C3%96gonblick%3A+Invasionen+i+Normandie&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-91-1-301204-9&rft.aulast=Tamelander&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Zetterling%2C+Niklas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAF_Reports1957" class="citation book cs1">"German Air Activities in OVERLORD Area". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afhra-reel-k1023">USAF reports related to WWII and Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a>. 1957.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Air+Activities+in+OVERLORD+Area&rft.btitle=USAF+reports+related+to+WWII+and+Korea&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafhra-reel-k1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViganò1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viganò, Marino (1991). Il Ministero degli affari esteri e le relazioni internazionali della Repubblica Sociale Italiana [The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations of the Italian Social Republic (1943–1945)] (in Italian). 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55879-2"><bdi>978-0-521-55879-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55879-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmarsh2009" class="citation book cs1">Whitmarsh, Andrew (2009). D-Day in Photographs. Stroud: History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5095-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5095-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-5095-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+in+Photographs&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5095-7&rft.aulast=Whitmarsh&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Williams" title="Jeffery Williams">Williams, Jeffery</a> (1988). The Long Left Flank: The Hard Fought Way to the Reich, 1944–1945. Toronto: Stoddart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7737-2194-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7737-2194-0"><bdi>0-7737-2194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Left+Flank%3A+The+Hard+Fought+Way+to+the+Reich%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Stoddart&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7737-2194-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2013). Hitler's Atlantic Wall: Pas De Calais. Philadelphia: Casemate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-817-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-817-7"><bdi>978-1-84884-817-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Atlantic+Wall%3A+Pas+De+Calais&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-817-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, Chester</a> (1997) [1952]. The Struggle For Europe. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-677-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-677-9"><bdi>1-85326-677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+For+Europe&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-85326-677-9&rft.aulast=Wilmot&rft.aufirst=Chester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven J.</a> (2013). The Devil's Garden: Rommel's Desperate Defense of Omaha Beach on D-Day. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-1228-6"><bdi>978-0-8117-1228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Garden%3A+Rommel%27s+Desperate+Defense+of+Omaha+Beach+on+D-Day&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-1228-6&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2015" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven J. (2015). Armored Champion: The Top Tanks of World War II. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6113-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6113-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-6113-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armored+Champion%3A+The+Top+Tanks+of+World+War+II&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-6113-0&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterling2000" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, Niklas (2000). Normandy 1944: German Military Organisation, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness. Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921991-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-921991-56-8"><bdi>0-921991-56-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%3A+German+Military+Organisation%2C+Combat+Power+and+Organizational+Effectiveness&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=J.+J.+Fedorowicz&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-921991-56-8&rft.aulast=Zetterling&rft.aufirst=Niklas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2004" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2004). Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory: June 6, 1944. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55365-050-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55365-050-6"><bdi>1-55365-050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juno+Beach%3A+Canada%27s+D-Day+Victory%3A+June+6%2C+1944&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55365-050-6&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (1969). The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/660826327">660826327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Commander%3A+The+War+Years+of+General+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F660826327&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a> (1984). SOE: An Outline History of the Special Operations Executive 1940–1946. London: BBC Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20193-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20193-9"><bdi>978-0-563-20193-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE%3A+An+Outline+History+of+the+Special+Operations+Executive+1940%E2%80%931946&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20193-9&rft.aulast=Foot&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keegan" title="John Keegan">Keegan, John</a> (1982). Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-005293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-005293-0"><bdi>978-0-14-005293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Armies+in+Normandy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-14-005293-0&rft.aulast=Keegan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Matloff, Maurice (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm">Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943–1944</a>. Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+Planning+for+Coalition+Warfare%2C+1943%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Matloff&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fsp1943-44%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Montgomery, Bernard</a> (1946). Normandy to the Baltic. London: Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637320842">637320842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normandy+to+the+Baltic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637320842&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Neillands" title="Robin Neillands">Neillands, Robin</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleofnormandy0000neil">The Battle of Normandy, 1944</a>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35837-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35837-3</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Normandy%2C+1944&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35837-3&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleofnormandy0000neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan" title="Cornelius Ryan">Ryan, Cornelius</a> (1959). <a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(book)" title="The Longest Day (book)">The Longest Day: June 6, 1944</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1175409">1175409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Longest+Day%3A+June+6%2C+1944&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1175409&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Whitlock, Flint (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingfirst00flin">The Fighting First: The Untold Story of The Big Red One on D-Day</a>. Boulder: Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4218-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4218-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-4218-4</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+First%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+The+Big+Red+One+on+D-Day&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4218-4&rft.aulast=Whitlock&rft.aufirst=Flint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingfirst00flin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steven (2001). Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy. Campaign No. 88. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-296-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-296-8"><bdi>978-1-84176-296-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Cobra+1944%3A+Breakout+from+Normandy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign+No.+88&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-296-8&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Overlord" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> 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title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 - March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Siegfried Line campaign">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template talk:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich">Lüttich</a> (German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch">Perch</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel's asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8641370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8641370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8641370#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1046345/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115412-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095004">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967283v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11967283v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548427005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644779">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&oldid=1252552425">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Overlord&oldid=1252552425</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Operation_Overlord" title="Category:Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_in_France" title="Category:1944 in France">1944 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_in_military_history" 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